Meiosis: Sexual Reproduction

REVIEWER BIO 01
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
 Chromosomes are duplicated in germ cells
 Germ cells undergo meiosis and cytoplasmic division
 Cellular descendants of germ cells become gametes
 Gametes meet at fertilization
 Involves
 Meiosis
 Gamete Production
 Fertilization
 Produces genetic variation among offspring
Asexual Reproduction
 Single parent produces offspring
 All offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent
Homologous Chromosomes Carry Different Alleles
 Cell has two of each chromosome
 One chromosome in each pair from mother and father.
 Paternal and maternal chromosomes carry different alleles
Sexual Reproduction Shuffles Alleles
 Through sexual reproduction, offspring inherit new combinations of alleles, which lead to
variation in traits.
Credits to Sir. Christian Martin Tan

Paul Francia
REVIEWER BIO 01
 This variation in traits is the basis for evolutionary change.
Gamete Formation
 Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs)
 Arise from germ cells
Ex. Testes and Ovaries | anther and ovary in plants
Chromosome Number
 Sum total of chromosomes in a cell
 Germ cells are diploid (2n)
 Gametes are haploid (n)
 Meiosis halves chromosome number
Meiosis: Two Divisions
 Two consecutive nuclear divisions
 Meiosis I
 Meiosis II
 DNA is not duplicated between divisions
 Four haploid nuclei form
Overview of Meiosis
 Two nuclear divisions occur to make 4 haploid cells
 Used to make gametes (egg and sperm)
 Occurs in sex cells

Paul Francia
REVIEWER BIO 01
 Has 8 phases (4 in each meiosis I & II)
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
 The two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome are separated from each other.
Meiosis I – Stages

Paul Francia
REVIEWER BIO 01
Meiosis I
Prophase I
 Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) and crossing-over occurs in which there is exchange
of genetic information.
Metaphase I
 Homologous pairs lined at the equator
Anaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles.
Telophase I
 2 daughter cells result each with 23 duplicated chromosomes.
Prophase I
 Each duplicated chromosome pairs with homologue
 Homologues swap segments
 Each chromosome becomes attached to spindle
Metaphase I
 Chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the middle of cell
 The spindle is fully formed.
Anaphase I
 Homologous chromosome segregate
 The sister chromatids remain attached

Paul Francia
REVIEWER BIO 01
Telophase I
 The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
 Usually followed by cytoplasmic division
Prophase II
 Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the duplicated chromosomes.
Meiosis II
Prophase II
 Chromosomes condense again.
Metaphase II
 Chromosomes align at the equator.
Anaphase II
 Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
Telophase II
 4 daughter cells result each with 23 unduplicated chromosomes.

Paul Francia
REVIEWER BIO 01
Metaphase II
 Duplicated chromosomes line up at the equator, midway
between the poles.
Anaphase II
 Sister chromatids separate to become independent chromosomes.
Telophase II
 The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell.
 A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
 Four haploid cells

Paul Francia
REVIEWER BIO 01
Crossing Over
 Each chromosome becomes zippered to its homologue.
 All four chromatids are closely aligned.
 Non sister chromosomes exchange segments.
What is Crossing Over?
 Crossing –over is the exchange of genetic information
between non homologous sister chromatids during synapsis.
 This occurs during prophase I of
meiosis and increase genetic
variation.
Effects of Crossing Over
 After crossing over, each
chromosome contains both
maternal and paternal
segments.
 Creates new allele combinations in offspring.
Random Alignment
 During transition between prophase I and metaphase I, microtubules from spindle pole attach
to kinetochores of chromosomes.
 Initial contacts between microtubules and chromosomes are random.
 Either the maternal or paternal member of a homologous pair can end up at either pole.

Paul Francia
REVIEWER BIO 01
 The chromosomes in a gamete are a mix of chromosomes from the two parents.
Possible Chromosome Combinations
 As a result of random alignment, the number of possible combinations of chromosomes in a
gamete is:
2n
(n is number of chromosome types)

Paul Francia

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REVIEWER BIO 01

 Chromosomes are duplicated in germ cells

 Germ cells undergo meiosis and cytoplasmic division

 Cellular descendants of germ cells become gametes

 Gametes meet at fertilization

 Produces genetic variation among offspring

 Single parent produces offspring

 All offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent

Homologous Chromosomes Carry Different Alleles

 Cell has two of each chromosome

 One chromosome in each pair from mother and father.

 Paternal and maternal chromosomes carry different alleles

Sexual Reproduction Shuffles Alleles

Credits to Sir. Christian Martin Tan

 This variation in traits is the basis for evolutionary change.

 Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs)

 Arise from germ cells

Ex. Testes and Ovaries | anther and ovary in plants

 Sum total of chromosomes in a cell

 Germ cells are diploid (2n)

 Gametes are haploid (n)

 Meiosis halves chromosome number

Meiosis: Two Divisions

 Two consecutive nuclear divisions

 DNA is not duplicated between divisions

 Four haploid nuclei form

 Two nuclear divisions occur to make 4 haploid cells

 Used to make gametes (egg and sperm)

 Occurs in sex cells

Credits to Sir. Christian Martin Tan

 Has 8 phases (4 in each meiosis I & II)

Credits to Sir. Christian Martin Tan

 Homologous pairs lined at the equator

 Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles.

 2 daughter cells result each with 23 duplicated chromosomes.

 Each duplicated chromosome pairs with homologue

 Homologues swap segments

 Each chromosome becomes attached to spindle

 Chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the middle of cell

 The spindle is fully formed.

 Homologous chromosome segregate

 The sister chromatids remain attached

Credits to Sir. Christian Martin Tan

 The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

 Usually followed by cytoplasmic division

 Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the duplicated chromosomes.

 Chromosomes condense again.

 Chromosomes align at the equator.

 Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.

 4 daughter cells result each with 23 unduplicated chromosomes.

Credits to Sir. Christian Martin Tan

 Duplicated chromosomes line up at the equator, midway

between the poles.

 Sister chromatids separate to become independent chromosomes.

 The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell.

 A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.

 Four haploid cells

Credits to Sir. Christian Martin Tan