7.

1 Secondary Storage Devices

„ Secondary Storage Device

„ Stores data, operating system and
application software on a computer system
„ Also called backing storage
„ Non-volatile
 7.1 Secondary Storage Devices
„ Secondary Storage Device
„ Reading data from secondary storage
device
Secondary 1. Issue a read CPU
storage instruction
device

2. Load data 3. Load data and

into main continue
memory execution
Main memory
 7.1 Secondary Storage Devices

„ Secondary Storage Device

„ Writing data into secondary storage device
Secondary 2. Issue a write CPU
storage instruction
device

3. Write data 1. Store data into

into main memory
secondary
storage Main memory
7.1 Secondary Storage Devices

„ The Speed of a Secondary Storage

Device
Access
Access time
time Data
Data transfer
transfer
rate
rate
•• The
The average
average time
time •• The
The amount
amount of of data
data
taken
taken for
for the
the device
device that
that can
can bebe
to
to search
search andand read
read transferred
transferred between
between
the
the required
required data
data onon the
the main
main memory
memory
the
the storage
storage medium
medium and
and aa storage
storage device
device
•• Shorter
Shorter access
access time
time per
per second
second
means
means higher
higher •• Unit:
Unit: bps
bps oror Bps
Bps
searching
searching speed
speed •• Higher
Higher rate
rate means
means
faster
faster
reading/writing
reading/writing
process
process
7.1 Secondary Storage Devices

„ Storage Capacity
„ The maximum amount of data that can be
stored on a storage medium.
„ Measured in kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte
or terabyte

Unit Abbreviation Value

Kilobyte KB 1 KB = 210 B = 1,024 B
Megabyte MB 1 MB = 220 B = 1,024 KB
Gigabyte GB 1 GB = 230 B = 1,024 MB
Terabyte TB 1 TB = 240 B = 1,024 GB
7.1 Secondary Storage Devices

„ Magnetic and Optical Storage

Devices
Magnetic
Magnetic Storage
Storage Optical
Optical Storage
Storage
Devices
Devices Devices
Devices
•• Example:
Example: floppy
floppy •• Example:
Example: CD-ROM,
CD-ROM,
disks,
disks, hard
hard disks
disks DVD
DVD
•• Data
Data stored
stored as as •• Data
Data stored
stored as
as
electromagnetic
electromagnetic microscopic
microscopic light
light and
and
charges
charges on on magnetic
magnetic dark
dark spots
spots on
on the
the
surfaces
surfaces of of the
the disk
disk surface.
surface.
storage
storage units.
units. •• Less
Less susceptible
susceptible to
to
•• Gradual
Gradual loss
loss of
of environmental
environmental
magnetic
magnetic charges
charges damage
damage
leads
leads to
to loss
loss ofof data
data
7.1 Secondary Storage Devices

„ Magnetic and Optical Storage

Devices
Magnetic
Magnetic Storage
Storage Optical
Optical Storage
Storage
Devices
Devices Devices
Devices
•• Example:
Example: floppy
floppy •• Example:
Example: CD-ROM,
CD-ROM,
disks,
disks, hard
hard disks
disks DVD
DVD
•• Data
Data stored
stored as as •• Data
Data stored
stored as
as
electromagnetic
electromagnetic microscopic
microscopic light
light and
and
charges
charges on on magnetic
magnetic dark
dark spots
spots on
on the
the
surfaces
surfaces of of the
the disk
disk surface.
surface.
storage
storage units.
units. •• Less
Less susceptible
susceptible to
to
•• Gradual
Gradual loss
loss of
of environmental
environmental
magnetic
magnetic charges
charges damage
damage
leads
leads to
to loss
loss ofof data
data
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Floppy Disk

Protective
plastic
casing
Circular
flexible
plastic disk
with
magnetic
coating

3.5 inch
 7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Floppy Disk
„Stores data in tracks and sectors
Two
Sector recordable
• A small arc surfaces
• Can store
up to 512 Track
bytes of • A circular
data band
80 tracks
Storage capacity
= (2 x 80 x 18 x 512) 18 sectors
= 1,474,560 bytes
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Floppy disk
„Access data on a floppy disk
„Its read/write head transfers data
between the computer and the disk

A floppy disk drive

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Floppy Disk
„Features
„ Handy, cheap and rewritable
„Usage
„ Back up files
„ Transfer a small amount of data between
computers
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Hard Disk
„Consists of platters, which store data
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Data access of hard disk
„Direct access
„The access arm moves the read/write
head on the platters.
„The drive then rotates the platters to the
proper position. Sector
Cluster

Track Read/write head

Platter

Access arm
Cylinder
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Hard Disk
„Factors determining the performance
Seek
Seek Time
Time Drive
Drive Rotational
Rotational
•• Time
Time taken
taken toto move
move Speed
Speed
the
the read/write
read/write head
head •• The
The number
number of of
over
over the
the right
right track
track and
and revolutions
revolutions the
the disk
disk
sector
sector platters
platters make
make perper
•• Higher
Higher speed
speed rotations
rotations minutes
minutes
of
of disk
disk plates
plates and
and •• Unit:
Unit: revolution
revolution per
per
faster
faster movement
movement of of minute
minute (rpm)
(rpm)
read/write
read/write head
head leads
leads •• Higher
Higher rotational
rotational
to
to shorter
shorter seek
seek time
time speed
speed leads
leads to
to higher
higher
data
data transfer
transfer rate
rate
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Magnetic tapes
„Consist of a magnetically coated strip of
plastic on which data is stored

Magnetically
coated
plastic strip
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magnetic Storage Devices
„ Magnetic tapes
„Require sequential access
„Tape drive has to move through all
preceding data before it can access
the desired data.
„Relatively slow storage but large storage
capacity at low cost
„Suitable for long-term storage and
backup
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
„A round disk coated with a metallic
surface
„Data can be stored and accessed via
laser technology.
„Content is set
permanently
when
manufactured.
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
„CD-ROM drive
„The device that reads data from a
CD-ROM
„Performance mainly measured by its
data transfer rate
„A N× CD-ROM
drive can
transfer N × 150
KB per second
 7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
„CD-ROM drive focuses a laser beam on
the layer so as to read the stored data

Lens Lens
Pit No Land Reflected
reflection beam

Light-sensing Light-sensing
diode diode
“0” “1”
Laser diode Laser diode
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
„Variations of CD-ROM
„Compact disk-recordable (CD-R)
„Compact disk-rewritable (CD-RW)
Can read data Can write data Can modify
Drive
from onto data of
CD-ROM CD-ROM, CD-R,
- -
drive CD-RW
CD-R CD-ROM, CD-R,
CD-R -
drive CD-RW
CD-RW CD-ROM, CD-R,
CD-R, CD-RW CD-RW
drive CD-RW
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
„Looks like CD-ROM
„Can store up to 17 GB of data
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
„DVD drive
„Reads data from DVD and CD-ROM
„A N× drive transfers N × 1.32 MB data
per second
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
„Variations
„DVD+R and DVD-R
„ Write-once optical disks
„DVD+RW and DVD-RW
„ Rewritable versions of DVD+R and
DVD-R respectively
„DVD-RAM
„ Allows users to copy, modify and delete
files
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Optical Storage Devices
„ Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
„Features
„Large capacity
„Medium speed
„Low unit cost
„DVD+R and DVD-R: not rewritable
„DVD+RW and DVD-R: rewritable
„Usage
„Back up files
„Movie and multimedia file distribution
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Other Forms of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magneto-Optical (MO) Disks
„Combine magnetic and optical methods
to read and write data
„Can store up to 9.1 GB of data
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Other Forms of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Magneto-Optical (MO) Disks
„Features
„Medium capacity
„Medium speed
„High unit cost
„Rewritable
„Reliable long-term storage
„Usage
„Back up files
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Other Forms of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Memory Card
„Small memory chips on cards
„Store data in electronic format
„Extend storage capacity of
„Notebook computers
„PDAs
„MP3 players
„Digital cameras
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Other Forms of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Memory Card
„Types

Compact flash

Multimedia card

Memory stick
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Other Forms of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Memory Card
„Memory Card Reader
„Provides a data transfer between a
memory card and a computer

Compact flash All-in-one

reader card reader
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Other Forms of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Memory Card
„Features
„Wide range of capacities available
„Medium speed
„High unit cost
„Rewritable
„Small, light, portable
„Quiet in operation
„Less susceptible to environmental
change
7.2 Types of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Other Forms of Secondary Storage
Devices
„ Memory Card
„Features
„Wide range of capacities available
„Medium speed
„High unit cost
„Rewritable
„Small, light, portable
„Quiet in operation
„Less susceptible to environmental
change
7.3 Interface Cards

„ Interface Card
„ A circuit board that can be slotted into the
motherboard
„ Expands the capability of the system
Video/graphic card Sound card

Computer Video Digital Audio

outputs signals data signals
7.3 Interface Cards

„ Interface Card
Network
Modem card
interface card

Transmit data over a Transmit data over a

telephone line cable
7.3 Interface Cards

„ Interface Card
Network
Modem card
interface card

Transmit data over a Transmit data over a

telephone line cable