This document contains information about:
1. The absorption of various nutrients in different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including iron, folate, calcium, zinc, vitamin B12, chylomicrons, bile salts, and intrinsic factor.
2. Neurotransmitters and hormones that stimulate or inhibit different parts of the GI tract, including acetylcholine (Ach), substance P (Subp), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO), cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, secretin, and somatostatin.
3. Hormones produced in different parts of the GI tract in response to various stimuli, including
This document contains information about:
1. The absorption of various nutrients in different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including iron, folate, calcium, zinc, vitamin B12, chylomicrons, bile salts, and intrinsic factor.
2. Neurotransmitters and hormones that stimulate or inhibit different parts of the GI tract, including acetylcholine (Ach), substance P (Subp), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO), cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, secretin, and somatostatin.
3. Hormones produced in different parts of the GI tract in response to various stimuli, including
This document contains information about:
1. The absorption of various nutrients in different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including iron, folate, calcium, zinc, vitamin B12, chylomicrons, bile salts, and intrinsic factor.
2. Neurotransmitters and hormones that stimulate or inhibit different parts of the GI tract, including acetylcholine (Ach), substance P (Subp), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO), cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, secretin, and somatostatin.
3. Hormones produced in different parts of the GI tract in response to various stimuli, including
This document contains information about:
1. The absorption of various nutrients in different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including iron, folate, calcium, zinc, vitamin B12, chylomicrons, bile salts, and intrinsic factor.
2. Neurotransmitters and hormones that stimulate or inhibit different parts of the GI tract, including acetylcholine (Ach), substance P (Subp), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO), cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, secretin, and somatostatin.
3. Hormones produced in different parts of the GI tract in response to various stimuli, including
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Stimulating Neurotransmitters
Duodenum Absorbs =>GIT Fe, folate, Ca+ and Zn Inhibiting Neurotransmitters
Ach, Subp Esophagus, LES VIP/NO Distal ileum Absorbs => Vitb12, chylomicrons (fat), bile salt and intrinsic factor. Ach, Histamine,Stomach Gastrin Absorbs => Alcohol Stomach Somatostatin VIP, GRP, Ach Colon Absorbs => shortPancreas chain fatty acid CCK, Ach Gallbladder VIP/NO (Act on sphincter of oddi) Ach, Subp Small intestine VIP/NO Aldosterone Colon
Hormone GI origin Cell Released in response to Hormone function
origin Ghrelin Stomach/duodenum D1 In response to fasting, Circulating orexigen => stimulate appetite. Anorexia, celiac disease and peak with scheduled feeding Gastrin Gastric antrum/duodenum G Released by vagal Stimulates gastric acid secretion and growth (maintains the integrity of stimulation from the the gastric mucosa) CNS, gastric distension, proteins and peptides in the stomach CCK Duodenum/Jejunum I Released by fat and Stimulates pancreatic secretion, contracts gallbladder, delays gastric protein in meals emptying, and reduces meal size and duration Secretin Duodenum/Jejunum S In response to low pH Stimulates pancreatic and hepatic bicarbonate secretion of acid chyme Motilin Duodenum/Jejunum M In response to - Triggers MMC. interdigestive phase by - Speeds gastric emptying, increases small intestinal, gallbladder & a neural mechanism to colonic motility trigger the migrating motor complex GIP Duodenum/Jejunum K Incretin Effect-enhance insulin secretion. - lipogenic and maintains integrity of adipocytes - Increases bone growth - Reduces energy expenditure GLP-1 Ileum/Large bowel (mainly L In response to fat and Incretin Effect-enhance insulin secretion. colon) glucose - Potently inhibits food intake
Oxyntumodulin L Satiating agent:
- Inhibits food intake for several hours and increase voluntary movement. - Inhibit gastric secretion & emptying Anorectic effect: - suppression of ghrelin release PPY L PP Pancrease PP
2020 The Essential Diets - All Diets in One Book - Ketogenic, Mediterranean, Mayo, Zone Diet, High Protein, Vegetarian, Vegan, Detox, Paleo, Alkaline Diet and Much More: COOKBOOK, #2