Computer Graphics

COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
Graphics Areas
• Graphics is defined as any sketch or a drawing or a special
network that pictorially represents some meaningful
information.
• Computer Graphics is used where a set of image needs to be
manipulated or the creation of the image in the form of pixels
and is drawn on the computer.
• The graphics area is the part of the application where you
create and modify drawing entities.
TYPES OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• Raster Graphics: In raster graphics pixels are used for an
image to be drawn. It is also known as a bitmap image in which
a sequence of image is into smaller pixels. Basically a bitmap
indicates a large number of pixels together.
• Vector Graphics: In vector graphics, mathematical formulae
are used to draw different types of shapes, lines, objects and
so on.
Raster Graphics vs VectorGraphics
Application of Computer Graphics
• Education and Training: Computer-generated model of
the physical, financial and economic system is often used
as educational aids. Model of physical systems,
physiological system, population trends or equipment can
help trainees to understand the operation of the system.
• For some training applications, particular systems are
designed. For example Flight Simulator.
• Use in Biology: Molecular biologist can display a picture
of molecules and gain insight into their structure with the
help of computer graphics.
• Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and

transportation engineers can use computer-generated
maps which display data useful to them in their planning
work.
• Architect: Architect can explore an alternative solution to
design problems at an interactive graphics terminal. In
this way, they can test many more solutions that would not
be possible without the computer.
• Presentation Graphics: Example of presentation
Graphics are bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and other
displays showing relationships between multiple
parameters. Presentation Graphics is commonly used to
summarize.
• Computer Art: Computer Graphics are also used in the
field of commercial arts. It is used to generate television
and advertising commercial.
• Entertainment: Computer Graphics are now commonly

used in making motion pictures, music videos and
television shows.
• Visualization: It is used for visualization of scientists,
engineers, medical personnel, business analysts for the
study of a large amount of information.
• Educational Software: Computer Graphics is used in the

development of educational software for making
computer-aided instruction.
• Printing Technology: Computer Graphics is used for
printing technology and textile design.
Graphics Systems
INPUT DEVICES
• Physical: Keyboard, mouse, tablet, touch pad, touch screen, data
glove, camera, light pen, wand, joystick, joyswitch, trackball,
spaceball, microphone, speech recognizer, etc.
• Logical: String, locator, pick, choice, valuator, stroke.
OUTPUT DEVICES
• Examples: CRT display, LED display, LCD display, Plasma display,
printer, plotter, e-paper, hologram generator, film recorder, sound
recorder, speaker, robot arm, etc.
• 2-D output devices are either vector devices, which physically draw
line segments (like a plotter), or raster devices, which display a grid
of colored pixels (picture elements). The resolution of a raster
display is written as width × height.
Graphics Primitives
• Graphics Primitive is a basic object that is essential for
the creation or construction of complex images.
• Pixel is a point of light. It is just one tiny dot on the raster
displays. Though it has no structure, it is definitely a
building block and hence it can be considered as the
graphics primitive. The resolution of CRT is related to the
dot size, the diameter of a single dot.
• Line, especially straight lines, constitute the basic building
block of Line graphs, bar and pie charts, two and three-
dimensional graphs of mathematical functions,
engineering drawings and architectural plans. In computer
graphics, straight line is so basic in creating images that
we call it a graphics primitive.
• Polygon is a closed area of image bounded by straight or
curved lines and filled with one solid color. Since images
are two dimensional, a polygon is a closed planar figure. A
polygon, is an important graphics primitive.
• Display file is a set of uncorrelated data, such as a
histogram array or bivariate array. The arrays are filled
event by event from a list data in order to create a display.
The saved arrays usually take up far less disk space, but
can the data can no longer be gated.
• Frame buffer The video output device which drives a
video display from the memory buffer containing a
complete set of data is known as frame buffer. The image
is stored in terms of pixel by pixel. The memory can be
discs, Integrated circuits etc.,
• Display control - This controls the view of the image so
that the user can view the mage from desired angle and
desired magnification.
• The display processor read the data from the frame
buffer and convert it into corresponding 1's and 0's
according to there pixels and then put it on to a monitor
screen. The display processor do this work 30 times per
second to maintain a steady picture on the screen, and if
we want to change the picture on the screen then we
have to change the contents of frame buffer.
• Line generation - In mathematics and computer science
an algorithm is a step by step procedure for making
calculations. Algorithms are made for calculation, data
processing and automated reasoning.
• Graphics software is a program or set of programs that
enables us to manipulate the visual images on computer
system.
• Points are used throughout graphics as building blocks
for more complicated shapes.
• Polygons are used in computer graphics to compose
images that are three-dimensional in appearance.
• Text primitive - With the Text graphics primitive, we can
insert text at any position in two- or three
dimensional Mathematical graphics. The text will be given
in the graphic's base style.
• Windowing and clipping - In computer graphics any
object that is larger than the computer screen cannot be
seen through the monitor i.e., window.
• A viewport is a rectangular viewing region in computer
graphics, or a term used for optical components.
What is Graphic Communication?
• Graphic communications is an umbrella term that
encompasses the entire creative and production process
for creating any kind of visual communication. This can
range from a billboard or magazine, to a t-shirt, catalog,
packaging, website or video.
Major Applications of Computer Graphics
• Computer Art - Using computer graphics we can create
fine and commercial art which include animation
packages, paint packages. These packages provide
facilities for designing object shapes and specifying object
motion. Cartoon drawing, paintings, logo design can also
be done.
• Computer Aided Drawing - Designing of buildings,
automobile, aircraft is done with the help of computer
aided drawing, this helps in providing minute details to the
drawing and producing more accurate and sharp
drawings with better specifications.
• Presentation Graphics - For the preparation of reports or
summarizing the financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific,
economic data for research reports, managerial reports,
moreover creation of bar graphs, pie charts, time chart, can be
done using the tools present in computer graphics.
• Entertainment - Computer graphics finds a major part of its

utility in the movie industry and game industry. Used for
creating motion pictures , music video, television shows,
cartoon animation films. In the game industry where focus and
interactivity are the key players, computer graphics helps in
providing such features in the efficient way.
• Education - Computer generated models are extremely useful

for teaching huge number of concepts and fundamentals in an
easy to understand and learn manner. Using computer
graphics many educational models can be created through
which more interest can be generated among the students
regarding the subject.
• Training - Specialized system for training like simulators
can be used for training the candidates in a way that can
be grasped in a short span of time with better
understanding. Creation of training modules using
computer graphics is simple and very useful.
• Visualization - Today the need of visualize things have
increased drastically, the need of visualization can be
seen in many advance technologies , data visualization
helps in finding insights of the data , to check and study
the behavior of processes around us we need appropriate
visualization which can be achieved through proper usage
of computer graphics
• Image Processing - Various kinds of photographs or
images require editing in order to be used in different
places. Processing of existing images into refined ones
for better interpretation is one of the many applications of
computer graphics.
• Machine Drawing - Computer graphics is very frequently
used for designing, modifying and creation of various
parts of machine and the whole machine itself, the main
reason behind using computer graphics for this purpose is
the precision and clarity we get from such drawing is
ultimate and extremely desired for the safe manufacturing
of machine using these drawings.
• Graphical User Interface - The use of pictures, images,

icons, pop-up menus, graphical objects helps in creating a
user friendly environment where working is easy and
pleasant, using computer graphics we can create such an
atmosphere where everything can be automated and
anyone can get the desired action performed in an easy
fashion.
Additional Applications of Computer
Graphics
• Entertainment
• Computer graphics are used in creating cartoon animation films,
video games as well as television shows.
• Education
• Models can be created using computer graphics. These models can
then be used to teach a variety of concepts and fundamentals.
• Image processing
• It’s used in editing and processing images to be used in various
places.
• Medical imaging
• Computer graphics are used in generating body and brain scans.
• Graphical interface
• It’s used in creating environments where everything can be
automated.
Fundamentals Techniques in Computer
Graphics
• Computer graphics techniques that increase the richness
of a visual rendering include advanced shading methods,
lighting, texture mapping, translucency, and atmospheric
effects.

Computer Graphics

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COMPUTER

• Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and

• Entertainment: Computer Graphics are now commonly

• Educational Software: Computer Graphics is used in the

• Entertainment - Computer graphics finds a major part of its

• Education - Computer generated models are extremely useful

• Graphical User Interface - The use of pictures, images,

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