Figure 9.

2 Spread Spectrum

Example:

9.1 Assume we wish to transmit a 56-kbps data stream using spread spectrum.

a. Find the channel bandwidth required to achieve a 56-kbps channel capacity

when SNR = 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001.

b. In an ordinary (not spread spectrum) system, a reasonable goal for

bandwidth efficiency might be 1 bps/Hz. That is, to transmit a data stream of
56 kbps; a bandwidth of 56 kHz is used. In this case, what is the minimum
SNR that can be endured for transmission without appreciable errors? Compare
to the spread spectrum case.

Solution:

a) C = B log2 (1 + SNR).

For SNR = 0.1, B= 0.41 MHz

For SNR = 0. 01, B =3.9 MHz

For SNR = 0.001, B = 38.84 MHz

Thus, to achieve the desired SNR, the signal must be spread so that 56 KHz is
carried in very large bandwidths.

b. For 1 bps/Hz=(C / B), the equation C = B log2 (1 + SNR) becomes

log2 (1 + SNR) = 1.

SNR = 1. Thus a far higher SNR is required without spread spectrum.

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Spread Spectrum Approaches are:

1. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum.

2. Direct sequence spread spectrum.

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum: is a form of spread spectrum in which the

signal is broadcast over a seemingly random series of radio frequencies, hopping from
frequency to frequency at fixed intervals.

Figure 9.3 Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

Figure 9.4 Frequency selection in FHSS

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 Figure 9.5 FHSS cycles

Examples:

1. What is the minimum number of bits in a PN sequence if we use FHSS with a

channel bandwidth of B =4 KHz and Bss =100 KHz?

Solution:

The number of hops = 100 KHz/4 KHz = 25.

So we need log225 = 4.64 ≈ 5 bits

2. An FHSS system uses a 4-bit PN sequence. If the bit rate of the PN is 64 bits per
second, answer the following questions:

a. What is the total number of possible hops?

b. What is number of finished cycles per time of PN?

Solution:

a. 24 = 16 hops

b. (64 bits/s) / 4 bits = 16 cycles/s

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3. A pseudorandom number generator uses the following formula to create a random
series:
Ni+1 =(5 +7Ni) mod 17-1
In which Ni defines the current random number and Ni +1 defines the next random
number. The term mod means the value of the remainder when dividing (5 + 7N i ) by
17. Find the random numbers.
Solution:

i=0 N1 = (5 +7N0) mod 17-1 = 11 , where N0 = 1

i=1 N2 = (5 +7*11) mod 17-1 = 13
i=2 N3 = (5 +7*13) mod 17-1 = 10
i=3 N4 = (5 +7*10) mod 17-1 = 6
i=4 N5 = (5 +7*6) mod 17-1 = 12
i=5 N6 = (5 +7*12) mod 17-1 = 3
i=6 N7 = (5 +7*3) mod 17-1 = 8
i=7 N8 = (5 +7*8) mod 17-1 = 9
i=8 N9 = (5 +7*9) mod 17-1 = -1 , Now we stop because we have a
negative value.
Random numbers are 11, 13, 10, 6, 12, 3, 8, 9

4. (Q9.2) An FHSS system employs a total bandwidth of Ws = 400 MHz and an

individual channel bandwidth of 100 Hz. What is the minimum number of PN bits
required for each frequency hop?

Solution:

# of hops = (400*106) / 100 = 4*106

The minimum number of PN bits = log2 (4 × 106) = 22 bits

Slow and Fast FHSS

Ø Commonly use multiple FSK (MFSK) , MFSK uses M = 2L different frequencies to

encode the digital input L bits at a time.
Ø Total MFSK bandwidth Wd = 2L fd
Ø Total FHSS bandwidth Ws = 2k Wd
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 Ø have frequency shifted every T c seconds
Ø duration of signal element is Ts seconds

Slow FHSS = multiple signal elements per hop; has Tc ³ Ts , (Tc = 2Ts = 4T).

Fast FHSS = multiple hops per signal element; has Tc < Ts , (Ts = 2Tc = 2T).

Figure 9.6 Slow MFSK FHSS(M = 4, k = 2)

Figure 9.6 Fast MFSK FHSS (M = 4, k = 2)

Examples:

1. (Q9.4) The following table illustrates the operation of FHSS system for one complete
period of the PN sequence.

Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Input data 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
Frequency f1 f3 f23 f22 f8 f10 f1 f3 f2 f2
PN sequence 001 110 011 001 001

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a. What is the period of the PN sequence, in terms of bits in the sequence?
b. The system makes use of a form of FSK. What form of FSK is it?
c. What is the number of bits per signal element (symbol)?
d. What is the number of FSK frequencies?
e. What is the length of a PN sequence per hop?
f. Is this a slow or fast FH system?
g. What is the total number of possible carrier frequencies?
h. Show the variation of the base, or demodulated, frequency with time.

Solution:
a) Period of the PN sequence is 15
b) MFSK
c) L = 2
d) M = 2L = 22 = 4
e) k = 3
f) Slow FHSS
g) 2k = 23 = 8
h) We have 4 FSK Frequencies (f0 – f3)
for f23 23 mod 4 = 3 So f23 = f3

Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Input data 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
Frequency f1 f3 f3 f2 f0 f2 f1 f3 f2 f2

2. (Q9.5) The following table illustrates the operation of FHSS system using the same
PN sequence as previous questions

a. What is the period of the PN sequence?

b. The system makes use of a form of FSK. What form of FSK is it?
c. What is the number of bits per signal element?
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d. What is the number of FSK frequencies?
e. What is the length of a PN sequence per hop?
f. Is this a slow or fast FH system?
g. What is the total number of possible carrier frequencies?
h. Show the variation of the base, or demodulated, frequency with time.

Solution:
a) Period of the PN sequence is 15
b) MFSK
c) L = 2
d) M = 2L = 22 = 4
e) k = 3
f) FAST FHSS
g) 2k = 23 = 8
h) We have 4 FSK Frequencies (f0 – f3)
for f22 22 mod 4 = 2 So f22 = f2

Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Input data 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
Frequency f1 f3 f3 f2 f0 f2 f1 f3 f2 f2

Direct sequence spread spectrum: is a form of spread spectrum in which each bit in
the original signal is represented by multiple bits in the transmitted signal, using a
spreading code.

For an N-bit spreading code, the bit rate after spreading (usually called the chip rate) is
N times the original bit rate.

Figure 9.7 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

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 Figure 9.8 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Example

In Figure 9.9, the spreading code is 11 bits chip (Barker chip) with the pattern
10110111000 (in this case). If the original signal rate is N, the rate of the spread
signal is 11N. This means that the required bandwidth for the spread signal is 11
times larger than the bandwidth of the original signal.

(Spread signal = Original signal * Spreading code)

Figure 9.9 DSSS example

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Example:

We have a digital medium with a data rate of 10 Mbps. How many 64-kbps voice
channels can be carried by this medium if we use DSSS with the Barker sequence?

Solution:

The Barker chip is 11 bits, which means that it increases the bit rate 11 times.

A voice channel of 64 kbps needs 11 × 64 kbps = 704 kbps.

This means that the bandpass channel can carry:

(10 Mbps) / (704 kbps) ≈ 14 channels.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Ø a multiplexing technique used with spread spectrum

Ø given a data signal rate D

Ø break each bit into k chips according to a fixed chipping code specific to
each user

Ø resulting new channel has chip data rate kD chips per second

Ø can have multiple channels superimposed

Code division multiple access exploits the nature of spread spectrum transmission
to enable multiple users to independently use the same bandwidth with very little
interference.

CDMA allows multiple users to transmit over the same wireless channel using
spread spectrum. Each user uses a different spreading code. The receiver picks out
one signal by matching the spreading code.

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Now imagine station 3, which we said is silent, is listening to station 2. Station 3
multiplies the total data on the channel by the code for station 2, which is

[+1 -1 +1-1], to get:

[-1-1-3 +1] · [+1-1 +1-1] =-4/4 =-1 ...... bit 0

Example:

Consider a CDMA system in which users A and B have codes (-1 1-11-11-11) and

(-1-111-1-111) respectively.

(a) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data 1 and B does not transmit;

Solution:

da·ca = +1 * [-1 1-11-11-11] = [-1 1-11-11-11] = Data

Output at receiver = ca· Data = [-1 1-11-11-11] · [-1 1-11-11-11] = 8

(b) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data 0 and B does not transmit;

Solution:

da·ca = -1 * [-1 1-11-11-11] = [1 -11-11-11-1] = Data

Output at receiver = ca· Data = [-1 1-11-11-11] · [1 -11-11-11-1] = -8

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(c) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 1 and B transmits a data bit 1.
Assume the received power from both A and B is the same.

Solution:

(d) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 0 and B transmits a data bit 1.
Assume the received power from both A and B is the same.

Solution:

(e) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 1 and B transmits a data bit 0.
Assume the received power from both A and B is the same.

Solution:

(f) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 0 and B transmits a data bit 0.
Assume the received power from both A and B is the same.

Solution:

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(g) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 1 and B transmits a
data bit 1. Assume the received power from B is twice the received power from
A. This can be represented by showing the received signal component from A as
consisting of elements of magnitude 1(+1, -1) and the received signal component
from B as consisting of elements of magnitude 2(+2, - 2).

Solution:

(h) Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 0 and B transmits a data
bit 1. Assume the received power from B is twice the received power from A.

Solution:

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