Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 95 views

    ATH Hizz: Presenter: MR G. Williams

    Uploaded by

    Kristen
    The document covers set theory topics such as subsets, finding the number

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    ATH Hizz: Presenter: MR G. Williams

    Uploaded by

    Kristen
    95 views20 pages
    The document covers set theory topics such as subsets, finding the number

    Original Title

    SETS

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document covers set theory topics such as subsets, finding the number

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    95 views20 pages

    ATH Hizz: Presenter: MR G. Williams

    Uploaded by

    Kristen
    The document covers set theory topics such as subsets, finding the number

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 20

    MATH WHIZZ

    SETS
    PRESENTER: MR G.
    WILLIAMS
    DEFINITION
    A SET is a collection of distinguishable things. The things in a set are
    called the members or elements. A set is defined using a capital letter,
    its items are separated with commas and they are enclosed in braces.

    EXAMPLE:
    B = the set of vowels in the English alphabet = {a , e , i , o , u}

    EXAMPLE:
    P = the set of prime number less than 18
    = {2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17}
    TYPES OF SET
    A finite set is a set with elements An infinite set is one in which it is
    that can be listed and counted. impossible to list all of the
    members.
    EXAMPLE: EXAMPLES
    A = {1 , 3 , 5 , 7} A = {1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , …}

    A null set (or empty set) is a set that has no elements and is finite.
    An empty set is denoted by { } or .
    EXAMPLE:
    C = {odd number that are divisible by 2}
    1. List the element of each set that is described.

    (a)J = {prime numbers less than 20}


    J = {2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19}

    (b) K = {multiples of 4 that are no more than 29}


    K = {4 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 20 , 24 , 28}
     
    2. The set is defined using set builder notation. List the members.
    {x : 1 x 7 , x }
    = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6}
    MEMBERSHIP OF A SET
    • A member (or element) of a set is one of the objects contained in that set.

     
    • The symbol means ‘is a member of’ or ‘is element of’ or ‘belongs to’.

     
    • The symbol means ‘is a not member of’ or ‘is not element of’ or ‘does not
    belong to’.
     
    EXAMPLE: Y = {5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30}
    Given that 15 is a member of set Y, we can write 15 Y.
    Since 18 does not belong to the set Y, we can write 18 Y.
    CARDINALITY OF A SET
    • The order of a set is the number of elements contained in the set.

    • n( ) means ‘the number of elements in’

    EXAMPLE: Y = {5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30}
    Then n(Y) = 6
    Therefore set Y has six elements.
    SUBSETS
    • A subset is a set which consist
    • Every set has at least two subsets:
    of all of the elements of another
    o itself;
    set.
    o and the empty set.

     
    • The symbol means ‘is a subset of’.
     
    • The symbol means ‘is a not subset of’.
     
    EXAMPLE: If A = {3 , 9 , 15} and B = {1 , 3 , 5 , 7, 9 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 17}
    We can see that all the elements of A are also members of B.
    We say that A is a subset of B, written as A B.
    NUMBER OF SUBSETS OF
    A SET
    EXAMPLE:
    List all the subsets of {a , b , c}
    SOLUTION
    The subsets of {a , b , c} are { }, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b},
    {a,c}, {b,c}, {a,b,c}
     
    the set {a , b , c} has eight subsets.
     
    is the formula that can be used to
    find the number of subsets of a particular set.
    Where S = the number of subsets
    And n = the number of elements
    EXAMPLE:
    How many subsets are in {a , b , c} ?
     
    SOLUTION
    The number of subsets,
     

     
    2x2x2 =8
    1. A set has five elements. How many subsets can be formed from
    this?
    n(S) = 5
     
    S=
     
    S = 2 2 2 2 2 = 32
     
    2. If A = {2,3,5,7,11,13} , B = {3,5,7} and C = {7,13}, which of these
    statements are true?
    (a) A B ……….. FALS (c)B A ……….. TRUE
    E
    (b) B C ……….. FALS (d) C A ……….. TRUE
    E
    EQUAL SETS
    • Two sets are equal if their EXAMPLE:
    elements are identical. X = { 1 , 2 , 5} and Y = { 2 , 5 , 1}
    Both sets have the same members
    So X = Y.

    EXAMPLE:
    EQUIVALENT SETS
    • Two sets are equivalent if they
    X = { 1 , 2 , 5} and Y = { a , b , c} have exactly the same number
    Now n(X) = 3 and n(Y) = 3 of members.
    So n(X) = n (Y)
    Hence X and Y are equivalent.
    UNIVERSAL SETS
     
    A universal set is the set from which all the elements are taken.
    The universal set is denoted by the symbol

    VENN DIAGRAM
    In drawing a Venn diagram, we
    use a rectangle to represent the
    universal set, and circles inside the
    rectangle to represent its subsets.
    INTERSECTION OF TWO
    SETS
    The intersection of two sets is all the elements that
    appear in both sets.

     
    The symbol means ‘intersection’.

      A B
    We may read A B as
    ‘A intersection B’ or
    ‘the intersection of A and B’.
     
    EXAMPLE:
    If P = {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15} and Q = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10}, state the elements
    in P Q. Draw a suitable Venn diagram to represent the information.

    SOLUTION
    Given that P = {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15} and
    Q = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10} P Q
    3 2
      9 4
    Then P Q = {6} 6
    12 8
    15 10
    UNION OF TWO SETS
    The union of two sets is the set of all the
    elements contained in the two sets.

     
    The symbol means ‘union’.

      A B
    We may read A B as
    ‘A union B’ or
    ‘the union of A and B’.
     
    EXAMPLE:
    If P = {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15} and Q = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10}, state the elements
    in P Q. Draw a suitable Venn diagram to represent the information.

    P Q
    3 2
    9 4
    SOLUTION 6 8
    12
    Given that P = {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15} and 15 10
    Q = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10}
     
    Then P Q = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15}
    COMPLEMENT OF A SET
    The complement of a set consists of all those elements that are in the
    universal set but are not elements of the set under consideration.

    The complement of set A is denoted as A’

    which we read as:


    • Complement of A
    • A prime
    EXAMPLE:
    If U = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 15}
    P = {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15} and
    Q = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10},
    P Q
    List the members of: 3 2
    9 4
      {1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 ,
    (a) = .....………………….............8 , 10 , 13} 1 6 7
    12 8
      {1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 15} 15 10
    (b) = …..….………………............. 5
    13
      {1 , 5 , 7 , 13}
    (c) = ……………….............
      {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 15}
    (d) = ………………………..……………….............
    1. The universal set U, is defined as the set of integers between 11 and 26.

    A and B are subsets of U such that:


    A = {even numbers} B = {multiples of 3}

    (i) How many members are in the universal set, U? ……………..

    (ii) List the members of the subset A …………………………

    (iii)List the members of the subset B …………………………


    (iv)Draw a Venn diagram to represent the relationship among
    A, B and U.
    2. A Universal set, U, is defined as:

    U = {15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25}

    Sets M and N are subsets of U such that

    M = {prime numbers} and N = {even numbers}

    (i) Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets M, N and U.

    (ii) List the elements of the set


     
    = ……………….....

    You might also like