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Introduction To Number Systems

Natural numbers are positive integers like 1, 2, 3, etc. Whole numbers include all natural numbers and zero. Integers include whole numbers and their negatives. Rational numbers are numbers that can be written as fractions with integer denominators. Irrational numbers cannot be written as fractions and include numbers like √2. Real numbers include all rational and irrational numbers and can be placed on the number line. Operations between rational and irrational numbers or two irrational numbers can result in irrational or rational numbers. Decimal representations of rational numbers are either terminating or repeating, while irrational numbers are non-terminating and non-repeating. Rational numbers can be expressed as ratios of integers by converting terminating or repeating decimals.

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72 views

Introduction To Number Systems

Natural numbers are positive integers like 1, 2, 3, etc. Whole numbers include all natural numbers and zero. Integers include whole numbers and their negatives. Rational numbers are numbers that can be written as fractions with integer denominators. Irrational numbers cannot be written as fractions and include numbers like √2. Real numbers include all rational and irrational numbers and can be placed on the number line. Operations between rational and irrational numbers or two irrational numbers can result in irrational or rational numbers. Decimal representations of rational numbers are either terminating or repeating, while irrational numbers are non-terminating and non-repeating. Rational numbers can be expressed as ratios of integers by converting terminating or repeating decimals.

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vaibhav maurya
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Introduction to Number Systems

Numbers
Number: Arithmetical value representing a particular quantity. The various types of numbers are
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers, Real Numbers
etc.

Natural Numbers
Natural numbers(N) are positive numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3 ..and so on.

Whole Numbers
Whole numbers (W) are 0, 1, 2,..and so on. Whole numbers are all Natural Numbers including ‘0’.
Whole numbers do not include any fractions, negative numbers or decimals.

Integers
Integers are the numbers that includes whole numbers along with the negative numbers.

Rational Numbers
A number ‘r’ is called a rational number if it can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers
and q ≠ 0.

Irrational Numbers
Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q≠0, is an
irrational number. Examples: √2, 1.010024563…, e, π

Real Numbers
Any number which can be represented on the number line is a Real Number(R). It includes both
rational and irrational numbers. Every point on the number line represents a unique real number.

Irrational Numbers

Representation of Irrational numbers on the Number line


Let √x be an irrational number. To represent it on the number line we will follow the following steps:

 Take any point A. Draw a line AB = x units.


 Extend AB to point C such that BC = 1 unit.
 Find out the mid-point of AC and name it ‘O’. With ‘O’ as the centre draw a semi-circle with
radius OC.
 Draw a straight line from B which is perpendicular to AC, such that it intersects the semi-
circle at point D.
Length of BD=√x.

Constructions to Find the root of x.

 With BD as the radius and origin as the centre, cut the positive side of the number line to get
√x.

Identities for Irrational Numbers


Arithmetic operations between:

 rational and irrational will give an irrational number.


 irrational and irrational will give a rational or irrational number.
Example : 2 × √3 = 2√3 i.e. irrational. √3 × √3 = 3 which is rational.

Identities for irrational numbers


If a and b are real numbers then:

o √ab = √a√b
o √ab = √a√b
o (√a+√b) (√a-√b) = a – b
o (a+√b)(a−√b) = a²−b
o (√a+√b)(√c+√d) = √ac+√ad+√bc+√bd
o (√a+√b)(√c−√d) = √ac−√ad+√bc−√bd
o (√a+√b)2 = a+2√(ab)+b

Rationalisation
Rationalisation is converting an irrational number into a rational number. Suppose if we have
to rationalise 1/√a.
1/√a × 1/√a = 1/a
Rationalisation of 1/√a+b:
(1/√a+b) × (1/√a−b) = (1/a−b²)

Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers


If a, b, m and n are real numbers then:

o am × an= am+n


o (am) n = amn
o am/an = am−n
o ambm=(ab)m
Here, a and b are the bases and m and n are exponents.

Exponential representation of irrational numbers


If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, then: n√a=a1n Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be
rational numbers, then:

o ap × aq = ap + q


o (ap)q = apq
o ap/ aq= ap−q
o apbp = (ab)p

Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers

Decimal expansion of Rational and Irrational Numbers


The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non- terminating and
recurring.
Example: 1/2 = 0.5 , 1/3 = 3.33…….
The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non terminating and non-recurring.
Examples: √2 = 1.41421356..

Expressing Decimals as rational numbers


Case 1 – Terminating Decimals
Example – 0.625
Let x=0.625
If the number of digits after the decimal point is y, then multiply and divide the number by 10 y.
So, x = 0.625 × 1000/1000 = 625/1000 Then, reduce the obtained fraction to its simplest
form.
Hence, x = 5/8
Case 2: Recurring Decimals
If the number is non-terminating and recurring, then we will follow the following steps to
convert it into a rational number:

Example –

Step 1. Let x =    (1)


Step 2. Multiply the first equation with 10y, where y is the number of digits that are recurring.

 Thus, 100x =  (2)Steps 3. Subtract equation 1 from equation 2.On


subtracting equation 1 from 2, we get99x = 103.2x=103.2/99 = 1032/990
Which is the required rational number.
Reduce the obtained rational number to its simplest form Thus,
x=172/165

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