D.A.V.

Public School
Chennai
Class- X
Study material
Chapter – 2 Acids, Bases and Salts

Physical properties of Acids & Bases

Acids Bases
1) Sour in taste Bitter in taste
2) Corrosive in nature Soapy to touch
3) Changes Blue litmus to Red Changes Red litmus to
Blue
+
4) Provide H ions in water Provide OH- ions in water
II. Indicators: Indicators are the substances which tell us whether a given substance is acidic
or basic by change in colour.
Types of Indicators:
1. Natural Indicators – Litmus, Turmeric
2. Synthetic Indicators – Phenolphthalein, Methyl orange
3. Olfactory Indicators – Change in odour in acidic & basic medium Vanilla. onion,
clove oil
III. Chemical properties of Acids and Bases
1) Reaction with metal:
Metal + Acid  Salt + H2
Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2 Metal displaces Hydrogen from acid
Metal + Base  Salt + H2
Zn + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2
Metal Sodium Zincate
Test for H2 gas:
Burning splinter burns hydrogen gas with a pop sound.
2) Reaction with metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate:
Metal Carbonate + acid  Salt + H2O + CO2
Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + acid  Salt + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 2HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2
Test for CO2 :
On passing CO2 through lime water turns milky.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
(milky substance) Calcium Carbonate
On passing excess of CO2 milky substance disappears due to the formation of soluble
calcium hydrogen carbonate.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2  Ca(HCO3)2
3) Neutralization reaction:
Acid + Base  Salt + H2O HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
4) Reaction of metallic oxide with Acids:
Metallic oxide is basic in nature so it reacts only with acid.
 Metal oxide + acid  Salt + H2O
CuO + HCl  CuCl2 + H2O
5) Reactions of Non metallic oxide with base:
Non metallic oxide is acidic in nature so it reacts only with base.
Non metal oxide + base  Salt + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2  CaCO3 + 2H2O
Common in all acids:
1. All acids provide H+ ions in water.
2. H+ ions cannot exist alone but they exist after combining with water molecules as
hydronium ion (H3O+)
H + + H 2O  H 3O+
3. All acids react with metal to form Hydrogen gas.
4. All acids conduct electricity due to the presence of H+ ions.
5. All compound having hydrogen are not acid, the compound which provide H+ ions in
water are consider as an acid eg. Glucose and Alcohol.
6. Dry acid does not change the colour litmus paper because acid provide H+ ion in the
presence of water, Dry acid change the colour of moist litmus paper due to the
presence of water.
Common in all bases:
All bases provide OH- ions in water.
Dilution of Acids & Bases:
Mixing of acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of H3O+ /
OH- ions per unit volume, such a process is called dilution.
All is Well What an Accident

Acid to Water Water to Acid

 The process of dissolving acid or base in water is highly an exothermic reaction.
 Acids must be slowly added to water with constant stirring.
 If water is added to concentrated acid; the heat generated may cause the mixture
to splash and cause burns.
 Glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
Strength of Acid and Base:
Strong acid/base - completely dissociate to form more number of H+ / OH-ions.
Weak acid/ base - partially dissociate to form less number of H+ / OH-ions.
pH- pH is scale which quantifies the concentration of H+ ions.
 pH paper is used to find the pH of the substance given.
 This pH paper is made from universal indicator (mixture of several indicators)
 Acids – pH is 0-6 , Neutral – pH is 7, Bases – pH is 8-14
pH IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE
ANIMALS AND PLANTS ARE pH SENSITIVE
 Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8
 When pH of rain water reduces to less than 5.6, then it is called acid rain.
 When acid flows into the rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water.
 The survival of aquatic life in such rivers becomes difficult.
 pH IN OUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid that helps in the digestion of food without
harming the stomach.
 During the indigestion, the stomach produces too much acid and this causes pain and
irritation.
 To get rid of this pain, people use antacids (a base- Milk of Magnesia) that help in
neutralising the excess acid produced by the stomach.
TOOTH DECAY
 Tooth enamel made up of calcium hydroxyl apatite (crystalline calcium phosphate) is
the hardest substance which does not dissolve in water but it corroded when the pH
is below 5.5.
 Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food
particles remaining in the mouth after eating, lowers the pH.
 Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5.
 So, we use tooth paste (a base) that neutralises the acid produced by the bacteria
and prevents tooth decay.
 The best way to prevent tooth decay is to clean the mouth thoroughly after eating
food
SELF-DEFENCE BY ANIMALS AND PLANTS
 When a honey bee stings, it produces formic acid that causes pain and irritation.
 Stinging hair of nettle leaves injects methanoic acid causing pain, A traditional
remedy is rubbing the affected area with the leaf of the dock plant.
 Use of a mild base like baking soda or calcium carbonate on the affected area helps to
neutralise with the acid produced by the bee and reduces pain.
pH OF THE SOIL IN OUR BACKYARD
 The pH of the soil must be 7 for the proper growth of the plants grown on it.
 The pH of the soli is also affected by the use of chemical fertilisers in the field.
 If the soil is acidic, then calcium carbonate is used to neutralise the acid present in
the soil.
Salts
Acid reacts with base to form salt and water.
Types of Salts:
Acidic Salt- Strong acid reacts with weak base
Basic Salt- Strong base reacts with weak acid
Neutral salt- Strong acid reacts with strong base
Family of salts: Salts having the same positive or negative radicals are belong to a same
family
Common salt:
Sodium Chloride separates from sea water.
Deposits of solid salt are found in several parts of the world which is brown in colour due to
impurities is called rock salt.
Rock salt is mined like coal
Salts Preparation and Properties Uses
Sodium Chloride Important chemicals from NaCl: Uses-
(NaCl) – NaOH- NaOH-
 NaCl formed by Chlor alkali process:  Degreasing metals
neutralization NaOH is obtained by Electrolytic decomposition of  Soaps and detergents
reaction of brine solution.  Paper making
NaOH and HCl This process is called the chlor- alkali process,  Artificial fibre
 Used as raw because of the product formed. H 2-
material for NaCl + H2O → NaOH + H2 + Cl2  Fuels
various Cathode- H2  Margarine
materials likeAnode – Cl2  Ammonia for fertilizers
Sodium NaOH collected near the cathode. Cl2-
Hydroxide,  Water treatment
Baking soda,  PVC
Bleaching  Disinfectant
powder, etc.  CFC’s, Pesticides.
Bleaching Powder Preparation-  used as disinfectant to
(CaOCl2) Bleaching powder is prepared by action of chlorine on clean water to make it
Calcium oxy dry slaked lime. free of germs
chloride Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⇨ CaOCl2 + H2O  used for bleaching of
Chloride of lime Properties- cotton in textile industry,
 basic in nature bleaching of wood pulp
 term bleach means removal of colour in paper industry.
 It works because of oxidation  for bleaching washed
 Chlorine in the bleaching powder is responsible for clothes in laundry
bleaching effect.  used as oxidizing agent
in many industries,
Baking Soda- Preparation-Baking soda is obtained by the reaction  making of baking powder
NaHCO3 of brine with carbon dioxide and ammonia. This is which is used in cooking
Sodium hydrogen known as Solvay process. as it produces carbon
carbonate NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O ⇨ NH4Cl + NaHCO3 dioxide which makes the
Sodium (In this process, calcium carbonate is used as the batter soft and spongy.
bicarbonate source of CO2 and the resultant calcium oxide is used  used as antacid.
to recover ammonia from ammonium chloride).  used in toothpaste which
Properties- makes the teeth white
 Mild corrosive base and plaque free. used in
 white crystalline solid, fine powder cleansing of ornaments
 sparingly soluble in water. made of sliver.
 When baking soda is heated, it decomposes into  used as fire extinguisher.
sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water.
∆
2NaHCO3 ⇨ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
 Baking Powder:
Baking powder is the mixture of baking soda
and a mild edible acid. Generally, tartaric acid
is mixed with baking soda to make baking
powder.
Reason- baking soda produces sodium
carbonate along with carbon dioxide. which
makes the taste bitter. Sodium carbonate
neutralizes after reacting with tartaric acid and
sodium tartarate salt is formed.
NaHCO3 + H+⇨ CO2 + H2O + sodium salt of acid
Washing Soda- Preparation-  used in manufacture of borax.
Na2CO3.. 10 H2O Sodium carbonate can be obtained by thermal  making of detergent cake and
Sodium carbonate decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate. powder.
deca hydrate Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing  Used for removing permanent
hardness of water.
 soda.  used in glass ,soap and paper
∆ industries.
2NaHCO3 ⇨ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O  Used as a cleaning agent for
Na2CO3 + 10H2O ⇨ Na2CO3.10H2O domestic purposes.
Properties-
 crystalline solid
 basic salt
 soluble in water
Water of crystallization:
Fixed number of water molecules present in one
formula unit of salt.
Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O)
∆
CuSO4.5H2O ⇨ CuSO4 + 5H2O
Blue White
Ferrous Sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O)
∆
FeSO4.7H2O ⇨ FeSO4 + 7H2O
green White

Plaster of Paris Preparation- Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating of  used in making of toys,
POP gypsum, a hydrated salt of calcium.  designer false ceiling, etc.
Calcium sulphate ∆  Doctors use Plaster of Paris to
hemihydrates CaSO4.2H2O ⇨ CaSO4.1/2H2O + (1.5)H2O set the fractured bone.
CaSO4.1/2 H2O Gypsum POP
Properties-
After addition of water Plaster of Paris is again
converted into gypsum a hard solid mass.
CaSO4.(0.5)H2O + (1.5)H2O ⇨ CaSO4.2H2O
POP Gypsum