Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 92 views

    Chemistry Holiday Homework

    Uploaded by

    Manisha Gupta
    The document is a chemistry homework assignment that discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and lists examples of strong acids like hydrochloric acid. It describes properties of acids such as tasting sour and turning litmus paper red. Similarly, it defines bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water and lists common bases. It discusses the strengths, ionization, and uses of acids, bases, and common salts like baking soda, bleaching powder, and plaster of paris.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chemistry Holiday Homework

    Uploaded by

    Manisha Gupta
    92 views25 pages
    The document is a chemistry homework assignment that discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and lists examples of strong acids like hydrochloric acid. It describes properties of acids such as tasting sour and turning litmus paper red. Similarly, it defines bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water and lists common bases. It discusses the strengths, ionization, and uses of acids, bases, and common salts like baking soda, bleaching powder, and plaster of paris.

    Original Title

    Chemistry holiday homework

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document is a chemistry homework assignment that discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and lists examples of strong acids like hydrochloric acid. It describes properties of acids such as tasting sour and turning litmus paper red. Similarly, it defines bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water and lists common bases. It discusses the strengths, ionization, and uses of acids, bases, and common salts like baking soda, bleaching powder, and plaster of paris.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    92 views25 pages

    Chemistry Holiday Homework

    Uploaded by

    Manisha Gupta
    The document is a chemistry homework assignment that discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and lists examples of strong acids like hydrochloric acid. It describes properties of acids such as tasting sour and turning litmus paper red. Similarly, it defines bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water and lists common bases. It discusses the strengths, ionization, and uses of acids, bases, and common salts like baking soda, bleaching powder, and plaster of paris.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 25

    Chemistry holiday homework

    MADE BY TANUSH GUPTA


    CLASS X-F
    ROLL NO. – 39
    Acids , Bases and Salts .

    Chapter- 2
    What are acids ?

     An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen


    ions in water .
     Some examples of acids are –
     Common strong acids include
    hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,
    phosphoric acid, and nitric acid.
     Common weak acids include acetic acid,
    boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, oxalic acid,
    citric acid, and carbonic acid
    Properties of acids -

     Acids taste sour, conduct electricity when dissolved in


    water, and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
    Certain indicator compounds, such as litmus, can be used
    to detect acids. Acids turn blue litmus paper red. The
    strength of acids is measured on the pH scale.
     Metals on reacting with acids always gives salts .
    Strength of acids -

    STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS


     Am acid which dissociates to large number of  An acid which dissociates to small extents
    hydrogen ions in water are called strong acids produce small extent to produce small number
    of hydrogen ions in water are known as weak
     Examples –
    acids
     Hydrochloric acid  Examples –
     Sulphuric acid  Carbonic acid
     Nitric acid  Acetic acid
     Formic acid
    Indicators -

     Indicators:  Indicators are substances that are


    used to test whether a substance is acidic or
    basic or neutral in nature. They change their
    color when added to a solution containing an
    acidic or a basic substances.
    Types of indicators -

     Natural indicators –
     Turmeric , litmus

     Ol factory indicators-
     Onion and vanilla

     Synthetic indicators-
     Methyl orange
     Phenolphthalein

     Universal indicators –
     Mixture of two or more than two indicators
    What are bases ?

     bases are substances that, in aqueous solution,


    release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to
    the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change
    the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus
    paper blue].

    Some common bases include:
    •Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
    •Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
    •Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)
    •Caesium hydroxide (CsOH)
    •Strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2)
    •Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
    •Lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
    Properties of bases -

    Bases taste bitter,feel slippery, and conduct


    electricity when dissolved in water. Indicator
    compounds such as litmus can be used to
    detect bases. Bases turn red litmus paper
    blue. The strength of bases is measured on
    the pH scale.
    Strength of bases -

    STRONG BASES WEAK BASES


     A base which dissociates to large extent to  A base which dissociates to small extent to
    produce large number of hydroxyl ions in produce small number of hydroxyl ions in
    water is known as strong base. water is known as weak base.
     Examples –  Examples –
     Sodium hydroxide  Calcium hydroxide
     Potassium hydroxde  Zinc hydroxide
    Ionization -

     Process in which dissociation of the compound to


    its anions and cations
     Acids and bases are good electrolytes when they
    ionize .
     Ionization only takes place in solution or molten
    form of acids and bases.
    How to dilute an acid ?

     When concentrated acid is added to water then the heat is


    evolved gradually which gets absorbed by the large
    amount of water . But if water is poured in the acid then
    large amount of heat is generated quickly . This heat
    changes some of the water into steam which results in
    splashing of the acid on the face or on the clothes and
    cause severe burns .
    Salts -

     Salt, in chemistry, substance produced by the reaction of an acid with a base.


    A salt consists of the positive ion (cation) of a base and the negative ion (anion) of an
    acid. The term salt is also used to refer specifically to common table salt, or sodium
    chloride.
     salts are of three types –
     Acidic salt
     Basic salt
     Neutral salt
    Common salts we use in our daily life -

     Washing soda
     Bleaching powder
     Plaster of Paris
     Baking soda
     Caustic soda
    Caustic soda -

     Solid sodium hydroxide is obtained from this


    solution by the evaporation of water.
    Principle - In castner-kellner method NaOH is
    prepared by the electrolysis of aqueous
    solution of NaCl (Brine). Castner-kellner cell -
    It is a rectangular tank of steel. Inside of tank
    is lined with 'ebonite
    Uses of caustic soda -

     Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) is a versatile alkali. Its


    main uses are in the manufacture of pulp and paper,
    alumina, soap and detergents, petroleum products and
    chemical production. Other applications include water
    treatment, food, textiles, metal processing, mining, glass
    making and others
    Bleaching powder -

     Bleaching powder is prepared on a large scale


    basis by passing chlorine gas through a solution
    of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) which is
    commonly called as slaked lime. The reaction
    that occurs is Ca(OH)2+Cl2(g)→Bleaching
    powder is a pale yellowish powder existing
    with a strong smell of chlorine.
     It is soluble in water but due to the presence of
    impurities, we never observe a clear solution.
     Its chemical formula is CaOCl_2 with its
    chemical name as Calcium hypochlorite.
    Uses of bleaching powder -

     It is used for bleaching dirty clothes in the laundry, as a bleaching


    agent for cotton and linen in the textile industry.
     It is a strong oxidizing agent hence used as an oxidizer in many
    industries.
     It is used as a disinfectant which is used for disinfecting water to
    make potable water.
    Baking soda -

     Baking soda can be produced by the reaction


    of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of
    sodium hydroxide, or by treating a sodium
    carbonate solution with carbon dioxide. It can
    also be prepared by the Solvay process,
    which is the reaction of sodium chloride,
    ammonia, and carbon dioxide in water.
    Uses of baking soda -

     Reduces the acidity in the stomach.


     Acts as an antacid which is used to treat stomach upset and
    indigestion.
     Used in the process of washing as a water softener.
     Due to the formation of soapy foam, it is used in fire extinguishers.
    Washing soda

      washing soda is prepared from sodium


    chloride or common salt. Firstly, a cold and
    concentrated sodium chloride solution is
    reacted with ammonia and carbon dioxide to
    obtain sodium hydrogen carbonate
    Uses of washing soda -

     Washing soda is a chemical compound that can be used to remove


    stubborn stains from laundry and is an essential component in most
    homemade laundry detergent for powder, liquid, or single pod
    formulas. It is often used in commercial detergent mixtures as well
    to treat hard water.
    Plaster of Paris -

     Plaster of paris is prepared by heating


    calcium sulfate dihydrate, or gypsum, to 120–
    180 °C (248–356 °F). With an additive to
    retard the set, it is called wall, or hard wall,
    plaster, which can provide passive fire
    protection for interior surfaces.
    Uses of Plaster of Paris -

     Plaster of Paris is a building material that is used as a


    protective coating on walls and ceilings. It is also used as
    a moulding and casting agent for decorative elements. It
    is used to give aesthetic finishing touches to the
    buildings.
    Thank You

    You might also like