DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Mr. T. Kosaleswara Reddy

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupathi.
COURSE OUTCOMES: On successful completion of the course, students will be able to
CO1. demonstrate knowledge on
• electrical wiring of residential & commercial and industrial buildings.
• material and size of conductors for overhead transmission & distribution lines.
• light sources and illumination.
• electric heating & welding
CO2. analyze
• estimation of residential & commercial buildings, overhead transmission & distribution lines and industrial buildings.
• proper illumination strategy for effective lighting.
• heating and welding schemes for industrial purpose.
CO3. design of electrical wiring for residential & commercial buildings and industrial buildings, overhead transmission &
distribution lines and suitable illumination system for effective lighting.
CO4. solve engineering problems pertaining to utilization of electrical energy and provide feasible solutions.
CO5. apply suitable electric wiring, heating, welding and illumination techniques for domestic and industrial applications.
CO6. apply the conceptual knowledge of utilization strategies and techniques in relevance to industry and society.
CO7. adhere the constraints and standards for applications of electric energy in different fields.
 Program Specific
Program Outcomes
Outcomes
Course
Outcome PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
s
In & CO2
Pr Tools Eng& Comm
Kno Alys Des Env Ethics Team PM LLL CO1 & CO4 CO5
Solve & Tech society u
work CO3

CO1 H H

CO2 M H H

CO3 L M H H

CO4 M M M H H

CO5 L M H H

CO6 L H

CO7 L H

Correlation Levels: H - High M - Medium L - Low

Electrical Wiring:
A network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from
supplier’s meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices such as lamps, fans
and other domestic appliances through controlling and safety devices is known as a wiring system.
Systems of Distribution of Electrical Energy
Methods of Wiring
Different Types of Electrical Wiring Systems:

1. Cleat wiring

2. Wooden casing and capping wiring

3. CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring

4. Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring

5. Conduit wiring

➢ Surface or Open Conduit type

➢ Concealed or Underground type Conduit

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CLEAT WIRING:
This system of wiring comprise of ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires (occasionally,
sheathed and weather proof cable) braided and compounded held on walls or ceilings
by means of porcelain cleats, Plastic or wood.
Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is not suitable for
domestic premises.

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Advantages of Cleat Wiring: Disadvantages of Cleat Wiring:

➢ It is simple and cheap wiring system ➢ Appearance is not so good.

➢ Its installation and dismantlement is ➢ Cleat wiring can’t be use for
easy permanent use because, Sag may be
➢ Material is recoverable after the occur after sometime of the usage.
dismantlement ➢ Wiring is in open air, therefore, oil,
Steam, humidity, smoke, rain,
➢ Most suitable for temporary use i.e.
chemical and acidic effect may damage
under construction building the cables and wires.
➢ As the cables and wires is in open air, ➢ Life is short because of the weather
fault in cables can be seen and repair effect, risk of fire and wear & tear.
easily. ➢ It can be only used on 250/440 Volts
➢ Alteration and addition of points is easy. on low temperature.

Fields of Applications:

Very suitable for temporary installations in dry places, used where appearance is not so

important and cost is the main consideration. Not suitable for use in Domestic premises.
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CASING AND CAPPING WIRING:
The cables used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or any other approved insulated
cables. The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is made up of a
strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. The
grooves were made to separate opposite polarity. the capping (also made of wood) used to cover
the wires and cables installed and fitted in the casing.

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Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring: Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:
➢ Cheap in cost as compared to sheathed ➢ There is a high risk of fire in
and conduit wiring systems. casing & capping wiring system.
➢ It is strong and long-lasting wiring ➢ Not suitable in the acidic, alkalis
system. and humidity conditions
➢ Easy to install and rewire. ➢ Costly repairing and need more
➢ Provides good insulation as conductors material.
are good distance apart. ➢ White ants may damage the
➢ Safe from oil, Steam, smoke and rain. casing & capping of wood.
➢ No risk of electric shock due to covered ➢ Cannot be concealed in plaster.
wires and cables in casing & capping. ➢ Labour cost is higher.

Fields of Applications:

Suitable for Low voltage domestic installations in dry places and where there is no risk of

fire hazard.
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Cab Tire Sheath (CTS) or Tough Rubber Sheath
(TRS) Wiring:
The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of
tinned brass link clips (buckle clip) already fixed on the
batten with brass pins and spaced at an interval of 10
cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm for vertical runs.

Single core or double core or three core TRS cables with

a circular oval shape cables are used in this kind of
wiring. Mostly, single core cables are preferred. TRS
cables are chemical proof, water proof, steam proof, but
are slightly affected by lubricating oil. The TRS cables
are run on well seasoned and straight teak wood batten
with at least a thickness of 10 mm.

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Advantages of Batten Wiring: Disadvantages of Batten Wiring:
➢ Wiring installation is simple and easy ➢ High risk of fires
➢ cheap as compared to other electrical ➢ Not safe from external wear & tear and
wiring systems weather effects (because, the wires are
➢ good looking and beautiful openly visible to heat, dust, steam and
➢ Repairing is easy smoke).
➢ strong and long-lasting ➢ Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring
➢ Customization can be easily done in system.
this wiring system. ➢ Only suitable below then 250V.

Fields of Applications:
Suitable for low voltage installations and is used extensively for lighting purposes in

domestic, commercial or industrial buildings except workshops where it is liable to

mechanical injury. Can be used in situations where acids and alkalies are likely to be

present.
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LEAD SHEATHED WIRING:
The type of wiring employs conductors that are
insulated with TRS or PVC and covered with an outer
sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing about
95% of lead. The metal sheath gives protection to
cables from mechanical damage, moisture and
atmospheric corrosion.
The whole lead covering is made electrically continuous
and is connected to earth at the point of entry to
protect against electrolytic action due to leaking current
and to provide safety in case the sheath becomes alive.
The cables are run on wooden batten and fixed by
means of link clips just as in TRS wiring.

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Advantages of Lead Sheathed Wiring: Disadvantages of Lead Sheathed Wiring:
➢ Provides protection against mechanical ➢ Costlier than TRS wiring
injury better than TRS wiring ➢ Not suitable for places where chemical
➢ Easy to fix, looks nice, can be painted corrosion may occur
to suit colour scheme of surroundings
➢ Damage of insulation, the metal sheath
➢ Life is long if proper earth continuity is
maintained becomes alive and gives shock
➢ Can be used in damp situations against ➢ Skilled labour and proper supervision
moisture effect required

Fields of Applications:
Suitable for low voltage installations up to 250 V. May be used in places exposed to sun

and rain provided no joint of any kind is exposed. May be used in damp places with

protection against dampness. Most common application is for laying submains from pole

to energy meter.
CONDUIT WIRING:

SURFACE CONDUIT WIRING:

If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. In this wiring method,
they make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances and conduit is installed then with the
help of rawal plugs. The conduits used may be steel or PVC.

CONCEALED CONDUIT WIRING:

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called concealed
conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or floor with the help
of plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit wiring. obliviously, It is the most popular,
beautiful, stronger and common electrical wiring system nowadays.

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SURFACE CONDUIT WIRING:

CONCEALED CONDUIT WIRING:

Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems:

➢ It is the safest wiring system (Concealed conduit wring)

➢ Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)

➢ No risk of mechanical wear & tear and fire in case of metallic pipes.

➢ Repairing and maintenance is easy.

➢ There is no risk of damage the cables insulation.

➢ it is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit) and risk of fire.

➢ It can be used even in humidity, chemical effect and smoky areas.

➢ No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of metallic pipes).

➢ It is reliable and popular wiring system.

➢ sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.

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Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems:

➢ It is expensive wiring system (Due to PVC and Metallic pipes, Additional earthing for

metallic pipes Tee(s) and elbows etc.

➢ Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.

➢ installation is not easy and simple.

➢ Risk of Electric shock (In case of metallic pipes without proper earthing system)

➢ Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.

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S.
Particulars Cleat Wiring Casing & Capping TRS Wiring Lead Sheathed Wiring Conduit Wiring
No.
Conduit pipe,
Cleats, VIR or PVC Casing &Capping Teak Wood Batten Teak Wood Batten
1 Material required VIR or PVC
Cables VIR or PVC Cables TRS or PVC Cables Lead Sheathed Cables
cables
2 Cost Low Medium Medium Costly Very Costly
3 Voltage Up to 250V Up to 250V Up to 250V Up to 250V Up to 660V
4 Life Very Short Fairly long Long Long Very long
5 Protection against fire Poor NO Fair Good Very Good

6 Mechanical Protection None Fair Good fairly Good Very good

7 Protection from dampness None Poor Good Good Fairly good

8 Appearance Not good Fair Good Fair Very good

9 Safety No Medium Medium Medium high

10 Type of Labor required Semi-Skilled Highly-Skilled Skilled Skilled Highly-Skilled

11 General Reliability Poor Good Good Fairly good Very good

12 Additions/alterations to the wiring Very easy Difficult Easy Not very difficult Most difficult

13 Installation Very easy Difficult Easy Easy difficult

14 Inspection Easy Easy Easy Easy difficult

15 Repair Easy Little bit difficult Easy Easy difficult

16 Popularity Nil Fair Nil Nil Very High

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General Rules for Wiring: Click on the Icon during Presentation
Choice of Wiring Systems:

✓ Safety
✓ Durability
✓ Appearance
✓ Mechanical Protection
✓ Permanency
✓ Accessibility
✓ Initial cost
✓ Maintenance cost
Wiring Accessories:
TEXT BOOK:

1. J.B.Gupta, A Course in Electrical Installation Estimating and Costing, S.K.Kataria and

Sons, Reprint edition, 2013.