What is meiosis cell Division

 Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual

reproduction in eukaryotes
 Meiosis begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of
each chromosome
 one from the organism's mother and one from its father
 produces four haploid cells containing one copy of each
chromosome

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 Facts about Meiosis
 Meiosis is the type of cell division by which germ cells are
produced.

 Two meiotic divisions ---

Meiosis I and
Meiosis II

 Called Reduction- division

 Original cell is diploid (2n)

 Four daughter cells produced that are monoploid (1n)

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 Continued
 Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes
as the original cell

 Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)

 Occurs in the testes in males (Spermatogenesis)

 Occurs in the ovaries in females (Oogenesis)

 During meiosis, DNA replicates once, but the nucleus

divides twice

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 Phases of Meiosis I
 Meiosis I: the reduction division -- diploid mother
cell produces 2 haploid cells.

1. Prophase I
i. Leptotene
ii. Zygotene
iii. Pachytene
iv. Diplotene
v. Diakinesis

2. Metaphase I

3. Anaphase I

4. Telophase I

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Prophase I
 During prophase I, DNA is exchanged between
homologous chromosomes in a process called
homologous recombination. This often results in
chromosomal crossover.
 The paired and replicated chromosomes are called
bivalents or tetrads.
 The process of pairing the homologous
chromosomes is called synopsis.
 At this stage, non-sister chromatids may cross-over
at points called chiasmata (plural; singular chiasma).

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Different stages of meiotic prophase-1

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 Crossing over
 During prophase I of meiosis, a part of
chromatid of one chromosome goes over
to a chromatid of the other chromosome
and vice versa. This interchange of the
parts of the chromatids of a pair of
homologous chromosomes is known as
crossing over

 crossing over is a process by which two

chromosomes of a homologous pair
exchange equal segments with each
other

 Crossing over occurs in the first division

of meiosis

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 Homologous
chromosomes
in a tetrad cross
over each other

Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged

Produces Genetic
recombination in
the offspring

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 Importance of crossing over
 Crossing over takes place between the nonsister
chromatids of homologous chromosomes
 Crossing over is one of the most important events in
meiosis because it allows variation in the produced
offspring
a. produces new individuals having new combinations of
traits.
b. Helped in establishing the concept of linear arrangement
of genes.
c. Helps in the mapping of chromosomes.
d. Selection of useful recombination.

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 Metaphase I
 Metaphase 1 is the second phase of Meiosis
 The tetrads from prophase I line up in the middle of the
dividing cell randomly
 Spindle fibers attach to the tetrads from both ends of the
cell

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 Anaphase I
 Anaphase I begins when the two chromosomes of each bivalent
separate and start moving toward opposite poles of the.

 In anaphase I the sister chromatids remain attached at their

centromeres and move together toward the poles.

Fig: Anaphase-1

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 Telophase I
 The homologous chromosome pairs reach the poles of
the cell.
 The homologous chromosome pairs complete their
migration to the two poles
 A nuclear envelope reforms around each chromosome
set, the spindle disappears, and cytokinesis follows.

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Figure of meiosis

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Continued

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 Phases of Meiosis II
 Meiosis II: mitotic division of 2 haploid
cells to produce 4 haploid daughter cells.

 1.Prophase -2

 2.Metaphase -2

 3.Anaphase 2

 4.Telophase-2

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 Prophase II
 Meiosis II begins without any further replication of the
chromosomes. In prophase II, the nuclear envelope breaks
down and the spindle apparatus forms
 While chromosome duplication took place prior to meiosis
I, no new chromosome replication occurs before meiosis II
 The centrioles duplicate. This occurs by separation of the
two members of the pair, and then the formation of a
daughter centriole perpendicular to each original centriole.
The two pairs of centrioles separate into two centrosomes
 The nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle
apparatus forms

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Metaphase II
 The chromosomes become arranged on the
metaphase plate.
 Centromeres are arranged in a line called
equatorial plate of invisible spindle apparatus.
 previously occurring nuclear membrane is not
present.

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Anaphase II
 The centromeres separate and the sister
chromatids now individual chromosomes move
toward the opposite poles of the cell.
 The separated chromatids are now called
chromosomes in their own right

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Telophase II
 Nuclear envelope forms around each
set of chromosomes
• Nucleolus appears in each nucleus
 Chromosomes lengthen and become
indistinct

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Figure of Meiosis- 2

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Different stages in Meiosis- I & Meiosis II

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 Importance of meiosis
1. Produces haploid gametes so that the diploid
number of the species remains constant
generation after generation.

2. Source of genetic variation because crossing

over brings together new gene combinations on
chromosomes

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Differences between meiosis and mitosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Occurs in body cells Occurs in reproductive cells

Number of chromosomes remains the same Number of chromosomes is halved

in the daughter cells in the daughter cells
Daughter cells are identical to parent cells Daughter cells are genetically different to
and each other the parent cells and each other

Two daughter cells are formed Four daughter cells are formed

Homologous chromosomes do not come Homologous chromosomes come together

together
There is no exchange of genetic material There is exchange of genetic material
between Chromosomes between chromosomes
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