Steel Structures: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam

18/4/2020
Steel Structures
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Structural Engineering & Materials)
General Details
• Department of Civil Engineering.
• Course: Steel Structures.
• Instructor: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam.
• Lecture No. 01.
• Week No. 01.
• Class: MSc Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering).
• Semesters: 1st & 2nd (MSc. Civil Engineering).
• Section: One.
• Session: Fall-2019 & Spring-20.
Institute of Southern Punjab (ISP), Multan Prepared by: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
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Introduction to Steel
Structures
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Structural Engineering & Materials)
Course: Steel Structures
Text Books
1. Steel Structures – 3rd Edition. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.
2. LRFD Steel Design Aids – 4th Ed. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.
3. Steel Structures: Design and Behaviour by Charles, G.,
Salmon, J. and Johnson, E.
4. Steel Structures Design and Practice by N. Subramanian.
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Contents
1. What is Steel?
2. Mention of Iron in Holy Quran.
3. Steel Making process.
4. Treatments and processes affecting steel properties
5. Mechanical properties of Structural Steel.
6. Advantages & Disadvantages of Structural Steel.
What is Steel
• Steel is an alloy in which iron is mixed with carbon and other
elements.
• An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least
one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic
properties.
• An Alloy usually has different properties (sometimes significantly
different) from those of its components.
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Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

• Iron is mentioned in the Holy Quran 6 times:
1. Surah Bani Israil (17:50),
2. Surah Al Kahf ( 18: 96),
3. Surah Al Anbiya.. (21:22),
4. Surah Saba (34:10),
5. Surah Qaf (50:22),
6. Surah Al-Hadid (57:25).
Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

• Iron is mentioned in the Holy Quran 6 times:
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Steel Making Process

• Iron ore is converted to steel via two main steps. The first
involves the production of molten iron and the second is that of
actual steel manufacture. The details of these steps are outlined
below.
1. Step 1 - The production of molten iron
• The Primary Concentrate is mixed with limestone and coal and
heated. The iron oxides are reduced in the solid state to metallic
iron, which then melts, and the impurities are removed either as
slag or gas. The flow diagram for this process is shown in Fig. 01.
Reduced Primary Concentrate and Char (RPCC)
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1. Step 1 - The production of molten iron
• Multi-hearth furnaces: Four multi-hearth furnaces, each of which
feeds a rotary kiln. Furnaces preheat the materials fed into the
rotary kiln and reduce the amount of volatile matter present in the
coal.
• Large volumes of gas produced during the emission of the
volatile matter.
• 12 hearths in each furnace: First three hearths, hot gases from the
lower stages preheat the material in the absence of air to about
450 ºC.
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2. Step 2 – Steel Making
• Vanadium recovery: Before conversion into steel, vanadium is
recovered from the molten iron, because of the value of the
vanadium rich slag produced (15% vanadium) and secondly
because a high vanadium content can make the steel too hard.
• Klockner Oxygen Blown Maxhutte (KOBM) steel making
process, like most modern processes involves oxidizing dissolved
impurities by blowing oxygen through the molten metal.
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• Making Steel Rolled Shapes
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Treatments and Processes Affecting Steel

Properties
• Quenching
Quenching refers to heating steel to below a critical
temperature, holding that temperature and then rapidly cooling
it in a desirable medium such as air water or oil to obtain
desired hardness property.

Properties
• Tempering
Tempering refers to heating steel above a critical temperature,
then cooling it rapidly to freeze it in a very hard state followed
by rewarming it to an intermediate temperature to give a
hardness suitable for the job intended.
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Properties
• Annealing
Heating (usually up to 1150 ) followed by cooling of steel in
solid state to relieve the residual stresses and to enhance
ductility.
• Work Hardening
An increase in strength and hardness attained by stressing the
steel to cause plastic deformations at lower temperatures.

Properties
• Killed Steel
It indicates that the steel has been completely deoxidized by the
addition of an agent such as silicon or aluminum, before
casting, so that there is practically no evolution of gas during
solidification. These are characterized by a high degree of
chemical homogeneity and freedom from porosity.
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Effect of Carbon percentage on Steel Properties

• Carbon has a major effect on steel properties. Carbon is the primary
hardening element in steel. Hardness and tensile strength increases as
carbon content increases up to about 0.85%.
Effect of Carbon percentage on Steel Properties
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Introduction to Steel
Structures
Introduction to Steel Structures

• Steel structures are assembly of structural steel shapes joined together by
means of riveted / bolted or welded connections.
• Majority of concrete structures are cast in-situ.
• However, in steel structures, we have to make a selection of a section out of
those available in the market.
• Joints in steel structures needs a special attention to join together the
individual members.
• These days steel construction is being employed for almost every type of
structure including multi-storey buildings, bridges, industrial buildings,
towers, etc.
• There are two main categories of steel structures.
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1. Framework / Skeletal Systems

• The main load carrying elements in this type are one-dimensional or line
elements (such as beams, columns etc.) forming two-dimensional or
three-dimensional frames. Examples are:
1. The frameworks of industrial buildings with their internal members such
as crane girders, platforms etc.
2. Highway and railway large spans bridges.
3. Multi-storey buildings, large halls, and domes etc.
4. Towers, poles, structural components of hydraulic works.
5. All other trusses and rigidly connected frame structures.
2. Shell Systems
• The main load carrying elements in this category of structures are plates and
sheets besides some skeletal members. Examples are:
1. Gas tanks for the storage and distribution of gases.
2. Tanks and reservoirs for the storage of liquids.
3. Bins and bunkers for the storage of loose material.
4. Special structures such as blast furnaces, air heaters, etc.
5. Large diameter pipes.
6. All other plate and shell structures.
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Mechanical Properties of
Structural Steels
Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

• Most widely used standards for structural materials are American
Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) Standards.
• ASTM specifications for structural steels generally identify the
Process by which steel is to be made, chemical composition, and
tensile requirements.
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• Yield strength is usually taken to be that stress which leaves the
specimen with a permanent set of 0.2% when specimen is unloaded or
stress corresponding to 0.5% elongation (strain)
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• Stiffness:
The resistance of structural component to
deformation.
• Material
• Length
• X-Section
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• Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.

• Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.
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• Strength: The max load which a structure or

structural component can resist.
• Toughness: The ability of a structure or structural
component to absorb energy.
• Fatigue: Fatigue is a progressive, localized
permanent damage stress under fluctuating repeated
stress.
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Advantages &
Disadvantages of
Structural Steel
Advantages of Steel as Structural Material

• It is interesting to know that steel was not economically made in USA
until late nineteenth century.
• However, since then steel has become the predominate material for the
construction of bridges, buildings, towers, and other structures.
• Steel exhibits desirable physical properties that makes it one of the most
versatile structural material in use.
• Its great strength, uniformity, light weight, ease of use, and many other
desirable properties makes it the material of choice for numerous
structures such as steel bridges, high rise buildings, towers, and other
structures.
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Disadvantages of Steel as Structural Material

• Although steel has all this advantages as structural material, it
also has many disadvantages that make reinforced concrete as a
replacement for construction purposes.
• For example, steel columns sometimes can not provide the
necessary strength because of buckling, whereas RC columns
are generally sturdy and massive such as no buckling problems
occurs.
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Early Uses of Iron and Steel
Early Uses of Iron and Steel
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Assignment No. 01
1. Explain in detail the steel manufacturing
process.
2. What is chemical composition of iron and steel.
Explain the function of each ingredient in detail?
Thanks
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18/4/2020

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Course: Steel Structures

1. Steel Structures – 3rd Edition. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.

2. LRFD Steel Design Aids – 4th Ed. by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi.

3. Steel Structures: Design and Behaviour by Charles, G.,

Salmon, J. and Johnson, E.

4. Steel Structures Design and Practice by N. Subramanian.

2. Mention of Iron in Holy Quran.

3. Steel Making process.

4. Treatments and processes affecting steel properties

5. Mechanical properties of Structural Steel.

6. Advantages & Disadvantages of Structural Steel.

• An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least

• An Alloy usually has different properties (sometimes significantly

different) from those of its components.

Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

1. Surah Bani Israil (17:50),

2. Surah Al Kahf ( 18: 96),

3. Surah Al Anbiya.. (21:22),

4. Surah Saba (34:10),

5. Surah Qaf (50:22),

6. Surah Al-Hadid (57:25).

Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Reduced Primary Concentrate and Char (RPCC)

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Steel Making Process

Treatments and Processes Affecting Steel

Quenching refers to heating steel to below a critical

temperature, holding that temperature and then rapidly cooling

it in a desirable medium such as air water or oil to obtain

desired hardness property.

Treatments and Processes Affecting Steel

Tempering refers to heating steel above a critical temperature,

then cooling it rapidly to freeze it in a very hard state followed

by rewarming it to an intermediate temperature to give a

hardness suitable for the job intended.

Treatments and Processes Affecting Steel

Treatments and Processes Affecting Steel

It indicates that the steel has been completely deoxidized by the

addition of an agent such as silicon or aluminum, before

casting, so that there is practically no evolution of gas during

solidification. These are characterized by a high degree of

chemical homogeneity and freedom from porosity.

Effect of Carbon percentage on Steel Properties

Effect of Carbon percentage on Steel Properties

Introduction to Steel Structures

1. Framework / Skeletal Systems

Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) Standards.

• ASTM specifications for structural steels generally identify the