Out of Phase Switching of Circuit Breakers: By: Akbar Barkesseh Electrical Engineer Hatch Pty LTD
Out of Phase Switching of Circuit Breakers: By: Akbar Barkesseh Electrical Engineer Hatch Pty LTD
Out of Phase Switching of Circuit Breakers: By: Akbar Barkesseh Electrical Engineer Hatch Pty LTD
By: Akbar Barkesseh
Electrical Engineer
Hatch Pty Ltd
Section 1 ‐ Out Of Phase Breaking
1) Severe condition is when systems are “Out of Step”
2) The magnitude of out of phase breaking current shall be below 25% of CB breaking current
in accordance with IEC 62271.100
Steady State Condition Before Out of Step
Area 1 P Area 2
If P1>0 & P2<0
CB
Z1 Z2
Z1: Area 1 equivalent source Z2: Area 2 equivalent source
E1 impedance determining by impedance determining by E2
short circuit level at CB from short circuit level at CB from
Area 1 Area 2
Short Circuit Level
X/R ratio of short circuit
Voltage factor “c” (if short circuit level calculated based on IEC 60909)
Z1 Z2
E1m or E2m : Voltage Magnitude of the system in the Area
θ10 & θ20: Voltage value at t=0
ω1 & ω2 : Area frequency when two areas are out of steps
Voltage “V(t)” at CB when CB Closed – During Steady state out of step
Z1 Z2
From superposition theorem in the steady state condition:
Where :
; ,
; ,
Then:
CB current “I(t)” when CB Closed – During Steady state out of step
Z1 Z2
I(t)
E1(t) = E1m Sin( ω1 t + θ01) E1 E2 E2(t) = E2m Sin( ω2 t + θ02)
From superposition theorem in the steady state condition:
,
Steady state Voltage “VCB(t)” Over CB Contacts (Arc just Interrupted)
Final Position of CB Contact in
Traveling Contact
the open position
Z1 Z2
Standard rating of a CB in a two‐end feed
system shall be greater than the greater
short circuit level
ISC1 ISC2
Z1 Z2
“The rated out‐of‐phase breaking current shall be
25 % of the rated short‐circuit breaking current and
the rated out‐of‐phase making current shall be the
crest value of the rated out‐of‐phase breaking
current, unless otherwise specified.”
Example
ISC‐CB = 25 kA
[0.279+j 6.98]Ω [0.279+j 6.98]Ω
ISC1 = 25 kA ISC2= 25 kA
X/R = 25 X/R = 25
E1 C = 1.1 C = 1.1
E2
E1m = 1pu E2m = 1pu
275 kV System
Θ10 = 0 ° Θ20 = 0 °
f1 = 50 Hz f2 = 51 Hz
Example
ISC‐CB = 25 kA
[0.279+j 6.98]Ω [0.279+j 6.98]Ω
ISC1 = 25 kA ISC2 = 25 kA
X/R = 25 X/R = 25
E1 C = 1.1 C = 1.1
E2
E1m = 1pu E2m = 1pu
275 kV System
Θ10 = 0 ° Θ20 = 0 °
f1 = 50 Hz f2 = 51 Hz
Example ‐ CB Short Circuit Rating Equal to Greater of Network Short Circuit
ISC‐CB = 25 kA
[0.279+j 6.98]Ω [0.279+j 6.98]Ω
ISC1 = 25 kA ISC2 = 25 kA
X/R = 25 X/R = 25
E1 C = 1.1 C = 1.1
E2
E1m = 1pu E2m = 1pu
275 kV System
Θ10 = 0 ° Θ20 = 0 °
f1 = 50 Hz f2 = 51 Hz
Example ‐ CB Short Circuit Rating Equal to Greater of Network Short Circuit
ISC‐CB = 25 kA
[0.279+j 6.98]Ω [0.279+j 6.98]Ω
ISC1 = 25 kA ISC2 = 25 kA
X/R = 25 X/R = 25
E1 C = 1.1 C = 1.1
E2
E1m = 1pu E2m = 1pu
275 kV System
Θ10 = 0 ° Θ20 = 0 °
f1 = 50 Hz f2 = 51 Hz
The worst instance of opening CB
Voltage RMS minimum just
before opening
‐ 2 Pu voltage over
I(t) ≈90% of Rated ISC
of CB (25 kA) – Not
compliance with IEC
62271.100
Example ‐ CB Short Circuit Rating Equal Busbar or System Short Circuit Level
ISC‐CB = 50 kA
[0.279+j 6.98]Ω [0.279+j 6.98]Ω
ISC1 = 25 kA ISC2 = 25 kA
X/R = 25 X/R = 25
E1 C = 1.1 C = 1.1
E2
E1m = 1pu E2m = 1pu
275 kV System
Θ10 = 0 ° Θ20 = 0 °
f1 = 50 Hz f2 = 51 Hz
I(t) ≈45% of Rated ISC
of CB (50 kA) – Not
compliance with IEC
62271.100
Example ‐ CB Short Circuit Rating Greater Than Busbar or System Short Circuit Level
ISC‐CB = 85 kA
[0.279+j 6.98]Ω [0.279+j 6.98]Ω
ISC1 = 25 kA ISC2 = 25 kA
X/R = 25 X/R = 25
E1 C = 1.1 C = 1.1
E2
E1m = 1pu E2m = 1pu
275 kV System
Θ10 = 0 ° Θ20 = 0 °
f1 = 50 Hz f2 = 51 Hz
I(t) ≈25% of Rated ISC
of CB (85 kA) –
compliance with IEC
62271.100
Section 2 ‐ Out Of Phase Closing Or Out Of Phase Making Current
Out of phase making current shall be below peak value of the allowable out of phase breaking
current
There are some operational scenarios (e.g. auto reclosing in EHV systems) in the
power systems that a CB needs to close between two out of phase systems by using
“synch check “ relays.
Power Line
Network 1 Network 2 Normal Condition
If allowable phase shift is set too small , then there is a risk that CB cannot be re-closed at all,
too high value will cause excessive overvoltage (re-striking in Close/Open scenario) and
unstable power swing (loss of synchronization). With stable power swing , coordination
between protection system and the stable power swing shall be in place for preventing mal
operation of protection system during stable power swing.
Two sine waves with θ° phase shift have maximum difference at ωt = θ/2
Voltage
V1(t) = Vm sin (ωt) V2(t) = Vm sin (ωt – θ)
Max [V1(t)‐V2(t)]
ωt
θ/2
Prove:
Max (V1(t)‐V2(t)) is when d[V1(t)‐V2(t)]/dt = 0
d[V1(t)‐V2(t)]/dt = 0 => Vm .ω cos (ωt) ‐ Vm .ω cos (ωt‐θ) = 0 => cos (ωt) = cos (ωt‐θ) => ωt = ± (ωt‐θ) => For negative => ωt = ‐ (ωt‐θ) => ωt = θ/2
Voltage Voltage
Moving
Max [V1(t)‐V2(t)]
Vertical
Axis to
θ/2
ωt ωt
Max [V1(t)‐V2(t)] when ωt = θ/2 Max [V1(t)‐V2(t)] when ωt = 0
Worst Case Initial Out of Phase Current at t=0 for θ angle phase shift, assume two side voltages are equal
Z1 Z2
Circuit Steady State Status at t=∞
Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
P OR P
│V│<δ │V│<0 │V│<0 │V│<δ
At t= ∞ , [subject to system capability to ride through transient power swing and maintain its synchronization], system load
flow will determine the magnitude and direction of steady state current Iss, and relative steady state δ angle. For study on
CB making current , steady state current together with time to reach steady state are not important
When CB closes on an out of phase voltages , it sees the peak current within first cycle (20ms) , for calculating OOP making
current , simple RL circuit is adequate for this analysis for first and second cycle after CB closing.
Calculating OOP making current
Z1=R1+JX1 Z2=R2+JX2
t=0
V1(t) = Vm Sin( ωt + θ/2) E1 E2 V2(t) = Vm Sin( ωt – θ/2)
I(t)
.
. , , , ,
I(t=0) = 0 then :
. .
+ . .
. .
In vector domain is equivalent to
. . . .
P.S.
Mathematical equations used to get above results are :
• sin(A+B) = sin A . cos B + cos A sin B , sin(A‐B) = sin A . cos B ‐ cos A sin B
• cos(A+B)= cos A cos B – sin A sin B , cos(A‐B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
• V<a = cos a + j sin a
Calculating OOP making current
Z1=R1+JX1 Z2=R2+JX2
t=0
V1(t) = Vm Sin( ωt + θ/2) E1 E2 V2(t) = Vm Sin( ωt – θ/2)
I(t)
. . . .
.
. , , , ,
. . . .
.
.
. .
Typical pattern of an AC short circuit current with "
Calculating OOP making current
Z1=R1+JX1 Z2=R2+JX2
t=0
V1(t) = Vm Sin( ωt + θ/2) E1 E2 V2(t) = Vm Sin( ωt – θ/2)
I(t)
If X1/R1 ≈ X2/R2 Then:
│Z1+Z2│=│Z1│+│Z2│ then :
. . .
. .
&
.
⇒
.
Then
. . .
"
Calculating OOP making current
From AS 3851 equation 8.19 or IEC 60909:2010 equation (54):
ip = √2 .I”k . K where K=1.02 + 0.98 e – 3(R/X) or
ip = √2 .I”k . [1.02 + 0.98 e – 3(R/X)]
For OOP current:
.
. . . .
IEC 62271.100: … the rated out‐of‐phase making current shall be the crest value of the rated out‐of‐
phase breaking current, unless otherwise specified
Then:
ip‐OOP < 0.25 x {√2 x IB‐CB}
Where
IB‐CB = CB breaking current
Calculating OOP making current
ip‐OOP < 0.25 x {√2 x IB‐CB}
.
. . . . . .
.
. .
Example
A CB with breaking current of 35 kA is between two systems with 35kA and 25kA short circuit levels , the
X/R ratio for both systems is 25. What is the maximum angle can be set in synch check relay to comply
with IEC 62271.100?
. .
.
. . . .
. °
Θ < 18.27°
With 20% contingency
Θ < 18.27° x 0.8 < 14.5°
Example
• In the previous example only compliance with IEC 62271.100 has been investigated ,
• Out of phase closing may cause either stable or unstable power swing
• Separate study shall be in place for system analysis of power swing
• In stable power swing , the calculated value of allowable phase shift should be checked if it will not
create protection mal operation (specially in distance relays)