PHYSICS

Terminologies, Questions,
Formulas
CHAPTER 3 – MOTION IN A PLANE
Scalar Quantities - quantities that can
have magnitude, algebraic sign (+,-) and
units BUT not a direction in space
Example: Mass, Time, Speed, Temperature,
Distance, Density, Luminous Intensity
Answer:
Vector Quantities – quantities with
15 mi = 3 cm 25 mi = 5 cm
magnitude and have direction in space
18 mi =3.6 cm
*The direction of any vector is always a
CHAPTER 3.1 – GRAPHICAL ADDITION
physical direction in space, such as up,
AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
down, north, or 𝟑𝟓𝒐 south of west
Examples:
Weight, Force, Momentum, Velocity,
Pressure, etc..

Representing Vectors

Observe that there are several

characteristics of this diagram that make it
an appropriately drawn vector diagram.
*a scale is clearly listed
*a vector arrow (with arrowhead) is drawn in
a specified direction. The vector arrow has a
head and a tail.
*the magnitude and direction of the vector is
clearly labeled. In this case, the diagram
shows the magnitude is 20 m and the
direction is (30 degrees West of North).

Representing the Magnitude of a Vector

Addition of Vectors
Scaled Vector Diagrams to Determine a
Resultant (VECTOR ALGEBRAIC SUM)
Resultant – is the sum of two or more
vectors

Answer:
20 mi = 4 cm

Answer:
 PHYSICS
Answer:

Step by step method for applying the head-

to-tail method to determine the sum of two
or more vectors:
1.Choose a scale and indicate it on a sheet
of paper. The best choice of scale is one that
will result in a diagram that is as large as For example, consider the addition of the
possible, yet fits on the sheet of paper. same three vectors in a different order.
15 m, 210 deg. + 25 m, 300 deg. + 20 m, 45
2. Pick a starting location and draw the first deg.
vector to scale in the indicated direction. SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m
Label the magnitude and direction of the
scale on the diagram (e.g., SCALE: 1 cm =
20 m).

3. Starting from where the head of the first

vector ends, draw the second vector to scale
in the indicated direction. Label the
magnitude and direction of this vector on the
diagram.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all vectors that Answer:

are to be added

5. Draw the resultant from the tail of the first

vector to the head of the last vector. Label
this vector as Resultant or simply R.

6. Using a ruler, measure the length of the

resultant and determine its magnitude by
converting to real units using the scale (4.4
cm x 20 m/1 cm = 88 m).

7. Measure the direction of the resultant

using the counterclockwise convention
DO PRACTICE PROBLEM NO. 3.2 p. 79
discussed

Example of the use of the

head-to-tail method is illustrated below.
20 m, 45 deg. + 25 m, 300 deg. + 15 m, 210
deg.
SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m

H.W. NOS. 1 – 3 p. 101

 PHYSICS
4. Meaningfully label the components of the
vectors with symbols to indicate which
component represents which side. A
northward force component might be labeled
Fnorth. A rightward force velocity component
might be labeled vx; etc.

5. To determine the length of the side

opposite the indicated angle, use the sine
function. Substitute the magnitude of the
vector for the length of the hypotenuse. Use
some algebra to solve the equation for the
length of the side opposite the indicated
angle.

3.2 – VECTOR ADDITION and 6. Repeat the above step using the cosine
SUBTRACTION USING COMPONENTS function to determine the length of the side
Resolving / Resolution of Vector - is a adjacent to the indicated angle.
process of finding the components of a
vector

SOH-CAH-TOA
Horizontal
Vertical

sinθ = Ay
cosβ = Ay
A
Trigonometric Method of Vector A Ay = Ay =
Resolution Asinθ Acosβ
1. Construct a rough sketch (no scale
needed) of the vector in the indicated cosθ = Ax
direction. Label its magnitude and the angle sinβ = Ax
that it makes with the horizontal. A
A Ax = Ax =
2. Draw a rectangle about the vector such Acosθ Asinβ
that the vector is the diagonal of the
rectangle. Beginning at the tail of the vector,
sketch vertical and horizontal lines. Example:
As the 60-Newton tension force acts upward
3. Draw the components of the vector. The and rightward on Fido at an angle of 40
components are the sides of the rectangle. degrees, find the components of this force.
The tail of each component begins at the tail
of the vector and stretches along the axes to
the nearest corner of the rectangle.
 PHYSICS

PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
A laser beam is aimed 15.95° above the
horizontal at a mirror 11,648 m away. It
glances off the mirror and continues for an
additional 8570 m at 11.44° above the
horizontal until it hits its target. What is the
resultant displacement of the beam to the
target?

Find the Resultant Displacement

Given:
A = 20 m 45° North of East CHECKPOINT 3.2 A PAGE 82
B = 25 m 60° South of East Two displacement A and B have x- and y-
C = 15 m 30° South of West components follows:
Ax = +3.0 km, Ay = -6.0 km, Bx = -8.5 km,
By = -1.2 km. The total displacement is C =
A + B. What are the x- and y- components of
C?

CHECKPOINT 3.2 B PAGE 83

 PHYSICS
Skecth a vector arrow representing a
displacement with x- component -6.0 m and
y-component +2.0.

PAGE 101 NO. 5

Two displacement vectors each havr
magnitude 20 km. One is directed 60° above
the + x-axis; the other is directed below 60°
the + x-axis. What is the vector sum of these
two displacement?
Scale: 1 cm = 5 km

PAGE 101 NO. 8

Vectors A, B and C are shown in the figure.
Draw vector D and E, where D = A + B and E
= A + C.
(b) show that A + B = B + A by graphical
means.
*see figure on page 101.

PAGE 101 NO. 4

A runner is practicing on a circular track that
is 300 m in circumference. From the point
farthest to the west on the track, he starts
off running due north and follows the track
as it curves around toward the east. (a) If he
runs halfway around the track and stops at
the farthest eastern point of the track, what
is the distance he traveled? (b) what is his
displacement?
Formula: S=rθ

9. In the drawing, what is the vector sum of

PAGE 101 NO. 6 forces D + E + F if each grid square is 2N on
Orville walks around 320 m due east. He a side
then continues walking along a straight line,
but in a different direction, and stops 200 m
northeast of his starting point. How far did he
walk during the second portion of the trip
and in what direction?
 PHYSICS

MOTION IN A PLANE WITH CONSTANT

ACCELERATION
Motion in Projectiles Describing Projectiles With Numbers:
(Horizontal and Vertical Velocity)
Projectiles travel with a parabolic trajectory
due to the influence of gravity,
A projectile is any object upon which the
only force is gravity,
There are no horizontal forces acting upon
projectiles and thus no horizontal
acceleration
The horizontal velocity of a projectile is
constant (a never changing in value)
The vertical velocity of a projectile changes
by 9.8 m/s each second,
There is a vertical acceleration caused by
gravity; its value is 9.8 m/s/s, down
The horizontal motion of a projectile is
independent of its vertical motion. ,

Consider again the cannonball launched by

a cannon from the top of a very high cliff.
Suppose that the cannonball is launched
horizontally with no upward angle
whatsoever and with an initial speed of 20
m/s.

Projectile – is an object shot through the air

Trajectory – path followed by a projectile
Range – horizontal distance covered by a
projectile
Projectile Motion– a two dimensional motion,
horizontal and vertical, that are independent
with each other.
 PHYSICS

Example 2. A pool ball leaves a 0.60-meter

high table with an initial horizontal velocity of
2.4 m/s.
Predict the time required for the pool ball to
fall to the ground and the horizontal
distance between the table's edge and the
ball's landing location.

Projectile Launched Horizontally

Formulas:

(Time of All)

Horizontally Launched
Example 1. You throw a stone horizontally at
a speed of 5.0 m/s from the top of cliff that is
78.4 m high, a) how long does it take the
stone to reach the bottom? b.) how far from
the base of the cliff does the stone hit the
ground?
c.) what are the vertical and horizontal
components of the stone’s velocity just Example 3. A soccer ball is kicked
before it hits the ground? horizontally off a 22.0-meter high hill and
lands a distance of 35.0 meters from the
edge of the hill. Determine the initial
horizontal velocity of the soccer ball.
 PHYSICS

Projectile Launched at an Angle

Components of the initial velocity at an angle
𝜽 above the horizontal Example 2
Formulas: A long jumper leaves the ground with an
initial velocity of 12 m/s at an angle of 28-
degrees above the horizontal. Determine the
time of flight, the horizontal distance, and
the peak height of the long-jumper.

Formulas:
 Hmax = (Vyi)²
2Ay
 t = Vyi
Ay
 t´ = 2t OR t´ = 2Vyi (Total Time
Flight)
Ay
 t = Vyi
Ay
 Vyf = Vyi + Ayt

Example 1.
A football is kicked with an initial velocity of
25 m/s at an angle of 45-degrees with the
horizontal. Determine the time of flight, the
horizontal displacement, and the peak height
of the football.

ANSWER PROBLEM NOS. 54 -58 PAGE

104

PRACTICE PROBLEM 3.7 Maximum Height for

Arrows
Archers have joined in the attack on the
castle and are shooting arrows over the
walls. If the angle of elevation for an arrow is
45°, find an expression for the maximum
height of the arrow in terms of Vi and g.
( Hint: Simplify the expression using sin 45°
= cos 45° = 1 )
√2
 PHYSICS
Mechanics – the branch of Physics that
considers how interaction between objects
affect the motion of those objects.
Force - is a push or a pull on a certain object

FOUR BASIC FORCES IN NATURE

1. Gravitational force
2. Electromagnetic force
3. Weak nuclear force
4. Strong nuclear force

Force is a Vector Quantity

CHECKPOINT 3.5 B PAGE 93

Two projectiles launched at 30° and at 60°
with the same initial speed will land at the
same point (see Figure 3.24). Id they are
launched simultaneously, do they land at the
same time? If not which lands first? FIND THE RESULTAN FORCE, 𝑹𝑭, OF THE
FOLLOWING VECTORS
1.

NO. 57 PAGE 104

A ball is thrown from a point 1.0 m above the
ground. The initial velocity is 19.6 m/s at an
angle of 30.0° above the horizontal. (a) find
the maximum height of the ball above the
ground. (b) Calculate the speed of the ball at
the highest point in the trajectory.

2.

CHAPTER 4 – FORCES AND NEWTONS’

LAWS OF MOTION
4.1 INTERACTIONS AND FORCES
 PHYSICS
PRACTICE PROBLEM 4.1 PAGE 113
CHANGING THE PULLEY ANGLES
The pulleys are moved, after which ⃗ F 1 and ⃗F2
are at an angle of 30.0° above the x-axis and
F 3 is 60.0°below the x- axis. (a) What is the
⃗
sum of these three forces in component
form? (b) What is the magnitude of the sum?
(c) At what angle with the horizontal is the
sum?

Two tugboats are towing a cargo ship as

shown below. Tugboat A exerts a force of
15,000 N at a 30° angle while tugboat B
exerts a force of 20,000 N at a 50° angle.
Determine the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force acting on the cargo ship.

PRACTICE PROBLEM 4.2 PAGE 115

NEW FORCES ON THE AIRPLANE
Find the net force on the airplane if the
forces are gravity = 16.0 kN, downward; lift
= 15.5 kN, upward; thrust = 1.2 kN, north;
drag = 1.2 kN, south.
*see figure 4.7 on page 115
 PHYSICS
direction of motion due to inertia of
motion

ANSWER PROBLEM NOS. 1-5 PAGE 156

Translational Equilibrium
* An object is said to be in translational
equilibrium, when the net force acting on it is
Net force - is the vector sum of forces acting zero
on a particle or body. ∑ F= 0

4.2 – INERTIA AND EQUILIBRIUM.

∑ Fx = 0
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION ∑ F y= 0
An object’s velocity, v, remains constant if
and only if the net force acting on it is zero.
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
Fnet = 0 Force and mass
Inertia - in Physics means resistance to •Force – push or pull; required to change an
changes in velocity object’s motion.
•Vector – show magnitude and direction
Law of Inertia
An object at rest will remain at rest, and an Four Forces Known in the Universe
object in motion will remain in motion with •Electromagnetic- caused from electric and
constant velocity unless acted upon by an magnetic interactions
external force. •Strong Nuclear- Responsible for holding
nucleus together in the atom; strongest
Inertia: the resistance of any physical object force; acts over the shortest distance
to any change in its position and state •Gravitation- weakest force; acts over the
of motion. This includes chnages to the longest distance
object’s speed, direction,or state of rest. •Weak Nuclear- Responsible for radioactivity
Inertia also defined as the tendency of in atoms
objects to keep moving in a straight line at a
constant velocity. Types of Forces
•There are two main types of forces
There are basically three types of •Contact
Inertia •Field
(a) Inertia of Rest: The inability of a body to
change by itself its state of rest Contact Forces
i) Person sitting in a car falls •Contact Force.
backwards, when the car suddenly *Exists when an object from the
starts. It is because the lower portion external world touches a system and
in contact with the car comes in exerts a force on it
motion where as the upper part tries •Think About a Book on a Table
to remain at rest due to inertia of *If you push it, you are exerting a
rest.. contact force
(b) Inertia in Motion: The inability of a body *If you put it down, no longer
to change by itself its state of uniform interacting… so no more force from
motion you
i) When a moving car suddenly stops *But table is touching it- table is now
the person sitting in the car falls exerting a force
forward because the lower portion of •Example of Contact Forces
the body in contact with the car comes *Friction
to rest whereas the upper part tends *Tension
to remain in motion due to inertia of
motion.
(c) Inertia of Direction: The inability of a body Field Forces
to change by itself its direction of motion. •An object can move without something
(i) When a car moves round a curve directly touching it
the person sitting inside is thrown •What if you dropped the book?
outwards in order to maintain his *It falls due to gravity
 PHYSICS
•Gravitational Force is a field force. Question: If objects in motion tend to stay in
*They affect movement without being motion,
in physical contact why don’t moving objects keep moving
•Can you think of other field forces? forever?
* Magnetic fields Answer: Things don’t keep moving forever
*Electric Forces because
*Nuclear Forces there’s almost always an unbalanced force
acting upon it.
•Examples of Field Forces Example:
* Gravitational  A book sliding across a table slows
* Electric down and stops because of the force
* Magnetic of friction.
* Applied  If you throw a ball upwards it will
* Spring eventually slow down and fall
because of the force of gravity
Force and mass
•Mass – measurement of how difficult it is to Question: What is the relationship between
change the objects velocity mass and inertia?
•Inertia – resistance to change in velocity Answer: Mass is a measure of how much
•So mass is a measurement of an object’s inertia something has.
inertia
Question: Is inertia a force?
NEWTON’S LAWS Answer: No, inertia is a property of matter.
Background Something has inertia. Inertia does not act
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English on something.
scientist and mathematician famous for his
discovery of the law of Question: A force of gravity between the sun
gravity also discovered the three laws of and its planets holds the planets in orbit
motion. around the sun. If that force of gravity
Today these laws are known as Newton’s suddenly disappeared, in what kind of path
Laws of Motion and describe the motion of all would the planets move?
objects on the scale we experience in our Answer: Each planet would move in a straight
everyday lives. line at constant speed.

Newton’s Laws of Motion Question: The Earth moves about 30 km/s

1. An object in motion tends to stay in relative to the sun. But when you jump
motion and an object at rest tends to stay at upward in front of a wall, the wall doesn’t
rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced slam into you at 30 km/s. Why?
force. Answer: both you and the wall are moving at
2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F = the same speed, before, during, and after
ma). your jump.
3. For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction. Newton’s Second Law
“The acceleration of an object is directly
Newton’s First Law proportional to the net force & inversely
“An object at rest tends to stay at proportional to its mass”
rest and an object in motion tends Force equals mass times acceleration
to stay in motion unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.”
F = ma
a⃗ ∝ Fnet
Newton’s First Law is also called the 1
Law of Inertia a⃗ ∝
m
Fnet
Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist
Formulas:
changes in its state of motion
The First Law states that all objects have a⃗ =
F net a m
inertia. The more mass an object has, the m
more inertia it has (and the harder it is to
change its motion). Fnet = Fa – Ff
Vf - ⃗
a⃗ = ⃗ Vi
 PHYSICS
t What does F = ma say?
F = ma basically means that the force of an
Acceleration: a measurement of how quickly
object comes from its mass and its
an object is changing speed.
acceleration.
Force is measured in
Newtons (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration
(m/s2) Or kg m/s2

Acceleration Mass VS Weight

•An unbalanced force causes something to  Mass is the quantity of matter in an
accelerate. object.
•A force can cause motion only if it is met  Weight is the force of gravity on an
with an unbalanced force. object.
•Forces can be balanced or unbalanced.
•Depends on the net force acting on the w = mg
object For example, a 2 kg book is resting on a
•Net force (Fnet): The sum total and table.
direction of all forces acting on the object. N
• Net forces: Always cause acceleration W= mg = 2kg x 9.8 = 19.6 N
kg

Balanced Versus Unbalanced Example

 Balanced forces cause no •A 50 N applied force drags an 8.16 kg log to
acceleration. the right across a horizontal surface. What is
 Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. the acceleration of the log if the force of
friction is 40.0 N?
What does F = ma mean?
Force is directly proportional to mass and
acceleration.

Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving at a

certain acceleration. This ball has a certain
force.
Now imagine we make the ball twice as big
(double the mass) but keep the acceleration •An elevator with a mass of 2000 kg rises
constant. F = ma says that this new ball has with an acceleration of 1.0 m/s/s. What is the
twice the force of the old ball. tension in the supporting cable?
Now imagine the original ball moving at
twice the original acceleration. F = ma says
that the ball will again have twice the force
of the ball at the original acceleration.

In Other Words…
Small Force = Small Acceleration
Large Force = Large Acceleration
3. An object with a mass of 6.0 kg
But there is a twist…. accelerates 4.0 m/s2 when an unknown force
Acceleration is INVERSELY related to the is applied to it. What is the amount of the
mass of the object. force?

In other words…..using the same

amount of force…
Large Mass = Small Acceleration
Small Mass = Large Acceleration

If you double the mass, you double the force.

If you double the acceleration, you double
the force.
 PHYSICS

Question: Suppose that the acceleration of

an object is zero. Does this mean that there
are no forces acting on it?
4. An object accelerates 3.0 m/s2 when a Answer: No, it means the forces acting on it
force of 6.0 newtons is applied to it. What is are balanced and the net force is zero.
the mass of the object? Think about gravity and normal force acting
on stationary objects.

Question: When a basketball player dribbles

a ball, it falls to the floor and bounces up. Is
a force required to make it bounce? Why? If a
force is needed, what is the agent
Answer: Yes, when it bounced it changed
direction. A change in direction =
acceleration. Acceleration requires a force.
The agent was the floor.

EQUILIBRIUM
Things that are in balance with one another
illustrate equilibrium.
Things in mechanical equilibrium are stable,
without changes of motion.

5. An applied force of 50 N is used to Mechanical equilibrium is a state wherein

accelerate an object to the right across a no physical changes occur.
frictional surface. The object encounters 10 N Whenever the net force on an object is zero,
of friction. Use the diagram to determine the the object is in mechanical equilibrium—this
normal force, the net force, the mass, and is known as the equilibrium rule.
the acceleration of the object.

The symbol ∑ stands for “the sum of.”

F stands for “forces.”

∑F = 0
For a suspended object at rest, the forces
acting upward on the object must be
balanced by other forces acting downward.
The vector sum equals zero

The sum of the upward vectors equals the

sum of the downward vectors. ∑F = 0, and
the scaffold is in equilibrium.
 PHYSICS

Equilibrium for stationary objects

•To find the force necessary to put
something in equilibrium, first find the Answer:
resultant. W = mg
•The force necessary to put something in N
*where 10 is the gravity that have been
equilibrium is called the equilibrant force. kg
•The equilibrant force is equal but rounded off.
opposite to the resultant. N
* 10 is constant
kg
N
EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCES W = (240 kg) (10 )
kg
Concurrent means that the forces intersect W = 2400 N
through a single point.
If a body is not accelerating is in equilibrium, Fg = W = 2400 N
so resultant of all forces = 0.
∑Fx = 0
 Fax + Fbx + Fgx = 0
 Fa cos75° - Fb cos60° + 0 = 0
 0.26 Fa – 0.50 Fb = 0 (Equation 1)

∑Fy = 0
 Fay + Fby + Fcy = 0
 Fa sin75° + Fb sin60° - Fgy = 0
 0.97 Fa + 0.87 Fb – 2400 N = 0
 0.97 Fa + 0.87 Fb = 2400 N (Equation
The Equilibrium Equations 2)

*Using Equation 1
 0.26 Fa – 0.50 Fb = 0
 0.26 Fa = 0.50 Fb
0.26 Fa 0 .50 Fb
 =
0.26 0.26
 Fa = 1.92 Fb (Equation 3)
Example:
Two ropes are attached to this lifting eye. *Substitute Equation 3 to Equation 2
Force A is at 75°, and Force B is at 60° from  0.97 Fa + 0.87 Fb = 2400 N
the horizontal. If the load is 240kg, what are  0.97 (1.92 Fb) + 0.87 Fb = 2400 N
the tensions in cable A and cable B?  1.86 Fb + 0.87 Fb = 2400 N
 2.73 Fb = 2400 N
2.73 Fb 2400 N
 =
2.73 2.73
 Fb = 879.12 N (Final Answer)
 Fa = 1.92 Fb
 Fa = 1.92 (879.12 N)
 Fa = 1687.91 N (Final Answer)

Equilibrium for Moving Objects

 PHYSICS
When the push on the desk is the same as Question: A force interaction requires at least
the force of friction between the desk and a(n)
the floor, the net force is zero and the desk a.single force.
slides at an unchanging speed. b.pair of forces.
c.action force.
If the desk moves steadily at constant speed, d.reaction force.
without change in its motion, Answer: B
it is in equilibrium. Friction is a contact force
between objects that slide or tend to slide Question: The force that directly propels a
against each other. In this case, ∑F = 0 motor scooter along a highway is that
means that the force of friction is equal in provided by the
magnitude and opposite in direction to the a.engine.
pushing force. b.fuel.
c.tires.
Newton’s Third Law d.road.
“For every action there is an equal and Answer: D
opposite reaction.”
Question: We know that Earth pulls on the
For every force acting on an object, there is moon. Does the moon also pull on Earth? If
an equal so, which pull is stronger?
force acting in the opposite direction. Right Answer: Asking which pull is stronger is like
now, asking which distance is greater—between
gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but New York and San Francisco, or between San
Newton’s Third Law says your seat is pushing Francisco and New York. The distances either
up way are the same. It is the same with force
against you with equal force. This is why you pairs. Both Earth and moon pull on each
are other with equal and opposite forces.
not moving. There is a balanced force acting
on Summary
you– gravity pulling down, your seat pushing Newton’s First Law:
up.  Objects in motion tend to stay in
motion and objects at rest tend to stay
Newton’s third law describes the relationship at rest unless acted upon by an
between two forces in an interaction. unbalanced force.
•One force is called the action force. Newton’s Second Law:
•The other force is called the reaction  Force equals mass times acceleration
force. (F = ma).
•Neither force exists without the other. Newton’s Third Law:
•They are equal in strength and opposite in  For every action there is an equal and
direction. opposite reaction.
•They occur at the same time
(simultaneously).
GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
Identifying Action and Reaction Pairs Universal Forces
• electromagnetic
•strong nuclear
•weak nuclear
•gravitational

Universal forces act over a distance between

particles of matter.
•The particles need not be in contact.
•Force is affected by the distance between
particles

Electromagnetic Forces
Question: What force can attract and repel?
Answer: Electric force and magnetic force are
the only forces that can both attract and
repel.
 PHYSICS
Gravity Acts Over Long Distances
Electric and magnetic force are two different The gravitational force between two objects
aspects of the electromagnetic force. is proportional to their masses.
Electromagnetic force is associated with Gravitational force decreases with the
charged particles. increasing distance between the objects.
Gravity is the weakest universal force, but it
Example: is the most effective force over long
Clothes often acquire electric charges in the distances.
dryer.
Clothes with opposite charges tend to cling The Earth, Moon, and Tides
together. The moon’s inertia acts to move it away from
Earth.
A magnetic force of attraction holds the two Earth’s gravitational attraction keeps the
train cars together. moon in a nearly circular orbit around Earth.
Nuclear Forces
Question: What force holds the nucleus
together?
Answer: Two forces, the strong nuclear force
and the weak nuclear force, act within the
nucleus to hold it together.

Gravitational Forces
Question: What is Newton’s law of universal
gravitation?
Answer: Newton’s law of universal
gravitation states that every object in the
universe attracts every other object.
A centripetal force is a center-directed
 Gravitational force is an attractive force that continuously changes the direction
force that acts between any two of an object to make it move in a circle.
masses. The moon’s inertia and the gravitational pull
 Gravitational force depends upon of Earth result in a nearly circular orbit.
mass and distance.
 Gravitational field strength on Earth
N
 g = 9.8
kg
 Gravitational field strength in other
GM N
planet g = ( )
r 2 kg

The gravitational pull from the moon

produces two bulges in Earth’s oceans–one
on the side of Earth closest to the moon, the
other on the side farthest from the moon.

GRAVITATIONAL FORCES
Gravitational force depends upon mass and
distance
A-Two masses X and Y, attract each other
B- The larger mass of X results in a larger
gravitational force
C- Increasing the distance between the
masses significantly reduces the
gravitational force
 PHYSICS

As Earth rotates once per day beneath

these two bulges, there are two high and
two low tides per day on Earth.

Assessment Questions
1.What are the only forces that can both
attract and repel?
a.electromagnetic forces
b.centripetal forces
c.strong nuclear forces
d.gravitational forces

2.The nucleus of an atom is held together

primarily by the
e. strong force and weak force.
f. strong force and gravity.
g. weak force and electromagnetic force.
h. electromagnetic force and strong force.

3.Which of the following statements about

gravitational forces is false?
a.They are the weakest universal forces.
b.They act between any two objects.
c.They become stronger as the distance
between two objects increases.
d.They become weaker as the mass of either
two objects decreases.

1.A center-directed force that continuously

changes the direction of an object’s motion,
making it move in a circle, is called the radial
force.
True
False

4. Calculate the force of gravity between two

3-kilogram ball bearings separated by a
distance of 10 centimeters.

5. What is the force of gravity acting on an

object at the Earth’s surface? Earth’s mass =
5.98 x 1024 kg, object’s mass = 1000 kg, the
radius of the Earth is 6.38 x 106 m.