INDEX

S. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Introduction 2
2. Part list 3
3. Circuit diagram 4
4. Circuit description 5

5. Components used 6
6. Test working 20
8. How to build 21
9. Pcb fabrication 22
10 Conclusion 25

11 Application 26
REMOTE CONTROL FOR HOME APPLIANCES

Introduction:

Connect this circuit to any of your home appliance (lamp fan radio etc)
to make the appliance turn on/off from a TV VCD or DVD remote
control. The circuit can be activated from up to 10 meters.
The 38KHz infrared(IR) rays generated by the remote control are
received by IR receiver module TSOP1738 of the circuit. Pin 1 of
TSOP1738 is connected to ground pin2 is connected to the power supply
through resistor R5 and the output is taken from pi3. The output signal is
amplified by transistor T1 (BC558).
The amplified signal is fed to clock 14 of decede counter IC CD7493
(IC). Pin 8 of IC1 is grounded pin 16 is connected to Vcc and pin 3 is
connected to LED1 (red) which glow to indicate that the appliance is off.
The output of IC1 is taken from its pin2. LED2 (green) connected to pin
2 is used to indicate the on state of the appliance. Transistor T2 (BC548)
connected to pin 2 of IC1 drives relay RL1. Diode 1N4007 (D1) acts as
a freewheeling diode. The appliance to be controlled is connected
between the pole of relay and neutral terminal of mains. It gets
connected to live terminal of AC mains via normally opened(N/O)
contact when the relay energises.
PART LIST:

Resistors:
S. No. Part Name
1. R1 = 220K
2. R2 = 330R
3. R3 = 1K
4. R4 = 330R
5. R5 = 47R

Capacitors:
6.C1 = 100uF-16V
7.C2 = 100nF-63V
8.C3 = 470uF-16V
Diodes:
9.D1 = 1N4007
10.D2 = Red LED
11.D3 = Green LED
12.Q1 = BC558
13.Q2 = BC548
14.IR = TSOP1738
15.IC1 = CD7493
16.IC2= 555
17.RL1 = Relay 5V DC
Circuit diagram
Circuit diagram description:
The 38kHz infrared rays generated by the remote control are received by
IR receiver module TSOP1738 of the circuit. Pin 1 of TSOP1738 is
connected to ground, pin 2 is connected to the power supply through R5
and the output is taken from pin 3. The output signal is amplified by Q1.
The amplified signal is fed to clock pin 14 of decade counter IC CD4017
(IC1). Pin 8 of IC1 is grounded, pin 16 is connected to vcc and pin 3 is
connected to D2 (Red LED), which glows to indicate that the Appliance
is off
The output of IC1 is taken from its pin 2. D3 connected to pin 2 is used
to indicate the ‘on’ state of the appliance. Q2 connected to pin 2 of IC1
drives relay RL1. D1 acts as a freewheeling diode. The appliance to be
controlled is connected between the pole of the relay and neutral
terminal of mains. It gets connected to live terminal of AC mains via
normally opened (N/O) contact when the relay energizes. If you want to
operate a DC 12 volt relay then use a regulated DC 12 volt power supply
for DC 12 volt Relay and remember that the circuit voltage not be
exceeded more than DC 5 volts.

Components used :
 IC 4017

 The IC 4017 is a versatile IC of the CMOS family which has got

wide range of applications. Internally it consists of a 10 stage decade
counter/divider. When a clock pulse is applied to it externally, its
outputs become logic 'hi' and 'lo' sequentially (one after the other). It has
got numerous applications, for example in circuits where sequential
switching are required and also in decorative ornamental lighting, where
the lights are switched on and off sequentially giving it a 'running' effect.

 Pin Configurations of IC 4017

As can be from the diagram above, the IC 4017 is a 16 pin dual in line
package IC. Pin 1 can be identified from a small depressed circle at the
extreme left corner of the IC, or simply one can always remember, the
printed side of the IC facing towards you, the pin beginning from the left
side of the semi circle notch of every IC is pin 1.
Pin 1 to pin 7 and pins 8, 9, 10 are all the outputs of the IC.
Pin 16 is for the positive supply and pin 8 is ground.
Pin 15 is the reset point of the IC. A logic '0' to this pin (or by connecting
it to the ground), gives a green signal to the IC, so that it can function. A
logic '1' or a positive supply here will bring its proceedings to a stand
still and will reset it. At this position pin 3 of the IC4017 stays at logic '1'
where as all other outputs are logic 'lo'.
Pin 14 is the clock input of the IC 4017. An external clock signal to this
point will make a logic '1' to proceed sequentially, beginning from pin 3
and ending at pin 11.
The cycle is repeated as long as the clock persists at pin 14. The period
of time each output stays logic '1' will depend on the time period of the
positive peaks of the clock signal. With the rising edge of every clock
pulse, the 'logic 1' will shift from one output to the other serially.
Pin 13 is the clock enable point. A logic '1' to this pin will stop the IC
4017 from proceeding and its output will freeze at that instant at the
particular output. Even if the clock signal at pin 14 is ON, the output
cant shift as long as pin 13 is held at logic'1', therefore this point should
be grounded. On the contrary if pin 14 is held at logic'1' and clock signal
is applied at pin 1, every falling edge of the pulse will make the outputs
to change state sequentially.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor light source. LEDs are used
as indicator lamps in many devices and are
increasingly used for other lighting.
Appearing as practical electronic
components early LEDs emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with
very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward-
biased (switched on), electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. A LED is
often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components
may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many
advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller
size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are
relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat
management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable
output.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as
diverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting,
advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs
have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to
be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in
advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in
the remote control units of many commercial products including
televisions, DVD players and other domestic appliances.

Diodes:

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge

circuit configuration that provides the
same polarity of output for either polarity of
input. When used in its most common
application, for conversion of an alternating
current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output, it is known as
a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from
a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to
a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-
tapped secondary winding
The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of
the output is the same regardless of the polarity at the input.
The diode bridge circuit is also known as the Graetz
circuit after its inventor, physicist Leo Graetz.
Basic Operation:
According to the conventional model of current flow originally
established by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most engineers
today, current is assumed to flow through electrical conductors from
the positive to the negative pole. In actuality, free electrons in a
conductor nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In
the vast majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current
flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional
model is retained.
In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the
diamond is positive, and the input connected to the right corner
is negative, current flows from the upper supply terminal to the right
along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the lower
supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right
output negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this
circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC input, it can also
provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". 
Resistor
Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its
resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to
the current passing through it. Thus a particular value of resistor, for
fixed voltage, limits the current through it. They are omnipresent in
electronic circuits.
 The different value of resistances are used to limit the currents or get the
desired voltage drop according to the current-voltage rating of the device
to be connected in the circuit. For example, if an LED of rating 2.3V and
6mA is to be connected with a supply of 5V, a voltage drop of 2.7V (5V-
2.3V) and limiting current of 6mA is required. This can be achieved by
providing a resistor of 450  connected in series with the LED.
Resistors can be either fixed or variable. The low power resistors are
comparatively smaller in size than high power resistors. The resistance
of a resistor can be estimated by their colour codes or can be measured
by a multimeter. There are some non linear resistors also whose
resistance changes with temperature or light. Negative temperature
coefficient (NTC), positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and light
dependent resistor (LDR) are some such resistors. These special resistors
are commonly used as sensors. Read and learn about internal structure
and working of a resistor.

Pin Diagram: 

Transistors:

The 2N2222 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for

general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is
designed for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage, and
can operate at moderately high speeds. It is made in the TO-18 metal can
as shown in the picture. Replacements are commonly available now in
the cheaper TO-92packaging, where it is known as the PN2222 or
P2N2222, which has similar specifications except for the lower
maximum collector current.
The 2N2222 is considered a very common transistor, and is used as an
exemplar of an NPN transistor. It is frequently used as a small-signal
transistor, and it remains a small general purpose transistor of enduring
popularity.
The 2N2222 was part of a family of devices described by Motorola at a
1962 IRE convention. Since then it has been made by many
semiconductor companies, for example, Texas Instruments.

Relay:-
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Electric current through the
coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contacts.
SPST Relay  : (Single Pole Single Throw Relay) an electromagnetic
switch, consist of a coil (terminals 85 & 86), 1 common terminal (30),
and one normally open terminal (87). It does not have a normally closed
terminal like the SPDT relay, but may be used in place of SPDT relays in
all diagrams shown on this site where terminal 87a is not used.
When energizing the coil of a relay, polarity of the coil does not matter
unless there is a diode across the coil. If a diode is not present, you may
attach positive voltage to either terminal of the coil and negative voltage
to the other, otherwise you must connect positive to the side of the coil
that the cathode side (side with stripe) of the diode is connected and
negative to side of the coil that the anode side of the diode is connected.
 

Diodes are most often used across the coil to provide a path for current
when the current path to the relay is interrupted (i.e. switched off, coil
no longer energized). This allows the coil field to collapse without the
voltage spike that would otherwise be generated. The diode protects
switch or relay contacts and other circuits that may be sensitive to
voltage spikes. (JimR, contributor, install bay member)
Why do I want to use a relay and do I really need to? Anytime you
want to switch a device which draws more current than is provided by an
output of a switch or component you'll need to use a relay. The coil of an
SPDT relay that we most commonly use draws very little current (less
than 200 milliamps) and the amount of current that you can pass through
a relay's common, normally closed, and normally open contacts will
handle up to 30 or 40 amps. This allows you to switch devices such as
headlights, parking lights, horns, etc., with low amperage outputs such
as those found on keyless entry and alarm systems, and other
components. In some cases you may need to switch multiple things at
the same time using one output. A single output connected to multiple
relays will allow you to open continuity and/or close continuity
simultaneously on multiple wires.
CAPACITORS
It is an electronic component whose function is to accumulate charges and
then release it.
To understand the concept of
capacitance, consider a pair of metal
plates which all are placed near to each
other without touching. If a battery is
connected to these plates the positive
pole to one and the negative pole to the other, electrons from the battery
will be attracted from the plate connected to the positive terminal of the
battery. If the battery is then disconnected, one plate will be left with an
excess of electrons, the other with a shortage, and a potential or voltage
difference will exists between them. These plates will be acting as
capacitors. Capacitors are of two types: - (1) fixed type like ceramic,
polyester, electrolytic capacitors-these names refer to the material they are
made of aluminium foil. (2) Variable type like gang condenser in radio or
trimmer. In fixed type capacitors, it
has two leads and its value is
written over its body and variable
type has three leads. Unit of
measurement of a capacitor is farad
denoted by the symbol F. It is a
very big unit of capacitance. Small unit capacitor are pico-farad denoted
by pf (Ipf=1/1000,000,000,000 f) Above all, in case of electrolytic
capacitors, it's two terminal are marked as (-) and (+) so check it while
using capacitors in the circuit in right direction. Mistake can destroy the
capacitor or entire circuit in operational.
TSOP1738 - Infrared Sensors :
General Description

The TSOP 1738 is a member of IR remote control receiver series. This

IR sensor module consists of a PIN diode and a pre amplifier which are
embedded into a single package. The output of TSOP is active low and it
gives +5V in off state. When IR waves, from a source, with a centre
frequency of 38 kHz incident on it, its output goes low. 
 
Lights coming from sunlight, fluorescent lamps etc. may cause
disturbance to it and result in undesirable output even when the source is
not transmitting IR signals. A bandpass filter, an integrator stage and an
automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances.
 
Features

 Photo detector and preamplifier in one package

 Internal filter for PCM frequency
 Improved shielding against electrical field  disturbance
 TTL and CMOS compatibility
 Output active low
 Low power consumption
 High immunity against ambient light
 Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)
 Suitable burst length ≥10 cycles/burst
How Remote Controls Work

While there have been many different designs of remote control

throughout history, for the most part each one has been a relatively
simple concept. Considering how simple the modern remote is, it is
amazing what it has been able to do, and in many ways remotes are now
a fundamental part of millions of people’s lives. The following is a brief
look at remote controls and how they work.

The first remote

The earliest successful attempt at a remote control was when Nikola

Tesla unveiled his ‘Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism
of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles’ back in 1898. Tesla’s system involved
controlling a boat via radio waves, a system he described as
‘teleautomaton’.

The Zenith Space Command

In 1956, Robert Alder released an impressive remote control system that

worked via sound frequency. Each button on the remote control emitted
a different frequency, which was then detected and interpreted by a
receiving device. The Zenith Space Command was used mostly for TVs
and home stereo systems, with its main drawback being the price, as it
wasn’t cheap to make.
Infrared remote controls

The vast majority of remote controls these days work via an infrared
system, which involves sending coded pulses of infrared light to a
receiving device via light emitting diodes or LEDs. A different code is
sent depending on which button on the remote you press, equating to
long or short flashes of light, and a decoder on the receiving appliance
receives the message, decodes it and tells the machine what to do.

One of the big disadvantages of IR remote controls is that they usually

need an uninterrupted line of sight in order to work, however you can
often bounce a signal off the ceiling or a wall, and they generally operate
within a range of up to 20 metres.

Radio frequency remote controls

These remote controls work by sending radio waves to a receiver, which

then decodes the message and directs the machine or device to carry out
the function. Radio Frequency remote controls are able to go through
walls and around corners, with a range of just over 30 metres, making
them far more useful and flexible than their infrared counterparts.
Most garage door openers and alarm systems use radio frequency remote
controls, and they have been widely used for years by military forces
around the world.
Controlling the controls

As modern homes have accumulated an increasing amount of home

appliances in recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the amount
of remote controls each home has, ranging from sound and security
systems to the garage remote. Having so many remotes has naturally
made them easy to lose track of, often meaning you spend so much time
looking for your remotes that you lose the advantage of having them in
the first place.

Thankfully, universal remotes have come to the rescue, as they are able
to essentially learn the commands of other remotes and take over their
function themselves, meaning you only need the one remote.

Mobile phones

These days, some mobile phones have become fully capable of operating
as remote control devices, using software and the Internet to control
anything from your home security system to your climate control. One
of the big advantages of using remote control capabilities via the Internet
is that it enables you to drastically increase your range of function,
because as long as you have Internet access you will still be able to
control those remotes.
TEST WORKING

Check the supply voltage and polarity of the batteries with a multy meter
then insert the batteries into the battery holder and proceed.

Check the right position of the all components.

How to build

Preparing tha soldering iron:

Place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in. the iron will take a few
minutes to reach its operating them.
Preparing the soldering iron:
place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in. in the iron will take a
few minute to reach its operating temperature of about 400c.
dampen the sponge in the stand.
Wait a few minutes for the damp sponge. This will clean the tip.
Wipe the tip of the damp spong. This will clean the trip. Melt a solder on
the tip of the iron.
Soldering the components:

Use the components overlay on the RCB to inset the components and
solder them in the following order:
1.capacitors
2.Resistors
3. transistors
4. IC
5 battery connector
6. Then copper wire sensing loop.
 PCB FABRICATION

FABRICATION PROCESS:

The materials required for PCB fabrication are copper clad sheet, paint,
drilling machine and ferric chloride solution.
Steps involved in making a PCB:

1. Preparing the layout of the track: The track layout of the electronic
circuit may be drawn on a white paper. The layout should be made in
such a way that paths are in each routes. This enables PCB to be more
compact and economical.
2. Transferring the layout to the copper: The layout made on white
paper should be redrawn on the copper clad using paint or nail
varnish.
III. Etching: Ferric chloride solution is popularly used etching solution.
The ferric chloride powder is made into a solution using water and kept
in a plastic tray. Immerse the marked copper clad in this for two hours.
Due to reaction, the solution will become weak. The copper in the
unmarked area will be etched out. Take out the etched sheet from the
tray and dry.

1. Drilling: The holes are made using a drilling machine, for

component insertion.
Troubleshooting:

If the circuit is not working as desired the then the following procedures
should be followed.
It is preferable to begin trouble shooting process from output stage
onwards and then proceed to the input side. To begin apply a voltage of
12 v to the loudspeakers directly. If it is working fine then proceed
below.
Next check the connections of the resistances being used are of the
required value. Verify that you have the right components in the right
place
 CONCLUSION

The product to demonstrate the remote controlled operation of home

appliances has been successfully implemented and favorable results
have been obtained. This is a commercially viable product and its
application is widespread these days with almost all home appliances.
Since IR radiations are made use of here, each task can be designed to be
performed at different frequencies, each specific to a particular task. As
a result of which several operations can be performed on a single
appliance, as in the case of television. The product finds great scope
futuristically, as part of an environment where man restricts his motion
and performs his day-to-day activities on a remote controlled basis.
 APPLICATIONS

A remote controlled device primarily saves a lot of time and energy. Its
significance in today’s world is immense when people don’t have to
unnecessarily waste their time in operating the appliances by being near
to the appliance. They can operate it while they’re engrossed in whatever
task they’re doing and don’t have to bother leaving it in between.

The remote control can extend up to a long distance depending on the

frequency used and the efficiency of the circuit. It is an advantage that it
can be operated from distances.

It can be used in the case of a number of devices and applications such

as TV, VCR, camera, CD speller, radio, lamp, fan, music system or even
tasks such as simply opening a door.

A single remote control can be made to operate at different frequencies,

each corresponding to a particular task to be performed by the appliance,
for example television. This is a further application where a compact
device can perform multiple operations.

Tediousness of operating the appliance in its close proximity is done

away with. The circuit has the advantages that it can be easily
implemented using easily available and low cost components. The
maintenance is also easy.
 References:

www.wikipedia.com

www.google.com

www.kitsnspares.com