Unit - Iv Distribution Automation and Communication Systems: Topics

UNIT – IV
DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
TOPICS:
Introduction to Distribution Automation (DA), control system interfaces, control and
data requirements, DA Hardware, DAS software. DA capabilities, Automation system
computer facilities, management processes, Information management, system reliability
management, system efficiency management, voltage management, Load management
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: DA communication requirements, Distribution line
carrier (Power line carrier), Ripple control, Zero crossing technique, telephone, cable
TV, Radio, AM broadcast, FM SCA, VHF Radio, UHF Radio, Microwave satellite. fibre
optics, Hybrid Communication systems, Communication systems used in field tests.
DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION
INTRODUCTION :
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DA & Control
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SCADA SYSTEMS
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5
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MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
DAS function support a set of discrete, yet connected, management process.
Management processes supported by DA categorized are as follows.
i) Information management
ii) System reliability management
iii) System efficiency management
iv) Voltage management
v) Load management
1) INFORMATION MANAGEMENT :
Information management is a basic function in DAS. Even in the simplest of
automatic systems can accurately, timely, knowledge of state of the system is essential
to permit the initiation of control actions.
(a) Automatic system database :
The basic element is a descriptive distribution system database. It must be
initialized accurately and designed for continuous update to track all changes in the
state of the system.
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(b) Information dynamics :
Information management is a continuous process in DAS with ongoing activities
of information retrieval and information processing.
(c) Information for system control :
Distribution computers can be used to advantage in achieving accuracy and also
provide the rapid response necessary for system protection.
(d) Information of records :
Records of system behaviour become available as a by product of operating DAS.
These provide measures of system efficiency and reliability for future designs.
(e) Billing information :
Demand and energy information can be retrieved from consumer’s maters for
billing purposes. Metering and signal verification techniques are used to ensure that the
accuracy of the input data is not comprised. DAS can be used to switch mechanical or
solid state register at consumer meters.
2) SYSTEMS RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT:

This function is executed to minimize the impact of faults on distribution system.
Minimising the outage duration following a persistent circuit fault is achieved by
identifying and isolating the fault line section and restoring service to unaffected section
by system configuration.
(a) Fault Identification/service restoration:-
Distribution systems are operated as a set or sets of radial feeders
supplied from one or more substations. Up on the occurrence a number of times. If
the fault clears before the enclosure is complete. There is no further action
required. However, if the breaker again trips and locks open. The automation
system determines the fault location, by interference from monitored information
on the flow of fault current, and insolates the faulted line section by opening
appropriate line switches.
(b) Cold load pick up:-
Cold load pick up describes the high magnitude short duration in rush
current followed by the undiversified demand experience. When re-
arranging a circuit following an extended interruption. Fast completion of
a fault isolation and service restoration operation will reduce the
undiversified component of cold load pick up considerably significant
service interruption will be limit to those customer supplied from the
fault line section.
(c) Dispersed storage(DSG):-
DSG will have an impact on security management the feeder or feeders
involved will no longer be radial with a single supply source. Consequently, a more
complex set of operating conditions will prevail for both steady state and fault
condition. In any fault event, a more complex distribution of higher magnitude.
Fault currents will occur due to multiple sources. Also protection of personal and
the system from the consequences requires most sophisticated detection isolation
techniques than those adequate for radial feeders.
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3) System efficiency management:-
System efficiency management operates to maximize system efficiency
and utilization of the existing duration system by minimizing electrical losses. Loss
reduction is achieved by selection system configurations which will most evenly
distribute the loads among feeder generation where required to offset lagging
reactive loads T/F’s are managed to provide for maximum capacity utilization.
(a) Loss management by load distributions:-
Distribution system comprises a no. of discrete section of line which can be

interconnected in several ways to form different feeder configurations and that the
system has multiple supply connections then a configuration can be choosen which
will evently distribute the load between the feeder, to minimize the I2R losses.
(b) Loss Management by Var Dispatch:-
Distribution Automation with its advanced capabilities, provide a means to

monitor the state and health of the capacitors and to apply them in response to real-
time needs from a total substation and feeder perspective rather than a forecast or
local information based on a single point along the feeder.
(c) Transformer Load Management:-
Transformer load management is executed to maximize the utilization of

transformer capacity or reduced system losses the remote monitoring capability
provides for operating a supply transformer up to its maximum allowable loading
.Loading can be controlled at this stage by re-configuring the downstream system.
4) Voltage Management:-
The DAS is used to monitor and manage voltage levels at key point in the
system to maintain voltages with desired limits. Voltage levels are affected by such
factor as magnitude distribution and power factor by circuit configuration and
impedance.
(a) Voltage Regulations:-
Voltage Regulation provides for increasing or decreasing voltage levels

relative to a normal value. A DAS provides a means of co-ordinating, voltage
regulation for optimum operation to satisfy voltage level requirements at all key
point in the system.
(b) Reactive flow control:-
DAS provides a means of continuously adjusting LTC and voltage

regulation position with Var generation which will optimize both voltage levels
and loss reduction.
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5) Load Management:-
Load Management process involves controlling systems loads by a

remote of individual customer loads. DAS provides control and monitoring ability
required for load management scenarios.
(i) Direct Control Of Customer loads:-
The effectiveness of direct control of customer loads is obviously

enhanced by selecting the larger and more significant customer loads Those include
electric space and water heating, air conditioning, electric clothes dryers and other
comparable magnitudes.
(ii) Customer Controlled Load Management:-
Customer activated load management is achieved by incentives such as

time-of-use rate customer alert to warn customers so they can alert their use.
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UNIT – IV

DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

2) SYSTEMS RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT:

Distribution system comprises a no. of discrete section of line which can be

(b) Loss Management by Var Dispatch:-

Distribution Automation with its advanced capabilities, provide a means to

(c) Transformer Load Management:-

Transformer load management is executed to maximize the utilization of

(a) Voltage Regulations:-

Voltage Regulation provides for increasing or decreasing voltage levels

(b) Reactive flow control:-

DAS provides a means of continuously adjusting LTC and voltage

Load Management process involves controlling systems loads by a

(i) Direct Control Of Customer loads:-

The effectiveness of direct control of customer loads is obviously

(ii) Customer Controlled Load Management:-

Customer activated load management is achieved by incentives such as

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