Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF) : Majid Mirzaei University of Malaya
Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF) : Majid Mirzaei University of Malaya
VARIED
FLOW
(RVF)
Majid Mirzaei
University of Malaya
Majid Mirzaei UM 1
ü Hydraulic jump is one subject which has extensively been studied in the field of hydraulic
engineering
ü It is an interesting phenomenon that has caught the imagination of many research workers
since its first description by Leonardo da Vinci
ü The Italian engineer Bidone (1818) is credited with the first experimental investigation of
this phenomenon
HYDRAULIC
JUMP
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A hydraulic jump primarily serves as an energy
dissipator to dissipate the excess energy of flowing
water downstream of hydraulic structures, such as
spillways and sluice gates.
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• A hydraulic jump
occurs when a
supercritical stream
meets a subcritical
stream of sufficient
depth.
• While doing so it
generates considerable
disturbances in the form of
large-scale eddies and a
reverse flow roller with the
result that the jump falls
short of its alternate depth.
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a schematic sketch of a typical hydraulic jump in a horizontal
channel. Section 1, where the incoming supercritical stream
undergoes an abrupt rise in the depth forming the
commencement of the jump, is called the toe of the jump.
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ü The jump proper consists of a steep change in the water-surface
elevation with a reverse flow roller on the major part.
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Section 2 which lies beyond the roller and with all essentially level water
surface is called the end of the jump and the distance between sections 1 and
2 is the length of the jump, L j .
üIn such situations, the use of the momentum equation with suitable
assumptions is advocated.
Majid Mirzaei UM 9
The flow in control volume is considered to be steady. Applying the linear momentum
equation in the longitudinal direction to the control volume,
(10-1) P1 - P2 - FS + W sin q = M 2 - M 1
𝑦#! : depth of the centroid of the area below the water surface.
Fs : shear force on the control surface adjacent to the channel boundary. The frictional force
is usually neglected
M2 : momentum flux in the longitudinal direction going out through the control surface=𝛽"𝜌𝑄𝑉"
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Hydraulic Jump in a Rectangular Channel
(a) Sequent Depth Ratio
Consider a horizontal, frictionless, rectangular channel.
Considering unit width of the channel, the momentum
equation:
1 1
gy12 - gy22 = b 2 rqV2 - b1 rqV1
2 2
2q 2
y1 y2 ( y1 + y2 ) = = 2 yc3
g 11
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On non-dimensionalising,
y1 æ y1 ö 2q 2
ç
ç 1 + ÷ = = 2 F 2
y2 ÷ 3 1
y2 è ø gy1
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Equation can also be expressed in terms of F2 = V2 gy2 = the
subcritical Froude number on the downstream of the jump as
%# &
= −1 + 1 − 8𝐹'' 13-1
%$ '
1 q 2 æ y22 - y22 ö
= ( y1 - y2 ) + çç ÷÷
2 g è 2 gy22 ø 13
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Substituting for q 2 g from Eq. and simplifying
EL =
( y2- y1 )
3
4 y1 y 2
(14-1) 3
æ y2 ö
ç
ç y - 1 ÷
÷
EL è ø
= 1
y1 æ y2 ö
4ç
ç y ÷÷
or è 1ø
(14-2)
EL æ EL ö æ E1 ö
The relative energy loss =ç
ç ÷
÷ ç
ç y ÷÷
E1 è y1 ø è 1ø
3
æ y2 ö
But E1 F12 ç
ç y - 1÷
÷
y1
= 1+
2 EL/E1
E1
y1
=
æ
è 1
y 2 öæ
ø
F12 ö
\
4ç
ç ÷
֍
ç 1+ ÷
÷
è y1 øè 2 ø
14
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Substituting for ( y1 y2 ) from Eq. (12-1) and simplifying,
EL (
- 3 + 1 + 8F 2
)
3
=
)( )
1
E1 (
8 2 + F12 - 1 + 1 + 8 F12
(15-1)
Equation (15-1) gives the fraction of the intitial energy lost in the
hydraulic jump. The variation of EL E 1 with F1 is shown in Fig16
which highlights the enormous energy dissipating characteristic of
the jump. At F1= 5, about 50 percent of the initial energy in the
supercritical stream is lost and at F1 = 20, EL E 1 is about 86 per
cent. Figure 16 also serves as a yard -stick for comparing the
efficiencies of other types of jumps and energy-dissipating devices.
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1
Experimental studies by many research workers and specifically
the comprehensive work of Bradley and peterka which covered a
range of Froude numbers up to 20, have shown that Eqs (12-1) and
(14-1) adequately represent the sequent-depth ratio and energy
loss (respectively in a hydraulic jump formed on a horizontal floor.
16
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CLASSIFICATION OF JUMPS
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(ii) Weak jump: 1.7<. F1 £ 2.5
The surface roller makes its appearance at F1 » 1.7 and gradually
increases in intensity towards the end of this range, i.e.F1 » 2.5. The
energy dissipation is very small, E L E 1 is about 5 per cent at F1 =
1.7 and 18 per cent at F1 = 2.5. The water surface is smooth after the
jump (Fig. 19(b)).
19
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(iii) Oscillating Jump: 2.5<. F1 £ 4.5
This category of jump is characterised by an instability of the high-velocity flow in
the jump which oscillates in a random manner between the bed and the surface. These
oscillations produce large surface waves that travel considerable distances downstream
(Fig. 20(c)). Special care is needed to suppress the waves in stilling basins having this
kind of jump. Energy dissipation is moderate in this range; E L E 1 = 45 per cent at
F1 = 4.5.
20
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(iv) ‘Steady’ Jump 4.5< F1 £ 9.0
In this range of Froude numbers the jump is well-established, the
roller and jump action is fully developed to cause appreciable
energy loss (Fig. 21 (d)). The relative energy loss E L E 1 ranges
from 45 per cent to 70 per cent in this class of jump. The ‘steady
jump is least sensitive in terms of the toe-position to small
fluctuations in the tailwater elevation.
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(v) Strong or Choppy Jump: F > 9.0
1
In this class of jump the water surface is very rough and choppy. The
water surface downstream of the jump is also rough and wavy (Fig. 22
(c)). The sequent-depth ratio is large and the energy dissipation is very
efficient with E L E 1 values greater than 70 per cent.
22
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It is of course obvious that the above classification is based on a purely
subjective consideration of certain gross physical characteristics. As such, the
range of Froude numbers indicated must not be taken too rigidly. Local
factors in stilling basin design can cause overlaps in the range of Froude
numbers. Figure 24(Plate 1) shows four typical hydraulic jumps in a
rectangular laboratory flume.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF JUMP IN A
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
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Experimentally it is found that L j y2 = f (F1 ) . The variation of
with L y obtained by Bradley and Peterika F1 is shown in Fig.26. This curve
Yj 2
is usually recommended for general use. It is evident from Fig. 26-1 that
while L j y2 depends on L j y2 for small values of the inlet Froude number, at
higher values (i.e. F1 > 5.0) the relative jump length F1 is practically
constant at a value of Eq10-1. Elevatorsi has shown that the data of
reference l can be expressed as (26-1)
L j = 6.9( y2 - y1 )
26
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(b) Pressure Distribution
The pressures at the toe of the jump and at the end of the jump follow
hydrostatic pressure distribution. However, inside the body of the jump,
the strong curvatures of the streamlines cause the pressures to deviate
from the hydrostatic distribution. Observations by Rajaratnam have
shown that in the initial portions of the jump of pressures in the jump
body will be less than the hydrostatic pressure. The deficit from the
hydrostatic pressure increases with an increase in the initial Froude
number F1.
However, at the bottom of the channel and in a narrow region close to the
bed, the pressures are essentially hydrostatic. Thus the pressure-head
profile on the bed is the same as the mean water-surface profile.
. Majid Mirzaei UM 27
c) Water Surface Profile
A knowledge of the surface profile of the jump is useful in the efficient design
of side walls and the floor of a stilling basin. Consider the coordinate system
shown in Fig. 28. The coordinates of the profile are (x, h )with the boundary
condition that at x = 0 , y = 0 and at x= Lj ,h= y1 - y2 .
In general,. h = ( x, F1 )
28
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Based on an analysis of a large number of jump profiles and bed-
pressure profiles obtained by various investigators,
Subramanyd and Rqjaratnam and subramanya have shown
that the jump profile can be expressed in a non-dimensional
manner as
h = f (l )
in which
h
h=
0.75( y2 - y1 )
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and λ = x/X, where X = a length scale defined as the value of x at
which h = 0.75( y2 - y1). The variation of η with λ is given in Table 30
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The boundary shear at the bed causes a retardation of the velocity
in a boundary layer. As a result of these actions the velocity
distribution in a section at a distance x from the toe will be as
shown
in Fig. 33 It is seen that the velocity profile has two distinct
portions-a forward flow in the lower main body and a negative
velocity region at the top. In-the forward flow, the total volumetric
rate of flow will be in excess of the discharge Q entering the jump
at
the toe. This is due to the flow entrainment at the shear layer. To
maintain continuity, i.e. to account for the excess forward flow, a
reverse now exists at the top. This situation results in the formation
of the roller. Majid Mirzaei UM 32
Majid Mirzaei UM 33
The forward-velocity profile has zero velocity at the bed,
maximum velocity at a distance d and then gradually decreases to
zero at a height y f above the bed. The region 0 < y < d can be
called the boundary layer part and the region d < y < y fthe free-
mixing zone. This velocity configuration indicates that the motion of
the forward flow is similar to a wall jet except that the pressure
gradient is adverse. The velocity profile and shear stress can be
studied by following the methods of analysis similar to those used in
the study of wall jets.
The velocity u at a distance y from the bed in the boundary
layer portion (0 < y < d ) can be expressed by a velocity-defect
law
u - um
= f (y d ) 34
u*
34
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where u* = t 0 r shear velocity and u m= maximum velocity at
y = d .In the free-mixing zone the velocity profile is found to be self-
similar and can be expressed as
u æ y ö
= f ( y d1 ) çç for > 0.16 ÷÷ (35-1)
um è d1 ø
um
where d1 = value of y at which u = .The maximum um
2
velocity at y = d » 0.16d1 . It may be noted that the non-
dimensionalised velocity profile is explicitly independent of F1and x . The
scales of the above relationship are u m and d1 which are given by
um (35-2)
= f ( x y1 )
V1
and d1 (35-3)
= f ( x y1 )
y1
35
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Both Eq. (35-2) and Eq. (35-3) are found to be independent of
the initial Froude number F1 .
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EXAMPLE 1 A spillway discharges a flood flow at a rate of
7.75 m 3 s per meter width. At the downstream horizontal apron
the depth of flow was found to be 0.50m. What tailwater depth is
needed to form a hydraulic jump? If a jump is formed, find its (a)
type, (b) length, (c) head loss, (d) energy loss as a percentage of the
initial energy and (e) profile.
Solution
q = 7.75 m 3 s m ,and y1 = 0.50m
7.75
V1 = = 15.50
0.50
15.50
F1 = = 7.0
9.81´ 0.50
sequent-depth: Eq 12-1
y2 1 æ
= ç - 1 + 1 + 8 ´ (7 ) ö÷ = 9.41
2
y1 2 è ø
y2 = 4.71m = required tailwater depth. 37
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(a) Type: since F1 = 7.0, a ‘steady’ jump will be formed
(b) Since F1 > 5.0, L j= 6.1y2
L j = length of the jump =6.1 ´ 4.71 =28.7 m
4 y1 y2
(d) E1 = y1 +
V12
= 0.5 +
(15.50 )
2
= 12.75m
2g 2 ´ 9.81
(e) Profile : Eq 30-1
X
= 5.08(7.0 ) - 7.82 = 27.72
y1
X = 13.87 m
0.75( y2 - y1 ) = 3.16m
x and h = h
\ l=
13.87 3.16 38
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Substituting these for the values of λ and η given in Table 30
a relation between x and h is obtained. As suggested in Section
(c), the profile is calculated up to λ » 1.80, i.e. up to x = 25.0 m
and then is joined by a smooth curve to the end-of the jump at x
= L j = 28.7 m. the change in the depth in this range would be
0.0433 ´ 3.16 = 0.14m. This being a flat curve, i.e., a change of
0.14 m in 3.70 m the procedure as above is adequate
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EXAMPLE 2 A rectangular channel carrying a supercritical
stream is to be provided with a hydraulic-jump type of energy
dissipator. If it is desired to have an energy loss of 5.0 m in the
jump when the inlet Froude number is 8.5 determine the sequent
depths.
Solution
F1 = 8.5 , and EL = 5.0 m
By Eq. (12-1),
y2
y1
=
1
2
(-1+ 8 F12 )
1æ
= ç - 1 + 8 ´ (8.5) ö÷ = 11.53
2
2è ø
3
æ y2 ö
çç - 1÷÷
E L è y1 ø
=
By Eq. (14-1), y1 æy ö
4çç 2 ÷÷
è y1 ø
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5.0 (11.53 - 1.0 )
3
= = 25.32m
y1 4 ´11.53
\ y1 = 0.198m ,and y2 = 2.277 m
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2
q = Cd 2 g H d3 2
3
2
= 0.738 ´ 29.81(2.5)
32
3
= 99.614 m 3 s m
42
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By the energy equation V12
p + H d = y1 +
2g
(Energy loss over the spillway is neglected)
y1 +
(8.614 )
2
= 42.15
2
2 gy1
y2 1é
= - 1 + 8(16.74 ) ù = 23.18
2
By Eq.(12-1),
0.30 2 êë úû
y2 = 6.954m
43
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Energy loss EL =
( y2 - y1 )
3
4 y1 y2
(Eq. 14-1)
=
(6.954 - 0.3)
3
= 35.30m
4 ´ 0.30 ´ 6.954
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JUMPS IN NON-RECTANGULAR CHANNELS
If the side walls of a channel are not vertical, e.g. in the case of a
trapezoidal channel, the flow in a jump will involve lateral
expansion of the stream in addition to increase in depth. The
cross-sectional areas are not linear functions of the depth of flow.
This aspect introduces not only computational difficulties in the
calculation of the sequent-depth ratio but also structural changes
in the jump. A brief introduction to this rather wide field of jumps
in non-rectangular channels is given in this section.
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Consider a horizontal frictionless channel of any arbitrary shape,
such as in Fig.9. For a hydraulic jump in this channel, the general
momentum (Eq. (10-1)) with the assumption of b 2 = b1 = 1.0
reduces to:
P1 - P2 = M 2 - M 1 (46-1)
i.e. gA1 y1 - gA2 y 2 = rQ2V2 - rQ1V1
rQ22 rQ12
= - (46-2)
A2 A1
P+M Q2
= Ps = A y + = Const
i.e. g gA (47-2)
æ P+M ö
The term Ps çç = g ÷÷ is the specific force.
è ø
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For small and isolated calculations, Eq. (46.2) is solved by a trial-
and-error procedure to obtain the sequent depths.
The energy loss E L due to a jump in a non-rectanglar
horizontal channel is
Q æç 1 1 ö÷
EL = E1 - E2 = ( y1 - y2 ) + - 2 (48)
2 g è A1 A1 ÷ø
ç 2
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EXAMPLE 4
A trapezoidal channel is 2.0 m wide at the bottom and has side dope
of 1.5 horizontal : 1 vertical. Construct the specific-force diagram
for a discharge of
135 m 3 s in this channel. For this discharge find the depth sequent
to the supercritical depth of 0.5 m.
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Solution
The channel cross-section is show as an inset Fig. 49.
A1 = (2.0 + 1.5 ´ 0.5)´ 0.5 = 1.375m 2
T1 = 2.0 + 2 ´1.5 ´ 0.5 = 3.5m
A1
= 0.393m
T1
13.5
V1 = = 9.818 m s
1.375
For a trapezoidal section 9.818
F1 = = 5.00
9.81´ 0.393
éæ yö 2 yù
A y = êç By ÷ + my ú
ëè 2 ø 3 û
y2
Majid Mirzaei UM = (3B + 2my ) 50
6
Specific force Q2
Ps = + Ay
Ag
=
(13.5)
2
+ Ay
9.81A
18.578 y2
Ps = + (6 + 3 y )
(2.0 + 1.5 y ) y 6
è 1 1 ø è 1 øè 2 ø
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(c) Jumps in ExponentiaI Channels
Exponential channels represent a class of geometric shapes with
the area related to the depth as A = k1 y in which k1 and a
a
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In the case of an exponential channel (Fig 54)
dA
Top width
T = = k1ay a -1 (54-1)
dy
A
= (y a)
T (54-2)
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1 y
y= ò ( y - h )dh , where t = top width at any
A 0
height h .
1 y
= ò k1 ah a -1
( y - h )dh
A 0
Simplifying
y= y (a + 1) (55-1)
Substituting for T, A T and y
æ y2a y2 ö æ y a ö æ y a
ö
çç a . - 1÷÷ = F1 çç
2 1
÷÷çç1 - a ÷÷
1
è y1 y1 ø è y1 (a + 1) øè y2 ø
æ y2 ö
a +1
æ æ y1 ö ö÷ (55-2)
a
i.e. 2 æ a + 1 öç
çç ÷÷ - 1 = F1 ç ÷ 1 - çç ÷÷
è y1 ø è a øçè è y2 ø ÷ø
55
Using this equation the ratio y 2 y1 can be evaluated as a
function of F1 and a .
The energy loss EL due to a jump in a horizontal exponential
channel can be expressed as
æ y2 ö æ æ y2 ö
2a
ö
2ç
2açç1 - ÷÷ + F1 1 - çç ÷÷ ÷
EL è y1 ø ç è y1 ø ÷
= è ø
E1 (2a + F )1
2
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EXAMPLE 6.5 A hydraulic jump takes place in a horizontal
triangular channel having side slopes of 1.5 H: 1 V. The depths
before and after the jump are 0.30m and 1.20 m respectively.
Estimate the (i) flow rate, (ii) Froude number at the beginning and
end of the jump and (iii) energy loss in the jump.
Solution
(
P = gA y = g my 2
) y
3
rQ 2 rQ 2
M = =
A my 2
gmy 3 rQ 2
By Eq. (47-1) P+M = + 2
= Const.
3 my
3 2 3
gmy Q gmy2 Q2
+ 2
= +
3 my1 3 my22
Q2 é 1 1 ù gm 3
ê
m ë y12
- ú
y22 û
=
3
y 2 - y1(
3
)
57
Q 2
g=
m2 (
y23 - y13 )
(
3 é y22 - y12 ù )
ê y2 y2 ú
ë 1 2 û
Q2 g=
( )
m 2 y13 h 3 - 1 h 2 y14 h = y2 y1
3 (
h 2 - 1 y12) where
Q 2
g=
( )
m 2 y15 h 3 - 1 h 2
3 (
h 2 -1 )
y2 1.20
m = 1.5 , y1 = 0.3 ,h = = = 0.4
y1 0.3
Here
(1.5) 5 (4 - 1)(4 )
2 3 2
Q2 g= (0.3) = 0.12247
3 (4 2
-1 )
Q = 1.096 m 3 s
58
V
For a triangular channel, Froude number F =
A gAT
2 2
Q T Q 2my
F =
2
3
=
gA gm 3 y 6
2Q 2
=
gm 2 y 5
2 ´ (1.096 )
2
2
F1 = = 44.88; F1 = 6.693
9.81´ (1.5) ´ (0.3)
2 5
2 ´ (1.096 )
2
F2
2
= = 0.04375; F2 = 0.209
9.81´ (1.5) ´ (1.2 )
2 5
59
Energy loss: E L = E1 - E2
æ V12 ö æ V22 ö
= çç y1 + ÷÷ - çç y2 + ÷÷
è 2g ø è 2g ø
1.5 ´ (0.3)
2
1.096
A1 = = 0.135m 2 ; V 1= = 8.119m
2 0.135
æ (8.119 ) ö æ
2
(0.507 )
2
ö
E L = ç 0.3 + ÷ - ç1.2 + ÷
ç 2 ´ 9.81 ÷ ç 2 ´ 9.81 ÷
è ø è ø
60
USE OF THE JUMP AS AN ENERGY
DISSIPATOR
The high energy loss that occurs in a hydraulic jump has led to
its adoption as a part of the energy-dissipator system below a
hydraulic structure. The downstream portion of the hydraulic
structure where the energy dissipation is deliberately allowed
to occur so that the outgoing stream can safely be conducted
to the channel below is known as a stilling basin. It is a fully-
paved channel section and may have additional parts, such as
baffle blocks and sills to aid in the efficient performance over a
wide range of operating conditions.
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