Acids, Bases and Salts Notes - Part 4

Acids, Bases and Salts Part 4
Salts:
Salts are the ionic compounds which are produced after the neutralization reaction between acid and base. Salts
are electrically neutral. There are number of salts but sodium chloride is the most common among them. Sodium
chloride is also known as table salt or common salt. Sodium chloride is used to enhance the taste of food.
Seawater contains many salts dissolved in it. Sodium chloride is separated from these salts. Deposits of solid salt
are also found in several parts of the world. These large crystals are often brown due to impurities. This is called
rock salt. Beds of rock salt were formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. Rock salt is mined like coal.
Mahatma Ghandhi’s Dandi March – NaCl was such an important symbol in our struggle for freedom.
Formulae of some salts

Potassium sulphate – K2SO4
Sodium sulphate – Na2SO4
Calcium sulphate – CaSO4
Magnesium sulphate – MgSO4
Copper sulphate – CuSO4
Sodium chloride – NaCl
Sodium nitrate – NaNO3
Sodium carbonate – Na2CO3
Ammonium chloride – NH4Cl
Family of Salt:
Salts having common acidic or basic radicals are said to belong to same family.
Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl), Potassium chloride (KCl) and Calcium chloride (CaCl2) belong to chloride family.
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium sulphate (CaSO4) belong to calcium family.
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) belong to zinc family.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) belong to sodium family.
Cause of formation of acidic, basic and neutral salt:

When a strong acid reacts with a weak base, the base is unable to fully neutralize the acid. Due to this an acidic
salt is formed in this case.
When a strong base reacts with a weak acid, the acid is unable to fully neutralize the base. Due to this a basic salt
is formed in this case.
When equally strong acid and base react they fully neutralize each other. Due to this a neutral salt is formed in
this case.
Strength of acids or bases:

Based on extent of ionization acids and bases are classified into strong acids, weak acids and strong bases, weak
bases.
1
Strong acids or strong bases ionizes completly (100%) to form ions in the aqueous solution.
Example:
Hydrochloric acid ionizes completly to form ions.
HCl (aq) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Sodium hydroxide ionizes completly to form ions.
NaOH (aq) → Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq)
Weak acids or weak bases ionizes partially (<100%) to form ions in the aqueous solution.
Example:
Acetic acid ionizes partially in aqueous solution to form ions.
CH3COOH (aq) ⇔ H+(aq) + CH3COO– (aq)
Ammonium hydroxide ionizes partially in aqueous solution to form ions.
NH4OH ⇔ NH4+ + OH– (aq)
An acid or base is considered as strong or weak depending on the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
within it.
This concentration or the power of hydrogen differs from substance to substance and can be measured using a
scale, called the pH scale.
A solution that has a pH value of less than 7 is acidic and a solution with a pH value of more than
7 is basic. A neutral solution is indicated by a pH value of 7 on the scale.
Strong acids will posses pH values between 0-2 and weak acids posses pH values more than 3.
Strong bases will posses pH values between 12-14 and weak bases posses pH values less than 12.
Amines – C2H5NH2 - Weak Base

2
pH value of salt:
Neutral salt: The pH value of a neutral salt is almost equal to 7.
Acidic salt: The pH value of an acidic salt is less than 7.
Basic salt: The pH value of a basic salt is more than 7.
Common Salt (Sodium Chloride)

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is also known as common or table salt. It is formed after the reaction between sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. It is a neutral salt. The pH value of sodium chloride is about 7. Sodium chloride is
used to enhance the taste of food. Sodium chloride is used in manufacturing of many chemicals.
Important chemicals from sodium chloride:
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH):
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It is also known as caustic soda or Iye. It is
obtained by the electrolytic decomposition of solution of sodium chloride (brine). In the process of electrolytic
decomposition of brine (aqueous solution of sodium chloride), brine decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. In
this process, chlorine is obtained at anode and hydrogen gas is obtained at cathode as byproducts. This whole
process is known as Chlor-Alkali process because of the products formed chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium
hydroxide.
3
2NaCl + 2H2O ⇨ 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Use of products after the electrolysis of brine:

Hydrogen gas is used as fuel, margarine, in making of ammonia for fertilizer, etc.
Chlorine gas is used in water treatment, manufacturing of PVC, disinfectants, CFC, pesticides. It is also used in
manufacturing of bleaching powder and hydrochloric acid.
Sodium hydroxide is used for de-greasing of metals, manufacturing of paper, soap, detergents, artificial fibres,
bleach, etc.
Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2):

Bleaching powder is also known as chloride of lime. It is a solid and yellowish white in colour. Bleaching powder
can be easily identified by the strong smell of chlorine.
During the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine). This chlorine gas is used for the manufacturing of
bleaching powder.
When calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) reacts with chlorine, it gives calcium oxychloride (bleaching powder) and
water is formed.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⇨ CaOCl2 + H2O
Aqueous solution of bleaching powder is basic in nature. The term bleach means removal of colour. Bleaching
powder is often used as bleaching agent. It works because of oxidation. Chlorine in the bleaching powder is
responsible for bleaching effect.
Use of bleaching powder:

Bleaching powder is used as disinfectant to clean water, moss remover, weed killers, etc.
Bleaching powder is used for bleaching of cotton in textile industry, bleaching of wood pulp in paper industry.
Bleaching powder is used as oxidizing agent in many industries, such as textiles industry, paper industry, etc.
Baking Soda (NaHCO3):

The soda commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty crispy pakoras is baking soda. Baking soda is another
important product which can be obtained using byproducts of chlor-alkali process. The chemical name of baking
soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) or sodium bicarbonate. Bread soda, cooking soda, bicarbonate of
soda, sodium bicarb, bicarb of soda or simply bicarb, etc. are some other names of baking soda.
Baking soda is obtained by the reaction of brine with carbon dioxide and ammonia. This is known as Solvay
process.
NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O ⇨ NH4Cl + NaHCO3
In this process, calcium carbonate is used as the source of CO2 and the resultant calcium oxide is used to recover
ammonia from ammonium chloride.
CaCO3 (s) CO2 (g) + CaO (s)
CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)
Properties of sodium bicarbonate:

Sodium bicarbonate is white crystalline solid, but it appears as fine powder.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is amphoteric in nature.
4
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is sparingly soluble in water.
Thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda).
It is a mild non-corrosive base.
When baking soda is heated, it decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water.
2NaHCO3 + heat ⇨ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Sodium carbonate formed after thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate; decomposes into sodium
oxide and carbon dioxide on further heating.
Na2CO3 ⇨ Na2O + CO2
This reaction is known as dehydration reaction.
Use of Baking Soda:

Baking soda is used in making of baking powder, which is used in cooking as it produces carbon dioxide which
makes the batter soft and spongy.
NaHCO3 + H+ CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt of acid
(From any acid)
Although baking soda also produces carbon dioxide on heating, but it is not used in cooking because on heating;
baking soda produces sodium carbonate along with carbon dioxide. The sodium carbonate; thus produced;
makes the taste bitter.
Baking soda is used as antacid.

Baking soda is used in toothpaste which makes the teeth white and plaque free.
Baking soda is used in cleansing of ornaments made of sliver.
Since, sodium hydrogen carbonate gives carbon dioxide and sodium oxide on strong heating, thus it is used as fire
extinguisher.
Washing Soda (Sodium carbonate):
Sodium carbonate is manufactured by the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate obtained by
Solvay process.
NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O ⇨ NH4Cl + NaHCO3

The sodium carbonate obtained in this process is dry. It is called soda ash or anhydrous sodium carbonate.
Washing soda is obtained by rehydration of anhydrous sodium carbonate.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O ⇨ Na2CO3.10H2O
Since there are 10 water molecules in washing soda, hence it is known as Sodium carbonate decahydrate.
Sodium carbonate is a crystalline solid and it is soluble in water when most of the carbonates are insoluble in
water.
Use of sodium carbonate:

It is used in cleaning of cloths; especially in rural areas.
In making of detergent cake and powder.
In removing permanent hardness of water.
5
It is used in glass and paper industries.
Water of crystallization: Many salts contain water molecule and are known as hydrated salts. The water molecule
present in salt is known as water of crystallization.
Are the Crystals of Salts Dry?
Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallization.
Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O):Blue colour of copper sulphate is due to presence of 5 molecules of
water. When copper sulphate is heated, it loses water molecules and turns into grey-white colour, which is
known as anhydrous copper sulphate. After adding water; anhydrous copper sulphate becomes blue again.
CuSO4.5H2O + heat ⇨ CuSO4
Ferrous Sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O): The green colour of Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate; commonly
known as ferrous sulphate; is due to the presence of 7 molecules of water in it.
Plaster of Paris:
Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating of gypsum, a hydrated salt of calcium. Chemical name of Plaster of Paris
Calcium sulphate hemi hydrate.
CaSO4.2H2O + Heat ⇨ CaSO4.(0.5)H2O + (1.5)H2O

Gypsum Plaster of Paris
After addition of water, Plaster of Paris is again converted into gypsum.

CaSO4. (0.5)H2O + (1.5) H2O ⇨ CaSO4.2H2O
Plaster of Paris Gypsum
Uses –
1. It is used by Doctors for setting fractured bones.
2. It is used for making statues, models and other decorative materials.
Task 1
Task 2
6
7

Acids, Bases and Salts Notes - Part 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acids, Bases and Salts Notes - Part 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acids, Bases and Salts Notes - Part 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Acids, Bases and Salts Part 4

Formulae of some salts

Cause of formation of acidic, basic and neutral salt:

Strength of acids or bases:

Amines – C2H5NH2 - Weak Base

Common Salt (Sodium Chloride)

Important chemicals from sodium chloride:

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH):

Use of products after the electrolysis of brine:

Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2):

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⇨ CaOCl2 + H2O

Use of bleaching powder:

Baking Soda (NaHCO3):

NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O ⇨ NH4Cl + NaHCO3

Properties of sodium bicarbonate:

Use of Baking Soda:

2NaHCO3 + heat ⇨ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Baking soda is used as antacid.

Washing Soda (Sodium carbonate):

NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O ⇨ NH4Cl + NaHCO3

Na2CO3 + 10H2O ⇨ Na2CO3.10H2O

Use of sodium carbonate:

Are the Crystals of Salts Dry?

Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallization.

CuSO4.5H2O + heat ⇨ CuSO4

CaSO4.2H2O + Heat ⇨ CaSO4.(0.5)H2O + (1.5)H2O

After addition of water, Plaster of Paris is again converted into gypsum.

You might also like