The document discusses vectors and their representations. It defines vectors as having both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vectors can be represented geometrically as directed line segments or as matrices with their x and y (or x, y, z) components. The document covers basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. It also defines equal, collinear, coplanar, co-initial, and co-terminus vectors and provides examples of performing vector operations.
The document discusses vectors and their representations. It defines vectors as having both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vectors can be represented geometrically as directed line segments or as matrices with their x and y (or x, y, z) components. The document covers basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. It also defines equal, collinear, coplanar, co-initial, and co-terminus vectors and provides examples of performing vector operations.
The document discusses vectors and their representations. It defines vectors as having both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vectors can be represented geometrically as directed line segments or as matrices with their x and y (or x, y, z) components. The document covers basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. It also defines equal, collinear, coplanar, co-initial, and co-terminus vectors and provides examples of performing vector operations.
The document discusses vectors and their representations. It defines vectors as having both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vectors can be represented geometrically as directed line segments or as matrices with their x and y (or x, y, z) components. The document covers basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. It also defines equal, collinear, coplanar, co-initial, and co-terminus vectors and provides examples of performing vector operations.
1.) Represent vector as a directed line segment. 2.) Perform basic vector operations in R2 and represent them graphically. 3.) Determine whether a set of vectors with two operations is a vector space.
VECTORS IN THE PLANE AND IN 3-SPACE
Vector algebra is widely used in the study of certain type of problems in Geometry, Mechanics, Engineering and other branches of Applied Mathematics. Physical quantities are divided into two categories scalar quantities vector quantities
A scalar is a physical quantity that has only a magnitude (size) and denoted by lowercase italic letters such as c, d, r, s, and t. Scalar Quantities: 20 m; describes the length 80 km/h; describes the speed 40 kg, which describes a mass 25°F; describes the temperature 30 minutes , which tells time
A vector is a physical quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. It is represented by a Roman letter in boldface, such as u, v, x, y, and z. Vector Quantities: Displacement: 20 mi (North) Velocity: 80 km/h (280°) Force: 60 N downward Acceleration: 15 N against the direction of motion Scalars and Vectors Quantities Example 1:
Speed is a scalar quantity that signifies only the
magnitude of the rate of change of an object’s movement.
Velocity is the vector quantity that signifies the magnitude
of the rate of change of position and also the direction of an object’s movement
Example 2: Vector Representations
Geometrically, a vector is a directed line segment,
whose length is the magnitude of the vector and with an arrow indicating the direction. The direction of the vector is from its tail to its head.
The directed line segment from O to P is denoted
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , O is called its tail and P its head. by 𝐴𝑃
Definition: A vector in the plane is a 2 x 1 matrix 𝑥 x = [𝑦]
where x and y are real numbers, called the components of x.
Types of Vectors
Equal Vectors Two vectors are equal, if they have the same magnitude and direction regardless of the positions of their initial points. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑈𝑉 We write 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑥1 𝑥2 Since a vector is a matrix, the vectors u=[𝑦 ] and v=[𝑦 ] are equal if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2. 1 2
Example:
𝑎+𝑏 3 𝟓 u= [ ] and v = [ ] are equal if a + b = 3 and a – b = 2 which means that a = and 2 𝑎 −𝑏 𝟐
𝟏 b= . 𝟐
Equal Vectors in the Plane
Since a vector is a matrix, the vectors P=[𝑥 , 𝑦] and
Q=[𝑥 ′ , 𝑦′].The components of such a vector are x’– x and
y’– y. Thus the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 can also be represented by the 𝑥′ − 𝑥 vector [ ′ ] with tail O and head P’(x – x, y – y). 𝑦 −𝑦
Example:
Consider the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑄1 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃2 𝑄2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃3 𝑄3 joining the points P1(3, 2) and Q1(5, 5), P2(0, 0) and Q2(2, 3), P3(-3, 1) and Q3(-1, 4), respectively. Since they all have the same components, they are equal.
Negative of a Vector
The negative of a vector 𝐴 is a vector with the same
length but with opposite direction. Collinear Vectors Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line, irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
Coplanar Vectors Three or more vectors lying in the same plane or parallel to the same plane are known as coplanar vectors.
Co-initial Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be co-initial vectors,
if they have common initial point.
Co-terminus Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be co-terminus
vectors, if they have common terminal point. Vector Addition 𝑢1 𝑣1 Let u=[𝑢 ] and v=[𝑣 ] be two vectors in the 2 2
plane. The sum of the vectors u and v is the
vector 𝑢 +𝑣 u + v = [𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ] 2 2
Example: 2 3 Let u=[ ] and v=[ ]. 3 −4 Then 2+3 u+v=[ ] 3 + (−4) 5 =[ ] −1
Scalar Product 𝑢1 Let u=[𝑢 ]is a vector and c is a scalar (real 2
number), then the scalar multiple cu of u
𝑐𝑢1 by c is the vector [𝑐𝑢 ]. Thus the scalar 2
multiple cu is obtained by multiplying each
component of u by c. Example: 2 If c = 2, d = -3 and u = [ ] then −3 2 4 cu = 2[ ] = [ ] and −3 −6 2 −6 du = -3[ ] = [ ] −3 9
Zero Vector 0 The vector [ ] is called the zero vector and is denoted by ⃗0. If u is any vector, it follows that 0 u+0=u and u + (-1)u = 0
Subtraction of Vectors Subtraction of one vector from another is performed by adding the corresponding negative vector. Moreover, we write u+ (-1)v as u - v Vectors in Space The point P with coordinates x, y, and z is denoted by P(x, y, z). The set of all points in space is called 3-space and it is denoted by R3. A vector in space is a 3 x 1 matrix 𝑥 x = [𝑦 ] 𝑧 where x, y, and z are real numbers, called the components of x.
Equal Vectors in Space
Two vectors are said to be equal if their respective components are equal.
Vector Addition u1 v1 Let u =[u2 ] and v=[v2 ] are vectors in u3 v3 R3, then sum of u and v is defined as u1 + v1 u+v = [ 2 + v2 ] u u3 + v3 Scalar Product u1 Let u=[u2 ]is a vector and c is a scalar u3 (real number), then the scalar multiple cu1 cu of u by c is the vector[cu2 ]. Thus cu3 the scalar multiple cu is obtained by multiplying each component of u by c.
Example: 2 3 Let u = [ 3 ] and v = [−4] −1 2 Compute: a.) u + v b.) -2u c.) 3u – 2v
