PYTHON LEARNING MADE EASY

Basic Python Syntax

Comments:

Comments are any text to the right of the # symbol and are mainly useful as notes
for the reader of the program.

Use as many useful comments as you can in your program to:

 Explain assumptions
 Explain important decisions
 Explain important details
 Explain problems you're trying to solve
 Explain problems you're trying to overcome in your program, etc.

For example:
 Single line comments – For a single line comments, # is used.
o print ('hello world') #This is single line comment

 Multiline comments – For multiline comments, ‘’’/””” (Triple quotes) are

used.
o """ For multi-line
comment use three
double quotes
"""
print("Hello World!")

Single quotes:

You can specify strings using single quotes such as 'Quote me on this'.
All white space i.e. spaces and tabs, within the quotes, are preserved as-is.
Python doesn't care if you use single quotes or double quotes to print a single
statement.

Double Quotes:

Strings in double quotes work exactly the same way as strings in single quotes.

An example is: "What's your name?"

Triple Quotes:

You can specify multi-line strings using triple quotes - ( """ or ''' ). You can use
single
quotes and double quotes freely within the triple quotes. An example is:

'''This is a multi-line string. This is the first line.

This is the second line.
"What's your name?," I asked.
He said "Bond, James Bond."
'''
Python back slash
The Python back slash is used for continuation of the print statement. You can
stretch a
single statement across multiple lines:

print("Hello\
world")

String inside the quotes:

For printing a string, either a pair of single (' ') quotes or pair of double quotes (" ")
can
be used as shown in the succeeding examples:
print ("Hello World 'Mr' Bond")

print ('old world "but" still good')

The format method:

Sometimes we may want to construct strings from other information. This is where
the
format() method is useful.

age = 20
name = 'Swaroop'
print('{0} was {1} years old when he wrote this book'.format(name, age))
print('Why is {0} playing with that python?'.format(name))

Also note that the numbers are optional, so you could have also written as:

age = 20
name = 'Swaroop'
print('{} was {} years old when he wrote this book'.format(name, age))
print('Why is {} playing with that python?'.format(name))

Notice that we could have achieved the same using string concatenation:

name + ' is ' + str(age) + ' years old'

Escape sequence in Python

The escape sequence is used to insert the tab, the newline, the backspace, and other
special characters into your code. They give you greater control and flexibility to
format your statements and code:

Escap Sequence Meaning

e
b Backspace
a Sound system bell
n Newline
t Horizontal tab
The character
' Single quotation mark
" Double quotation mark

print('\a')
print('This is line#1\nThis is line#2\nThis is line#3')
print('This is line#1\tThis is line#2\tThis is line#3')
print("I know, they are 'great'")

String concatenation

Two strings can be joined using the + operator:

print("Only way to join" + "two strings")

Formatted output
Consider an example where you would want to print the name, marks, and the age
of the
person:

print("Name", "Marks", "Age")

print("Amit", 90, 15)
print("Hina",95,15)
print("Hue",99,14)

Python allows you to set the formatted output, using %d (int), %f (float),
%s(string).

If you used %5d, it means 5 spaces. If you used %5.2f, it means 5 spaces and .2
means precision. The decimal part of the number or the precision is set to 2.

Let's use the formatting on the preceding example:

print("Name Marks Age")
print("%s %12.2f %11d" %("Amit", 90, 15))
print("%s %12.2f %11d" %("Hina",95,15))
print("%s %12.2f %11d" %("Hue",99,14))

Indentation

The most unique characteristic of Python, unlike other programming languages, is

indentation. Indentation not only makes Python code readable, but also
distinguishes each
block of code from the other. Let's explain this with an example:

def fun():
pass
for each in "Australia":
pass

C:\Users\user\PycharmProjects\Py1\venv\Scripts\python.exe
C:/Users/user/PycharmProjects/Py1/MyPy1.py
File "C:/Users/user/PycharmProjects/Py1/MyPy1.py", line 2
pass
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
Process finished with exit code 1

The solution is, properly indentation in code.

def fun():
pass
for each in "Australia":
pass

Variables
Variables are just parts of your computer's memory where you store some
information. Unlike literal constants, you need some method of accessing these
variables and hence you give them names.

There are certain rules or naming conventions for naming variables. The following
are the rules:

 Reserved key words such as if, else, and so on cannot be used for naming
variables
 Variable names can begin with _, $, or a letter
 Variable names can be in lower case and uppercase
 Variable names cannot start with a number
 White space characters are not allowed in the naming of a variable

You can assign values to the variable using = or assignment operator.

Syntax:
variable= expression

Single assignment

city='London' # A string variable assignment.

money = 100.75 # A floating point number assignment
count=4 #An integer assignment

Multiple assignment
a=b=c=1

Augmented Assignment

x+=
# Total value of a portfolio made up of two blocks of stock
portfolio = 0
portfolio += 150 * 2 + 1/4.0
portfolio += 75 * 1 + 7/8.0
print (portfolio)

Removing Assignment

Suntex
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]

Example:

N1 = 1
N2 = 2
del N2
print(N1)
print(N2)

Data types in Python

Data types can be broadly categorized into five different types, listed as follows:

 Numbers
o Integers and long integers - Integers include zero, all of the positive
whole numbers, and all of the negative whole numbers. The int or
integer data type ranges from -231 to (231-1); the leading minus sign
shows the negative values. Beyond these ranges, the interpreter will
add L to indicate a long integer.

o Floating point numbers - Numbers with certain places after the

decimal point are referred to as floating point numbers in the
programming language:
 The floating point number type ranges approximately from -10
to 10^308 and has 16 digits of precision.
  There are two ways to write a floating point number. It can be
written using
ordinary decimal notation or scientific notation. Scientific
notation is often useful for mentioning very large numbers.

o Complex numbers - A complex number has both real and imaginary

parts, and Python allows you to specify this data type in a very easy
and convenient way.

Syntax:
<variable name>=complex(x,y)
OR
<variable name>=x+yj

Here, x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. Here, j plays
the role of iota.

o Boolean data type - A Boolean data type generally has only two
values 'True' or 'False'. Boolean data type is a sub type of integers.

Syntax:
<variable name>=<'True' or 'False'>

x=10
y=12
print(x==y)

 String
 Tuples
 List
 Dictionary

____________________________________________________
1. NUMBER DATA TYPE EXPLANATION

X=10 #Example of integer

Y=12.7 #Example of float

Arithmetic Operations:
Arithmetic Operators (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Exponent,
Division, Floor Division, Modulus)

print(10+5)
print(10-5)
print(10*5)
print(10**2)
print(10/5)
print(12//5)
print(14%6)

Comparison Operations:
Comparison Operators (==,</LT,<=/LE,>/GT,>=/GE,NE/!=)

x=10
y=15
print(x==y)
print(x<y)
print(x<=y)
print(x>y)
print(x>=y)
print(x!=y)

Assignment Operations:
Assignment Operator '='

Total=200
Region='North'
Multiple Assignment Example1

x=y=z=150
print(x,y,z)

Multiple Assignment Example2

x,y=100,200
print(x,y)

Logical Operations:

Logical Operator (AND,OR,NOT)

print (1>4 and 5>4)

print (1>4 or 5>4)
print (not(4>5))

2. STRING DATA TYPE EXPLANATION

str1="satyamev jayte"
print (Str1)

str1="shramamev jayte"
print (str1)

Operations on Strings

1. The Subscript Operator - Used to access the elements of string

2. Slicing for Substrings - Used to access the elements of string

print(str1[2:6])
print(str1[2:])
 print(str1[:5])
print(str1[:])

3. String Methods - COUNT, FIND

str2="The Avengers"
print(str1.count('T'))
print(str1.count('e'))
str3="peace begins with a smile"
print(str3.find('with'))

4. String Case Methods - UPPER, LOWER, CAPITALIZE, TITLE,

SWAPCASE

str4="manoj jangra"
print(str4.upper())
print(str4.lower())
print(str4.capitalize())
print(str4.title
print(str4.swapcase())

5. String Strip Methods

str5="manoj jangram"
print(str5.rstrip("m"))
str5="manoj jangra#"
print(str4.rstrip('#'))
str5=' manoj kumar '
print(str5.rstrip())

6. String Split Methods

str6='27-12-2009'
print(str6.split('-',1)) #1st part split
print(str6.split('-',2)) #1st, 2nd part split
print(str6.split('-',3)) #1st, 2nd part & 3rd part split
 str7="mohit raj"
print(str7.split())

7. String Justify Methods - LJUST, RJUST, CENTER, ZFILL, REPLACE,

JOIN

print(str7.ljust(15,'@')) #Left justify

print(str7.rjust(15,'#')) #Right justify
print(str7.center(16,'*')) #Centrally justified
account_no='1810037305'
print(account_no.zfill(20)) #Filling a string with characters
str8="manoj kumar"
print(str8.replace("kumar","jangra"))#Repacing a part of string with other
part
name=['mohit','raj']
print(" ".join(name))#Joining parts of strings

3. TUPLE DATA TYPE EXPLANATION

tup1=()
Tup2=(2,1,3,”manoj”,10,”hina”)

Indexing Tuple
Print(tup2[0])
Print(tup2[2])

Slicing of tuple
Print(tup2[2,5])
Print(tup2[2:])
Print(tup2[:5])
Print(tup2[-3,-2])

Unpacking the items of tuples

tup3=(1,2,3)
A,b,c=tup3
 Print(a,b,c)

Tuple functions – len(), max(), min()

Print(len(tup3)): 3
Print(max(tup3)): 3
Print(min(tup3)):1

Operations of tuples

(+) – Addition operator

Print(tup3+tup4)

(*) – Multiplication operator

Print(tup*3): 1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3

4. LIST DATA TYPE EXPLANATION

Creating a list

Lis1=[] #List with null values

Print(lis1)

Creating a list with values

Lis2=[‘banana’,’mango’,’apple’,’carrot’]

Print(lis2)

Unpacking list values

Lis3=[2,3,5]
X,Y,Z=Lis3
Print(X,Y,Z)
List operations
Print(lis3[0])
Print(lis3[3])

Slicing of List
Print(lis3[2,6])
Print(lis3[2:])
Print(lis[:4])
Print(lis3[1:13:3])

Updating the list

Avengers=[‘thor’,’hulk’,’captain’]
Avengers=[2]
Avengers[2]=’captain-america’

Deleting values from a list

del list1[1]
print(list1)
del list1[2:5]
print(list1)
del list1
print(list1)

Addition of Python lists

veg_list=['carrot','ladyfinger','reddish']
fru_list=['mango','banana']
fin_list=veg_list+fru_list
print(fin_list)

Multiplication of lists
av=['vision','sam']
av_double=av*2
print(av_double)
in operator
if 'vision' in av:
print('yes')

List functions

len() –
print(len(fin_list))

max () –
print(fin_list)

min() –
print(fin_list)

list () –
tup1=(1,4,3)
tup_2_list=list(tup1)
print(tup_2_list)

sorted () –
tup1=(1,4,3)
tup_2_list=list(tup1)
print(tup_2_list)
print(sorted(tup_2_list))

List methods

append () –
veg_list.append('spinach')
veg_list.append('corriendor')
print(veg_list)

extend() –
lis1=[10,20,40,30]
lis2=[40,60]
lis1.extend(lis2)
print(lis1)

count () –
print(lis1.count(10))

index () –
print(lis1.index(20))

insert()-
veg_list.insert(0,'zeera')
print(veg_list)

remove() –
veg_list.remove('carrot')
print(veg_list)

reverse() –
veg_list.reverse()
print(veg_list)

5. DICTIONARY DATA TYPE EXPLANATION

Empty_dic={}
best_team={'australia':'bradman','india':'shrikant','shrilanka':'jaisurya'}
print(best_team)

Operations on the dictionary

Accessing the values of dictionary

print(best_team['shrilanka']

Deleting an item from the dictionary

del best_team['india']
print(best_team)

Updating the values of the dictionary

best_team['shrilanka']='sanath'
print(best_team)

Adding an item to the dictionary

best_team['england']='batham'
best_team['pakistan']='miyandad'
print(best_team)

Dictionary functions

len() –
print(len(best_team))

str() –
str(best_team)
print(best_team)

max() –
max(best_team)
print(best_team)

min() –
min(best_team)
print(best_team)

dict() –
dict(best_team)
print(best_team)

Dictionary Methods –
new_bestteam=best_team.copy()
print(new_bestteam)

get() –
print(best_team.get('india'))

setdefault() –
print(best_team.setdefault('india'))

key() –
port1 = {80: 'http', 18: None, 19: 'Unknown', 22: 'SSH', 23: 'Telnet'}
print(port1.keys())

values() –
port1 = {80: 'http', 18: None, 19: 'Unknown', 22: 'SSH', 23: 'Telnet'}
print(port1.values())

items() –
port1.items()
print(port1)

update() –
port1 = {80: 'http', 18: None, 19: 'Unknown', 22: 'SSH', 23: 'Telnet'}
port2={25:'given', 30:'not taken'}
port1.update(port2)
print(port1)

clear() –
port1.clear()
print(port1)