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    Sodium Carbonate 861: Occurrence and Uses

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    AHMED
    This document provides information about sodium carbonate: 1) Sodium carbonate occurs naturally and is used in manufacturing glass, soaps, detergents, and more. 2) It exists in anhydrous, monohydrate, and decahydrate forms with varying physical properties such as density, solubility, and decomposition temperature. 3) Sodium carbonate is produced commercially via the Solvay process or by mining natural deposits, though mining production has surpassed synthetic production.

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    Sodium Carbonate 861: Occurrence and Uses

    Uploaded by

    AHMED
    62 views2 pages
    This document provides information about sodium carbonate: 1) Sodium carbonate occurs naturally and is used in manufacturing glass, soaps, detergents, and more. 2) It exists in anhydrous, monohydrate, and decahydrate forms with varying physical properties such as density, solubility, and decomposition temperature. 3) Sodium carbonate is produced commercially via the Solvay process or by mining natural deposits, though mining production has surpassed synthetic production.

    Original Title

    Na2CO3

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    This document provides information about sodium carbonate: 1) Sodium carbonate occurs naturally and is used in manufacturing glass, soaps, detergents, and more. 2) It exists in anhydrous, monohydrate, and decahydrate forms with varying physical properties such as density, solubility, and decomposition temperature. 3) Sodium carbonate is produced commercially via the Solvay process or by mining natural deposits, though mining production has surpassed synthetic production.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    62 views2 pages

    Sodium Carbonate 861: Occurrence and Uses

    Uploaded by

    AHMED
    This document provides information about sodium carbonate: 1) Sodium carbonate occurs naturally and is used in manufacturing glass, soaps, detergents, and more. 2) It exists in anhydrous, monohydrate, and decahydrate forms with varying physical properties such as density, solubility, and decomposition temperature. 3) Sodium carbonate is produced commercially via the Solvay process or by mining natural deposits, though mining production has surpassed synthetic production.

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    pp-03-25-new dots.

    qxd 10/24/02 11:35 AM Page 861

    SODIUM CARBONATE 861

    bromide by ion chromatography. The titrimetric, colorimetric, and electrode


    tests for bromide ion are susceptible to interference from chloride ion. Ion
    chromatography should be the most reliable confirmatory test.

    SODIUM CARBONATE

    [497-19-8]
    Formula: Na2CO3; MW 105.99; forms a monohydrate Na2CO3•H2O [5968-11-
    6], MW 124.00 and a decahydrate, Na2CO3•10H2O [6132-02-1] having a mol-
    ecular weight 286.14
    Synonyms: The anhydrous salt Na2CO3 also is called “Solvay soda” and “soda
    ash” (technical grade is about 99% purity). The decahydrate Na2CO3•10H2O
    also is known as “washing soda” or “sal soda.” These two names usually refer
    to the technical product. Other synonyms for the decahydrate are “soda” and
    “Nevite.”

    Occurrence and Uses


    Sodium carbonate occurs in nature as monohydrate in the mineral ther-
    monatrite. It also occurs naturally as the mineral natron or natrite in its dec-
    ahydrate form.
    Sodium carbonate is one of the most important salts of sodium, used in
    manufacturing several other sodium salts. Other major uses are in manufac-
    turing glass, soaps and detergents, pulp, and paper. Also, it is used for wash-
    ing textiles and wool, in cleaning preparations, for bleaching linen and cotton,
    in water treatment, and in photography. Sodium carbonate is used as an
    emetic. Sodium carbonate solution cleanses skin and softens skin rashes. The
    salt is a common laboratory reagent with wide applications in analytical
    chemistry.

    Physical Properties
    The anhydrous salt is an odorless white powder; alkaline taste; hygroscop-
    ic; density 2.54 g/cm3; melts at 851°C; begins to loose CO2 well before melting;
    soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; dissolves in acids liberating CO2.
    The monohydrate consists of colorless and odorless small crystals or cys-
    talline powder; orthorhombic structure; refractive index 1.420; hardness 1.3
    Mohs; density 2.25 g/cm3; loses water at 100°C becoming anhydrous; very sol-
    uble in water; insoluble in ethanol.
    The decahydrate consists of transparent crystals; effloresces on exposure to
    air; density 1.46 g/cm3; decomposes at 34°C; very soluble in water; insoluble
    in ethanol.
    Aqueous solutions are strongly alkaline.

    Thermochemical Properties
    ∆Ηƒ° –270.2 kcal/mol
    ∆Gƒ° –249.6 kcal/mol
    pp-03-25-new dots.qxd 10/24/02 11:35 AM Page 862

    862 SODIUM CARBONATE

    S° 32.27cal/deg mol
    Cρ 26.84 cal/deg mol
    ∆Ηfus 7.10 kcal/mol

    Production
    Sodium carbonate at present is mostly mined from its natural deposits. It
    also is manufactured syntheticallly by Solvay (or ammonia-soda) process. The
    natural production of sodium carbonate currently has supassed its synthetic
    production.
    The Solvay process involves a series of partial reactions. The first step is
    calcination of calcium carbonate to form lime and CO2. Lime is converted to
    calcium hydroxide. The most crucial step of the process involves reacting
    brine solution with carbon dioxide and ammonia to produce sodium bicarbon-
    ate and ammonium chloride. Sodium bicarbonate converts to sodium carbon-
    ate. The calcium hydroxide and ammonium chloride react to form calcium
    chloride as the by-product. The partial reactions are shown below:

    CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

    CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

    2NaCl + 2CO2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O → 2NaHCO3 + 2NH4Cl

    2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

    Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl → CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

    The overall reaction:

    CaCO3 + 2NaCl → Na2CO3 + CaCl2

    Sodium carbonate was made historically by the Leblanc process. The first
    commercial production was carried out by the Leblanc process. In this process,
    sodium chloride was treated with sulfuric acid to produce sodium sulfate and
    hydrochloric acid. Heating the sodium sulfate with coal and limestone pro-
    duced a “black ash” that contained sodium carbonate, calcium sulfide, unre-
    acted coal, and calcium carbonate. Sodium carbonate was separated from the
    black ash by leaching with water. The overall reaction is as follows:

    Na2SO4 + 2C + CaCO3 → Na2CO3 + CaS + 2CO2

    Analysis
    Elemental composition: Na 43.39%, C 11.33%, O 45.29%. Aqueous solution
    of sodium carbonate is strongly alkaline and its normality can be measured by
    acid-base titration. Sodium content can be measured by AA, ICP, and other
    instrumental analyses. Carbonate anion can be measured by ion chromatog-
    raphy or from carbon dioxide liberated when the salt is treated with dilute

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