POSIX Threads

POSIX Threads Programming https://computing.llnl.
gov/tutorials/pthreads/
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POSIX Threads Programming

Author: Blaise Barney, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory UCRL-MI-133316
Table of Contents
1. Abstract
2. Pthreads Overview
1. What is a Thread?
2. What are Pthreads?
3. Why Pthreads?
4. Designing Threaded Programs
3. The Pthreads API
4. Compiling Threaded Programs
5. Thread Management
1. Creating and Terminating Threads
2. Passing Arguments to Threads
3. Joining and Detaching Threads
4. Stack Management
5. Miscellaneous Routines
6. Exercise 1
7. Mutex Variables
1. Mutex Variables Overview
2. Creating and Destroying Mutexes
3. Locking and Unlocking Mutexes
8. Condition Variables
1. Condition Variables Overview
2. Creating and Destroying Condition Variables
3. Waiting and Signaling on Condition Variables
9. Monitoring, Debugging and Performance Analysis Tools for Pthreads
10. LLNL Specific Information and Recommendations
11. Topics Not Covered
12. Exercise 2
13. References and More Information
14. Appendix A: Pthread Library Routines Reference
Abstract
In shared memory multiprocessor architectures, threads can be used to implement parallelism. Historically, hardware vendors have
implemented their own proprietary versions of threads, making portability a concern for software developers. For UNIX systems, a
standardized C language threads programming interface has been specified by the IEEE POSIX 1003.1c standard. Implementations that
adhere to this standard are referred to as POSIX threads, or Pthreads.
The tutorial begins with an introduction to concepts, motivations, and design considerations for using Pthreads. Each of the three major
classes of routines in the Pthreads API are then covered: Thread Management, Mutex Variables, and Condition Variables. Example codes
are used throughout to demonstrate how to use most of the Pthreads routines needed by a new Pthreads programmer. The tutorial
concludes with a discussion of LLNL specifics and how to mix MPI with pthreads. A lab exercise, with numerous example codes (C
Language) is also included.
Level/Prerequisites: This tutorial is ideal for those who are new to parallel programming with pthreads. A basic understanding of parallel
programming in C is required. For those who are unfamiliar with Parallel Programming in general, the material covered in EC3500:
Introduction to Parallel Computing would be helpful.
Pthreads Overview
What is a Thread?
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POSIX Threads Programming https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/
Technically, a thread is defined as an independent stream of instructions that can be scheduled to run as such by the operating
system. But what does this mean?
To the software developer, the concept of a "procedure" that runs independently from its main program may best describe a thread.
To go one step further, imagine a main program (a.out) that contains a number of procedures. Then imagine all of these procedures
being able to be scheduled to run simultaneously and/or independently by the operating system. That would describe a "multi-
threaded" program.
How is this accomplished?
Before understanding a thread, one first needs to understand a UNIX process. A process is created by the operating system, and
requires a fair amount of "overhead". Processes contain information about program resources and program execution state,
including:
Process ID, process group ID, user ID, and group ID
Environment
Working directory.
Program instructions
Registers
Stack
Heap
File descriptors
Signal actions
Shared libraries
Inter-process communication tools (such as message queues, pipes, semaphores, or shared memory).
UNIX PROCESS THREADS WITHIN A UNIX PROCESS
Threads use and exist within these process resources, yet are able to be scheduled by the operating system and run as independent
entities largely because they duplicate only the bare essential resources that enable them to exist as executable code.
This independent flow of control is accomplished because a thread maintains its own:
Stack pointer
Registers
Scheduling properties (such as policy or priority)
Set of pending and blocked signals
Thread specific data.
So, in summary, in the UNIX environment a thread:

Exists within a process and uses the process resources
Has its own independent flow of control as long as its parent process exists and the OS supports it
Duplicates only the essential resources it needs to be independently schedulable
May share the process resources with other threads that act equally independently (and dependently)
Dies if the parent process dies - or something similar
Is "lightweight" because most of the overhead has already been accomplished through the creation of its process.
Because threads within the same process share resources:

Changes made by one thread to shared system resources (such as closing a file) will be seen by all other threads.
Two pointers having the same value point to the same data.
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Reading and writing to the same memory locations is possible, and therefore requires explicit synchronization by the
programmer.
Pthreads Overview
What are Pthreads?
Historically, hardware vendors have implemented their own proprietary versions of threads. These implementations differed
substantially from each other making it difficult for programmers to develop portable threaded applications.
In order to take full advantage of the capabilities provided by threads, a standardized programming interface was required.
For UNIX systems, this interface has been specified by the IEEE POSIX 1003.1c standard (1995).
Implementations adhering to this standard are referred to as POSIX threads, or Pthreads.
Most hardware vendors now offer Pthreads in addition to their proprietary API's.
The POSIX standard has continued to evolve and undergo revisions, including the Pthreads specification.
Some useful links:

standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1003.1-2008.html
www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/posix_faq.html
Pthreads are defined as a set of C language programming types and procedure calls, implemented with a pthread.h
header/include file and a thread library - though this library may be part of another library, such as libc, in some implementations.
Pthreads Overview
Why Pthreads?
Light Weight:
When compared to the cost of creating and managing a process, a thread can be created with much less operating system
overhead. Managing threads requires fewer system resources than managing processes.
For example, the following table compares timing results for the fork() subroutine and the pthread_create() subroutine.
Timings reflect 50,000 process/thread creations, were performed with the time utility, and units are in seconds, no optimization
flags.
Note: don't expect the system and user times to add up to real time, because these are SMP systems with multiple CPUs/cores
working on the problem at the same time. At best, these are approximations run on local machines, past and present.
fork() pthread_create()
Platform
real user sys real user sys
Intel 2.6 GHz Xeon E5-2670 (16 cores/node) 8.1 0.1 2.9 0.9 0.2 0.3
Intel 2.8 GHz Xeon 5660 (12 cores/node) 4.4 0.4 4.3 0.7 0.2 0.5
AMD 2.3 GHz Opteron (16 cores/node) 12.5 1.0 12.5 1.2 0.2 1.3
AMD 2.4 GHz Opteron (8 cores/node) 17.6 2.2 15.7 1.4 0.3 1.3
IBM 4.0 GHz POWER6 (8 cpus/node) 9.5 0.6 8.8 1.6 0.1 0.4
IBM 1.9 GHz POWER5 p5-575 (8 cpus/node) 64.2 30.7 27.6 1.7 0.6 1.1
IBM 1.5 GHz POWER4 (8 cpus/node) 104.5 48.6 47.2 2.1 1.0 1.5
INTEL 2.4 GHz Xeon (2 cpus/node) 54.9 1.5 20.8 1.6 0.7 0.9
INTEL 1.4 GHz Itanium2 (4 cpus/node) 54.5 1.1 22.2 2.0 1.2 0.6
fork_vs_thread.txt
Efficient Communications/Data Exchange:
The primary motivation for considering the use of Pthreads in a high performance computing environment is to achieve optimum
performance. In particular, if an application is using MPI for on-node communications, there is a potential that performance could be
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improved by using Pthreads instead.
MPI libraries usually implement on-node task communication via shared memory, which involves at least one memory copy
operation (process to process).
For Pthreads there is no intermediate memory copy required because threads share the same address space within a single
process. There is no data transfer, per se. It can be as efficient as simply passing a pointer.
In the worst case scenario, Pthread communications become more of a cache-to-CPU or memory-to-CPU bandwidth issue. These
speeds are much higher than MPI shared memory communications.
For example: some local comparisons, past and present, are shown below:
Pthreads Worst Case

MPI Shared Memory Bandwidth
Platform Memory-to-CPU Bandwidth
(GB/sec)
(GB/sec)
Intel 2.6 GHz Xeon E5-2670 4.5 51.2

Intel 2.8 GHz Xeon 5660 5.6 32
AMD 2.3 GHz Opteron 1.8 5.3
AMD 2.4 GHz Opteron 1.2 5.3
IBM 1.9 GHz POWER5 p5-575 4.1 16
IBM 1.5 GHz POWER4 2.1 4
Intel 2.4 GHz Xeon 0.3 4.3
Intel 1.4 GHz Itanium 2 1.8 6.4
Other Common Reasons:
Threaded applications offer potential performance gains and practical advantages over non-threaded applications in several other
ways:
Overlapping CPU work with I/O: For example, a program may have sections where it is performing a long I/O operation. While
one thread is waiting for an I/O system call to complete, CPU intensive work can be performed by other threads.
Priority/real-time scheduling: tasks which are more important can be scheduled to supersede or interrupt lower priority tasks.
Asynchronous event handling: tasks which service events of indeterminate frequency and duration can be interleaved. For
example, a web server can both transfer data from previous requests and manage the arrival of new requests.
A perfect example is the typical web browser, where many interleaved tasks can be happening at the same time, and where tasks
can vary in priority.
Another good example is a modern operating system, which makes extensive use of threads. A screenshot of the MS Windows OS
and applications using threads is shown below.
Click for larger image
Pthreads Overview
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Designing Threaded Programs
Parallel Programming:
On modern, multi-core machines, pthreads are ideally suited for parallel programming, and whatever applies to parallel programming
in general, applies to parallel pthreads programs.
There are many considerations for designing parallel programs, such as:
What type of parallel programming model to use?
Problem partitioning
Load balancing
Communications
Data dependencies
Synchronization and race conditions
Memory issues
I/O issues
Program complexity
Programmer effort/costs/time
...
Covering these topics is beyond the scope of this tutorial, however interested readers can obtain a quick overview in the Introduction
to Parallel Computing tutorial.
In general though, in order for a program to take advantage of Pthreads, it must be able to be organized into discrete, independent
tasks which can execute concurrently. For example, if routine1 and routine2 can be interchanged, interleaved and/or overlapped in
real time, they are candidates for threading.
Programs having the following characteristics may be well suited for pthreads:
Work that can be executed, or data that can be operated on, by multiple tasks simultaneously:
Block for potentially long I/O waits
Use many CPU cycles in some places but not others
Must respond to asynchronous events
Some work is more important than other work (priority interrupts)
Several common models for threaded programs exist:
Manager/worker: a single thread, the manager assigns work to other threads, the workers. Typically, the manager handles all
input and parcels out work to the other tasks. At least two forms of the manager/worker model are common: static worker pool
and dynamic worker pool.
Pipeline: a task is broken into a series of suboperations, each of which is handled in series, but concurrently, by a different
thread. An automobile assembly line best describes this model.
Peer: similar to the manager/worker model, but after the main thread creates other threads, it participates in the work.
Shared Memory Model:
All threads have access to the same global, shared memory
Threads also have their own private data
Programmers are responsible for synchronizing access (protecting) globally shared data.
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Thread-safeness:
Thread-safeness: in a nutshell, refers an application's ability to execute multiple threads simultaneously without "clobbering" shared
data or creating "race" conditions.
For example, suppose that your application creates several threads, each of which makes a call to the same library routine:
This library routine accesses/modifies a global structure or location in memory.
As each thread calls this routine it is possible that they may try to modify this global structure/memory location at the same
time.
If the routine does not employ some sort of synchronization constructs to prevent data corruption, then it is not thread-safe.
The implication to users of external library routines is that if you aren't 100% certain the routine is thread-safe, then you take your
chances with problems that could arise.
Recommendation: Be careful if your application uses libraries or other objects that don't explicitly guarantee thread-safeness. When
in doubt, assume that they are not thread-safe until proven otherwise. This can be done by "serializing" the calls to the uncertain
routine, etc.
Thread Limits:
Although the Pthreads API is an ANSI/IEEE standard, implementations can, and usually do, vary in ways not specified by the
standard.
Because of this, a program that runs fine on one platform, may fail or produce wrong results on another platform.
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For example, the maximum number of threads permitted, and the default thread stack size are two important limits to consider when
designing your program.
Several thread limits are discussed in more detail later in this tutorial.
The Pthreads API
The original Pthreads API was defined in the ANSI/IEEE POSIX 1003.1 - 1995 standard. The POSIX standard has continued to
evolve and undergo revisions, including the Pthreads specification.
Copies of the standard can be purchased from IEEE or downloaded for free from other sites online.
The subroutines which comprise the Pthreads API can be informally grouped into four major groups:
1. Thread management: Routines that work directly on threads - creating, detaching, joining, etc. They also include functions to
set/query thread attributes (joinable, scheduling etc.)
2. Mutexes: Routines that deal with synchronization, called a "mutex", which is an abbreviation for "mutual exclusion". Mutex
functions provide for creating, destroying, locking and unlocking mutexes. These are supplemented by mutex attribute
functions that set or modify attributes associated with mutexes.
3. Condition variables: Routines that address communications between threads that share a mutex. Based upon programmer
specified conditions. This group includes functions to create, destroy, wait and signal based upon specified variable values.
Functions to set/query condition variable attributes are also included.
4. Synchronization: Routines that manage read/write locks and barriers.
Naming conventions: All identifiers in the threads library begin with pthread_. Some examples are shown below.
Routine Prefix Functional Group
pthread_ Threads themselves and miscellaneous subroutines

pthread_attr_ Thread attributes objects
pthread_mutex_ Mutexes
pthread_mutexattr_ Mutex attributes objects.
pthread_cond_ Condition variables
pthread_condattr_ Condition attributes objects
pthread_key_ Thread-specific data keys
pthread_rwlock_ Read/write locks
pthread_barrier_ Synchronization barriers
The concept of opaque objects pervades the design of the API. The basic calls work to create or modify opaque objects - the
opaque objects can be modified by calls to attribute functions, which deal with opaque attributes.
The Pthreads API contains around 100 subroutines. This tutorial will focus on a subset of these - specifically, those which are most
likely to be immediately useful to the beginning Pthreads programmer.
For portability, the pthread.h header file should be included in each source file using the Pthreads library.
The current POSIX standard is defined only for the C language. Fortran programmers can use wrappers around C function calls.
Some Fortran compilers may provide a Fortran pthreads API.
A number of excellent books about Pthreads are available. Several of these are listed in the References section of this tutorial.
Compiling Threaded Programs
Several examples of compile commands used for pthreads codes are listed in the table below.
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Compiler / Platform Compiler Command Description
INTEL icc -pthread C

Linux icpc -pthread C++
PGI pgcc -lpthread C

Linux pgCC -lpthread C++
GNU gcc -pthread GNU C

Linux, Blue Gene g++ -pthread GNU C++
IBM bgxlc_r / bgcc_r C (ANSI / non-ANSI)

Blue Gene bgxlC_r, bgxlc++_r C++
Thread Management
Creating and Terminating Threads
Routines:
pthread_create (thread,attr,start_routine,arg)
pthread_exit (status)
pthread_cancel (thread)
pthread_attr_init (attr)
pthread_attr_destroy (attr)
Creating Threads:
Initially, your main() program comprises a single, default thread. All other threads must be explicitly created by the programmer.
pthread_create creates a new thread and makes it executable. This routine can be called any number of times from anywhere
within your code.
pthread_create arguments:
thread: An opaque, unique identifier for the new thread returned by the subroutine.
attr: An opaque attribute object that may be used to set thread attributes. You can specify a thread attributes object, or NULL
for the default values.
start_routine: the C routine that the thread will execute once it is created.
arg: A single argument that may be passed to start_routine. It must be passed by reference as a pointer cast of type void.
NULL may be used if no argument is to be passed.
The maximum number of threads that may be created by a process is implementation dependent. Programs that attempt to exceed
the limit can fail or produce wrong results.
Querying and setting your implementation's thread limit - Linux example shown. Demonstrates querying the default (soft) limits and
then setting the maximum number of processes (including threads) to the hard limit. Then verifying that the limit has been
overridden.
bash / ksh / sh tcsh / csh

$ ulimit -a % limit
core file size (blocks, -c) 16 cputime unlimited
data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited filesize unlimited
scheduling priority (-e) 0 datasize unlimited
file size (blocks, -f) unlimited stacksize unlimited
pending signals (-i) 255956 coredumpsize 16 kbytes
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 memoryuse unlimited
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited vmemoryuse unlimited
open files (-n) 1024 descriptors 1024
pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 memorylocked 64 kbytes
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POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 maxproc 1024

real-time priority (-r) 0
stack size (kbytes, -s) unlimited % limit maxproc unlimited
cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited
max user processes (-u) 1024 % limit
virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited cputime unlimited
file locks (-x) unlimited filesize unlimited
datasize unlimited
$ ulimit -Hu stacksize unlimited
7168 coredumpsize 16 kbytes
memoryuse unlimited
$ ulimit -u 7168 vmemoryuse unlimited
descriptors 1024
$ ulimit -a memorylocked 64 kbytes
core file size (blocks, -c) 16 maxproc 7168
data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited
scheduling priority (-e) 0
file size (blocks, -f) unlimited
pending signals (-i) 255956
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited
open files (-n) 1024
pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8
POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200
real-time priority (-r) 0
stack size (kbytes, -s) unlimited
cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited
max user processes (-u) 7168
virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited
file locks (-x) unlimited
Once created, threads are peers, and may create other threads. There is no implied hierarchy or dependency between threads.
Thread Attributes:
By default, a thread is created with certain attributes. Some of these attributes can be changed by the programmer via the thread
attribute object.
pthread_attr_init and pthread_attr_destroy are used to initialize/destroy the thread attribute object.
Other routines are then used to query/set specific attributes in the thread attribute object. Attributes include:
Detached or joinable state
Scheduling inheritance
Scheduling policy
Scheduling parameters
Scheduling contention scope
Stack size
Stack address
Stack guard (overflow) size
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Some of these attributes will be discussed later.
Thread Binding and Scheduling:
Question: After a thread has been created, how do you know a)when it will be scheduled to run by the operating system, and
b)which processor/core it will run on?
Answer
The Pthreads API provides several routines that may be used to specify how threads are scheduled for execution. For example,
threads can be scheduled to run FIFO (first-in first-out), RR (round-robin) or OTHER (operating system determines). It also provides
the ability to set a thread's scheduling priority value.
These topics are not covered here, however a good overview of "how things work" under Linux can be found in the
sched_setscheduler man page.
The Pthreads API does not provide routines for binding threads to specific cpus/cores. However, local implementations may include
this functionality - such as providing the non-standard pthread_setaffinity_np routine. Note that "_np" in the name stands for
"non-portable".
Also, the local operating system may provide a way to do this. For example, Linux provides the sched_setaffinity routine.
Terminating Threads & pthread_exit():
There are several ways in which a thread may be terminated:
The thread returns normally from its starting routine. Its work is done.
The thread makes a call to the pthread_exit subroutine - whether its work is done or not.
The thread is canceled by another thread via the pthread_cancel routine.
The entire process is terminated due to making a call to either the exec() or exit()
If main() finishes first, without calling pthread_exit explicitly itself
The pthread_exit() routine allows the programmer to specify an optional termination status parameter. This optional parameter
is typically returned to threads "joining" the terminated thread (covered later).
In subroutines that execute to completion normally, you can often dispense with calling pthread_exit() - unless, of course, you
want to pass the optional status code back.
Cleanup: the pthread_exit() routine does not close files; any files opened inside the thread will remain open after the thread is
terminated.
Discussion on calling pthread_exit() from main():

There is a definite problem if main() finishes before the threads it spawned if you don't call pthread_exit() explicitly. All of
the threads it created will terminate because main() is done and no longer exists to support the threads.
By having main() explicitly call pthread_exit() as the last thing it does, main() will block and be kept alive to support the
threads it created until they are done.
Example: Pthread Creation and Termination
This simple example code creates 5 threads with the pthread_create() routine. Each thread prints a "Hello World!" message,
and then terminates with a call to pthread_exit().
Pthread Creation and Termination Example

1 #include <pthread.h>
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #define NUM_THREADS 5
4
5 void *PrintHello(void *threadid)
6 {
7 long tid;
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8 tid = (long)threadid;
9 printf("Hello World! It's me, thread #%ld!\n", tid);
10 pthread_exit(NULL);
11 }
12
13 int main (int argc, char *argv[])
14 {
15 pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
16 int rc;
17 long t;
18 for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++){
19 printf("In main: creating thread %ld\n", t);
20 rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello, (void *)t);
21 if (rc){
22 printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_create() is %d\n", rc);
23 exit(-1);
24 }
25 }
26
27 /* Last thing that main() should do */
29 }
Thread Management
Passing Arguments to Threads
The pthread_create() routine permits the programmer to pass one argument to the thread start routine. For cases where
multiple arguments must be passed, this limitation is easily overcome by creating a structure which contains all of the arguments,
and then passing a pointer to that structure in the pthread_create() routine.
All arguments must be passed by reference and cast to (void *).
Question: How can you safely pass data to newly created threads, given their non-deterministic start-up and scheduling?
Answer
Example 1 - Thread Argument Passing

This code fragment demonstrates how to pass a simple integer to each thread. The calling thread uses a
unique data structure for each thread, insuring that each thread's argument remains intact throughout the
program.
long taskids[NUM_THREADS];
for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++)

{
taskids[t] = t;
printf("Creating thread %ld\n", t);
rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello, (void *) taskids[t]);
...
}
Example 2 - Thread Argument Passing

This example shows how to setup/pass multiple arguments via a structure. Each thread receives a unique
instance of the structure.
struct thread_data{
int thread_id;
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int sum;
char *message;
};
struct thread_data thread_data_array[NUM_THREADS];
void *PrintHello(void *threadarg)

{
struct thread_data *my_data;
...
my_data = (struct thread_data *) threadarg;
taskid = my_data->thread_id;
sum = my_data->sum;
hello_msg = my_data->message;
...
}
int main (int argc, char *argv[])

{
...
thread_data_array[t].thread_id = t;
thread_data_array[t].sum = sum;
thread_data_array[t].message = messages[t];
rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello,
(void *) &thread_data_array[t]);
...
}
Example 3 - Thread Argument Passing (Incorrect)

This example performs argument passing incorrectly. It passes the address of variable t, which is shared
memory space and visible to all threads. As the loop iterates, the value of this memory location changes,
possibly before the created threads can access it.
int rc;
long t;
for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++)

{
printf("Creating thread %ld\n", t);
rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello, (void *) &t);
...
}
Thread Management
Joining and Detaching Threads
Routines:
pthread_join (threadid,status)
pthread_detach (threadid)
pthread_attr_setdetachstate (attr,detachstate)
pthread_attr_getdetachstate (attr,detachstate)
Joining:
"Joining" is one way to accomplish synchronization between threads. For example:
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The pthread_join() subroutine blocks the calling thread until the specified threadid thread terminates.
The programmer is able to obtain the target thread's termination return status if it was specified in the target thread's call to
pthread_exit().
A joining thread can match one pthread_join() call. It is a logical error to attempt multiple joins on the same thread.
Two other synchronization methods, mutexes and condition variables, will be discussed later.
Joinable or Not?
When a thread is created, one of its attributes defines whether it is joinable or detached. Only threads that are created as joinable
can be joined. If a thread is created as detached, it can never be joined.
The final draft of the POSIX standard specifies that threads should be created as joinable.
To explicitly create a thread as joinable or detached, the attr argument in the pthread_create() routine is used. The typical 4
step process is:
1. Declare a pthread attribute variable of the pthread_attr_t data type
2. Initialize the attribute variable with pthread_attr_init()
3. Set the attribute detached status with pthread_attr_setdetachstate()
4. When done, free library resources used by the attribute with pthread_attr_destroy()
Detaching:
The pthread_detach() routine can be used to explicitly detach a thread even though it was created as joinable.
There is no converse routine.
Recommendations:
If a thread requires joining, consider explicitly creating it as joinable. This provides portability as not all implementations may create
threads as joinable by default.
If you know in advance that a thread will never need to join with another thread, consider creating it in a detached state. Some
system resources may be able to be freed.
Example: Pthread Joining
This example demonstrates how to "wait" for thread completions by using the Pthread join routine.
Since some implementations of Pthreads may not create threads in a joinable state, the threads in this example are explicitly created
in a joinable state so that they can be joined later.
Pthread Joining Example

3 #include <stdlib.h>
4 #include <math.h>
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6
7 void *BusyWork(void *t)
8 {
9 int i;
10 long tid;
11 double result=0.0;
12 tid = (long)t;
13 printf("Thread %ld starting...\n",tid);
14 for (i=0; i<1000000; i++)
15 {
16 result = result + sin(i) * tan(i);
17 }
18 printf("Thread %ld done. Result = %e\n",tid, result);
19 pthread_exit((void*) t);
20 }
21
23 {
24 pthread_t thread[NUM_THREADS];
25 pthread_attr_t attr;
26 int rc;
27 long t;
28 void *status;
29
30 /* Initialize and set thread detached attribute */
31 pthread_attr_init(&attr);
32 pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
33
34 for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++) {
35 printf("Main: creating thread %ld\n", t);
36 rc = pthread_create(&thread[t], &attr, BusyWork, (void *)t);
37 if (rc) {
39 exit(-1);
40 }
41 }
42
43 /* Free attribute and wait for the other threads */
44 pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
45 for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++) {
46 rc = pthread_join(thread[t], &status);
47 if (rc) {
48 printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_join() is %d\n", rc);
49 exit(-1);
50 }
51 printf("Main: completed join with thread %ld having a status
52 of %ld\n",t,(long)status);
53 }
54
55 printf("Main: program completed. Exiting.\n");
57 }
Thread Management
Stack Management
Routines:
pthread_attr_getstacksize (attr, stacksize)
pthread_attr_setstacksize (attr, stacksize)
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pthread_attr_getstackaddr (attr, stackaddr)
pthread_attr_setstackaddr (attr, stackaddr)
Preventing Stack Problems:
The POSIX standard does not dictate the size of a thread's stack. This is implementation dependent and varies.
Exceeding the default stack limit is often very easy to do, with the usual results: program termination and/or corrupted data.
Safe and portable programs do not depend upon the default stack limit, but instead, explicitly allocate enough stack for each thread
by using the pthread_attr_setstacksize routine.
The pthread_attr_getstackaddr and pthread_attr_setstackaddr routines can be used by applications in an

environment where the stack for a thread must be placed in some particular region of memory.
Some Practical Examples at LC:
Default thread stack size varies greatly. The maximum size that can be obtained also varies greatly, and may depend upon the
number of threads per node.
Both past and present architectures are shown to demonstrate the wide variation in default thread stack size.
Node #CPUs Memory (GB) Default Size

Architecture (bytes)
Intel Xeon E5-2670 16 32 2,097,152
Intel Xeon 5660 12 24 2,097,152
AMD Opteron 8 16 2,097,152
Intel IA64 4 8 33,554,432
Intel IA32 2 4 2,097,152
IBM Power5 8 32 196,608
IBM Power4 8 16 196,608
IBM Power3 16 16 98,304
Example: Stack Management
This example demonstrates how to query and set a thread's stack size.
Stack Management Example

3 #define NTHREADS 4
4 #define N 1000
5 #define MEGEXTRA 1000000
6
8
9 void *dowork(void *threadid)
10 {
11 double A[N][N];
12 int i,j;
13 long tid;
14 size_t mystacksize;
15
16 tid = (long)threadid;
17 pthread_attr_getstacksize (&attr, &mystacksize);
18 printf("Thread %ld: stack size = %li bytes \n", tid, mystacksize);
19 for (i=0; i<N; i++)
20 for (j=0; j<N; j++)
21 A[i][j] = ((i*j)/3.452) + (N-i);
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23 }
24
25 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
26 {
27 pthread_t threads[NTHREADS];
28 size_t stacksize;
29 int rc;
30 long t;
31
33 pthread_attr_getstacksize (&attr, &stacksize);
34 printf("Default stack size = %li\n", stacksize);
35 stacksize = sizeof(double)*N*N+MEGEXTRA;
36 printf("Amount of stack needed per thread = %li\n",stacksize);
37 pthread_attr_setstacksize (&attr, stacksize);
38 printf("Creating threads with stack size = %li bytes\n",stacksize);
39 for(t=0; t<NTHREADS; t++){
40 rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], &attr, dowork, (void *)t);
41 if (rc){
43 exit(-1);
44 }
45 }
46 printf("Created %ld threads.\n", t);
48 }
Thread Management
Miscellaneous Routines
pthread_self ()
pthread_equal (thread1,thread2)
pthread_self returns the unique, system assigned thread ID of the calling thread.
pthread_equal compares two thread IDs. If the two IDs are different 0 is returned, otherwise a non-zero value is returned.
Note that for both of these routines, the thread identifier objects are opaque and can not be easily inspected. Because thread IDs are
opaque objects, the C language equivalence operator == should not be used to compare two thread IDs against each other, or to
compare a single thread ID against another value.
pthread_once (once_control, init_routine)
pthread_once executes the init_routine exactly once in a process. The first call to this routine by any thread in the process
executes the given init_routine, without parameters. Any subsequent call will have no effect.
The init_routine routine is typically an initialization routine.
The once_control parameter is a synchronization control structure that requires initialization prior to calling pthread_once. For
example:
pthread_once_t once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
Pthread Exercise 1
Getting Started and Thread Management Routines
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Overview:
Login to an LC cluster using your workshop username and OTP token

Copy the exercise files to your home directory
Familiarize yourself with LC's Pthreads environment
Write a simple "Hello World" Pthreads program
Successfully compile your program
Successfully run your program - several different ways
Review, compile, run and/or debug some related Pthreads programs (provided)
GO TO THE EXERCISE HERE
Mutex Variables
Overview
Mutex is an abbreviation for "mutual exclusion". Mutex variables are one of the primary means of implementing thread
synchronization and for protecting shared data when multiple writes occur.
A mutex variable acts like a "lock" protecting access to a shared data resource. The basic concept of a mutex as used in Pthreads is
that only one thread can lock (or own) a mutex variable at any given time. Thus, even if several threads try to lock a mutex only one
thread will be successful. No other thread can own that mutex until the owning thread unlocks that mutex. Threads must "take turns"
accessing protected data.
Mutexes can be used to prevent "race" conditions. An example of a race condition involving a bank transaction is shown below:
Thread 1 Thread 2 Balance
Read balance: $1000 $1000

Read balance: $1000 $1000
Deposit $200 $1000
Deposit $200 $1000
Update balance $1000+$200 $1200
Update balance $1000+$200 $1200
In the above example, a mutex should be used to lock the "Balance" while a thread is using this shared data resource.
Very often the action performed by a thread owning a mutex is the updating of global variables. This is a safe way to ensure that
when several threads update the same variable, the final value is the same as what it would be if only one thread performed the
update. The variables being updated belong to a "critical section".
A typical sequence in the use of a mutex is as follows:

Create and initialize a mutex variable
Several threads attempt to lock the mutex
Only one succeeds and that thread owns the mutex
The owner thread performs some set of actions
The owner unlocks the mutex
Another thread acquires the mutex and repeats the process
Finally the mutex is destroyed
When several threads compete for a mutex, the losers block at that call - an unblocking call is available with "trylock" instead of the
"lock" call.
When protecting shared data, it is the programmer's responsibility to make sure every thread that needs to use a mutex does so. For
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example, if 4 threads are updating the same data, but only one uses a mutex, the data can still be corrupted.
Mutex Variables
Creating and Destroying Mutexes
Routines:
pthread_mutex_init (mutex,attr)
pthread_mutex_destroy (mutex)
pthread_mutexattr_init (attr)
pthread_mutexattr_destroy (attr)
Usage:
Mutex variables must be declared with type pthread_mutex_t, and must be initialized before they can be used. There are two
ways to initialize a mutex variable:
1. Statically, when it is declared. For example:

pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
2. Dynamically, with the pthread_mutex_init() routine. This method permits setting mutex object attributes, attr.
The mutex is initially unlocked.
The attr object is used to establish properties for the mutex object, and must be of type pthread_mutexattr_t if used (may be
specified as NULL to accept defaults). The Pthreads standard defines three optional mutex attributes:
Protocol: Specifies the protocol used to prevent priority inversions for a mutex.
Prioceiling: Specifies the priority ceiling of a mutex.
Process-shared: Specifies the process sharing of a mutex.
Note that not all implementations may provide the three optional mutex attributes.
The pthread_mutexattr_init() and pthread_mutexattr_destroy() routines are used to create and destroy mutex
attribute objects respectively.
pthread_mutex_destroy() should be used to free a mutex object which is no longer needed.
Mutex Variables
Locking and Unlocking Mutexes
Routines:
pthread_mutex_lock (mutex)
pthread_mutex_trylock (mutex)
pthread_mutex_unlock (mutex)
Usage:
The pthread_mutex_lock() routine is used by a thread to acquire a lock on the specified mutex variable. If the mutex is already
locked by another thread, this call will block the calling thread until the mutex is unlocked.
pthread_mutex_trylock() will attempt to lock a mutex. However, if the mutex is already locked, the routine will return
immediately with a "busy" error code. This routine may be useful in preventing deadlock conditions, as in a priority-inversion
situation.
pthread_mutex_unlock() will unlock a mutex if called by the owning thread. Calling this routine is required after a thread has
completed its use of protected data if other threads are to acquire the mutex for their work with the protected data. An error will be
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returned if:
If the mutex was already unlocked
If the mutex is owned by another thread
There is nothing "magical" about mutexes...in fact they are akin to a "gentlemen's agreement" between participating threads. It is up
to the code writer to insure that the necessary threads all make the the mutex lock and unlock calls correctly. The following scenario
demonstrates a logical error:
Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread 3

Lock Lock
A = 2 A = A+1 A = A*B
Unlock Unlock
Question: When more than one thread is waiting for a locked mutex, which thread will be granted the lock first after it is released?
Answer
Example: Using Mutexes
This example program illustrates the use of mutex variables in a threads program that performs a dot product.
The main data is made available to all threads through a globally accessible structure.
Each thread works on a different part of the data.
The main thread waits for all the threads to complete their computations, and then it prints the resulting sum.
Using Mutexes Example

4
5 /*
6 The following structure contains the necessary information
7 to allow the function "dotprod" to access its input data and
8 place its output into the structure.
9 */
10
11 typedef struct
12 {
13 double *a;
14 double *b;
15 double sum;
16 int veclen;
17 } DOTDATA;
18
19 /* Define globally accessible variables and a mutex */
20
21 #define NUMTHRDS 4
22 #define VECLEN 100
23 DOTDATA dotstr;
24 pthread_t callThd[NUMTHRDS];
25 pthread_mutex_t mutexsum;
26
27 /*
28 The function dotprod is activated when the thread is created.
29 All input to this routine is obtained from a structure
30 of type DOTDATA and all output from this function is written into
31 this structure. The benefit of this approach is apparent for the
32 multi-threaded program: when a thread is created we pass a single
33 argument to the activated function - typically this argument
34 is a thread number. All the other information required by the
35 function is accessed from the globally accessible structure.
36 */
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37
38 void *dotprod(void *arg)
39 {
40
41 /* Define and use local variables for convenience */
42
43 int i, start, end, len ;
44 long offset;
45 double mysum, *x, *y;
46 offset = (long)arg;
47
48 len = dotstr.veclen;
49 start = offset*len;
50 end = start + len;
51 x = dotstr.a;
52 y = dotstr.b;
53
54 /*
55 Perform the dot product and assign result
56 to the appropriate variable in the structure.
57 */
58
59 mysum = 0;
60 for (i=start; i<end ; i++)
61 {
62 mysum += (x[i] * y[i]);
63 }
64
65 /*
66 Lock a mutex prior to updating the value in the shared
67 structure, and unlock it upon updating.
68 */
69 pthread_mutex_lock (&mutexsum);
70 dotstr.sum += mysum;
71 pthread_mutex_unlock (&mutexsum);
72
73 pthread_exit((void*) 0);
74 }
75
76 /*
77 The main program creates threads which do all the work and then
78 print out result upon completion. Before creating the threads,
79 the input data is created. Since all threads update a shared structure,
80 we need a mutex for mutual exclusion. The main thread needs to wait for
81 all threads to complete, it waits for each one of the threads. We specify
82 a thread attribute value that allow the main thread to join with the
83 threads it creates. Note also that we free up handles when they are
84 no longer needed.
85 */
86
88 {
89 long i;
90 double *a, *b;
91 void *status;
93
94 /* Assign storage and initialize values */
95 a = (double*) malloc (NUMTHRDS*VECLEN*sizeof(double));
96 b = (double*) malloc (NUMTHRDS*VECLEN*sizeof(double));
97
98 for (i=0; i<VECLEN*NUMTHRDS; i++)
99 {
100 a[i]=1.0;
101 b[i]=a[i];
102 }
103
104 dotstr.veclen = VECLEN;
105 dotstr.a = a;
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106 dotstr.b = b;
107 dotstr.sum=0;
108
109 pthread_mutex_init(&mutexsum, NULL);
110
111 /* Create threads to perform the dotproduct */
114
115 for(i=0; i<NUMTHRDS; i++)
116 {
117 /*
118 Each thread works on a different set of data. The offset is specified
119 by 'i'. The size of the data for each thread is indicated by VECLEN.
120 */
121 pthread_create(&callThd[i], &attr, dotprod, (void *)i);
122 }
123
125
126 /* Wait on the other threads */
127 for(i=0; i<NUMTHRDS; i++)
128 {
129 pthread_join(callThd[i], &status);
130 }
131
132 /* After joining, print out the results and cleanup */
133 printf ("Sum = %f \n", dotstr.sum);
134 free (a);
135 free (b);
136 pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutexsum);
138 }
Serial version
Pthreads version
Condition Variables
Overview
Condition variables provide yet another way for threads to synchronize. While mutexes implement synchronization by controlling
thread access to data, condition variables allow threads to synchronize based upon the actual value of data.
Without condition variables, the programmer would need to have threads continually polling (possibly in a critical section), to check if
the condition is met. This can be very resource consuming since the thread would be continuously busy in this activity. A condition
variable is a way to achieve the same goal without polling.
A condition variable is always used in conjunction with a mutex lock.
A representative sequence for using condition variables is shown below.
Main Thread
Declare and initialize global data/variables which require synchronization (such as "count")
Declare and initialize a condition variable object
Declare and initialize an associated mutex
Create threads A and B to do work
Thread A Thread B
Do work up to the point where a certain condition Do work
must occur (such as "count" must reach a specified Lock associated mutex
value) Change the value of the global variable that
Lock associated mutex and check value of a global Thread-A is waiting upon.
variable Check value of the global Thread-A wait variable. If
Call pthread_cond_wait() to perform a blocking it fulfills the desired condition, signal Thread-A.
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wait for signal from Thread-B. Note that a call to Unlock mutex.
pthread_cond_wait() automatically and Continue
atomically unlocks the associated mutex variable so
that it can be used by Thread-B.
When signalled, wake up. Mutex is automatically
and atomically locked.
Explicitly unlock mutex
Continue
Main Thread
Join / Continue
Condition Variables
Creating and Destroying Condition Variables
Routines:
pthread_cond_init (condition,attr)
pthread_cond_destroy (condition)
pthread_condattr_init (attr)
pthread_condattr_destroy (attr)
Usage:
Condition variables must be declared with type pthread_cond_t, and must be initialized before they can be used. There are two
ways to initialize a condition variable:
1. Statically, when it is declared. For example:

pthread_cond_t myconvar = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
2. Dynamically, with the pthread_cond_init() routine. The ID of the created condition variable is returned to the calling
thread through the condition parameter. This method permits setting condition variable object attributes, attr.
The optional attr object is used to set condition variable attributes. There is only one attribute defined for condition variables:
process-shared, which allows the condition variable to be seen by threads in other processes. The attribute object, if used, must be
of type pthread_condattr_t (may be specified as NULL to accept defaults).
Note that not all implementations may provide the process-shared attribute.
The pthread_condattr_init() and pthread_condattr_destroy() routines are used to create and destroy condition
variable attribute objects.
pthread_cond_destroy() should be used to free a condition variable that is no longer needed.
Condition Variables
Waiting and Signaling on Condition Variables
Routines:
pthread_cond_wait (condition,mutex)
pthread_cond_signal (condition)
pthread_cond_broadcast (condition)
Usage:
pthread_cond_wait() blocks the calling thread until the specified condition is signalled. This routine should be called while
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mutex is locked, and it will automatically release the mutex while it waits. After signal is received and thread is awakened, mutex will
be automatically locked for use by the thread. The programmer is then responsible for unlocking mutex when the thread is finished
with it.
Recommendation: Using a WHILE loop instead of an IF statement (see watch_count routine in example below) to check the waited
for condition can help deal with several potential problems, such as:
If several threads are waiting for the same wake up signal, they will take turns acquiring the mutex, and any one of them can
then modify the condition they all waited for.
If the thread received the signal in error due to a program bug
The Pthreads library is permitted to issue spurious wake ups to a waiting thread without violating the standard.
The pthread_cond_signal() routine is used to signal (or wake up) another thread which is waiting on the condition variable. It
should be called after mutex is locked, and must unlock mutex in order for pthread_cond_wait() routine to complete.
The pthread_cond_broadcast() routine should be used instead of pthread_cond_signal() if more than one thread is in a
blocking wait state.
It is a logical error to call pthread_cond_signal() before calling pthread_cond_wait().
Proper locking and unlocking of the associated mutex variable is essential when using these routines. For example:
Failing to lock the mutex before calling pthread_cond_wait() may cause it NOT to block.
Failing to unlock the mutex after calling pthread_cond_signal() may not allow a matching pthread_cond_wait()
routine to complete (it will remain blocked).
Example: Using Condition Variables
This simple example code demonstrates the use of several Pthread condition variable routines.
The main routine creates three threads.
Two of the threads perform work and update a "count" variable.
The third thread waits until the count variable reaches a specified value.
Using Condition Variables Example

4
6 #define TCOUNT 10
7 #define COUNT_LIMIT 12
8
9 int count = 0;
10 int thread_ids[3] = {0,1,2};
11 pthread_mutex_t count_mutex;
12 pthread_cond_t count_threshold_cv;
13
14 void *inc_count(void *t)
15 {
16 int i;
17 long my_id = (long)t;
18
19 for (i=0; i<TCOUNT; i++) {
20 pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
21 count++;
22
23 /*
24 Check the value of count and signal waiting thread when condition is
25 reached. Note that this occurs while mutex is locked.
26 */
27 if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) {
28 pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv);
29 printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d Threshold reached.\n",
30 my_id, count);
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31 }
32 printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d, unlocking mutex\n",
33 my_id, count);
34 pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);
35
36 /* Do some "work" so threads can alternate on mutex lock */
37 sleep(1);
38 }
40 }
41
42 void *watch_count(void *t)
43 {
44 long my_id = (long)t;
45
46 printf("Starting watch_count(): thread %ld\n", my_id);
47
48 /*
49 Lock mutex and wait for signal. Note that the pthread_cond_wait
50 routine will automatically and atomically unlock mutex while it waits.
51 Also, note that if COUNT_LIMIT is reached before this routine is run by
52 the waiting thread, the loop will be skipped to prevent pthread_cond_wait
53 from never returning.
54 */
55 pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
56 while (count<COUNT_LIMIT) {
57 pthread_cond_wait(&count_threshold_cv, &count_mutex);
58 printf("watch_count(): thread %ld Condition signal received.\n", my_id);
59 }
60 count += 125;
61 printf("watch_count(): thread %ld count now = %d.\n", my_id, count);
62 pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);
64 }
65
67 {
68 int i, rc;
69 long t1=1, t2=2, t3=3;
70 pthread_t threads[3];
72
73 /* Initialize mutex and condition variable objects */
74 pthread_mutex_init(&count_mutex, NULL);
75 pthread_cond_init (&count_threshold_cv, NULL);
76
77 /* For portability, explicitly create threads in a joinable state */
80 pthread_create(&threads[0], &attr, watch_count, (void *)t1);
81 pthread_create(&threads[1], &attr, inc_count, (void *)t2);
82 pthread_create(&threads[2], &attr, inc_count, (void *)t3);
83
84 /* Wait for all threads to complete */
85 for (i=0; i<NUM_THREADS; i++) {
86 pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
87 }
88 printf ("Main(): Waited on %d threads. Done.\n", NUM_THREADS);
89
90 /* Clean up and exit */
92 pthread_mutex_destroy(&count_mutex);
93 pthread_cond_destroy(&count_threshold_cv);
95
96 }
24 of 31 7/15/20, 11:38 PM
Monitoring, Debugging and Performance Analysis Tools for Pthreads
Monitoring and Debugging Pthreads:
Debuggers vary in their ability to handle Pthreads. The TotalView debugger is LC's recommended debugger for parallel programs. It
is well suited for both monitoring and debugging threaded programs.
An example screenshot from a TotalView session using a threaded code is shown below.
1. Stack Trace Pane: Displays the call stack of routines that the selected thread is executing.
2. Status Bars: Show status information for the selected thread and its associated process.
3. Stack Frame Pane: Shows a selected thread's stack variables, registers, etc.
4. Source Pane: Shows the source code for the selected thread.
5. Root Window showing all threads
6. Threads Pane: Shows threads associated with the selected process
See the TotalView Debugger tutorial for details.
The Linux ps command provides several flags for viewing thread information. Some examples are shown below. See the man page
for details.
% ps -Lf
UID PID PPID LWP C NLWP STIME TTY TIME CMD
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blaise 22529 28240 22529 0 5 11:31 pts/53 00:00:00 a.out

blaise 22529 28240 22530 99 5 11:31 pts/53 00:01:24 a.out
blaise 22529 28240 22531 99 5 11:31 pts/53 00:01:24 a.out
blaise 22529 28240 22532 99 5 11:31 pts/53 00:01:24 a.out
blaise 22529 28240 22533 99 5 11:31 pts/53 00:01:24 a.out
% ps -T
PID SPID TTY TIME CMD
22529 22529 pts/53 00:00:00 a.out
22529 22530 pts/53 00:01:49 a.out
22529 22531 pts/53 00:01:49 a.out
22529 22532 pts/53 00:01:49 a.out
22529 22533 pts/53 00:01:49 a.out
% ps -Lm
PID LWP TTY TIME CMD
22529 - pts/53 00:18:56 a.out
- 22529 - 00:00:00 -
- 22530 - 00:04:44 -
- 22531 - 00:04:44 -
- 22532 - 00:04:44 -
- 22533 - 00:04:44 -
LC's Linux clusters also provide the top command to monitor processes on a node. If used with the -H flag, the threads contained
within a process will be visible. An example of the top -H command is shown below. The parent process is PID 18010 which
spawned three threads, shown as PIDs 18012, 18013 and 18014.
Performance Analysis Tools:
There are a variety of performance analysis tools that can be used with threaded programs. Searching the web will turn up a wealth
of information.
At LC, the list of supported computing tools can be found at: hpc.llnl.gov/software.
These tools vary significantly in their complexity, functionality and learning curve. Covering them in detail is beyond the scope of this
tutorial.
Some tools worth investigating, specifically for threaded codes, include:

Open|SpeedShop
TAU
HPCToolkit
PAPI
Intel VTune Amplifier
ThreadSpotter
LLNL Specific Information and Recommendations
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This section describes details specific to Livermore Computing's systems.
Implementations:
All LC production systems include a Pthreads implementation that follows draft 10 (final) of the POSIX standard. This is the preferred
implementation.
Implementations differ in the maximum number of threads that a process may create. They also differ in the default amount of thread
stack space.
Compiling:
LC maintains a number of compilers, and usually several different versions of each - see the LC's Supported Compilers web page.
The compiler commands described in the Compiling Threaded Programs section apply to LC systems.
Mixing MPI with Pthreads:
This is the primary motivation for using Pthreads at LC.
Design:
Each MPI process typically creates and then manages N threads, where N makes the best use of the available cores/node.
Finding the best value for N will vary with the platform and your application's characteristics.
In general, there may be problems if multiple threads make MPI calls. The program may fail or behave unexpectedly. If MPI
calls must be made from within a thread, they should be made only by one thread.
Compiling:
Use the appropriate MPI compile command for the platform and language of choice
Be sure to include the required Pthreads flag as shown in the Compiling Threaded Programs section.
An example code that uses both MPI and Pthreads is available below. The serial, threads-only, MPI-only and MPI-with-threads
versions demonstrate one possible progression.
Serial
Pthreads only
MPI only
MPI with pthreads
makefile
Topics Not Covered
Several features of the Pthreads API are not covered in this tutorial. These are listed below. See the Pthread Library Routines Reference
section for more information.
Thread Scheduling
Implementations will differ on how threads are scheduled to run. In most cases, the default mechanism is adequate.
The Pthreads API provides routines to explicitly set thread scheduling policies and priorities which may override the default
mechanisms.
The API does not require implementations to support these features.
Keys: Thread-Specific Data

As threads call and return from different routines, the local data on a thread's stack comes and goes.
To preserve stack data you can usually pass it as an argument from one routine to the next, or else store the data in a global
variable associated with a thread.
Pthreads provides another, possibly more convenient and versatile, way of accomplishing this through keys.
Mutex Protocol Attributes and Mutex Priority Management for the handling of "priority inversion" problems.
Condition Variable Sharing - across processes
Thread Cancellation
Threads and Signals
Synchronization constructs - barriers and locks
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Pthread Exercise 2
Mutexes, Condition Variables and Hybrid MPI with Pthreads
Overview:
Login to the LC workshop cluster, if you are not already logged in

Mutexes: review and run the provided example codes
Condition variables: review and run the provided example codes
Hybrid MPI with Pthreads: review and run the provided example codes
GO TO THE EXERCISE HERE
This completes the tutorial.

Please complete the online evaluation form - unless you are doing the exercise, in which case please complete it
at the end of the exercise.

Where would you like to go now?

Exercise
Agenda
Back to the top
References and More Information
Original Author: Blaise Barney; Contact: hpc-tutorials@llnl.gov, Livermore Computing.

"Pthreads Programming". B. Nichols et al. O'Reilly and Associates.
"Threads Primer". B. Lewis and D. Berg. Prentice Hall
"Programming With POSIX Threads". D. Butenhof. Addison Wesley
"Programming With Threads". S. Kleiman et al. Prentice Hall
Appendix A: Pthread Library Routines Reference
For convenience, an alphabetical list of Pthread routines, linked to their corresponding man page, is provided below.
pthread_atfork
pthread_attr_destroy
pthread_attr_getdetachstate
pthread_attr_getguardsize
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pthread_attr_getinheritsched
pthread_attr_getschedparam
pthread_attr_getschedpolicy
pthread_attr_getscope
pthread_attr_getstack
pthread_attr_getstackaddr
pthread_attr_getstacksize
pthread_attr_init
pthread_attr_setdetachstate
pthread_attr_setguardsize
pthread_attr_setinheritsched
pthread_attr_setschedparam
pthread_attr_setschedpolicy
pthread_attr_setscope
pthread_attr_setstack
pthread_attr_setstackaddr
pthread_attr_setstacksize
pthread_barrier_destroy
pthread_barrier_init
pthread_barrier_wait
pthread_barrierattr_destroy
pthread_barrierattr_getpshared
pthread_barrierattr_init
pthread_barrierattr_setpshared
pthread_cancel
pthread_cleanup_pop
pthread_cleanup_push
pthread_cond_broadcast
pthread_cond_destroy
pthread_cond_init
pthread_cond_signal
pthread_cond_timedwait
pthread_cond_wait
pthread_condattr_destroy
pthread_condattr_getclock
pthread_condattr_getpshared
pthread_condattr_init
pthread_condattr_setclock
pthread_condattr_setpshared
pthread_create
pthread_detach
pthread_equal
pthread_exit
pthread_getconcurrency
pthread_getcpuclockid
pthread_getschedparam
pthread_getspecific
pthread_join
pthread_key_create
pthread_key_delete
pthread_kill
pthread_mutex_destroy
pthread_mutex_getprioceiling
pthread_mutex_init
pthread_mutex_lock
pthread_mutex_setprioceiling
pthread_mutex_timedlock
pthread_mutex_trylock
pthread_mutex_unlock
pthread_mutexattr_destroy
pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling
pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol
pthread_mutexattr_getpshared
pthread_mutexattr_gettype
pthread_mutexattr_init
pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling
pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol
pthread_mutexattr_setpshared
pthread_mutexattr_settype
pthread_once
29 of 31 7/15/20, 11:38 PM
pthread_rwlock_destroy
pthread_rwlock_init
pthread_rwlock_rdlock
pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock
pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock
pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock
pthread_rwlock_trywrlock
pthread_rwlock_unlock
pthread_rwlock_wrlock
pthread_rwlockattr_destroy
pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared
pthread_rwlockattr_init
pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared
pthread_self
pthread_setcancelstate
pthread_setcanceltype
pthread_setconcurrency
pthread_setschedparam
pthread_setschedprio
pthread_setspecific
pthread_sigmask
pthread_spin_destroy
pthread_spin_init
pthread_spin_lock
pthread_spin_trylock
pthread_spin_unlock
pthread_testcancel
https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/
Last Modified: 07/13/2020 18:48:24 hpc-tutorials@llnl.gov
UCRL-MI-133316
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
30 of 31 7/15/20, 11:38 PM
31 of 31 7/15/20, 11:38 PM

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POSIX Threads Programming

How is this accomplished?

UNIX PROCESS THREADS WITHIN A UNIX PROCESS

So, in summary, in the UNIX environment a thread:

Because threads within the same process share resources:

What are Pthreads?

Some useful links:

Eﬃcient Communications/Data Exchange:

improved by using Pthreads instead.

Pthreads Worst Case

Intel 2.6 GHz Xeon E5-2670 4.5 51.2

Other Common Reasons:

Click for larger image

Designing Threaded Programs

Several common models for threaded programs exist:

Shared Memory Model:

All threads have access to the same global, shared memory

Threads also have their own private data

The Pthreads API

4. Synchronization: Routines that manage read/write locks and barriers.

Routine Preﬁx Functional Group

pthread_ Threads themselves and miscellaneous subroutines

Compiling Threaded Programs

Compiler / Platform Compiler Command Description

INTEL icc -pthread C

PGI pgcc -lpthread C

GNU gcc -pthread GNU C

IBM bgxlc_r / bgcc_r C (ANSI / non-ANSI)

Creating and Terminating Threads

bash / ksh / sh tcsh / csh

POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 maxproc 1024

Some of these attributes will be discussed later.

Thread Binding and Scheduling:

Terminating Threads & pthread_exit():

There are several ways in which a thread may be terminated:

The thread is canceled by another thread via the pthread_cancel routine.

If main() finishes first, without calling pthread_exit explicitly itself

Discussion on calling pthread_exit() from main():

Example: Pthread Creation and Termination

Pthread Creation and Termination Example

Passing Arguments to Threads

All arguments must be passed by reference and cast to (void *).

Example 1 - Thread Argument Passing

for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++)

Example 2 - Thread Argument Passing

struct thread_data thread_data_array[NUM_THREADS];

void *PrintHello(void *threadarg)

int main (int argc, char *argv[])

Example 3 - Thread Argument Passing (Incorrect)

for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++)

Joining and Detaching Threads

"Joining" is one way to accomplish synchronization between threads. For example:

There is no converse routine.

Example: Pthread Joining

Pthread Joining Example

pthread_attr_getstacksize (attr, stacksize)

pthread_attr_setstacksize (attr, stacksize)

void PrintHello(void threadarg)