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Chapter III. Elementary Properties and Examples of Analytic Functions

This document introduces power series and their properties. It defines power series, convergence, absolute convergence, limits of sequences, and the radius of convergence of a power series. The radius of convergence determines the region where the power series converges. Examples are given of common power series like the exponential function. Operations like addition and multiplication of power series are also discussed.

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TOM DAVIS
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50 views

Chapter III. Elementary Properties and Examples of Analytic Functions

This document introduces power series and their properties. It defines power series, convergence, absolute convergence, limits of sequences, and the radius of convergence of a power series. The radius of convergence determines the region where the power series converges. Examples are given of common power series like the exponential function. Operations like addition and multiplication of power series are also discussed.

Uploaded by

TOM DAVIS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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III.1.

Power Series 1

Chapter III. Elementary Properties and


Examples of Analytic Functions
III.1. Power Series

Note. We will see that classical complex analysis is about the study of functions
with power series representations (Chapter III) and path integrals of such functions
(Chapter IV).

∞
X
Definition. The series an converges to z if for all ε > 0, there exists N ∈ N
n=0

X m
such that for all m ≥ N , an − z < ε. That is, the sequence of partial sums


n=0
Xm
P
sm = an converges to z. The series an converges absolutely if the series of
n=0 P
real numbers |an| converges.

P
Proposition III.1.1. If an converges absolutely, then the series converges.

Definition. For a sequence {an} ⊆ R, define lim an = lim (inf{an , an+1 , . . .}) and
n→∞
lim an = lim (sup{an , an+1 , . . .}) .
n→∞
III.1. Power Series 2

Note. The values of lim an and lim an could be +∞ or −∞ since these are defined
in terms of suprema and infima. One shows in a Real Analysis class that (when
finite) lim an is the largest subsequential limit point for sequence {an } and lim an
is the smallest subsequential limit point.

Note. The values lim an and lim an always exist and lim an exists if and only if
lim an = lim an .

Example. Consider {an } = {sin n} (n in radians). Then lim an = −1 and lim an =


1 (based on the transcendental-ness of π).

Question 1. Can you find a sequence with every natural number as a subsequential
limit?

Answer. YES! Consider {1; 1, 2; 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 3, 4; . . .}.

Question 2. Can you find a sequence with every rational number as a subsequen-
tial limit?

Answer. YES! Let {qn} be an enumeration of the rationals and consider {q1 ; q1 , q2 ;
q1 , q2 , q3 ; q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 ; . . .}.
III.1. Power Series 3

Question 3. Can you find a sequence with every real number as a subsequential
limit?

Answer. YES! Take the sequence {qn } as above and use an ε argument. (Notice
that for this sequence, lim qn = −∞ and lim qn = ∞.)

∞
X
Definition. A power series about a ∈ C is an infinite series of the form an(z −
n=0
∞
X
a)n. A geometric series is of the form z n.
n=0

Note. Since (1 − z n+1 ) = (1 − z)(1 + z + z 2 + · · · + z n ) then 1 + z + z 2 + · · · + z n =


(1 − z n+1 )/(1 − z) for z 6= 1. If |z| < 1 then limn→∞ z n = 0 and so
∞ N
!
X X 1 − z N +1 1
z n = lim z n = lim = .
N →∞ N →∞ 1 − z 1 − z
n=0 n=0

If |z| > 1 then limn→∞ |z|n = ∞ and ∞ n


P
n=0 z diverges.

∞
X
Theorem III.1.3. If an (z − a)n , define the number R as 1
R = lim |an |1/n (so
n=0
0 ≤ R ≤ ∞). Then

(a) if |z − a| < R, the series converges absolutely,

(b) if |z − a| > R, the series diverges, and

(c) if 0 < r < R then the series converges uniformly on |z − a| ≤ r. Moreover,


R is the only number having properties (a) and (b). R is called the radius of
convergence of the power series.
III.1. Power Series 4

Note. The following result gives a Ratio Test for complex power series.

∞
X
Proposition III.1.4. If an (z − a)n is a given power series with radius of
n=0
convergence R, then R = lim |an/an+1 |, if the limit exists.

Note. We can use power series to define functions in various regions of the complex
plane (the region of convergence).

∞
z
X zn
Definition. Define the exponential function e = .
n=0
n!

Note. By Proposition III.1.4, the radius of convergence of ez is


 
an 1/n!
R = lim = lim = ∞.
an+1 1/(n + 1)!

Note. The following deals with products and sums of series.

an (z − a)n and bn(z − a)n be power series with


P P
Proposition III.1.6. Let
Xn
radii of convergence ≥ r > 0. Define cn = ak bn−k . Then both power series
k=0
(an + bn )(z − a)n and cn (z − a)n have radius of convergence ≥ r and for
P P

|z − a| < r:
X X X
n n
(ab + bn )(z − a) = an(z − a) + bn (z − a)n and
X X  X 
n n n
cn (z − a) = an (z − a) bn (z − a) .

Revised: 11/12/2017

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