CD 352 Design of Road Tunnels-Web

Design Manual for Roads and Bridges
Highway Structures & Bridges

Design
CD 352
Design of road tunnels
(formerly BD 78/99)
Revision 0
Summary
This document describes the procedures necessary for the design and refurbishment of all
tunnels on the motorway and all-purpose trunk road network.
Application by Overseeing Organisations

Any specific requirements for Overseeing Organisations alternative or supplementary to those given in this document
are given in National Application Annexes to this document.
Feedback and Enquiries

Users of this document are encouraged to raise any enquiries and/or provide feedback on the content and usage
of this document to the dedicated Highways England team. The email address for all enquiries and feedback is:
Standards_Enquiries@highwaysengland.co.uk
This is a controlled document.

CD 352 Revision 0 Contents
Contents
Release notes 6
Foreword 7
Publishing information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Contractual and legal considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction 8
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 4: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 5: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 6: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 7: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Section 8: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 9: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 10: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 11: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 12: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Assumptions made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Mutual recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Abbreviations 10
Terms and definitions 16
1. Scope 18
Aspects covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Use of GG 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. Planning, safety and general design 19

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
General design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Technical approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Regulatory reform (fire safety) order (RR(FS)O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Equality Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Building information modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Tunnel operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Tunnel design and safety consultation group (TDSCG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Transportation of dangerous goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Traffic management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Restrictions on tunnel use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Selection of appropriate tunnel type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Road tunnel safety 33

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Tunnel safety facility provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Typical safety facilities, tunnel layout and structural features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Emergency panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Emergency stopping lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Escape routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1
Vehicle crossovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Turning bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Emergency services parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Detection of incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Tunnel communications and emergency facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Traffic controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tunnel emergency systems availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Fire alarm & smoke control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tunnel lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Mainspower failure and emergency lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tunnel signs and signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Value engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4. Geometric design 40
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Tunnel cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Maintained headroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Traffic lane width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Vehicle restraint systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5. Ventilation requirements 44
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Natural tunnel ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Mechanical tunnel ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Smoke control panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Enclosed escape routes and cross-passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Day-to-day tunnel airflow requirements: calculation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Tunnel fire incident ventilation design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exposure limits for staff in tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Air quality monitoring and ventilation control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Acceptable tunnel air quality (interior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
External environmental conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Meteorological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Effects on ambient air quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Ventilation system safeguards and system reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Jet fan redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Axial fan / centrifugal fan redundancy: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Ventilation fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Fan motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Axial fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Jet fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Fan reversibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Fan speed and reversal control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Fire rating of fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Noise levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Tunnel ventilation design report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6. Lighting design 54
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Standby lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Tunnel lighting luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Location of luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Environmental conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Road surface reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2
Tunnel lighting control and monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Whole life costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7. Drainage system design 59

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Drainage systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Effluent standards: consultation with authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Inflows into the tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Precipitation and runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Wall washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Fire fighting water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Wash-down water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sumps, separators and pumping stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Impounding sump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Pumping plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Discharge pipework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Fire precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
8. Fire engineering 67
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Management of fire risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Safe evacuation & structural damage limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Environmental issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Tunnel passive fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Tunnel structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Cables & equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Secondary cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Design fire loading for structural fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Vehicle fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Passive fire protection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Design requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Active fire protection requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Design fire magnitude selection for ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Water-based fixed firefighting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Emergency panels in tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Fire extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Hose reels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Public emergency roadside telephones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Smoke control panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Fire main and hydrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Automatic fire detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Emergency doors and cross-passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Emergency exit signage ('wayfinding signs') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Evacuation lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Service buildings and plant rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Fixed gas discharge extinguisher systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Tunnel drainage sumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
9. Traffic control, communications and information systems 84

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Connection to remote traffic control centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
General design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Communications infrastructure and cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Emergency telephone system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3
Radio rebroadcast systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Public address voice alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Signs and signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Variable message signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Portal/lane control signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Motorway matrix signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Illuminated lane markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Automatic incident detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Traffic monitoring and vehicle detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Over-height vehicle detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Speed enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
10. Plant monitoring and control 95

General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Safety integrity level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
System architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Communications networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Fault tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Design life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
SCADA functional requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
SCADA hardware requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
SCADA software requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
SCADA operator interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
SCADA user groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
SCADA alarms, data logging & reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
PLC functional requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
PLC outstations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
PLC hardware requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
PLC software requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Field instrumentation & equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Uninterruptible power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Testing and inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
11. Electrical power supply and distribution 105

General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Fault tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Design life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Incoming power supply arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Demand assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Distribution network operator (DNO) consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
High voltage (HV) system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
HV switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
HV cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
HV protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fireman's switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Low voltage (LV) system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
LV switchboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3 Phase supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Energy monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4
Distribution panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Lighting circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Ventilation fan circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Earthing & bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Standby power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Standby generating plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Services in the tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Services below ground (outside the tunnel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Services in switchrooms and services buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Cable design requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Cable and termination identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
12. Tunnel service buildings and plant rooms 115

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
High-voltage (HV) equipment rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Standby generators and fuel storage tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Low-voltage (LV) equipment rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
UPS battery room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Control and communications equipment rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Local control room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Building services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Lightning protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Intruder alarm system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Fire alarm and extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
External areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
13. Normative references 120
14. Informative references 124
Appendix A. Planning safety and general design 126

A1 Establishment of tunnel profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
A1.1 Service tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
A1.2 Space for equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
A1.3 Space requirements for ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
A1.4 Space requirements for drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
A1.5 Space requirements for lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
A1.6 Space requirements for signs and signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
A1.7 Space for loudspeakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
A1.8 Tunnel service buildings & tunnel portals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A1.9 Space requirements for secondary cladding and passive fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A1.10 Space requirements for cabling, pipework and ducted services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A1.11 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A2 Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group (TDSCG) requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A2.2 Topic list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A3 Safety issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A4 Planning for emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
A5 ADR (Accord Dangereux Routier) (European regulations concerning the international transport of dan-
gerous goods by road) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
A6 Wall finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Appendix B. Drainage 134

B1 Factors influencing groundwater inflows into tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5
CD 352 Revision 0 Release notes
Release notes
Version Date Details of amendments
0 Mar 2020 CD 352 replaces BD 78/99 and has undergone an editorial revision with
technical changes on the following themes: 1) Incorporate changes in EU and
UK legislation 2) Reflect technology advances including fire detection and
suppression, protection of assets from fire damage and long-life light sources;
3) Reflect the evolution of tunnel operational practices recognising higher traffic
volumes and feedback from emergency services.
6
CD 352 Revision 0 Foreword
Foreword
Publishing information
This document is published by Highways England.
This document supersedes BD 78/99, which is withdrawn. Any specific requirements for Overseeing
Organisations alternative or supplementary to those given in this document are given in National
Application Annexes to this document.
Road tunnel matters relating to maintenance and documentation are covered in the DMRB documents
CM 430 [Ref 14.I], CS 452 [Ref 40.N], and CG 302 [Ref 3.I].
Contractual and legal considerations

This document forms part of the works specification. It does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for applying all appropriate documents applicable to
their contract.
7
CD 352 Revision 0 Introduction
Introduction
Background
This document provides requirements, advice, and guidance relevant to the planning, design, operation
of new works and major refurbishment of all road tunnels on the motorway and all-purpose trunk road
network in the United Kingdom.
Since the publication of BD78/99 in August 1999 a number of high profile incidents in heavily trafficked
road tunnels across the world have involved significant loss of life and changes in provisions in tunnels
for safe operation. As a result, BD78 is now very dated. As examples the following, which are important
for design of both new and upgraded tunnels, are not reflected in the BD78/99:
1) Road Tunnel Safety Regulations introduced in 2007 SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] stemming from the
European Road Tunnel Safety 2004/54/EC [Ref 16.I] following research undertaken in the wake of the
serious tunnel fires, including Mont Blanc, Tauern and Gotthard in the early years of this century;
2) technology advances over the last 17 years particularly in fire detection and suppression, protection
of assets from fire damage and long-life light sources;
3) evolution of tunnel operational practices recognising higher traffic volumes and input/feedback from
emergency services, impact of research into areas including emergency evacuation, fire sizes,
detection and suppression, post-incident recovery, primary safety for tunnel users, behaviour of tunnel
users, effective signalling and signing, control and surveillance.
The following topics are included in the document:
Section 2:
describes factors influencing the design of road tunnels in order to establish the broad planning and
safety issues that are involved at the design stage of both new build and (as far as is relevant)
refurbishment projects.
Section 3:
outlines operational safety facilities to be provided in road tunnels, such as emergency panels,
pedestrian access, escape routes, vehicle crossovers and equipment relating to emergency response,
ventilation override, traffic surveillance and control, communication and information systems.
Section 4:
gives the requirements for the geometric design of carriageways within road tunnels and the provisions
to be made for traffic space in relation to the structure and form of tunnel that has been chosen.
Geometric design and traffic space requirements are presented from the standpoint of providing safe
passage, under free-flow conditions, for the type of traffic that is permitted to use the tunnel.
Section 5:
provides the design requirements and advice for tunnel ventilation systems to supply sufficient fresh air
to all parts of the tunnel, to maintain vehicle exhaust pollutants within prescribed limits, to provide a
tenable environment for tunnel users, the local community and any amenities likely to be affected by
the discharge of fumes from the tunnel, and for control of smoke and hot gases in tunnel fire incidents.
Section 6:
sets out the requirements for the design of tunnel lighting, including standby lighting, together with the
monitoring and control system and whole-life costs.
Section 7:
gives requirements and advice for the design of tunnel drainage systems. It provides supporting
information and technical criteria relating to the collection and discharge of inflows, the siting and sizing
8
of sumps, separators and pumping stations, including related operational and safety aspects. It outlines
the procedures to comply with effluent standards and the requirements of the local water authority.
Section 8:
describes the requirements for fire safety assessment of road tunnels, and plant and safety facilities to
be provided as active fire protection for tunnel users. It also gives guidance on the criteria for the
evaluation of fire loading to be used in Section 5 (Ventilation requirements) and for the passive fire
protection of tunnels in the form of protection to structural elements, cabling, mechanical and electrical
plant, and the fire and smoke resistance of doors, fixtures and fittings.
Section 9:
describes the provisions to be made for the design and authorisation of traffic control, communications
and information systems for tunnels. In this context 'tunnels' includes the relevant approach and exit
roads coming within the limits of the operating regime for the tunnel.
Section 10:
sets out the requirements for the design of a programmable logic controller (PLC)-based plant
monitoring and control system (PM&CS) to process information received from equipment and
instrumentation located in or close to the tunnel, and to determine the optimum mode of operation.
Section 11:
describes the provision to be made for the supply and distribution of electrical power for the tunnel
equipment and services, and installed to provide safe conditions for the full range of operational
requirements including emergencies.
Section 12:
describes the provision to be made for housing the main electricity substation, mechanical and electrical
equipment and a local facility for a tunnel to facilitate management of operations and maintenance.
Assumptions made
The assumptions made in GG 101 [Ref 41.N] apply to this document.
Mutual recognition
Where there is a requirement in this document for compliance with any part of a "British Standard" or
other technical specification, that requirement may be met by compliance with the Mutual Recognition
clause in GG 101 [Ref 41.N].
9
CD 352 Revision 0 Abbreviations
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
Abbreviation Definition
AA Administrative authority
AADT Annual average daily traffic (per tunnel bore unless otherwise stated)
ACB Air circuit breaker
Originally an abbreviation of the French term 'Accord europeen relatif au transport
international des marchandises Dangereuses par Route'. (This is the European
ADR
Agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road,
made under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.)
AFFF Aqueous film-forming foam
AIP Approval in Principle
ALARP As low as is reasonably practicable
APEA Association for Petroleum & Explosives Administration
Appareils destines a utilises ATmospheres EXplosibles. 'ATEX' is an abbreviations
used to describe the ATEX Directive. It is a set of European Union regulations that
ATEX
ensure products used in explosive atmospheres are safe. ATEX is short for
'Atmospheres Explosibles'.
ATEX100 A zone identified in the ATEX Directive (above)
BA Breathing apparatus
BEIS Business, energy and industrial strategy
BHRG British Hydromechanics Research Group (formerly BHRA)
BIM Building information modelling
BRE Building Research Establishment
BSI British Standards Institution
CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
CFD Computational fluid dynamics
CHARM Common Highways Agency and Rijkswaterstaat Model
CIBSE Chartered Institute of Building Services
CIE Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (International Commission on Iluumination)
CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COTS Commercial off-the-shelf
CPC Circuit protective conductor
CPNI Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure
CPU Central processing unit
D&B Design and build
DARTS 'Durable and reliable tunnel structures' European thematic network
10
Abbreviations (continued)
dB decibel
dB(A) decibel related to sound level curve 'A'
DBFO Design, build, finance and operate
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
DfT Department for Transport
DG-QRAM Dangerous goods quantified risk assessment model
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung (German standards institute)
DITM Driver information and traffic management
DNO Distribution network operator
DP Distribution panel
DP Double pole
DP (Tunnell) distribution panel
Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations - DSEAR S.I. No.
DSEAR
2776 [Ref 69.N]
E&M Electrical and mechanical
EC European Commission
EDP (Tunnel) emergency / distribution panel
EHO Environmental health office/ officer
Extra-low voltage (less than 50 volts AC or 120 volts DC between conductors, or
ELV
between conductors and earth).
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
EMS Electronic message sign
ENA Energy network association
EP (Tunnel) emergency panel
EPROM Erasable programmable read-only memory
ERT Emergency roadside telephone
ESN Emergency services network
EU European Union
FFFS Fixed fire-fighting system
FIT 'Fire in tunnels' European thematic network
FMCEA Failure mode effects and criticality analysis
FOSD Full overtaking sight distance
FRP Fire rendezvous point
FRS Fire and rescue services
FTMS Fixed text message sign
GD General directive document
11
GRC Glass(fibre)-reinforced concrete
GRP Glass(fibre)-reinforced plastic
HC Hydrocarbon
HCl Hydrogen chloride (or hydrochloric acid)
HGV Heavy goods vehicle
HIOCC High incident occupancy algorithm
HMI Human/machine interface
HRC High rupturing capacity
HRNS Highly resilient network system
HRR Heat release rate
HSE Health and Safety Executive
High voltage (exceeding 1,000 volts AC or 1,500 volts DC between conductors, or
HV
600 volts AC or 900 volts DC between conductors and earth).
HVAC Heating, ventilating and air conditioning
IBA Independent Broadcasting Authority
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IET The Institution of Engineering and Technology
I/O Input / output
IP Ingress protection
IP/APEA Institute of Petroleum/Association for Petroleum and Explosives Administration
International Society for Measurement and Control (formally Instrument Society of
ISMC
America)
ISO International Organisation for Standardization
ISTSS International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security
ITS Intelligent transport (or traffic) systems
LA10,24 Ambient sound level exceeded for 10% of a 24-hour period
LCD Liquid crystal display
LCS Lane control signal
LEL Lower explosive limit
LPG Liquid petroleum gas
LS0H Low smoke zero halogen
LSF Low smoke and fume
Low voltage (between 50 and 1,000 volts AC or 120 and 1,500 DC between
LV conductors, or between 50 and 600 volts AC, or 120 and 900 volts DC between
conductors and earth).
M&E Mechanical and electrical
12
MCB Miniature circuit breaker
MCC Motor control centre
MCCB Moulded case circuit breaker
MCHW Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works
MEPS European minimum energy performance standard
MICC Mineral insulated copper covered
MICS Mineral insulated copper sheathed
MIDAS Motorway incident detection and automatic signalling
MTBF Mean time between failures
MOR Minimum operating requirements
MTTR Mean time to repair
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NMCS National motorway communications systems
NMU Non-motorised user
NO Nitric oxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
A mixture of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. (Also a generic term for all nitrogen
NOX
oxides but mainly in air pollution).
NRTS National roads telecommunications services
OECD Organisation for Economic and Cooperative Development
OFCOM Office of Communications
O&M Operation and maintenance
PAVA Public address/voice alarm
World Roads Association PIARC (Permanent International Association of Road
PIARC
Congresses)
PID Proportional integral derivative
PLC Programmable logic controller
PM&CS Plant monitoring and control system
ppb Parts per billion
ppm Parts per million
PRM Person with restricted mobility
PSTN Public switched telephone network
PTZ Pan, tilt and zoom
QRA Quantified risk assessment
RCD Residual current device
REF Restricted earth fault
RF Radio frequency
13
RFI Radio frequency interference
RIO Remote input/output
RH Relative humidity
RMS Root mean square value (of voltage)
ROM Read-only memory
RR(FS)O Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 SI 2005/1541 [Ref 76.N]
Road Tunnel Safety Regulations 2007SI 2007/1520 [Ref 40.N] as amended by the
RTSR
Road Tunnel Safety (Amendment) Regulations 2009 SI 2009/64 [Ref 36.N]
RVP Rendezvous point
RWS Rijkswaterstaat (The Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment)
SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition
SCP Smoke control panel
Separated extra-low voltage system (electrically separated in such a way that a
SELV
single fault cannot give rise to the risk of electric shock)
SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride
SfA Sewers for adoption
SIL Safety integrity level
SP&N Single Pole and Neutral
SPECS Average speed detection system originally provided by Speed Check Services
SRN Strategic road network
SSD Stopping sight distance
STI Speech transmission index
SWA Steel wired armoured.
TAA Technical Approval Authority
TBM Tunnel boring machine
TCC Traffic control centre
TCP Transmission control protocol
TDA Tunnel Design Authority
TDSCG Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group
TERN Trans-European Road Network
TETRA Terrestrial trunk road airwave
TOA Tunnel Operating Authority
TP Triple pole
TPN or TP&N Triple pole and neutral
TRL Transport Research Laboratory (now TRL Ltd.)
TSB Tunnel service building
14
TSRGD Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions TSRGD [Ref 77.N]
UPS Uninterruptible power supply
UPTUN 'UPgrading methods for fire safety in existing TUNnels' European thematic network
UTMC Urban traffic management and control
VAID Video-based automatic incident detection
VMS Variable message sign
WEL Workplace exposure limit
WTC World Tunnelling Congress
WHO World Health Organisation
WRc Water Research Centre
XLPE Cross-linked polyethylene
15
CD 352 Revision 0 Terms and definitions
Terms and definitions
Terms
Term Definition
Administrative authority (for tunnel). In the context of the RTSR SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N], within
Highways England this is the Chief Highway Engineer of
Highways England. For the Devolved Administrations it is
an organisation or individual appointed by the Overseeing
Organisation.
The document, which records the agreed basis and criteria
Approval in Principle for the detailed design or assessment of a highway
structure
This is when there is gross disproportion between the cost
As low as reasonably practicable of the measures for averting a risk in terms of money, time,
(ALARP) trouble, and the quantum of the risk. To be agreed with the
TDSCG.
Delivery approach through which a single entity designs,
builds, finances and operates a project for a specified
period. DBFO contracts are Private Finance Initiative (PFI)
contracts where the "ownership" of an asset has been
Design, Build, Finance, and Operate
passed to the third party for them to operate and maintain
for a significant (25+ years) period. With DBFO contracts,
responsibility for the decisions regarding maintenance and
improvement remains with the DBFO Company
A hardened strip alongside a motorway for stopping on in
Hard shoulder
an emergency.
Hard strip See 'hard shoulder'.
A subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of 15
Road tunnel
0m, or more, measured along the centre line of the soffit.
All local services that may be called upon to intervene in
the event of an accident or incident, including the police,
Emergency services
fire and rescue services, ambulance services, traffic
officers and tunnel operational staff.
Collective term to indicate those parts of the UK highway
Motorway and all-purpose trunk road and road network for which one of the Overseeing
network Organisations is or acts on behalf of the highway or road
authority
Highways England and the highways or roads authorities of
the Devolved Administrations of Scotland, Wales and
Overseeing Organisation Northern Ireland and their successors. (The meaning of
Overseeing Organisation is typically defined by the contract
under which the works are procured.)
The organisation responsible for agreeing the Approval in
Technical Approval Authority
Principle and acceptance of design and check certification
The network of roads designated by the European
Trans-European Road Network Parliament as being strategically important for Europe-wide
transport
16
Terms (continued)
A consultation group made up of interested parties,
Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation
convened for the purpose of reviewing and co-ordinating
Group
proposals for the design and operation of a road tunnel
The individual or, in some cases, the organisation,
Tunnel manager responsible for management of the tunnel. Specific duties
of the tunnel manager are defined in the RTSR.
Tunnel operating authority The organisation responsible for day-to-day operation of

the tunnel.
An independent individual responsible for monitoring and
Tunnel safety officer advising on issues relating to road tunnel safety. Specific
duties of the tunnel safety officer are defined in the RTSR
17
CD 352 Revision 0 1. Scope
1. Scope
Aspects covered
1.1 This document provides requirements and advice, that shall be complied with in the planning and
design of new or the major refurbishment of all road tunnels on the motorway and all-purpose trunk
road network in the United Kingdom.
NOTE For the purposes of this document a road tunnel is defined as a subsurface highway structure enclosed
for a length of 150m, or more, measured along the centre line of the soffit.
1.2 All tunnels falling within the scope of the RTSR SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N]must satisfy the requirements
of RTSR SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] or this document, if more onerous.
1.2.1 The RTSR SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] should be complied with for all road tunnels that form part of the
TERN, and are in excess of 500m length.
NOTE 1 Although the design principles applicable to the road space and equipment within a tunnel are similar
for all road tunnels, each tunnel will be unique in terms of the civil and structural design and methods of
construction. For this reason references to civil engineering aspects of design within this document are
necessarily limited to aspects common to most tunnels such as space requirements for traffic,
equipment, escape routes, and fire protection of the structure.
NOTE 2 Due to the wide variation in the engineering considerations that influence the structure and form of a
tunnel, references to civil engineering aspects within the document are necessarily limited in scope.
NOTE 3 Performance specifications for tunnel M&E installations are provided in the Manual of Contract
Documents for Highway Works (MCHW): Volume 5: Section 7: Mechanical and Electrical Installations
in Road Tunnels, Movable Bridges and Bridge Access Gantries MCHW Series 7000 [Ref 15.I][.
NOTE 4 The requirements and advice provided in this document have been harmonised with the Road Tunnel
Safety Regulations 2007 SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] and the Road Tunnel Safety (Amendment)
Regulations 2009 ( SI 2009/64 [Ref 36.N]) together referred to as the 'RTSR'.
NOTE 5 Requirements and advice relating to maintenance and documentation requirements, are covered in CM
430 [Ref 14.I] , CS 452 [Ref 40.N] , CG 302 [Ref 3.I] and CS 450 [Ref 12.I].
Implementation
1.3 This document shall be implemented forthwith on all schemes involving the planning and design of all
new build and refurbishment road tunnel projects on the Overseeing Organisations' motorway and
all-purpose trunk roads according to the implementation requirements of GG 101 [Ref 41.N].
Use of GG 101
1.4 The requirements contained in GG 101 [Ref 41.N] shall be followed in respect of activities covered by
this document.
18
CD 352 Revision 0 2. Planning, safety and general design
2. Planning, safety and general design

General
2.1 For each project containing a road tunnel, a review of factors contributing towards a safe tunnel
environment for road users, local inhabitants, third parties and neighbouring properties, operators,
maintenance staff, emergency services and consultations with independent watch dogs representing
interests of major road users, shall be undertaken during the development of the tunnel proposals.
2.1.1 The design of tunnel options should initially be to the same highway standards as for open road options.
2.1.2 The following information, at least in preliminary form, should be obtained before design commences,
in order to inform the design:
1) the route and alignment of the tunnel;
2) topography, hydrogeology and geotechnical information;
3) surface water or fluvial flood risk;
4) the class of road and design speed limit;
5) the minimum level of availability for the tunnel;
6) available diversion routes;
7) available opportunities for planned maintenance closures;
8) anticipated peak and average traffic density, including a breakdown of vehicle types;
9) any known hazardous goods traffic and route ADR classification;
10) likely to be designated as high or abnormal load route;
11) emergency services and breakdown recovery capabilities and response times;
12) means of escape from, and emergency services access to, potential incident sites;
13) available mains power and water supplies;
14) drainage catchment areas and outfall locations;
15) location of monitoring and control facilities;
16) any specific environmental constraints (such as for noise, air quality, and impact on biodiversity);
17) target costs and timescales for construction;
18) extents of design responsibilities, interfaces and deliverables, particularly where different parties
carry out different stages of the design;
19) for existing tunnels, the availability of relevant record drawings, operation and maintenance
manuals, specifications and design calculations relating to the existing structure and equipment,
together with (for tunnels covered by the Road Tunnel Safety Regulations 2007 ( SI 2007/1520 [Ref
37.N]) all pertinent safety documentation and operational risk assessments;
20) Imminent land planning considerations;
21) customer perception/expectations/views of road tunnels. Refer Transport Focus Research and
Publications.
2.1.3 The following issues have an important bearing on the overall tunnel design, and should be taken into
account early in the planning process:
1) the starting point for design is that road standards and through-route objectives are maintained in
the tunnel;
2) provision of a stopping lane and verge widths have an important bearing on cross-section and cost;
3) penalties for steep gradients are more severe than on the open road (for example costs associated
with the provision of climbing lanes and additional ventilation to cope with the gradient and
increased exhaust emissions);
4) tunnel design speed to be the same as that on the approach roads;
19
5) likely traffic speed changes in tunnel;

6) provision of alternative routes for road users excluded from tunnels;
7) junctions in tunnels are undesirable because of restricted sight lines, conflicting vehicle movements
and ventilation issues.
NOTE 1 A number of characteristics of roads in tunnels differ from open roads. These include capital, operating
and whole-life costs, and ventilation, lighting and maintenance requirements.
NOTE 2 The nature and mix of vehicles in the traffic flow will also affect the physical design of tunnels; for
example flows with a higher percentage of HGVs can require extra ventilation, especially at steeper
gradients.
NOTE 3 It is important, for informed design progress on other aspects of the road tunnel design, to establish the
location, cross sectional shape and gradient profiles for the tunnel as early as possible in the planning
process.
2.2 Value engineering decisions shall be documented in agreement with the OO, with records of the data
used, the reasons for accepting or rejecting each option, and any consequential impacts on other
systems or equipment.
General design
2.3 When assessing the strategic implications of the design of new and refurbished tunnels, reference shall
be made to the appropriate National Application Annex (NAA).
2.4 The tunnel civils, mechanical, electrical, control and communications systems shall be designed to
minimise whole life costs, including operating, maintenance, energy and plant replacement costs, as
well as to maximise the road availability and safe access for maintenance.
NOTE 1 It can be appropriate and more cost effective over the whole life of a system to accept greater capital
costs initially that allow savings through greater reliability, longevity and/or reduced service intervals.
NOTE 2 The six key elements of a road tunnel design or refurbishment normally relate to:
a) for a new tunnel, the tunnel profile and protection of the tunnel structure against accidental
damage, such as fire, from vehicle collisions, or spills;
b) the role and extent of the equipment and plant that is required to monitor communicate and
control the tunnel environment and respond to tunnel emergencies. The level of future
maintenance and operational costs are closely correlated to the level of installation of such
equipment and plant;
c) whether the tunnel is to be permanently staffed or operated remotely;
d) the tunnel maintenance and operating procedures required to facilitate day-to-day operation and
to respond to emergency conditions;
e) the number and duration of tunnel closures during which preventative and corrective
maintenance works can be efficiently carried out;
f) minimising failures affecting minimum operating requirements.
NOTE 3 Information on tunnel profile, service tunnels and spaces in the tunnel for equipment, ventilation,
lighting, drainage, signs and signals, loudspeakers, secondary cladding, passive fire protection,
utilities, cabling pipework and ducted services, and tunnel service buildings is given in Appendix A.
NOTE 4 Information on the process for selection of appropriate tunnel type is outlined in clause 2.29.
2.5 Tunnel mechanical and electrical systems and control and communications systems shall be designed
so that no single equipment or power supply failure will result in an unsafe situation or an inability to
maintain normal traffic flow or close the tunnel to traffic as set out in the MOR.
2.5.1 Electrical, mechanical, control and communications equipment should be installed in locations where
safe access can be gained without the need for lane or tunnel bore closures.
2.5.2 Components with limited life should be designed for ease of replacement with a minimum of tools and
access equipment.
20
NOTE 1 Components with limited life such as, tunnel lighting lamps and control gear will need replacement
periodically or on hours run.
NOTE 2 Components that can be replaced as quickly and easily could be selected.
NOTE 3 Non-standard or bespoke items such as secondary cladding panels, access covers, drainage gully
gratings, emergency distribution panels and signs, tunnel lighting luminaires and jet fans can be difficult
to replace quickly unless a stock of spares is maintained.
Technical approval
2.6 The requirements for technical approval of the road tunnel structure and equipment shall be in
accordance with CG 300 [Ref 70.N].
Regulatory reform (fire safety) order (RR(FS)O)

2.7 The relevant authority shall be consulted regarding the applicability RR (FS)O SI 2005/1541 [Ref 76.N],
to individual tunnels.
2.7.1 For those tunnels required to comply with the RR (FS)O SI 2005/1541 [Ref 76.N], the evidence
required to achieve acceptance should be agreed.
NOTE 1 Examples of evidence required to achieve acceptance could include, a fire safety risk assessment for
the tunnel and associated premises, to identify fire hazards and people at risk and implement measures
to mitigate those risks.
NOTE 2 Road tunnels on motorways and all-purpose trunk roads are normally regarded as being exempt from
the RR (FS)O SI 2005/1541 [Ref 76.N] but tolled tunnels cannot always be exempt.
NOTE 3 Specific guidance relating to road tunnels can be found in the Department for Communities and Local
Government publication 'Fire Safety Risk Assessment: transport premises and facilities' DCLG Fire
safety risk [Ref 5.I].
The Equality Act

2.8 To demonstrate compliance with the Equality Act Acts 2010 c.15 [Ref 74.N] an Equality Impact
Assessment (EqIA) shall be completed.
2.9 Means of escape, and any doors, steps, gradients, narrow walkways, etc. shall not cause difficulty to
persons with protected characteristics.
NOTE Protected characteristics are as described in the Equality Act Acts 2010 c.15 [Ref 74.N].
2.10 Access to, and through, emergency doors and escape routes shall be step-free, and risk assessed with
the TDSCG.
NOTE 1 Step-free emergency doors and escape routes can be achieved by the provision of dropped kerbs and
easy gradients.
NOTE 2 Specific guidance and recommendations can be found in the Department for Transport publication
Inclusive Mobility Inclusive Mobility [Ref 39.N].
Building information modelling

2.11 Building information modelling (BIM) shall be used to accord with the Government Construction
Strategy 2011 OG-Incidents [Ref 4.I].
Tunnel operation
2.12 The tunnel design shall include for the operating, emergency, maintenance procedures and post
incident recovery procedures, to be employed during its use.
2.13 The following shall be included in the tunnel tunnel design:
21
1) the requirements of the user of the installed equipment, including access to, and presentation of,
information they require;
2) the requirements of the emergency services for response to incidents;
3) which systems are to be automated, which can require operator intervention, and to what extent;
4) intuitive control systems that assist decision making processes and facilitate rapid response to
emergency situations;
5) minimum operating requirements (a breach of which can necessitate tunnel closure);
6) ease of access to, and interrogation of, traffic and systems monitoring data for routine day-to-day
monitoring;
7) ease of access to installed equipment for maintenance and troubleshooting.
2.13.1 For existing tunnels, the design should take into account all relevant established operational
procedures and the tunnel operating and administrative authorities consulted regarding any design
proposals that entail changes to procedures.
2.13.2 The tunnel, closed to traffic for whatever reason, should remain closed to traffic until, through mitigation
or other intervention, the tunnel is safe to reopen to permitted traffic.
2.14 For new tunnels, the Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group (TDSCG) and BS EN 794 [Ref
46.N] shall be consulted regarding operating and emergency procedures.
Tunnel design and safety consultation group (TDSCG)

2.15 In order to confirm design parameters and operating procedures, a TDSCG shall be convened.
NOTE The purpose of the TDSCG is to establish a forum within which interested parties (see below) can be
acquainted with proposals for a tunnel construction or refurbishment project and have an opportunity to
share their specialist knowledge and experience to clarify the design outcomes. A TDSCG normally
comprises of appropriate levels of representation from:
1) the Overseeing Organisation;
2) the designer;
3) the Technical Approval Authority;
4) the tunnel manager;
5) the tunnel safety officer;
6) the emergency services (including police, fire and rescue services, ambulance service and other
organisations that can be involved in response to significant incidents);
7) relevant environmental regulator appropriate for the specific tunnel;
8) relevant local government authorities;
9) on-road traffic services;
10) competent operator and competent maintainer.
2.15.1 The TDSCG should identify potential hazards involving lighting, vehicle breakdown, traffic congestion
and full-scale emergencies, including fire.
2.15.2 Consider also how the risks should be mitigated and any associated emergency response
requirements.
NOTE 1 A summary of the items that can normally be discussed by a TDSCG is in Appendix A2.
NOTE 2 Topic items to those provided in Appendix A2 can be introduced to deal with specific issues particular to
a tunnel.
NOTE 3 Guidance on tunnel incident pre-planning, staged incidents, operational tactics and communications
from the working group chaired by the Fire Service Inspectorate can be found in the Communities and
Local Government document Fire & Rescue Service: Operational Guidance - Incidents in Tunnels and
Underground Structures OG-Incidents [Ref 4.I] .
22
2.15.3 The TDSCG should meet regularly throughout the design and construction periods.
2.15.4 The TDSCG should review design proposals and working procedures for day to day operation, planned
maintenance requirements (including contraflow) and response to incidents and emergencies.
2.15.5 The TDSCG should agree ALARP where ALARP principles are applied.
2.15.6 In the event of an emergency, contingency plans should enable tunnel services and traffic flows to be
restored.
2.15.7 The TDSCG should continue to meet throughout the design and commissioning stages of the project
until the emergency drill requirement of CS 452 [Ref 40.N] prior to tunnel opening to traffic, has been
completed and any adverse findings from the drill have been formally addressed.
2.15.8 The TDSCG may remain in place, and meet periodically during subsequent operation of the tunnel, to
consider operational and maintenance issues that can arise through changes in legislation, technology
upgrades or refurbishment. It can also be useful to review on an ongoing basis the adequacy of safety
provisions and operating and emergency procedures.
2.16 Details of information presented to the TDSCG, along with any feedback and comments received, shall
be formally recorded into a finalised safety consultation document, and appended to the Approval In
Principle (AIP) document, as required by CG 300 [Ref 70.N].
Safety
2.17 Preliminary proposals shall be based on consultation with the Overseeing Organisation, Technical
Approval Authority (TAA), emergency services and the proposed tunnel Operating authorities.
2.17.1 Safety should be made prime consideration in the design for maintenance, economic running and
operational safeguards.
2.17.2 The requirements of all organisations consulted concerning tunnel operating policy and tunnel
planning, such as the locations of the traffic control centre and equipment for on-site, remote
surveillance and control, support of prohibitions, cross-over facilities and emergency services
requirements for incident response, should be addressed early in the design stage.
NOTE 1 It is important to assess options concerning tunnel operating policy and tunnel planning as there can be
little or no scope for subsequent physical alteration (e.g. changing ventilation shafts, emergency
access, etc.).
NOTE 2 Operational and safety aspects have a significant effect on development of the detailed design,
particularly of mechanical and electrical (M&E) systems functions.
NOTE 3 Information on safety issues relating to operation and maintenance is included in Appendix A3.
2.18 At conceptual design stage for a new or refurbishment tunnel project, potential hazards that can arise
during normal day-to-day operation of the tunnel shall be identified and related to the tunnel layout and
installed equipment, communications and control systems and emergency services' response, and the
consequent risks evaluated.
2.18.1 The risk assessment should both inform the design and serve as a check on the adequacy of the
design proposals, and identify any risks falling within the 'Tolerable' region (see Table 2.18.3) that can
need further mitigation.
2.18.2 The risk assessment may be used to inform the process of determining the minimum operating
requirements for the tunnel, i.e. the minimum combinations of conditions, availability of systems and
procedures for safe continued operation of the tunnel.
2.18.3 The example risk assessment methodology illustrated in Tables 2.17.3a, and 2.17.3b gives an example
of a typical risk assessment matrix for a road tunnel. Probability definitions should be selected to cope
with the wide range of potential hazard probabilities that appertain to a road tunnel.
23
Table 2.18.3a Example of assessment matrix for risks to tunnel users

EXAMPLE OF ASSESSMENT MATRIX FOR RISKS TO TUNNEL USERS
Probabil- Severity
ity
Minor Fatal injury,
Slight injury or Serious injury or Multiple fatalities,
damage or major
illness, moderate illness, substantial catastrophic loss
loss, no damage or
damage or loss damage or loss or damage
injury loss
< 1 in 10 Broadly Broadly
Tolerable Tolerable Unacceptable
0 years acceptable acceptable
Once
every 10 Broadly Unaccept-
- 100 acceptable able
years
Once
every 1 Unaccept-
Tolerable Tolerable Tolerable Unacceptable
- 10 able
years
> 1 - 10
Unacceptable Unaccept- Unacceptable
times per Tolerable Tolerable
able
year
> 10
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unaccept- Unacceptable
times per Tolerable
able
year
Table 2.18.3b Risk classification

Risk classification REQUIRED ACTION
Ensure assumes control measures are maintained and reviewed as
Broadly acceptable
necessary.
Additional control measures needed to reduce risk to a level which is 'as low
Tolerable
as reasonably practicable' (ALARP) for the population concerned.
Unacceptable Activity not permitted. Hazard to be avoided or risk reduced to 'Tolerable'.
2.18.4 The reasonably foreseeable hazards that can occur both in the tunnel and on the approaches to the
tunnel should be identified and design solutions developed.
2.18.5 Hazards may include :
1) Vehicle related incidents such as:

a) vehicle fires from traditional fuels and other;
b) road traffic collision;
c) vehicle travelling in the wrong direction;
d) vehicle breakdown;
e) over-height vehicle strike;
f) queuing traffic.
2) Equipment failures such as:
a) incoming power supply failure;
b) lighting system failure;
c) ventilation system failure;
d) drainage pumping failure;
24
e) fixed firefighting system accidental discharge;

f) communications network failure;
g) failure of traffic signals or VMS;
h) CCTV system failure;
i) telephone system failure.
3) Miscellaneous such as:
a) debris on road;
b) hazardous spillage;
c) pedestrians in the tunnel;
d) animals in the tunnel;
e) flooding;
f) rock fall or landslip on approach;
g) suspect package;
h) terrorist attack including security threat and/or cyber-attack.
4) Weather conditions including:
a) fog;
b) rapid, air vapour condensation on windscreen, mirrors, etc.;
c) high winds;
d) ice & snow;
e) heavy rainfall;
f) dazzle from the sun (particularly in east - west tunnel alignments);
g) identification and assessment of risks due to climate change and climate extremes.
2.18.6 External weather conditions do not directly relate to tunnels. However, drivers encounter these when
they exit a tunnel and may need to be warned before exiting.
2.19 A risk analysis to comply with the RTSR SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] shall be carried out and a report
produced on the proposed risk reduction measures.
2.19.1 Examples of design and traffic characteristics that may affect driver behaviour include traffic signs and
signals and vehicle movements in the tunnel and on the tunnel approaches.
2.20 Subsidiary risk assessments shall be made to determine the probability and likely impact of hazards
with a range of potential impacts.
2.20.1 The probability and severity of fires in various types of vehicle may be derived from historic data for
comparable roads and tunnels, making due allowance for traffic density and composition and any
known transportation of dangerous goods.
2.20.2 Strategies for responding to potential hazards should be based on the management, coordination,
operation, mobilisation, access, procedures and communications requirements of the various parties
involved and the needs of the road user, the level of human resources required during an incident, both
at the control centre and on the ground.
2.20.3 Strategies on responses should deal with both the initial occurrence of a hazard and also any
consequential developments.
NOTE A breakdown in a tunnel can lead to initial local queuing which can develop into wider scale area
congestion and gridlock.
2.20.4 For new tunnels the selected tunnel cross section should relate to the approach road standards,
geometry and visibility and procedures for dealing with incidents.
2.20.5 The need for provision of a stopping lane and verge widths should be assessed, because these have
an important bearing on the tunnel cross-section and as secondary evacuation routes.
2.20.6 Any requirements for cross connections between tunnel bores or vehicular crossovers outside the
tunnel portals, for the purposes of contraflow operation and emergency access should be confirmed at
any early stage of the design process.
25
2.20.7 Proposed means of safe escape from the tunnel under fire scenarios including contraflow operations
should be assessed.
NOTE 1 Early warning of a fire, early activation of fire suppression measures or use of mechanical ventilation
can all contribute to reducing the risk to escapees, and allow more time for evacuation to a safe
location with fresh air.
NOTE 2 Use of static or dynamic evacuation lighting, way-finding signage, acoustic signals and/or suitable
colour schemes to accentuate escape routes can also support prompt evacuation (see Section 8).
2.20.8 A quantified risk analysis based on early warning of a fire, early activation of fire suppression measures
or use of mechanical ventilation may be used to determine the optimum spacing between emergency
escape doors.
NOTE A further risk assessment can be carried out using a similar methodology to consider the impact of the
same set of hazard events on the continuing availability of the tunnel. Inherent in this process is the
development of a suite of minimum operating requirements to define the various combinations of
circumstances, availability of equipment and operational procedures that can allow the tunnel to remain
open to traffic while maintaining an acceptable level of safety. An example of a risk matrix for this
purpose is shown in Table 2.21.
2.20.9 The outcome of any further risk assessment should be used to demonstrate compliance with the tunnel
availability requirements.
2.21 The risk assessment reports shall be appended to the AIP.
Table 2.21a Example of assessment matrix for risks to tunnel availability

Severity
Probabil- Traffic Traffic disrupted Traffic disrupted Traffic disrupted Traffic
ity disrupted for between 30 for between 90 between one disrupted for
for up to 20 minutes and 90 minutes and one day and one more than
minutes minutes. day month one month
1 in 100 Broadly Broadly Unaccept-
Tolerable Tolerable
years acceptable acceptable able
Once
every 10 Broadly Unaccept-
- 100 acceptable able
years
Once
Unacceptable Unaccept-
every 1 Tolerable Tolerable Tolerable
able
- 10 years
> 1 - 10
Unacceptable Unacceptable Unaccept-
times per Tolerable Tolerable
able
year
> 10 times Unaccept-
Tolerable Unacceptable Unacceptable Unacceptable
per year able
26
Table 2.21b Risk classification

Risk Classification REQUIRED ACTIONS
Ensure assumed control measures are maintained and reviewed as
Broadly acceptable
necessary
Additional control measures needed to reduce risk to a level which is 'as low
Tolerable
as reasonably practicable' (ALARP) for the population concerned.
Unacceptable Activity not permitted. Hazard to be avoided or risk reduced to 'Tolerable'.
Transportation of dangerous goods

2.22 Safeguards for fires or spillages of hazardous materials shall be based on an assessment of the risk
implications of traffic carrying dangerous loads (explosives, flammables, toxins and radioactive
materials).
NOTE 1 Fires or the spillage of hazardous materials are of greater consequence in tunnels than on the open
road.
NOTE 2 The safeguard provisions made can have an impact on the structural design, basic equipping and
operating criteria (to include adequate fire protection) and ventilation capacity for fire and smoke
control, and amply proportioning drainage sumps to cope with spillages of hazardous material and any
sluicing water, foams, etc. applied.
2.22.1 Safeguards such as fire protection, ventilation and drainage in relation to pipelines carrying gas or
chemicals belonging to third party users should be provided.
NOTE 1 The transport of dangerous goods is governed by the Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of
Transportable Pressure Equipment (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2011 No.1885) SI 2011/1885 [Ref
4.N]. These largely apply the ADR Agreement (European agreement concerning the international
carriage of dangerous goods by road) ADR Agreement [Ref 1.I] but permit the imposition of further
restrictions in certain areas such as tunnels.
NOTE 2 Information on the goods that can be safely transported through the tunnels is included in Appendix A5.
Power supplies
2.23 A secondary source of power shall be provided for essential safety related services and control room
operation, to cover for the possibility of total power failure.
NOTE To achieve an acceptable level of reliability for life safety systems the secondary source of power can
take the form of a secondary external mains supply from an alternative source, a standby generator or,
for limited duration, a battery-backed uninterruptible power supply.
2.23.1 When standby power is brought into use to permit operation of the tunnel to continue with, for example,
lighting or ventilation operating at a reduced level, then measures should be imposed to ensure the
safe passage of traffic and an acceptable response to incidents in conformance with MOR.
Traffic management
2.24 At design stage traffic management shall be developed to cater for normal traffic flow and for special
movements (such as abnormal loads and slow moving vehicles), maintenance activities (both planned
and unplanned); and the means for implementing effective closure of a tunnel, both for planned
maintenance activities and in the event of an emergency.
NOTE 1 The primary purpose of closures is to protect from oncoming vehicles the work force that can be in the
tunnel, evacuees escaping from an incident, or emergency services personnel in attendance,.
NOTE 2 The use of traffic signals alone (such as lane control signals or wig-wags) can be insufficient to ensure
continuing compliance and the deployment of physical barriers can be desirable after traffic has been
brought to a standstill.
27
2.24.1 For acceptable air quality to be maintained in a tunnel and that vehicles ahead of an incident are able to
leave the tunnel unimpeded, traffic management should be designed to minimise the risk of congestion
in a tunnel and to keep the exit route clear.
2.24.2 The planning of signals and barriers for emergency tunnel closure should be based on the following:
1) how traffic can be safely slowed and brought to a halt at a safe distance from the tunnel (including
traffic joining the through route from junctions);
2) where physical barriers are employed, how to avoid the risk of vehicles colliding with the barriers;
3) where physical barriers are not used, how to prevent drivers from driving past stop signs;
4) how to maintain access for emergency services vehicles; and
5) how traffic can be directed around and past obstructions/incidents.
2.25 Where physical barriers are proposed in connection with tunnels on motorways and all-purpose trunk
roads, the agreement of the Overseeing Organisation for their use shall be obtained.
Restrictions on tunnel use

2.26 Where a tunnel is to be constructed on a route used by non-motorised users, an alternative route shall
be provided for their use in accordance with CD 143 [Ref 16.N] and assessed in accordance with GG
142 [Ref 81.N].
2.27 Pedestrians, pedal cycles, motor cycles with engines less than 50cc, animals and animal drawn
vehicles, and mobility scooters shall not be permitted to use the tunnel.
NOTE Classes of road users such as pedestrians, pedal cycles, motor cycles with engines less than 50 cc,
animals and animal-drawn vehicles, and mobility scooters are currently prohibited from motorways and,
unless there is no reasonable alternative, they are also prohibited from trunk road tunnels due to the
difficulties in providing safe access.
2.27.1 A safe route for non-motorised users may be in the form of a separate bore, a guarded walkway raised
above the road surface or a walkway separated by a partition from the main tunnel, with fresh air
ventilation.
2.28 The provision of a low-level verge shall be maintained for emergency use by vehicle occupants and to
maintain the design sight-lines on bends.
Cladding
2.29 The internal walls, cladding and false ceilings etc. of a road tunnel shall be designed for an additional
operational loading due to the wind pressures and 'suctions' caused by the moving vehicle traffic.
2.29.1 For preliminary design nominal loading should be +/- 1.5 kPa, applied in the combinations for wind
loads as defined in CS 454 [Ref 2.N] and 50 million cycles for fatigue on metal elements within the
cladding.
2.29.2 The nominal loading and stress cycles should be reviewed for traffic volume, traffic speed and range of
vehicle heights, once the tunnel cross section and lining clearances have been determined, and for any
contraflow traffic operations.
NOTE The nominal loading values and stress cycles can vary widely from tunnel to tunnel.
2.29.3 The lower part of the tunnel wall should be designed to minimise the risk of traffic collision with the
secondary cladding.
2.29.4 Cladding should be designed for ease of maintenance and/or replacement following damage/incidents.
Selection of appropriate tunnel type

2.30 The following procedures flowcharts shall be used to determine the tunnel type to be adopted:
28
Figure 2.30a Flowchart of data acquisition actions to determine tunnel type
Figure 2.30b Flowchart for tunnel geometry , types of construction method and
geology
29
Figure 2.30c Flowcharts of actions to develop tunnel options based on type of

construction
30
Figure 2.30d Flowcharts for types of tunnel boring machine for softer ground
31
Figure 2.30e Flowchart for using a hard-rock tunnel boring machine
Figure 2.30f Assessment of options to be applied to all tunnelling methods and

tunnel structures
32
CD 352 Revision 0 3. Road tunnel safety
3. Road tunnel safety

General
3.1 Operational safety facilities shall be provided in road tunnels to minimise risk to tunnel users and
workers in normal day-to-day or emergency incident operating conditions.
3.2 Facilities to communicate with tunnel users in the event of disruptions to the normal traffic flow, such as
maintenance, emergency incidents, lane/tunnel closures, diversions etc. shall be provided.
3.3 Illuminated escape signs shall be provided for use in addition to predefined tunnel operating
procedures for responding to accidents, breakdowns or other emergencies and a means of closing the
tunnel to traffic.
Tunnel safety facility provision

3.4 Facilities for operational safety shall be provided for each road tunnel according to its length, traffic
conditions, the type of road involved (i.e. motorways or all-purpose trunk roads) and its importance with
respect to the surrounding road network.
3.5 Information regarding the safe use of the tunnel by all users shall be developed and provided in a
format agreed with the overseeing organisation.
3.6 Tunnel safety facility provisions shall be based on risk assessment of tunnel operational safety issues
and required availability to traffic.
NOTE 1 Section 2 Planning, safety and general design contains guidance on risk analysis and management.
NOTE 2 Factors contributing to the necessary level of tunnel safety provision include structural features
affecting the tunnel layout and location, tunnel geometry, traffic loads and composition,
communications, response to emergencies, including fire, emergency lighting and the role of
mechanical ventilation (where provided) in the event of a fire.
3.7 Road tunnel safety facilities shall be provided on the basis of risk assessment based on specific tunnel
conditions and characteristics.
33
Table 3.7 Typical safety provisions for each tunnel category

Safety and fire TUNNEL CATEGORY
prevention equipment AA/AB C D
Emergency telephones - - -
Radio rebroadcast system - - -
Communication Radio break-In system x x x
and alarm
equipment Public address system - x x
Vehicle/incident detection system - x x
General surveillance CCTV - x x
Automatic fire detection - x x
Fire detection Portable fire extinguishers - - -
and extinguishing
equipment Pressurised fire hydrants - - -
Ventilation for smoke control - - -
Normal lighting - - -
Emergency lighting - - -
Lighting and signals Emergency exit signs - - -
Evacuation lighting - - -
Lane control and tunnel closure signs/signals - - x
Emergency stopping lane -
Stopping, turning
and escape Escape doors - - -
provisions
Turning bays x
Drainage Impounding sump * * *
Where: (-)Typical safety provision. (x) If required by TOA. (*) Provision determined by local
requirements.
NOTE 1 Table 3.7 provides a list of frequently used tunnel safety facilities and has been developed from PIARC
publication "Classification of Tunnels, Existing Guidelines and Experiences, Recommendations, 1995
Ref[x.x].
NOTE 2 Tunnel categories are described later in the Section.
3.7.1 Additional safety facilities may be required.
3.7.2 Separate criteria may apply to tunnels falling within the scope of the Road Tunnel Safety Regulations SI
2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] & The Road Tunnel Safety (Amendment) Regulations SI 2009 No 64, Annex B
RTSR 2009 [Ref 58.N].
3.8 Each tunnel is to be addressed as a separate entity, and designs shall include the safety facility
provision required for the specific characteristics of each individual tunnel.
NOTE At the stage when tunnel design and operational safety issues are being developed, a tabular
presentation of facilities can provide a convenient starting point for the TDSCG to determine that
systematic consideration is given to the specific safety issues at each site. It is also an effective means
of conveying the key issues to non-specialists, particularly those employed in the general planning of
projects that include tunnels, and provides a basis for establishing preliminary design requirements and
cost estimates.
3.9 Safety facility provisions shall be cost benefit assessed against available operational response to
incidents, means of stopping traffic and closing lanes or tunnel bores; communications, surveillance,
34
stand-by rapid response vehicle recovery facilities etc., and the consequence of traffic delays and
pressure on the surrounding road network.
3.10 In matters relating to systems for communications and traffic control, the tunnel designs shall integrate
with relevant systems already in place or planned on the surrounding network.
3.11 Finalised tunnel safety facility proposals shall be outlined within Approval in Principle documentation.
3.12 The design of safety facilities for each tunnel shall be based on the tunnel category derived from Figure
3.14.2 and the corresponding provisions given in Table 3.6.
3.13 The safety provisions given in Table 3.6 shall be developed and refined by risk assessments and
consultation with the TDSCG and Emergency Services.
3.13.1 The risk assessment process should include ALARP decisions based on proportionate cost.
3.14 Tunnels shall be separated into categories AA, A, B, C, D and E according to length and AADT as
shown in Figure 3.14.2.
3.15 Categories for AADT in excess of 100,000 vehicles per day shall be calculated by extrapolation of the
Figure 3.14.2 graph.
3.15.1 Where the tunnel design year is not defined within the works information, it may be assumed to be 15
years from the date of tunnel opening.
3.15.2 AADT should be taken as the sum total of traffic in both directions through one tunnel bore.
Figure 3.15.2 Determination of tunnel category
3.15.3 For the purposes of defining tunnel safety requirements, twin bore tunnels should be regarded as
35
equivalent to two parallel single bore tunnels.
Typical safety facilities, tunnel layout and structural features

General
3.16 Provisions shall be included as outlined within this section if they are determined necessary for safe
tunnel operation by operational risk assessment, emergency services or for compliance with the works
information.
Emergency panels
3.17 Emergency panels (EP's) shall be provided at the tunnel portals, within lay-bys (if provided) and at 50m
centres throughout the tunnel.
3.17.1 Supported by risk assessment, EP spacing may be extended to a maximum of 75m.
3.18 EP's shall be equipped with:
1) emergency roadside telephones;
2) portable fire extinguishers (in compliance with BS 5306-3 [Ref 28.N]).
3.19 Fire hose reels and fire hydrants shall be included in consultation with fire and rescue services.
3.20 Where hydrants are required for fire protection by FRS, they shall be provided at alternate EP's or as
agreed with the TDSCG.
3.21 Where extended EP centres are proposed, hydrant locations at greater than 100m centres shall be
subject to agreement with local fire and rescue services.
3.22 EP's shall be accommodated within the tunnel such that all tunnel users (including those with restricted
mobility) can safely access and use them in compliance with the Equality Act Acts 2010 c.15 [Ref 74.N].
Emergency stopping lanes

3.23 Where provided, emergency stopping lanes shall be designed to allow stranded tunnel users safe
access to emergency walkways and/or emergency panels as well as facilitating the safe removal of
broken down vehicles by recovery services.
Escape routes
3.24 Safe means of emergency escape shall allow tunnel users to evacuate an affected tunnel bore safely in
emergency incident conditions.
3.25 Emergency incident escape and incident access proposals for all design incidents shall be included
within Approval in Principle documentation .
3.26 Emergency escape doors (cross-passages doors, inter-bore connecting emergency escape doors,
door access to a dedicated emergency escape gallery, shall be located at intervals of up to100m
through the tunnel.
3.26.1 Emergency escape door intervals may be extended to a maximum interval of 150m where determined
appropriate by a quantified risk analysis.
3.27 All emergency escape routes shall be equipped as described in Section 8.
NOTE 1 Sections 2 and 8 contain additional guidance on tunnel fire safety provision.
NOTE 2 Section 4 contains additional guidance on tunnel emergency walkway provision.
Vehicle crossovers
3.28 Vehicle crossovers on the approaches to twin bore tunnels to facilitate all tunnel operational and
emergency service access shall be designed in compliance with CD 192 [Ref 73.N].
36
Turning bays
3.29 Where included, turning bays shall be sized to allow all permitted tunnel traffic and emergency services
vehicles to turn around.
3.30 Where turning bays are proposed to be included, all designs shall be included in Approval in Principle
documentation.
Emergency services parking

3.31 Where emergency services parking is determined as a requirement, designated rendezvous points for
the marshalling of police and emergency vehicles and equipment when attending a tunnel incident,
shall be included at one or more areas close to the tunnel portals.
3.32 Designated rendezvous point locations shall be conspicuously signed with a diagram 2712 'RVP' or
'FRP' sign in accordance with TSRGD [Ref 77.N].
3.32.1 Where required by emergency services, a premises information box should be provided.
Drainage
3.33 The design shall prevent standing water (or spilled liquid) accumulating on the road surface at any point
through the tunnel.
3.34 Drainage sumps shall have sufficient volume and pumping capacity (where required) to address all
expected ingress flow as outlined in Section 7.
3.35 Where a spillage impounding sump is to be provided it shall be sized and equipped as outlined in
Section 7.
NOTE Section 7 contains guidance on drainage sump requirements.
Detection of incidents
3.36 Automatic tunnel monitoring systems shall alert tunnel operators to hazards, such as road traffic
accidents, tunnel fire or spillage incidents, shed loads or debris on the carriageway, slow moving or
stationary traffic, wrong direction traffic, presence of pedestrians, cyclists or animals within the tunnel
etc.
NOTE Automatic tunnel monitoring systems promote prompt implementation of incident response measures.
3.37 General surveillance CCTV design shall include full coverage of all operational parts of the road tunnel
and approaches, including emergency escape routes, in accordance with TD 131 [Ref 59.N].
Tunnel communications and emergency facilities

Communications
3.38 Emergency roadside telephones (ERT's) shall be in accordance with TD 131 [Ref 59.N].
3.39 ERT's shall be intuitive to use and allow tunnel users to immediately communicate directly with the
tunnel operators, police control centre or a central contact centre.
3.40 In-tunnel signage clearly signifying the locations of all emergency roadside telephones shall be
provided.
NOTE 1 Section 9 contains guidance on the provision of ERT's.
NOTE 2 TSRGD [Ref 77.N]outlines signage requirements.
3.41 Equipment facilitating mobile phone usage within the tunnel environment shall be provided where
determined by risk assessment and reasoning for non-provision is outlined within Approval in Principal
documentation.
37
NOTE Tunnel users can use personal mobile telephones to summon assistance in an emergency, in
preference to the emergency roadside telephones.
3.42 Radio re-broadcasting equipment shall facilitate emergency services and maintenance operators'
in-tunnel communication.
3.43 Public aaddress systems shall be capable of broadcasting live and recorded messages to the tunnel
environment.
3.44 Public address systems shall be audible in all areas of the tunnel for all tunnel users and relevant
installed systems under all operating conditions.
NOTE Section 9 contains guidance on the design of Public address systems.
3.45 Radio break-in systems shall inform, guide and assist tunnel users in tunnel incident conditions.
NOTE Where radio break-in systems are to be installed, approval for use from UK communications regulator
is required.
Traffic controls
3.46 A comprehensive system of signs and signals shall be developed in consultation with the organisation
with overall responsibility for authorising such installations on motorways and all-purpose trunk roads.
3.47 Traffic signs and signals shall be in compliance with TSRGD [Ref 77.N].
3.48 The tunnel traffic control systems shall be integrated with local networks and neighbouring traffic
control systems.
Tunnel emergency systems availability

3.49 Facilities allowing the availability of systems, relating to emergency panels and tunnel emergency
incident response, to be continuously monitored from the tunnel control centre, shall be included.
Fire alarm & smoke control

3.50 Facilities for raising an alarm, either by manual or automatic means, and responding to a fire shall be
provided covering all areas of the tunnel, including the ancillary building(s).
3.51 Where an installed tunnel ventilation system is included, it shall provide air quality control in day-to-day
and maintenance operation as well as to control the movement of smoke, hot gases, fumes etc. in
tunnel emergency incident conditions.
NOTE Facilities for controlling smoke by means of ventilation override and fixed fire-fighting systems (where
relevant) are described in Sections 5 and 8 of this document.
Tunnel lighting
3.52 Tunnel lighting shall be provided in compliance with the requirements outlined within Section 6.
Mainspower failure and emergency lighting

3.53 A secondary power source (mains or generator) shall be provided to allow the tunnel to continue
operating safely in primary mains power failure conditions and in compliance with Section 11.
3.54 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) shall have sufficient capacity and duration to power tunnel
emergency lighting and all other systems required to permit safe evacuation and closure of the tunnel
in the event of failure of the normal power supply.
3.55 Emergency tunnel lighting levels shall be in compliance with the requirements outlined within Section
11.
38
Tunnel signs and signals

3.56 Lane control signals and portal variable message signs shall be capable of notifying the closure of
individual traffic lanes or full tunnel bore closures.
3.57 Where tunnel bore closures can be initiated, diversionary route signage shall be included on the tunnel
approaches upstream of the relevant highway exits in compliance with TSRGD [Ref 77.N].
3.58 Illuminated signs on the road tunnel walls shall indicate in each direction the distance to the nearest
emergency escape points of safety.
NOTE Section 9 contains guidance on emergency exit signage.
Value engineering
3.59 A value engineering exercise shall be undertaken to determine that all included safety equipment is
required for the safe operation of the tunnel.
3.59.1 The assessment should based on whether:
1) the investment represents a satisfactory balance between overall network safety, approach road
safety and tunnel bore safety;
2) the safety objectives have been achieved in a manner representing the best value for money
manner (allowing that prevention is more cost effective than post-incident management);
3) any measures provided for asset protection post-evacuation represent good value for money in the
context of network disruption, repair costs and economic impact on the region, in the event of the
asset becoming unavailable for a period of time.
39
CD 352 Revision 0 4. Geometric design
4. Geometric design
General
4.1 The geometric design of carriageways to include approach roads and the traffic space in relation to the
structure within road tunnels, shall include the following:
1) ventilation (length and gradients);
2) traffic movements (maintenance, emergencies);
3) portals (provision for parking/turning emergency vehicles);
4) operational safety (verge widths, lay-bys and long tunnels);
5) traffic escort (marshalling facilities in portal areas);
6) adjacent road network (disruption or queues due to tunnel closures);
7) means of escape and emergency services intervention routes.
4.1.1 Design should make allowances for the special demands and conditions of approaching and driving
through tunnels.
4.1.2 The initial geometric design of tunnels should be based on the design criteria and hourly traffic flows for
comparable sections and classes of open road, to the physical characteristics of the tunnel profile and
cross section, the design of the approach roads, the proximity of the tunnel portals to any surface
junctions, the composition and speed of the traffic flow, construction costs, and the economic and
safety benefits that ensue.
4.2 The required number of lanes shall be based on the capacity of the adjoining open road using WebTAG
Unit A3 [Ref 82.N].
4.3 To limit distractions, the tunnel approach shall have the same geometric layout as the tunnel for a
distance from the tunnel portal at least equal to the distance covered in 10 seconds by a vehicle
travelling at the design speed.
4.4 The tunnel design speed shall be the same as the approach road design speed.
4.4.1 A relaxation of one design speed step may be used for determining Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) on
approach and threshold zones where drivers are alerted by signing for a tunnel ahead.
NOTE The zones are defined as:
1) approach zone: the length of approach road from the portal equal to 1.5 times the SSD;
2) threshold zone: the length of tunnel from the portal equal to the SSD.
4.5 Full Overtaking Sight Distance (FOSD) shall be verified as described in CD 109 [Ref 35.N].
4.6 The headroom used for checking SSD shall be either;
1) the maintained headroom plus the additional vertical clearance of 250mm as shown in Figures 4.12
and Table 4.12 in this document to give some protection to "soft" equipment, such as luminaires,
from high vehicles carrying compressible loads or with loose ropes, flapping tarpaulins and similar
that pass under the portal soffit; or
2) the actual headroom less allowances for soffit-mounted equipment and resurfacing if this is greater.
4.6.1 Where the minimum SSD values are not achieved, either the tunnel headroom should be increased
(which is is not normally economical, particularly in bored tunnels), or the design speed and speed limit
reduced.
4.6.2 Where the minimum SSD values are not achieved due to tight horizontal curved alignment, the tunnel
may need to be made larger (which is not normally economical) or have a less horizontal curved road
alignment and/or reduce the design speed.
4.7 Overtaking in a road tunnel, involving access to the lanes open to traffic travelling in the opposite
direction shall not be permitted.
40
4.8 Gradients shall be limited to the open road desirable maximum gradients in CD 109 [Ref 35.N].
NOTE For tunnels the penalties of steep gradients are more severe than on open roads and include higher
ventilation costs, increased cleaning due to increased vehicle emissions including brake particulates
and the buoyancy effect of hot smoke in the event of a fire. If the gradient/traffic flow and composition is
sufficient to require a climbing lane the costs can be prohibitive.
4.8.1 Where strategic alternative routes can be provided, it may be advantageous to prohibit heavy vehicles
from steeply graded tunnels.
4.9 Carriageway crossfalls of 2.5% minimum shall be provided throughout the tunnel.
NOTE 1 For tunnels, crossfall is required to drain water arising from routine wall washing, flushing away
accidental spillage and any seepage.
NOTE 2 The provision of superelevation in a tunnel can have an adverse effect on the cross section and on the
provision of service ducts under the road.
4.9.1 The superelevation provides only small compensation for lateral acceleration and, if necessary, may be
relaxed to the minimum crossfall of 2.5%.
4.9.2 Where a tunnel has a reverse curve it may not be possible to provide the minimum crossfall throughout
(unless curvature is very large) to give drainage paths because of the combination of longitudinal
gradients and crossfalls.
Tunnel cross section

4.10 250mm additional clearances to those required by CD 109 [Ref 35.N], CD 127 [Ref 11.N] shall be
provided to avoid damage to electrical, mechanical and communications operational equipment.
4.11 All equipment, including cabling, in a road tunnel shall be placed inside the areas for equipment and
cladding shown in Figure 4.12.
4.12 In addition to the requirements shown in Figure 4.12 and Table 4.12, in deriving the minimum internal
structural envelope, allowance shall be made for sight-lines, both SSD and visibility to signs and
signals, equipment and construction tolerances, and verge width to reflect equality considerations.
41
Figure 4.12 Tunnel cross sections
Table 4.12 Minimum dimensions (See Figure 4.12)

Dimension Description Box profile Arch profile
A Verge headroom 2300 mm 2300 mm
B Width of verge with maintained headroom 600 mm 600 mm
C Width of verge 1000 mm 1000 mm
4.13 In the design of verges reference shall be made to the guidance and recommendations in the
Department for Transport publication Inclusive Mobility [Ref 39.N].
Maintained headroom
4.14 The maintained headroom, in Figure 4.12, shall be based on the same requirements of CD 127 [Ref
11.N], as for over-bridges on open roads.
4.14.1 The maintained headroom stated in CD 127 [Ref 11.N] may need to be compensated for on sag curves.
4.14.2 Any requirement to provide maintained headroom within structure free zones beyond the first 600mm of
the verges should be assessed based on the risk of damage to the structure and tunnel equipment.
42
4.14.3 The maintained headroom is the clearance to be preserved at all times. Any allowance for overlay
should be based on a cost benefit analysis of overlaying rather than planing out and re-surfacing,
including changes to kerb, verges, verge mounted equipment, doors and drainage inlets.
Traffic lane width

4.15 Traffic lane widths in tunnels shall be in accordance with CD 127 [Ref 11.N].
4.15.1 The provision of carriageway hard strips or hard shoulders within a road tunnel should be subject to a
cost benefit study based on the paved width of number of lanes, verge provisions and traffic flows,
along with maintenance, operational and safety benefits.
Vehicle restraint systems

4.16 Vehicle restraint systems requirements in tunnels and portals shall be assessed and specified in
accordance with CD 377 [Ref 55.N].
4.16.1 A safety barrier leading to the tunnel portal should have the same alignment as the tunnel itself.
4.16.2 Where there is insufficient space to install safety fences and barriers at tunnel portals crash cushions
(or similar devices) may be provided.
4.17 The lower 1500 mm of tunnel side walls shall be smooth, continuous and structurally resistant to impact
from vehicles.
4.17.1 Finish to the roof of the tunnel should aid the installation of the fixings for the vent fans, lighting, cable
trays etc.
4.17.2 Where verticality of the lower 1500 mm of wall is less than 5 degrees from vertical, then the walls can
provide the same function as vertical concrete safety barriers, as used on the open road, and the
provision of additional safety fencing may not be necessary.
4.17.3 At emergency cross passage doorways, open recesses, and other abrupt changes in cross section
which present a hazard to traffic, the exposed edge should be chamfered horizontally, over a minimum
height of 1500 mm, at an angle to the traffic direction, to mitigate to some extent the consequences of a
vehicle impact.
NOTE Doors or coverings can be designed to resist vehicle impacts.
4.17.4 In the case of bi-directional tunnels, at cross passage openings, chamfered edges to the walls should
be provided at both the approach and departure faces.
43
CD 352 Revision 0 5. Ventilation requirements
5. Ventilation requirements
General
5.1 At the initial stages of design, an analysis shall be undertaken, to determine if tunnel user safety in
day-to-day or emergency incident tunnel operation can be achieved by natural tunnel ventilation (a
tunnel's natural geometric, traffic or environmental conditions) or if an installed tunnel ventilation
system is required.
5.2 Where safe operation cannot be achieved by natural tunnel ventilation an installed mechanical tunnel
ventilation system shall be included.
NOTE Further information regarding ventilation system design fire magnitudes is outlined within Section 8.
Natural tunnel ventilation

5.3 Where it is proposed to use a natural tunnel ventilation strategy, the following shall be achieved for all
external meteorological design conditions:
1) tunnel air quality and visibility is maintained at safelevels by means of traffic movement;
2) tunnel users can evacuate the tunnel environment safely, in tunnel design fire incident conditions;
and
3) re-circulation of polluted air at portals is avoided (tunnel structural provision).
5.4 Tunnel created environmental conditions at the portals shall comply with EU 2008/50/EC [Ref 17.N].
5.4.1 APEA Guidance APEA Blue Book [Ref 2.I] should be considered.
5.5 For tunnel fire incident conditions in naturally ventilated road tunnels, analysis of the fire incident shall
be undertaken to determine smoke stratification levels, duration of stratified layer stability and radiant
heat from the smoke layer to the evacuation route below and that tenable conditions are maintained on
the escape route(s) so that tunnel users can evacuate the affected bore safely.
Mechanical tunnel ventilation

5.6 When determining which mechanical ventilation strategy to adopt, the following shall be taken into
account:
1) structural implications for the tunnel created by the ventilation strategy and subsequent construction
costs;
2) ventilation system capital, installation, operating and maintenance costs;
3) tunnel geometry & gradients;
4) tunnel location & proximity to emergency services;
5) potential tunnel fire incident location and magnitude;
6) system monitoring & control;
7) meteorological conditions at tunnel portals and ambient air movement through tunnels;
8) emergency tunnel egress routes;
9) traffic conditions and predicted vehicle emissions for opening year & design year;
10) traffic operation (uni/bi-directional, tidal) / number of lanes;
11) traffic density & speed of movement;
12) traffic composition (type / age of vehicles), potential for hazardous loads;
13) all pressure loss mechanisms (tunnel inlet, outlet, wall-shear, tunnel installed signage/cable
trays/plant/instruments, shaft and plant room, vehicle blockage, vehicle drag etc.) including
additional system resistance in tunnel fire conditions (fire plume drag, buoyancy loads, reduced
density air effects, incomplete air mixing at the fire site, air temperature variation downstream of the
incident site, tunnel obstruction created by the incident etc.);
44
14) other installed tunnel safety features;

15) system noise levels within and adjacent to the tunnel environment / sound attenuation;
16) environmental conditions at portals and ventilation shafts (including wind stagnation pressure at
portals);
17) contraflow option;
18) types and proximity of neighbouring premises.
5.6.1 Regardless of the mechanical ventilation strategy adopted, the design should implement traffic-control
procedures creating free-flowing traffic conditions.
NOTE The self-ventilating effects of free flowing traffic through the tunnel can have operational cost benefits.
5.7 The application of a longitudinal ventilation system in a bi-directionally operated road tunnel shall be
justified by risk assessment.
5.8 The tunnel design fire magnitude and fire growth rate shall be determined by risk assessment.
5.9 The risk assessment shall include all applicable factors i.e. tunnel geometry, traffic usage
(volume/composition/hazardous loads etc.), response times, safety provisions and available incident
statistics etc. as well as incident likelihood, balanced against the consequences, such as economic
costs, potential loss of life, risk of loss of tunnel structure and potential prolonged traffic disruption for
repair works.
NOTE Further guidance and requirements on vehicle fire loads are included in Section 8.
5.10 The tunnel airflow rates required for all tunnel operating conditions (day-to-day traffic and
contraflow/tidal-flow (where required), tunnel maintenance operations, tunnel design fire incident (or
other tunnel emergency incidents at the worst case incident location), shall be determined.
5.11 The tunnel ventilation system shall be capable of achieving the determined duties for all tunnel and
ventilation system operating conditions.
5.12 Where a tunnel ventilation system employing tunnel mounted jet fans is proposed, the design shall:
1) optimise separation between jet fan mounting locations (latterly and longitudinally) to maximise jet
fan operating efficiency;
2) prevent jet fan operating performance being impeded by signage or other tunnel equipment
mounted upstream or downstream of the jet fan exit;
3) include installation efficiencies relevant to the proposed mounting arrangement (soffit/wall
separation, jet fan niches etc.);
4) account for any throttling of the airflow due to proximity to soffit;
5) include reverse operation jet fan thrust values (where different to forward operating thrust) for
reverse jet fan operating conditions where required; and
6) Include sufficient access for maintenance.
5.13 Where axial fans mounted outside the immediate tunnel environment are proposed, the installation
arrangement (fans, ducting, dampers, louvres, sound attenuators etc.) shall minimise pressure losses
through the system and maximise operating efficiency.
5.14 The tunnel ventilation design (in parallel with the structural design) shall minimise potential for
re-circulation of exhausted pollutants/fumes/smoke/hot gases to the adjacent bore via either tunnel
ventilation shafts, entry/exit portals or inter-connecting emergency escape routes, vehicular
cross-connection.
5.15 Where tunnels are equipped with fixed fire fighting systems (FFFS), operation of either FFFS or tunnel
ventilation systems shall not prevent ability of either systems from achieving its design duty.
5.16 The tunnel ventilation system shall be designed to address full design fire load conditions, regardless of
the inclusion of a tunnel FFFS.
45
NOTE Where a FFFS is proposed a specific risk assessment or experimental test results can be used to
reduce the design fire load conditions in agreement with the Overseeing Organisation.
5.17 To avoid adversely impacting evacuating tunnel users in incident conditions, the ventilation system
shall not generate air-flows greater than 10m/s, averaged over time and across the tunnel width, in the
lower 2m of the road tunnel, when operating at any of the proposed ventilation settings.
5.18 The design shall prescribe ventilation settings to be adopted by the operator for all operating
conditions, design incidents and potential incident locations.
5.18.1 In tunnel fire incident conditions the prescribed emergency incident response setting should be
implemented as quickly as possible in order to control the movement of smoke and hot gases and
maximise tunnel tenability for evacuating tunnel users and emergency service responders accessing
the incident.
5.18.2 At tunnels with manned monitoring facilities, the prescribed ventilation response settings should be
available, to the tunnel monitors.
NOTE It is typically the tunnel monitoring operative's responsibility to activate the relevant incident ventilation
setting in response to any emergency incident condition encountered and to adjust ventilation settings
at the request of responding emergency services.
Smoke control panels

5.19 Where determined as necessary following consultation with local fire and rescue services, smoke
control panels (SCP) shall be provided outside the tunnel portals from where attending fire and rescue
service personnel can take over manual control of the tunnel ventilation system.
NOTE Further information regarding SCP provision and requirements are included in Section 8.
Enclosed escape routes and cross-passages

5.20 Enclosed escape routes (isolated from the tunnel bores) shall be designed to protect against the
ingress of smoke or fumes from any incident within a connected tunnel bore.
5.20.1 Enclosed escape routes ventilation air may be drawn from the non-incident bore of a twin bore tunnel,
provided that any risk of re-circulation of smoke or fumes into that bore has been reduced to an
acceptably low level.
5.21 In cases where a dedicated emergency escape corridor is being ventilated with air from outside the
tunnel via air ducts, the external air shall be sourced from a location that is not contaminated with
smoke or fumes being exhausted from the incident bore.
5.22 Pressurised elements of emergency escape routes shall facilitate use by evacuees such that:
a) the force to open an emergency door does not exceed the recommendations of BS EN 12217
[Ref 18.N]; and
b) air velocity in an escape route or cross-passage does not exceed 10 m/s up to 2m above floor
level.
Day-to-day tunnel airflow requirements: calculation method

5.23 Design traffic data (traffic composition, percentage heavy goods vehicles in different weight bands etc.)
shall be determined from available traffic data or by prediction based upon the road type, location and
surrounding industry etc.
NOTE Up to date UK traffic composition data is available from the Department of Environment, Food & Rural
Affairs (DEFRA).
5.24 In determining the ventilation capacity necessary to maintain acceptable air quality standards within the
road tunnel, the calculation methodology, pollutant design values and vehicle emissions factors
(including non-exhaust particles) outlined within Vehicle Emissions and Air Demand for Ventilation
PIARC R05 [Ref 49.N] shall be employed.
46
NOTE 1 PIARC Vehicle Emissions and Air Demand for Ventilation PIARC R05 [Ref 49.N] includes emission
data for CO, NOX, and particulate matter including correction factors to reflect the influence of cold
start and altitude. Guidance on the relationship between NOX and NO2 is also given as are extinction
coefficients for use in ventilation system design.
NOTE 2 It is assumed that adequate dilution for unregulated pollutants can be provided for by ventilation system
control which relates to regulated pollutants.
5.25 Ambient external air quality levels shall be taken into account when assessing in-tunnel pollution levels
and calculating tunnel airflows to be generated by the ventilation system.
5.26 Tunnel ventilation airflow requirements shall be designed for worst-case congested traffic and for
free-flowing traffic conditions.
5.26.1 Airflow calculations should be undertaken for traffic speeds 0 km/h, 5 km/h and 10 km/h and, thereafter,
speeds increasing in steps of 10 km/h up to the design speed limit to allow the maximum tunnel
ventilation airflow duty and the worst-case tunnel portal and/or shaft emissions to be determined.
Tunnel fire incident ventilation design

5.27 Where a longitudinal tunnel ventilation system is proposed, the required air velocity necessary to
control the movement of smoke and hot gases in a design fire magnitude incident, such that a clear air
environment is maintained on the upstream side of the incident site, shall be determined by
computational simulation or by calculation.
5.28 The tunnel ventilation system shall be capable of achieving the required emergency ventilation duty for
a design fire magnitude incident occurring at the worst case location within the tunnel (in terms of
required ventilation thrust), allowing for the maximum potential in-tunnel vehicle density and adverse
portal pressures (due to meteorological effects).
5.28.1 In determining the ventilation system requirements for the fire incident condition, the design
calculations should include allowance for the following:
1) performance loss of fans operating in elevated temperature environment;
2) fans unavailable due to routine maintenance;
3) any fan(s) being unavailable for service due to fire proximity / fire damage/; and
4) additional resistances to the ventilation system created by the fire incident e.g. fire plume drag,
buoyancy loads, incomplete air mixing at the fire site, tunnel air velocity variations associated with
air temperature variations downstream of the incident site (heat loss to the structure) and potential
tunnel obstruction created by the incident.
5.29 Where longitudinal ventilation is used in bi-directional traffic conditions, potential incidents shall be
planned for in advance and ventilation responses for each situation determined and outlined within the
design.
NOTE It might be the case that in bi-directional traffic, or congested tunnel traffic conditions, the most
appropriate response is not to activate the ventilation system, for instances where analysis has
determined that buoyant smoke layers can remain stable for a sufficient duration to allow safe
evacuation by tunnel users passing below the smoke layer.
Exposure limits for staff in tunnels

5.30 The tunnel ventilation system setting which tunnel operators activate to maintain acceptable air quality
standards for tunnel maintainers, contractors or other parties undertaking work within the tunnel
environment shall be determined within the design.
5.31 Exposure limits for CO2, NO2, NO and particulates (ppm10 & ppm2.5) for maintenance staff and
non-motorised users must be in compliance with EH40 [Ref 84.N] and in EU Legislation IOELV [Ref
1.N].
47
Air quality monitoring and ventilation control

5.32 All tunnel sensors and ventilation monitoring/control systems shall be compliant with the IEEE IEEE
C37.1 [Ref 67.N].
5.33 All tunnel sensors and ventilation monitoring/control systems shall use non-proprietary or open source
communications protocols.
NOTE Guidance on SCADA systems and requirements are included in Section 10.
5.34 The control system employed shall provide efficient ventilation operation and safeguard the installed
fans from frequent switching.
5.35 Tunnel air quality (CO, NO, NO2 etc.), visibility and air velocity monitoring instruments shall be provided
within the tunnel and located such that a realistic measure of conditions throughout the tunnel can be
recorded.
5.36 The installed monitoring instrumentation shall be provided in duty/stand-by arrangement at each
location.
5.37 All monitoring instrumentation shall be located to be safely and readily accessible for the purposes of
inspection, maintenance and replacement.
5.37.1 It should not be necessary to remove other equipment to access or remove the monitoring
instrumentation.
5.38 The monitoring instruments, their enclosures and mountings shall be designed for operation within the
road tunnel environment, enduring the tunnel atmospheric conditions and maintenance activities, such
as tunnel washing operations, for a minimum of 20 years.
5.39 Ingress protection rating for the monitoring instruments shall be minimum IP66.
5.40 In day-to-day tunnel operation the ventilation system shall operate automatically, in the most efficient
and effective way, in response to signals from the installed instruments.
5.41 Air quality within the tunnel and its surroundings shall be maintained within the exposure limits set by
UK CAS 2019 [Ref 5.N] and EU ( 2008/50/EC [Ref 17.N]).
5.42 Where installed monitoring systems detect incident conditions such as a tunnel fire or spillage, or air
quality/visibility levels deteriorating toward tunnel closure levels, an alert shall to be raised at the tunnel
monitoring facility/control centre so incident response plans can be initiated rapidly.
Acceptable tunnel air quality (interior)

5.43 In day-to-day operation the installed tunnel ventilation system shall be capable of maintaining a safe
tunnel atmosphere for tunnel users.
5.44 Allowable pollutant and particulate concentration limits shall be determined based upon the most recent
published data on their effects on humans and acceptable exposure limits.
5.45 The proposed values and the methodology by which the allowable pollutant and particulate
concentration limits have been determined shall be outlined within Approval in Principle documentation.
NOTE 1 The following limiting pollutant and particulate (visibility) concentration values, summarised in Tables
5.45N1 & 5.45N2, are provided for guidance. The outlined values have been determined based upon
review of relevant documents PIARC R05EN PIARC R05 [Ref 49.N], HSE EH40 [Ref 84.N], BTS best
practice guide NO: Best Practice Guide [Ref 17.I], Mott MacDonald Report 5 HSE NOX [Ref 11.I] and
TRL's Report 1 TRL UPR/IE/31/06 [Ref 9.I].
48
Table 5.45N1a CO, NO and NO2 limits for road users within a tunnel
Tunnel user exposure Tunnel Workplace exposure limit

Pollutant
sensor limit
CO
(Carbon Short-term limits: A: 100 ppm
monoxide) fifteen minutes, or less, B: 50 ppm 100 ppm
conservative average exposure C: 35 ppm
values
Short-term limits: A: 37.5 ppm 15 ppm (not mandatory – for
NO
fifteen minutes, or less, B: 18.8 ppm guidance only as not considered
(Nitric oxide)
average exposure C: 7.5 ppm critical)
Short-term limits: A: 7.5 ppm
NO2
fifteen minutes, or less, B: 3.8 ppm 1 ppm
(Nitrogen dioxide)
average exposure C: 1.5 ppm
Where:
1) A = tunnels up to 500m in length,

2) B = tunnels between 500m and 1,000m in length,
3) C = tunnels between 1,000m and 2,500m in length.
Table 5.45N1b Visibility limits (haze from vehicle fumes, particulate matter etc.)
K - "Visibility Loss" at peak traffic
Application
(m-1)
Vmax = 60 - 80 km/h ≤ 0.007
Fluid traffic
Vmax ≥ 80 - 100 km/h ≤ 0.005
Congested traffic ≤ 0.009
Tunnel to be closed ≥ 0.012
Maintenance work, ≤ 0.003
with tunnel traffic
Where:
1) V = traffic speed,
2) K = extinction coefficient.
NOTE 2 Workplace exposure limits (WELs) are set with thresholds below which, on existing knowledge, there
are thought to be no adverse effects on people. In the absence of more specific scientific data, the
values have been conservatively adapted for road users within tunnels.
NOTE 3 The tunnel sensor limit values allow for pollution concentration for in-vehicle tunnel users and time of
exposure with respect to length of tunnel for congested traffic travelling at 10 km/h.
NOTE 4 Table 5.45N1a includes allowance for in-vehicle exposure rather than tunnel roadside exposure.
Supporting information is available in TRL's report 'Impact of Revised HSE NOX Standards on Road
Tunnels TRL UPR/IE/113/07 [Ref 10.I] and TRL's Road Tunnel Air Pollution Monitoring TRL
PR/SE/746/03 [Ref 18.I].
5.46 Signals from the tunnel sensors shall be capable of automatically activating the installed tunnel
ventilation system (where provided) in stages before measured pollution levels reach the limiting levels
for any of monitored pollutants.
NOTE Tunnel closure procedures are typically implemented if concentrations of any monitored pollutant
49
breaches its maximum limiting level.
External environmental conditions

Meteorological
5.47 The tunnel ventilation system shall deliver the required performance (within the tunnel and externally)
for all operational settings when subjected to the worst combinations of design meteorological
conditions i.e. wind speed & direction, humidity and extremes of temperature recorded for that area.
5.48 Meteorological conditions used in the tunnel ventilation system design shall be based on historic
meteorological records for the tunnel site with an additional allowance for climate change projections
applicable to the local area.
5.49 Sensors monitoring external ambient wind speed and direction shall be located at each of the tunnel
portals and at any ventilation shafts.
Effects on ambient air quality

5.50 Ambient air quality records for the tunnel site area shall be obtained at design stage and used in the
tunnel air quality and portal emissions calculations as well as any subsequent assessment of the
impact the operating tunnel ventilation system has had on its local environment.
5.51 Where existing ambient air quality records are not available an air quality survey in the area local to the
tunnel site shall be commissioned.
5.52 The predicted effects of tunnel vehicle emissions being exhausted to the atmosphere at tunnel portals
or exhaust shafts on the external ambient conditions and on buildings in the locality shall be analysed.
5.53 Polluted air being exhausted at tunnel exhaust shafts or portals must be compliant with the
requirements of the EU Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC [Ref 17.N] and the DEFRA Clean Air
Strategy CAS 2019 [Ref 5.N].
5.54 Where it is found that operating the tunnel creates external air quality conditions in breach of legislative
requirements at the portals or shafts, an alternative means of exhausting the polluted tunnel air shall be
employed.
5.54.1 Where portal emissions have to be limited, the inclusion of ventilation shafts exhausting polluted tunnel
air at high level can aid dilution and dispersal. High level shafts, subject to any planning consent, may
be located either close to the portals or at intermediate locations along the length of the tunnel,
depending on the form of ventilation adopted.
5.54.2 The visual impact of tunnel ventilation shafts on the local environment should contribute to determining
suitable shaft locations.
5.54.3 As air supplied by tunnel ventilation systems is sourced from the external environment, the quality of
the air supplied to the tunnel has a significant bearing on the quality of the air being exhausted to the
environment at tunnel portals or ventilation shafts, in day-to-day tunnel operating conditions. Where
ambient air quality records, or air quality survey results, show that the ambient air quality in the locality
of the road tunnel is not within acceptable standards, it can be impossible to comply with ambient air
quality standards in the vicinity of where the tunnel air is being exhausted. In such circumstances the
issues should be highlighted and a proposed solution to be used in the tunnel design outlined within
Approval in Principle documentation.
Ventilation system safeguards and system reliability

Reliability
5.55 The tunnel ventilation system design shall include provision such that:
1) the tunnel ventilation duty can be achieved (and tunnel users protected) in the event of a single
failure of any individual system components, including installed fans and associated plant, power
supplies and power cables as well as all monitoring and control system cables & equipment;
50
2) the ventilation system can continue to maintain tunnel air quality within the limits specified in the
event of a single grid supplied mains power supply failure; and
3) maintenance work, both planned and unforeseen, is facilitated and disruptions to tunnel traffic flow
for maintenance activities are kept to a minimum.
5.55.1 Alternate fans should be powered from separate power sources such that in the event of a failure of an
individual supply, the fans connected to the healthy supply can remain operational.
Jet fan redundancy

5.56 Jet fan redundancy shall be included within the ventilation design allowing for:
1) normal operation: jet fan unavailability due to routine maintenance or occasional failure; and
2) tunnel fire incident: in addition to normal operation redundancy requirements, jet fans located close
to the fire site unavailability due to temperature effects/fire damage (where calculated tunnel air
temperatures are in excess of the fire rating of installed jet fans).
5.56.1 For design purposes the following redundancy levels may be used as indicative:
1) normal operation: 2 fans or 10% of the fans (to the next whole number), whichever is the greater;
and
2) tunnel fire conditions: jet fan unavailability due to fire incident proximity (where tunnel air
temperatures exceed jet fan fire rating) can be calculated using the following, where X = distance in
metres, M = fire magnitude in MW:
a) Upstream: X = (-0.0017M2) + (0.45M) + 1.667
b) Downstream: X = (-0.0067M2) + (1.8M) + 6.667
Axial fan / centrifugal fan redundancy:

5.57 Ventilation designs involving axial or centrifugal fans mounted outside the tunnel environment shall
include fan redundancy to allow for fan unavailability due to routine maintenance or occasional failure in
normal operation.
5.58 Fans shall be installed in a duty/standby arrangement such that switching from one fan to another
occurs automatically.
NOTE Where more than one fan serves a particular duty, only one standby unit need be provided.
Ventilation fans
Fan motors
5.59 Efficiency classes for fan motors (with conventional starters or with variable speed drives) must be in
accordance with IEC 60034-30-1 [Ref 68.N] and Regulation (EC) No. 640/2009 [Ref 20.N].
Axial fans
5.60 Axial fan motors and motor components (switching, gearbox drives etc.) shall be mounted so that
individual components are accessible for inspection and maintenance.
5.61 The fan design shall incorporate fan stall control measures for all fan duty settings.
NOTE Axial flow fans, with high pitch angles, can suffer an aerodynamic stall characteristic which occurs at
low flow/high pressure conditions.
5.62 Axial fans shall normally be operated at their point of maximum efficiency.
Jet fans
5.63 Jet fans shall be provided with fail safe anti-vibration mountings to prevent the fans falling onto traffic in
the event of the failure of a fixing.
51
5.63.1 Provision of safety chains, as secondary fastenings at jet fan mounting points, may be employed to
prevent falling following primary mounting failure.
5.64 Vibration monitoring shall be provided for all installed jet fans and an alarm raised via SCADA when the
recorded vibration exceeds manufacturer defined thresholds.
5.65 Motor winding temperature monitoring shall be included with a temperature sensor in each winding and
an alarm raised at the monitoring location when the recorded temperature exceeds manufacturer
defined thresholds.
5.66 Temperature and vibration monitoring shall be provided for each bearing (i.e. at each end of the motor)
and an alarm raised at the monitoring location when the recorded temperature exceeds manufacturer
defined thresholds.
5.67 Where motors are driven by soft starters or variable speed drivers, insulated bearings shall be provided.
5.68 To facilitate motors to be replaced for maintenance purposes, IP65 rated socket arrangement shall be
included for each sensor and electrical supply to the fan.
5.69 The design of jet fan ventilation systems shall include the design of a mobile jet fan cradle arrangement
allowing prompt jet fan/motor removal and installation.
5.70 Design materials shall be selected to avoid galvanic and other corrosion of any jet fan fixings.
5.71 Provision shall be included for any water entering a jet fan (during washing activities etc.) to drain out.
Fan reversibility
5.72 Where the normal tunnel operation design ventilation settings include reversal of tunnel airflow for any
design operating condition, truly reversible (delivering the same fan thrust in either direction) jet fans
shall be provided.
5.73 Where tunnel airflow reversal is an infrequent (exceptional circumstance) operating requirement, the
use of standard jet fans operating in the reverse to normal direction shall be permitted if the required
ventilation duty can be achieved with the reduced jet fan thrust performance available in the reverse
operation mode.
5.74 Where large axial fans mounted in shafts are required to operate in the reverse to normal direction of
operation, the axial fan shall be capable of delivering at least 70% of the normal direction airflow while
operating in the reverse direction.
5.75 The ventilation control system design shall include tolerances such that fan reversals are kept to a
minimum.
Fan speed and reversal control

5.76 Fans starters shall be selected and starting sequences designed to reduce starting currents and peak
load demand on the power supply.
5.77 Multiple fans shall not be controlled from one starter, however groups of fans connected to a single
control panel with individual switches to dedicated fan motor starters is permissible.
5.78 Where jet fan reversibility is required, motors shall be capable of undertaking 10 starts per hour, in
either direction, with up to 1 start and 2 reversals in a minimum of 10 minutes.
5.79 Variable speed motor control shall be used to control fan output, rather than blade angle variation.
5.79.1 Where variable speed control by frequency converter is proposed, gearing should be matched with
motor thermal characteristics and the control circuits to maximise the power factor.
Fire rating of fans

5.80 All fans as well as electrical, monitoring, control and structural components essential to the continued
operation of ventilation fans (with potential exposure to elevated air temperatures in fire incident
conditions) shall be capable of operating in smoke-laden air at a temperature of 250ºC for 2 hours.
52
5.81 Tunnel fans shall be in accordance with part 3 of BS EN 12101 [Ref 64.N].
Noise levels
5.82 Ventilation system noise levels in a tunnel (including escape routes), particularly at times of emergency
fan use, shall not interfere with the use of emergency communication systems and public address /
voice alarm (PA/VA) audibility (where included).
NOTE The design maximum noise level value is a primary requirement for PA/VA design.
5.83 The maximum tunnel noise levels generated by the operating ventilation system must not expose
tunnel users, maintainers/contractors or emergency incident responders to noise levels greater than
acceptable within 'The Control of noise at work regulations' SI 2005/1643 [Ref 72.N].
5.84 The maximum noise level permissible in the tunnel environment with the ventilation system operating at
its maximum setting, shall be determined by calculations.
5.85 The design shall include noise attenuation plant such that the calculated permissible maximum noise
level is not breached for any operating condition.
5.85.1 A maximum permissible level of NR85 at any point in a plane 1.5m above the road surface has been a
long accepted UK road tunnel requirement and may be adopted as a noise level requirement where it is
in compliance with the relevant HSE control of noise regulations.
5.86 All required regulatory internal (tunnel and associated buildings) and external noise level impact
assessments shall be undertaken as part of the design.
5.87 Fan buildings, ventilation shafts, extract fan outlets and ventilation plant, shall be located to minimise
the impact of any fan noise breakout on local inhabitants or the general public.
5.88 The ambient noise levels must comply with environmental noise regulations and environmental
protection regulations.
NOTE The control of noise to the outside environment can depend on individual circumstances and the area
background noise levels during fan operation. Where external ventilation building(s) are proposed, BS
7445-1 [Ref 14.N] and BS 8233 [Ref 34.N] provide guidance on noise reduction and sound insulation
for buildings.
Tunnel ventilation design report

5.89 The tunnel ventilation design shall include production of a detailed design report that can be reviewed
where changing circumstances necessitate a review of the capabilities of a tunnel ventilation system
after the initial design was carried out.
5.90 The tunnel ventilation design report, outlining the basis of design, methodology, modelling strategy,
interpretation of results and sensitivity of results to key assumptions and simplifications, shall be
appended to the operational and maintenance documentation.
5.91 Where a tunnel ventilation design employed computational and fluid dynamics software, a description
of the modelling strategy shall include details of the computational mesh, boundary conditions,
turbulence and heat transfer modelling assumptions, and the representation of the fire including the
yield of soot and the toxicity of the products of combustion.
53
CD 352 Revision 0 6. Lighting design
6. Lighting design
General
6.1 Tunnel lighting shall be designed to BS 5489-2 [Ref 8.N].
6.1.1 Values for performance variables such as correlated colour temperature, which are given latitude within
BS 5489-2 [Ref 8.N], should be proposed in the AIP.
6.2 Tunnel lighting shall be compliant for contraflow operation in a normally one-way bore when it is
foreseen that this is necessary for maintenance activities or incident management.
6.3 The speed restriction that is to apply during contraflow operation shall be recorded in the operation and
maintenance manual.
6.4 The design of external lighting on tunnel approaches shall be in accordance with BS 5489-1 [Ref 9.N]
and TD 501 [Ref 57.N].
6.4.1 The lighting solution should reduce the overall energy consumption of daytime lighting through design
and/or specification of:
1) all elements that directly affect access zone luminance;

2) road surfacing and other surface finishes within the tunnel; and
3) tunnel operation and maintenance procedures.
NOTE 1 The quantity of installed lighting equipment and its energy consumption through its life is affected by
several tunnel design choices, as described in Annex A of BS 5489-2 [Ref 8.N].
NOTE 2 BS 5489-2 [Ref 8.N] divides emergency lighting into two parts - 'standby lighting' and 'evacuation
lighting' as follows
1) Standby lighting provides visibility for tunnel users to evacuate the tunnel in their vehicles in the
event of failure of the power supply;
2) Evacuation lighting is provided to guide tunnels users to evacuate the tunnel on foot after leaving
their vehicles in emergency circumstances such as fire.
NOTE 3 Guidance for the design of evacuation lighting is address in Section 8.
6.5 Counter-beam lighting shall not be used unless a documented risk assessment shows that all possible
risks are as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).
6.6 Light sources, control gear/drivers, optics, lighting arrangement and control/monitoring system shall be
selected to optimise the following features to minimise whole life cost, environmental impact and/or
operational impact:
1) optimum combination of switching and/or dimming individual luminaires;
2) maintenance factor compensation;
3) maximum energy efficiency;
4) maximum life;
5) lumen depreciation;
6) cleaning requirements;
7) instant restrike;
8) compatibility with other tunnel systems;
9) accessibility and ease of maintenance;
10) disruption to tunnel operation for routine maintenance activities.
6.7 Daylight louvre or screen structures over the tunnel entrance shall not be installed unless a thorough,
documented risk assessment shows that:
54
1) there is a significant whole life costs benefit;

2) there are no significant dis-benefits, such as difficult or frequent maintenance, problems due to
extreme weather, especially accumulation of snow and ice, and impairment of tunnel ventilation
performance.
6.8 The assessment of visual discomfort due to flicker frequency shall be in accordance with BS 5489-2
[Ref 8.N] over the range of expected traffic speeds.
6.9 The initial lighting design calculations shall use an overall lighting design maintenance factor of 0.70.
NOTE Longer intervals between cleaning of luminaires and/or re-lamping can mean that more lighting is
needed and energy consumption can be higher. It is important to agree the tunnel maintenance regime
so that the optimum balance can be found between maintenance intervention (including tunnel
washing), capital and operational (energy) costs.
6.9.1 The initial overall lighting design maintenance factor of 0.70 should be refined once the data is
available for a more accurate maintenance factor to be calculated.
6.9.2 Checks should be made on the performance of the tunnel lighting and the build-up of dirt on luminaires
and tunnel surfaces.
6.9.3 The operation and maintenance manual should set out in detail what maintenance checks the tunnel
lighting requires and at what time interval.
Standby lighting
6.10 Standby lighting, for in the event of a power failure, shall be designed to BS 5489-2 [Ref 8.N] and BS
EN 50172 [Ref 24.N].
6.10.1 Incorporation into the standby lighting design of an automatic standby lighting testing system may
minimise the maintenance requirements and number of road / lane closures required to carry out the
testing regimes outlined in BS EN 50172 [Ref 24.N].
6.10.2 The standby lighting design may utilise the interior zone lighting system for the purpose of providing
standby lighting.
6.11 Standby lighting shall be supplied from an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system.
6.12 The standby lighting UPS system shall have a two-hour battery autonomy at full-load.
NOTE Section 11 contains requirements and guidance on the design of UPS systems.
6.13 Where the interior zone lighting system is utilised to achieve the required standby lighting illuminance
levels, standby lighting circuits shall be controlled to achieve the night-time illuminance levels.
6.13.1 Where a safety integrity level (SIL) has been defined for the standby lighting, the design of the lighting
control system should be in accordance with BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I].
Tunnel lighting luminaires

6.14 Luminaires shall be in accordance with BS EN 60598 [Ref 45.N].
6.15 Luminaires shall have proven corrosion protection against the combined effects of vehicle pollution,
dust and chemicals used in tunnel cleansing, together with road salts thrown up by traffic turbulence.
6.15.1 To minimise the risk of corrosion, luminaires and their associated supports and fixings should be
designed to be self-draining to avoid the accumulation of moisture to eliminate direct contact between
dissimilar metals.
6.16 All luminaire glazing in the tunnel shall be of the same type of glass, to prevent future maintenance
errors.
6.16.1 Where toughened glass is required for some luminaires (for example to withstand elevated operating
temperatures), all tunnel lighting should be fitted with toughened glass to eliminate the risk of incorrect
replacement.
55
6.16.2 An impact rating of at least IK09 should be used, in accordance with BS EN 62262 [Ref 12.N].
6.17 Where discharge lamps are used they shall incorporate electronic control gear designed to switch off in
the event that the lamp does not function properly, to avoid lamp recycling and the risk of permanent
damage to the control gear.
6.18 Luminaires shall be designed to eliminate photobiological risks in normal use and during maintenance
activities.
NOTE Installations employing high-efficiency LEDs with enhanced levels of light towards the blue end of the
visible spectrum can be particularly damaging to eyesight.
Location of luminaires
6.19 Luminaires shall be located so as to permit unobstructed access for cleaning, re-lamping and
replacement.
6.19.1 The selected location can have a significant impact on light distribution within the tunnel and should be
determined at an early stage.
NOTE 1 For many two-lane tunnel interior zones a single central line of luminaires can provide the required
luminance. This is the most efficient means of lighting the carriageway evenly. However, access to
luminaires can require complete closure of the tunnel bore since both lanes will be obstructed.
NOTE 2 Mounting luminaires on either side of the carriageway offers the possibility of maintenance access, if
safety considerations permit, to one row of lighting whilst, permitting traffic flow in the remaining lanes.
Environmental conditions
6.20 All luminaire and equipment enclosures, support steelwork and fixings within the tunnel environment
shall be designed to meet category C5 of BS EN ISO 9223 [Ref 10.N] for the design life given.
6.21 All equipment, fittings and any other components of the permanent installation within the tunnel and
linked areas affected by the tunnel environment shall have an ingress protection rating of at least IP66,
as defined in BS EN 60529 [Ref 13.N].
6.22 Luminaires shall have been tested to withstand the potential water jet velocities expected within the
tunnel environment. These velocities may be greater than those specified in BS EN 60529 [Ref 13.N].
Road surface reflectance

6.23 The average luminance of the tunnel walls up to a height of 2m shall be in accordance with BS 5489-2
[Ref 8.N].
NOTE 1 The quality of the reflective interior wall or lining finishes together with the lighting design performance
strongly influence drivers' comfort, safety and sense of well-being when passing through a tunnel.
NOTE 2 The choice of wall finish can depend on the form of tunnel construction. It can range from plain
concrete with an applied surface coating to purpose made secondary linings.
NOTE 3 Road surface reflectance can vary according to the materials used and the state of wear. Typical
average reflective values are 0.05 for porous asphalt, 0.07 for standard asphalt and 0.3 for plain
concrete. The dependence of reflectivity on the composition of the road surface is discussed in The
CIE/PIARC joint technical report 'Road Surfaces and Lighting ' CIE 66:1984 [Ref 13.I] and the method
of calculation of the effect on luminance in CIE 140:2002 [Ref 20.I].
Tunnel lighting control and monitoring system

6.24 The tunnel lighting shall be controlled by an automatic tunnel lighting control system.
6.25 The automatic tunnel lighting control system shall regulate all levels of the lighting in daytime to match
the minimum lighting level requirements of BS 5489-2 [Ref 8.N] avoiding unnecessarily high lighting
levels, ignoring short term variations in external lighting conditions during the daytime caused by
passing clouds.
56
6.26 The automatic tunnel lighting control system shall monitor the current and historical status of every
lamp or LED assembly.
NOTE Some control systems offer the possibility of switching out a failed luminaire and adjusting the control of
other luminaires to compensate.
6.27 The tunnel lighting control system shall be either:
1) a proprietary package with integrated communication with the plant monitoring and control system;
2) an integral part of the plant monitoring and control system.
6.27.1 Tunnel lighting control system design should incorporate an automatic standby lighting testing system
to minimise the maintenance requirements and number of road / lane closures required to carry out the
testing regimes outlined in BS EN 50172 [Ref 24.N].
6.27.2 The tunnel lighting control system should assess the required light level against the actual light level at
a maximum of 3 minute intervals, minimum 15 seconds, and the required adjustment of light level
transmitted from the control system to the roadside within 7.5 seconds."
6.28 Access zone luminance photometers shall be used to provide the necessary input data for correct
daytime operation, in accordance with BS 5489-2 [Ref 8.N].
6.29 Three access zone luminance photometers shall be used for each portal, all operating in duty mode,
arranged so that if one photometer reads significantly different to the others, or fails completely, an
alarm can be raised and the other photometers can continue in normal operation so that there is a
majority of readings that can be assumed to be providing a reliable measurement.
6.30 Periodic calibration or self-calibration of the units, as recommended, shall be provided.
6.31 The tunnel lighting control system shall incorporate an alarm to be raised through the control system, in
case of photometer failure.
6.32 Where the tunnel lighting control system also controls the standby lighting, the tunnel lighting control
system shall be designed to Part 8 of BS 5266 [Ref 23.N].
6.33 Where a safety integrity level (SIL) has been defined for the standby lighting, the tunnel lighting control
system design shall be to BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I].
6.33.1 Tunnel lighting control system should be capable of outputting an indication of when the number of
luminaire failures do not permit the tunnel minimum operating requirements to be met.
Whole life costs

6.34 The lighting solution shall be selected with the lowest whole life cost and environmental impact without
compromising the safety of tunnel users or maintenance personnel.
6.34.1 Estimates of the following costs should be factored into the whole life costs:
1) initial capital expenditure costs;
2) cleaning and maintenance costs;
3) energy costs;
4) replacement costs;
5) testing and obsolescence.
6.34.2 Estimates for initial capital expenditure should incorporate not only the cost of the luminaires but also
the associated costs of supporting steelwork, lighting controls, cabling and LV distribution.
6.34.3 The cost of replacing either the entire lighting system, or any component of the system, should be
included in the cost estimate if the manufacturer's design life of that element is less than 25 years.
6.35 Tunnels shall be washed periodically to maintain the wall reflectivity to the level adopted in the design.
NOTE 1 The continued reflectivity of the tunnel surfaces depends on their state of cleanliness.
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NOTE 2 The period between cleaning operations can vary according to tunnel usage, season, and geographical
location of the tunnel and the actual design of the tunnel.
6.35.1 The cost of maintaining and cleaning the tunnel walls and luminaires should be set against the
additional cost of lighting the tunnel to the required standard without cleaning.
6.35.2 The design maintenance factor should be 0.7, unless a detailed knowledge of lamp and luminaire
depreciation factors in relation to planned maintenance procedures is available and a more accurate
maintenance factor can be calculated.
NOTE 1 The long term permanent deterioration of luminaires and wall finishes can also be taken into account.
NOTE 2 For luminaires and control gear enclosures intended to be maintained in-situ, the means of access to
the interior for replacement of lamps and/or control gear can have an impact on maintenance costs.
End-opening luminaires are easier to seal against the ingress of moisture but normally require complex
and expensive mounting brackets and access is generally more complicated. Front-opening
luminaires, offering improved access with simpler mounting arrangements, are preferred but care
needs to be taken to ensure that the considerably longer gaskets provide a reliable seal at all times to
maintain the design IP rating throughout the life of the luminaire. Tool-less access to lamps and control
gear will provide for extra efficiency during maintenance operations.
6.35.3 Cleaning and maintenance costs should incorporate the cost of replacement of system components
where the manufacturer's mean time between failures (MTBF) figures dictate, this is required.
6.35.4 When calculating annual energy costs the following should be stated:
1) estimated running hours for each stage/dimming level;

2) assumed electricity charge rate for year of opening;
3) assumed electricity price inflation, from Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS);
4) discount rate.
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CD 352 Revision 0 7. Drainage system design
7. Drainage system design

General
7.1 The drainage system shall be designed to overseeing organisation's drainage requirements and the
tunnel-specific factors described in this Section.
7.2 Where there is low point within the tunnel, drainage sumps shall be provided to collect any water from
inside the tunnel.
NOTE 1 Unless the vertical alignment of the road through a tunnel is a crest curve, it is normally necessary for a
road tunnel to be provided with drainage sumps and pumping equipment to collect water from the road
surface and discharge it safely.
NOTE 2 Where approach roads run downhill towards one or both tunnel portals it is normal to intercept storm
water flowing down the approach roads to prevent it from entering the tunnel. For such cases the
catchment areas can be extensive and consequently interception facilities can often be large.
7.3 Where there is a sump at the portals it shall be sized to receive water from predicted ground water
seepage, tunnel washing and fire fighting, as well as possible spillages from vehicles.
7.4 In areas subject to snowfall, allowance shall be made when sizing a sump for melt water from snow and
ice brought into a relatively warm tunnel by vehicles. .
7.5 Automatic controls shall be provided to regulate the number of discharge pumps operating according to
the water level in the sump.
7.5.1 The rate of pumping water out of a sump may not need to be the same as the rate of inflow provided
that the sump has the required storage capacity, and the sump design needs to be coordinated with
that of the pumping equipment to achieve an optimum solution.
7.6 Tunnel sumps must be designed to comply with the Dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres
regulations DSEAR S.I. No. 2776 [Ref 69.N].
7.7 Tunnel sumps shall be equipped with ventilation and sensors to detect a build-up of common
hydrocarbons and initiate automatic protective measures to prevent an explosive atmosphere
developing.
7.7.1 Spillages of petrol and oil, in quantity, give rise to an explosive atmosphere, creating a major safety risk
in the sump. Measures should include flooding the sump with foam or inert gas to prevent ignition,
shutting down pumps and sump ventilation fans to confine the hazard until it can be dealt with, and also
to prevent any electrical equipment in the vicinity from igniting the explosive atmosphere.
7.8 The complete drainage system shall prevent the propagation of fire or hazardous liquids along, and
between, the tunnel bores.
NOTE The design of a drainage system to channel inflows of water and spillages into one or more sumps, can
depend on the length, depth, structure and form of tunnels.
Drainage systems
7.9 A tunnel drainage system shall be an integral part of a local road drainage system, or be designed as a
self-contained facility to collect both ground water and surface water which drain from the tunnel
roadways via road gullies or other drainage collection systems and longitudinal drains.
NOTE Tunnel drainage normally discharges into one or more main sumps and includes facilities to contain
road tanker spillages and tunnel wash down water, which is likely to be heavily polluted, prior to safe
disposal.
7.10 The tunnel drainage system shall prevent ponding of water against tunnel walls or kerbs.
7.10.1 Provision should be made for cross falls in conjunction with gullies at regular intervals or other drainage
collection systems to remove surface water and avoid ponding longitudinally and against tunnel walls.
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7.10.2 All manhole and inspection chamber covers, should be located away from the carriageway so that
maintenance and repair operations can be carried out without the need for a lane or bore closure.
NOTE Manhole covers include those for access to sumps, pump chambers, valve pits etc.
7.10.3 Where it is not possible to locate all manhole and inspection chamber covers away from the
carriageway, they should be positioned away from wheel tracks, since there is great potential for
disruption to tunnel operation in the event of access covers failing or coming loose, presenting a hazard
to traffic which needs to be dealt with immediately.
7.10.4 Secured or lockable covers should be provided for manhole and inspection chamber covers if required
by the outcome of a risk assessment.
7.11 Gullies shall be installed at not greater than 20-m intervals to limit the potential flow width of
combustible liquids.
NOTE 1 The minimum gradient for cross-falls is given in Section 4.
NOTE 2 Guidance and advice for the design of gully spacing can be found in CD 526 [Ref 66.N].
7.12 Access arrangements to all sumps and impounding sumps shall be agreed with the Fire and Rescue
Service (FRS).
NOTE Pump stations and sumps are normally sited at the lowest point of a sag curve in the tunnel, and near
the portals.
7.13 Control rooms or other buildings shall be located away from open sumps and closed impounding
sumps, to avoid the risk of fire or explosion.
7.14 Where it is not possible to locate control rooms and other buildings away from open sumps and closed
impounding sumps, safety precautions based on an assessment of the risks shall be incorporated into
the design of such buildings.
7.14.1 Pump stations, sumps and separators/interceptors should be sited where they have a minimum effect
on the operation of the tunnel, particularly where regular access for their maintenance is required.
7.14.2 Depending on design constraints, drainage sumps should be located outside the tunnel rather than
under it and in the carriageway.
7.15 Pumps shall be sized for the volume of water to be discharged.
7.15.1 The working volume for the sump should be between high and low level limits with allowance for surge
and residual water cover where submersible pumps are used.
NOTE 1 The sizing of sumps and separators is largely an iterative process in conjunction with the pump
capacity and maximum inflow rate. Constraints on available power, size of pumping main, allowable
discharge rate and the size of sump that can be accommodated all contribute to deciding the final sump
volume and pump capacity.
NOTE 2 Large pumps which only operate for short periods increase the cost of energy supply disproportionately
because of their increased starting and running current demands.
7.15.2 As a general rule, the number of pump starts per hour should not exceed 12.
7.15.3 The number of pump starts per hour should be taken into account when determining the size of
pumps/sumps and control level.
7.16 Tunnel structure drainage inspection chambers shall be provided at a maximum spacing of 50 m for
ease of inspection and rodding.
7.16.1 Tunnel structure drainage pipes should be sized to make allowance for blockages.
7.16.2 Provisions should be made to allow for tunnel structure drains to be flushed regularly.
NOTE Tunnel structure drains often become blocked by substances such as calcium compounds leaching out
of concrete, groundwater salts, silt and construction site debris.
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Effluent standards: consultation with authorities

7.17 Constraints on quality and quantity of tunnel discharge monitoring regimes and testing drained liquids,
shall be agreed with the local water authority, environmental and public health authorities together with
any requirements for a trade effluent agreement.
NOTE 1 Highway authorities usually have a statutory right, subject to the requirements of the local water
authority for discharge to sewers or the relevant environmental protection agency, for discharges to
watercourses or similar stretches of open water.
NOTE 2 Water from tunnel wall washing, fire fighting and washing down following a spillage is likely to be
significantly polluted and potentially harmful to the environment. Only unpolluted drainage water is
normally discharged into a surface water sewer or watercourse.
7.18 Petroleum products must not be discharged into a public sewer as it is an offence under 'Restrictions
on use of public sewers, Water Industry Act 1991' Sec. 111 c.56 [Ref 61.N].
NOTE All water authorities insist on the separation, and separate disposal under special arrangements, of any
petrol, oil or grease that can be spilt in a tunnel, before the drainage water is discharged.
7.18.1 Discharge should cease if the salinity of the drainage water exceeds a certain figure or, if the acidity or
alkalinity are outside a certain range. The precise restrictions can depend on the place of disposal
agreed.
Inflows into the tunnel

7.19 The tunnel drainage system shall be designed for the following inflows:
1) ingress of ground water and the drainage of the tunnel structure;
2) precipitation and runoff;
3) tunnel wall washing;
4) water from the use of fire hydrants and fixed fire fighting systems;
5) wash down following spillages of dangerous goods within the tunnel.
Precipitation and runoff

7.20 Precipitation and runoff shall be calculated in accordance with CD 522 [Ref 19.N].
Wall washing
7.21 The quantity of water from wall washing shall be calculated, or a rate of 5 l/m² of wall area over the
period of cleaning used if there is no information available to make a better assessment.
Fire fighting water

7.22 The drainage system shall be sized to accept the maximum flow of water from any fixed fire-fighting
system in addition to the maximum flow of fire water that can be delivered by the fire hydrant system
(see Section 8).
7.23 Where a fire main can be vulnerable to damage from a traffic incident, the duty of the drainage pumping
system shall include for the potential outflow from a broken pipe based on its pressure/flow calculations.
Wash-down water
7.24 The quantity of wash down water shall be based on the proposed method to be used which may rely on
use of the fire main or stand-alone equipment and tankers brought in to the tunnel.
Sumps, separators and pumping stations

7.25 Each drainage sump, or interconnected series of sumps, shall be of sufficient capacity to contain the
volume of drainage water.
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7.26 Each drainage sump, or interconnected series of sumps shall have the capacity of at least 50m3
(capacity of the sump or sumtotal ps) to retain any spillage of flammable or other hazardous liquids, up
to the maximum capacity of one full road tanker.
7.26.1 Water storage capacity should be provided to contain any inflow in excess of the maximum pumping
rate.
NOTE Where large sumps can be justified, they offer the opportunity to minimise the size of pumps.
7.27 Sump structural depths shall be calculated to allow space above the highest water level for formation of
a fire suppressant foam blanket and to accommodate a floating skimmer pump or suction head, if
provided.
7.28 The overall structural depth shall be sufficient for pumps to work effectively without risk of cavitation
and for correct operation of level detection equipment.
7.28.1 The general arrangement of the sump should be designed for the following:
1) for ease of cleaning and to minimise the risk of grit deposition;
2) to minimise any requirement for manned access to the sump for maintenance purposes; and
3) to minimise any turbulence around the pumping plant, arising from high inflow rates, and which can
impair the performance of the pumps.
7.29 A forced ventilation system shall be provided for any closed sumps within the tunnel to provide a safe
atmosphere for personnel working in the void.
NOTE A forced ventilation system can dilute any potentially dangerous atmosphere, including that due to
accidental spillage on the carriageway, and remove any fire extinguishing gases.
7.29.1 Where possible, sumps outside the tunnel should be naturally ventilated.
7.30 A combustible gas detection system shall be provided to detect any flammable vapour in the sump.
7.31 The combustible gas detection system sensing shall be arranged in two stages corresponding to low
and high concentrations of hydrocarbon gases.
7.31.1 The design of sumps should include measures to prevent structural damage due to explosion and its
transmission where there is an adjacent interconnecting sump.
7.32 Separators shall be specified in accordance with BS EN 858-1 [Ref 63.N].
7.33 Separators shall be designed for ease of cleaning and be ventilated to prevent the accumulation of
dangerous gases.
7.34 Separators shall be designed to minimise the risk of oil or other hydrocarbon substances, trapped in the
separator, from being flushed through under high flow conditions.
7.34.1 Interceptors/separators should be of sufficient size to allow separation of the pollutants, particularly
where their operation depends upon reduced velocity across the unit.
7.35 Sumps shall be classified as hazardous areas in accordance with BS EN 60079-10-1 [Ref 7.I].
7.36 All pumps and electrical equipment located in sumps areas shall have the standard of protection
appropriate to the zone, in accordance with BS EN 60079-10-1 [Ref 7.I].
7.37 The areas around access hatches, covers and ventilation outlets shall be in accordance APEA
publication APEA Blue Book [Ref 2.I].
NOTE The APEA publication APEA Blue Book [Ref 2.I] includes design criteria, as follows:
1) around access hatches, zone 2 extending horizontally for a radius of 3 m from the edges of the
manhole in all directions at 1.25 m height, increasing to 4.25 mradius at ground level; and
2) around ventilation pipe outlets, zone 1 over a radius of 3 m in all directions from the open end of the
vent pipe and zone 2 vertically below the zone 1 area and down to ground level.
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Impounding sump
7.38 Wherever one or more sumps are provided within the confines of a tunnel, one or more closed
impounding sumps shall be provided in a safe location to receive and impound safely any hazardous
liquids that flow into the tunnel sump.
7.39 All impounding sumps shall be provided with a safe means of inspecting and sampling the contents,
and provision for disposing of the contents either by means of an equipped road tanker or, if agreed
with the relevant authority, by pumping into the public foul sewerage system.
7.39.1 Where evacuation of the impounding sump by road tanker is proposed, a suitable off-road parking area
should be provided adjacent to the discharge point for use by tanker lorries.
7.40 The drainage system shall be designed to continue to operate even while a hazardous liquid is being
held, pending disposal.
7.41 Removal of oil and similar lighter-than water hydrocarbons shall also be catered to.
7.42 The method of detection, containment and disposal of hazardous spillages shall be agreed with the Fire
and Rescue Service (FRS), the water authority and the relevant environmental protection agency.
7.42.1 The Fire and Rescue Service may require a pipework connection for FRS hoses via a fire main
connection box to allow FRS to pump foam into the sump if necessary.
7.43 The design and selection of impounding sumps shall be based on one of the following two approaches:
1) All liquids flowing into the tunnel sump under normal operations are assumed to be contaminated to
some degree, but not hazardous, and suitable for pumping out into a sewer or watercourse. In the
event of maintenance cleaning or a potentially hazardous or environmentally harmful spillage, a
diverter valve could be operated to direct the spillage and any subsequent wash-down water into the
impounding sump. This method requires rapid action to be taken in the event of an actual or
suspected spillage to capture the liquid before it is discharged;
2) All liquids flowing into the tunnel sump under normal operation are assumed to be potentially
hazardous and are pumped directly into the impounding sump. During tunnel washing, hydrant
testing or similar maintenance operations producing large quantities of water that can be discharged
into a foul sewer, a bypass valve could be operated to enable this to be done. This method means
that no action needs to be taken to capture a spillage, but has the disadvantage that any normal
flows, including seepage of groundwater into the tunnel, can also be pumped into the impounding
sump and require removal and disposal.
7.44 Impounding sumps shall continuously report the level of liquid in the sump, the available working
volume to accept a spillage, and the presence of a flammable or oxygen depleted atmosphere to the
monitoring station.
7.45 Ventilation and fire protection equipment shall be provided for impounding sumps as for all other closed
sumps.
Pumping plant
7.46 The pumping plant shall be designed for:
1) the maximum expected inflow to the sump;

2) the average normal expected inflow to the sump,design constraints imposed by the tunnel's
structural form;
3) maximum discharge limitations;
4) discharge system parameters; and
5) the size of the sump.
7.46.1 System/duty curves should include for several options of pipe size, in order that minimum carrying
velocity and acceptable power requirements can be achieved.
63
NOTE The maximum rate at which water can be pumped out can be determined by the local water authority's
consent to discharge, but this can be considerably greater than the expected rate under average
conditions. Two or three pumps are often adopted, which with all in operation is adequate to pump at
the maximum rate, but individually is sufficient to handle the average rate. Pumping rates can also be
varied by the use of variable speed drives.
7.47 The duty of standby pumps shall not be included in the pump capacity calculations.
7.48 Pump operation shall be rostered to ensure that pumps share duty and standby operations evenly.
7.49 Where pumps have to deal with hydrocarbon liquid spillage they shall be capable of pumping it without
risk of damage to the pump seals or ignition of the hazardous liquid.
7.50 Electrical connectors, rated for use in wet and hazardous atmospheres, shall be provided so that entry
into the sump is not required for the connection or disconnection of the pump.
7.51 Submersible type pumps shall be removed in total when inspection, repair or overhaul is required.
7.52 Full functionality of the pumping system shall be maintained whilst one pump is removed or has failed.
7.53 All plant and metallic pipework shall be electrically bonded to ensure that metalwork is maintained at
the same potential.
7.53.1 Bonding should be designed so that items such as valves and pumps that can need to be removed for
maintenance or inspection can be removed without disrupting the continuity of the bonding system.
7.54 Motor control gear, cables and transformers shall be located in a separate non-hazardous area away
from the sump and above any relevant flood level.
7.55 Where level controls are required they shall provide the relevant resolution and accuracy of
measurements required and allow for the effects of turbulence and ripples on the water surface.
NOTE Float switches can be the cheaper option and with proven reliability, but are unsuitable for very shallow
sumps such as those provided in immersed tube tunnel sections. Level detectors for a wide, shallow
sump need to detect much smaller changes in level than those in a narrow, deep sump, and will be
much more susceptible to false readings caused by surface effects. Ultrasonics and radio frequency
devices have the advantage of not requiring contact with the water.
7.55.1 Sludge pumps may be necessary to remove deposits of solid matter in the invert of the sump and thus
avoid the need for periodic cleaning by manual labour, in a confined space.
7.55.2 A reflux (or non-return valve) and an isolating valve should be provided adjacent to each pump.
7.55.3 The isolating valve for the sump should be located downstream of the reflux valve to enable
maintenance to be carried out on the latter, as well as the pump.
7.55.4 Isolating valves for the sump should be situated in an accessible place such that they can be
maintained without requiring manned access to the sump.
7.55.5 Pipework for connection to a bowser vehicle to permit spillages in the sump to be emptied
independently of the main pumps or discharge pipework should be provided.
Discharge pipework
7.56 Pressurised pipework, shall be designed to cater for thrust forces at changes in direction and gradients.
7.56.1 Pipework should be designed to avoid sharp changes in direction, to minimise friction losses and
prevent erosion where abrasive suspensions can be expected to be carried.
7.57 Pipe fittings shall include air release valves and drain down points.
7.58 Materials shall be selected to avoid the risk of toxic fumes being generated in the event of a fire.
NOTE The choice of pipe materials and protective treatments can depend upon whether the pipework is
buried, cast in, or in an open situation. Other factors can be the expected contaminants in the water,
costs and ease of installation and maintenance.
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Safety
7.59 The normal operation of the sump extractor fans shall be on an automatic timed basis for 15 minutes
per hour (based on a minimum of four air changes per hour when running continuously).
7.60 Ducting shall be provided for the supply and exhaust air to the sump.
7.61 Flame traps shall be incorporated to the sumps ducting, where necessary.
7.61.1 Bifurcated duty and stand-by extraction fans should be provided in sump areas.
7.62 In order not to prematurely expel gases used for fire protection in the sump, the automatic fan system
shall be interconnected with the fire prevention system's heat detectors so that the fan(s) are switched
off upon detection of a rise in temperature, within the sump.
7.63 The gas detectors located in the sump shall switch off the fans in the event that a combustible gas, or
oxygen deficiency, is detected.
7.64 To expel gas, a manual override for use by the FRS or maintenance personnel shall be provided to
allow the fans to be operated continuously from the pump control panel.
7.64.1 Where gas is vented into the tunnel, this should only occur in conjunction with the operation of the main
tunnel ventilation system.
7.64.2 Sumps should be emptied before venting, as forced ventilation of a sump containing volatile fuel can
generate excessive quantities of combustible vapour.
7.65 Where electrical equipment is not fully protected, a minimum design criterion of 1 part of sump gas to
50 parts of tunnel air shall be adopted.
7.66 Provision for detection of gas at low and high concentrations shall include for an alarm to be raised at
the monitoring station, and also be displayed on the pump control panel.
7.66.1 The alarm (high) condition should initiate automatic operation of a fire extinguishing system, if fitted, to
render the sump inert.
7.67 The sampling from one of the gas detection system detectors shall take place just above water level in
the sump.
NOTE Gas sampling just above water level in the sump can be achieved by attaching the sampling tube to a
raft or float that can rise or fall with the water level.
7.68 The fire extinguishing system shall be initiated automatically upon detection by heat detectors, of a rise
in temperature due to a fire in the sump.
7.69 It shall be possible to manually operate the fire extinguishing system from a local fire control panel.
7.70 Spillage of hazardous or other substances which do not give off combustible gases, but which could be
undesirable to pump into local water systems shall be identified by the monitoring and surveillance
systems.
NOTE Detection of substances that reduce the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, can be achieved by
oxygen deficiency detectors arranged to set alarms when oxygen falls below a preset value.
7.71 On detection of a hazardous substance entering a sump, the detection system shall switch off the plant
to allow manual operation and control.
7.72 All detector sensors within the sump shall be duplicated.
7.73 Internal detectors such as pellistors shall be capable of being easily replaced, without requiring
manned access to the sump.
NOTE Internal detectors need to be easy to replace as they generally have a short life.
7.74 Sensors within the sump shall be protected form degradation..
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Fire precautions
7.75 Sump ventilation air supply and exhaust ducts, where connected into the tunnel atmosphere, shall be
provided with flame traps.
7.76 To limit flame passage through the drains, in the event of a fuel spillage and fire, U-bends shall be
incorporated, where there is access for cleaning the drain, at the inlets to the sump and at the
carriageway gully pots or traps.
7.76.1 Where there is no access for cleaning the drain, equivalent fire-proof drainage systems may be used to
limit flame passage through the drains.
NOTE For the fire protection requirements of all drainage sumps, refer to Section 8.
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CD 352 Revision 0 8. Fire engineering
8. Fire engineering
General
8.1 This section provides technical criteria that shall be applied for road tunnel fire safety assessments as
well as for plant and safety facilities.
8.2 The technical criteria shall be provided as both passive and active fire protection for tunnel users and
this section includes requirements for the evaluation of design fire magnitudes.
8.3 Design fire magnitudes shall be used in the design of a tunnel ventilation system and for the design of a
tunnel structure passive fire protection system.
NOTE Fires in tunnels are particularly hazardous to life because of the following:
1) potential concentration of fumes and poisonous gases;
2) temperatures and heat radiation that can reach 1200°C and above;
3) reduced visibility;
4) the possibility of panic among tunnel users;
5) the difficulties which can be experienced by fire fighters working in an enclosed space.
Management of fire risk

8.4 The level of tunnel fire and life safety provision to be included to achieve tunnel user safety shall be
determined by regularly reviewed risk assessment.
8.4.1 It may be necessary to evaluate the level of risk of loss of use of the tunnel, due to damage from a
serious fire, in terms of the societal and economic impact on the surrounding area.
8.5 The design shall include provision of facilities for communications, traffic surveillance and control,
tunnel ventilation where deemed necessary and drainage systems, tunnel layout for safety, emergency
lighting and pre-planned and tested firefighting procedures to allow effective firefighting in response to
emergencies.
Safe evacuation & structural damage limitation

8.6 In tunnel fire incident conditions an installed tunnel ventilation system, where provided, shall create an
environment within the tunnel and all dedicated escape routes that allows:
1) tunnel users to evacuate the incident bore safely; and
2) fire and rescue services personnel safe access to the incident site.
8.7 A structural fire protection system, shall be provided to reduce damage caused to the tunnel structure,
in the event of a fire.
NOTE The extent of potential structural damage can be dependent on both the fire load and the fire duration,
the latter being determined by the capacity of the drainage and ventilation systems within the tunnel,
the quantity of combustible material involved in the fire and the firefighting provisions available.
8.8 A fixed firefighting systems (FFFS) such as deluge or water mist systems, where provided, shall be
suitable for use in road tunnels and be effective in reducing the potential magnitude and duration of a
tunnel fire.
NOTE Reducing the potential magnitude and duration of a tunnel fire can assist in tunnel user evacuation and
emergency service access as well as limiting potential structural damage and reinstatement time.
8.9 In tunnel fire incident conditions mechanical ventilation, passive structural fire protection and fixed
firefighting systems where they are included shall collectively achieve:
1) safe tunnel user evacuation conditions;
2) safe conditions for emergency service personnel to access the incident site;
67
3) prevent/delay onset of structural damage/failure;

4) minimise potential structural damage, consequently minimising the duration and cost associated
with reinstatement works including M&E assets and cabling and tunnel closure.
Environmental issues
8.10 The design shall include an environmental impact assessment of possible emergency incidents,
including fires and toxic spills, within the tunnel.
8.10.1 An environmental impact assessment should include:
1) effective dispersion of tunnel fire incident smoke and products of combustion as well as potentially
harmful vapours or gases released in tunnel spillage incidents;
2) containment and/or disposal of water, foam or chemicals used for firefighting, including active fire
suppression systems where installed.
Tunnel passive fire protection

8.11 Passive fire protection shall be provided where deemed necessary by risk assessment.
8.12 Where installed, passive fire protection shall be capable of, during the evacuation phase:
1) safeguarding the structural integrity of the tunnel by protecting the concrete, reinforcement steel,
pre-stressed steel etc. from extreme temperatures that can cause failure;
2) improving spalling resistance to protect tunnel users and firefighters from falling spalling material or
equipment;
3) protecting power and communications cabling;
4) protecting mechanical components within the tunnel, particularly the effects of high temperatures on
the integrity of fixings and supports for heavy or suspended items of equipment such as jet fans; and
5) limiting structural damage caused by the fire and minimising time and cost of any reinstatement
works.
Tunnel structure
8.13 An analysis of the effects a design magnitude fire, as determined by risk assessment, can have on the
tunnel structure, including associated ducts and shafts, shall be undertaken and all structurally critical
elements identified.
8.14 Fire/heat protection shall be included in the design for all structurally critical elements.
8.14.1 Additional fire protection layers to structures, may not be required if analysis determines that fire
incident damage, cannot cause failure of the structure.
8.15 All exposed structural steel-work in the tunnel shall be provided with fire protection in accordance within
accordance with BS EN 1993-1-2 [Ref 15.N] to reduce the risk of collapse.
Cables & equipment

8.16 Passive fire protection measures shall be implemented so that all systems, cabling and equipment
carrying out life-safety functions are capable of carrying out their designated function under the design
fire conditions, during the evacuation phase.
NOTE The requirements for performance of cables in fire conditions is addressed in Section 11.
8.16.1 Passive fire protection may be a barrier of thermally insulating material designed to limit the
temperature rise to which equipment or cables can be subjected, or inherent fire resistance of the
equipment or cables themselves.
8.17 All longitudinal power, control and communications cables shall be enclosed in cable ducts beneath the
verge or in service tunnels/sub-tunnels.
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8.18 Cable ducts shall either be a trough type with close fitting covers or, be totally enclosed circular ducts
either cast within the structure or fully enclosed within containment, constructed from fire protective
material.
8.19 The ducts shall be designed to:
1) Protect the enclosed cables from heat degradation when subjected to a constant surface
temperature of 400°C for a minimum period of two hours with access covers in place;
2) Prevent the unrestricted spread of fire or combustion products where ducts enter chambers or draw
pits.
8.20 Equipment terminating chambers and cable entry into equipment mounted into verge ducts shall have
a minimum two hours resistance to design fire conditions.
8.21 Design shall include provision for prevention of combustible gases permeating un-ventilated ducts,
cable chambers etc.
Secondary cladding
8.22 Tunnel structures provided with a separate secondary cladding finish secured to a support framework
off of the main structure, shall include fire stops within the void at 30 m intervals.
8.23 Cladding shall be non-combustible and made from material that prevents toxic gases, or smoke being
generated in the event of a tunnel fire.
Design fire loading for structural fire protection

Vehicle fire
8.24 The potential tunnel fire magnitude for which structural fire protection is provided shall be determined
by risk assessment based upon:
1) tunnel traffic volumes;

2) traffic composition;
3) vehicle fuel types (petrol/diesel/liquid petroleum gas/other fuel technologies);
4) potential cargo loads;
5) road type;
6) tunnel location;
7) all additional fire safety facilities to be included;
8) the potential for multiple vehicle or hazardous vehicle incidents to occur; and
9) tunnel type.
8.24.1 The fire loads from vehicles/combustible contents, and the associated fire growth conditions from which
the structure should be protected are given in Table 8.24.1.
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Table 8.24.1 Fire loads & growth rates
Peak Heat Release Rate (HRR) in Fire growth curve (at surface of
Example road vehicles
MW structure)
5 1-2 cars ISO 834
10 Small van, 2-3 cars ISO 834
Big van, public bus, multiple
20 ISO 834
vehicles
30 Bus, empty HGV ISO 834
50 Truck with combustible load ISO 834
Risk to HGV with combustible load

life 70 (approx. HC
4t)
Risk to 100 HGV (average) HC

structure HGV with easily
150 combustible load RWS
(approx. 10 t)
200 or Petrol tanker, multiple HGV,
RWS
higher limited by oxygen.
NOTE 1 The fire magnitude values given are typical and there can be variation in fire load between different
vehicles within each classification.
NOTE 2 Table 8.24.1 is taken from "Design fires in tunnels" Ingason 2006 [Ref 6.I] which presents the main
results from the UPTUN research project and a UPTUN Work Party 2 (WP2) proposal for design fires.
8.24.2 The following linear fire growth rates recommended by UPTUN – WP2 may be applied in defining the
design fire loading for structural fire protection, however, these represent extreme case (rapid) fire
growth conditions:
1) Peak HRR of fire ≤ 30MW = 10 MW/min;
2) Peak HRR of fire > 30MW = 20 MW/min.
NOTE 1 UPTUN – WP2 also outline less onerous fire growth rates derived from a review of full-scale fire test
data as advice for determining ventilation system design fire.
NOTE 2 The duration of a fire can be determined by the amount of available combustible material (Etot), where
100% fuel consumption (80% combustion efficiency) is assumed.
NOTE 3 The amount of fuel evaluated for each study can depend on the type of vehicles, vehicle loads and
traffic patterns with stationary traffic having a large influence on the amount and availability of
combustible material.
NOTE 4 Incidents involving hazardous goods vehicles can result in the spillage of hydrocarbon fuel, either in its
gaseous or its liquid form and leakage of liquid hydrocarbons, typically petrol,can result in pool fires
upon ignition.
NOTE 5 The consequences of a release of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), due to its high volatility, is different to
those of a petrol spill. The combustion events associated with gaseous releases from LPG vehicles
are, in general, more intense and potentially including jet fire, fireball and vapour cloud explosion
effects in addition to pool fires.
8.25 Calculation of design fire duration shall take into account the effect of drainage in reducing the potential
duration of a liquid fuel spill fire.
NOTE 1 The exact leakage rate from a damaged tanker is not predictable and the spill rate required to produce
a maximum fire intensity in excess of 100MW can be higher when drainage is effective.
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NOTE 2 The effect of drainage can be to reduce the duration of a fire but not to reduce the maximum intensity.
8.26 When the design fire magnitude and duration have been established, the fire temperature profile along
the tunnel, and subsequent heat transfer to the tunnel structure (and concrete and reinforcement steel
temperatures) shall be determined.
8.27 The design fire magnitude/duration along with fire temperature linear profile and subsequent heat
transfer to the tunnel structure shall be used to determine the extent of passive structural fire protection
to be provided.
8.27.1 Where risk assessment determines that protection against tunnel fires involving HGV's is to be
included, a minimum design fire load of 100MW should be used.
NOTE The final choice of fire load for which structural fire protection is to be provided, depends on a
cost-benefit analysis of increased fire protection balanced against potential structural reinstatement,
social and economic costs, impact on air quality etc., following a tunnel fire incident.
Passive fire protection system

Design requirements
8.28 Passive fire protection shall be designed to protect a concrete tunnel structure by limiting the
temperature of the concrete surface interfacing with the passive fire protection and limiting the
temperature of the reinforcement nearest to the interface surface under the design fire conditions.
8.29 Where the tunnel structure has movement joints, the fire protection system shall be detailed to
accommodate articulation and movement to prevent the risk of cracks occurring in the fire protection.
8.30 Joint detail within the fire protection system shall be such that it prevents flames going through the gap
and affecting the structure.
8.31 The passive fire protection system design shall include inspection panels allowing inspection and
maintenance access to bearings, drainage channels or any other tunnel elements as required.
8.32 Where recesses and cut-outs are formed in tunnel walls, and the fire protection stops around them, the
edge detail of the fire protection shall be such that it is not vulnerable to mechanical damage.
8.33 Fire protection in areas of impact with moving vehicles shall be provided mechanical protection.
8.34 Where seepage of water through a tunnel structure that cannot be effectively sealed is a possibility,
positive drainage provision shall be made so that the performance of the fire protection system is not
affected for the duration of its design life.
NOTE Without a positive drainage system the passive fire protection material can potentially absorb water ,
undergo change in properties and increase its self-weight, resulting in the overloading and possible
failure of the fixings.
8.35 The design of sprayed and board fire protection systems and their fixings shall allow for vehicle induced
air pressure fluctuations as well as the effects of high pressure jet washing using detergents to clean
the tunnel.
NOTE The movement of vehicles in a tunnel can create rapidly changing positive and negative pressure loads.
8.36 The fire protection system shall be suitable to be painted or receive an appropriate coating, to achieve
the reflectance level to meet the requirements for the lighting design.
8.36.1 Board fire protection systems including cut holes and edges, should be appropriately coated, to prevent
rapid deterioration by water ingress.
Active fire protection requirements

8.37 Active fire protection systems shall be sub-divided into those that are designed subject to a peak heat
release rate, e.g. ventilation and fire suppression, and those that are independent of fire size, e.g. fire
hydrants, fire extinguishers etc.
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Design fire magnitude selection for ventilation

8.38 A tunnel fire incident risk assessment shall be undertaken based upon predicted tunnel traffic volumes
and composition, applying historic traffic incident data for adjacent sections of open road (assuming the
same category of road and similar traffic flows to the tunnel), or criteria based on the level of risk at a
range of comparable existing tunnels with similar traffic regimes.
NOTE The design fire scenario appropriate for tunnel ventilation design can be different from that adopted for
passive fire protection of the tunnel structure and equipment. The tunnel ventilation system design
priority is safe tunnel evacuation, whereas for passive fire protection it is to limit damage to the
structure (preventing structural failure) and as such minimising repair time and cost.
8.39 The tunnel fire incident risk assessment shall include the potential for multiple vehicle or hazardous
vehicle incidents to occur.
8.39.1 Where historical fire frequency data is used it should be adjusted to reflect any underlying differences in
safety provision.
8.39.2 Fire frequencies used in the tunnel fire incident risk assessment may be estimated from personal injury
accident rates, and estimates derived for the ratio of serious fires to injury accidents.
NOTE The fire frequency (fires/year) is given by the product of traffic flow (vehicle-kilometres per year),
accident rate (accidents per vehicle-kilometre) and fire/accident ratio.
8.40 The tunnel fire incident risk assessment shall determine a predicted frequency of tunnel fires for a
range of fire incident types ranging from motorcars to fully laden HGV's and fuel tankers.
8.41 The tunnel ventilation design fire magnitude shall be based upon the findings of the tunnel fire incident
risk assessment and the installed safety facilities at the road tunnel.
8.41.1 In tunnel design fire conditions operation of the correspondingly sized tunnel ventilation system at its
incident condition setting should create conditions whereby tunnel users can evacuate the tunnel safely,
assuming rapid awareness of the incident occurrence and prompt activation of the ventilation response.
8.41.2 The design should allow for the time period between fire incident ignition and detection and the
subsequent initiation of the planned incident response(s).
8.41.3 Effective use of automatic incident detection equipment should minimise the time period between fire
incident ignition and detection and the subsequent initiation of the planned incident response(s).
NOTE 1 A review of data from full-scale fire tests, designed to simulate a range of vehicle fire types, has
established that a typical fire is likely to grow relatively slowly to between 1 & 2 MW in the first 4 to 6
minutes from ignition, after which it can grow more rapidly at between 5 & 15 MW/min until it is limited
either by availability of fuel or oxygen.
NOTE 2 The rate of growth can be affected significantly by the prevailing airflow (either natural or ventilated)
through the tunnel at the time.
Water-based fixed firefighting systems

8.42 A fixed fire fighting system (FFFS) such as a deluge or water mist system shall be included where it has
been determined that an installed mechanical ventilation system alone is unable to maintain a tenable
environment on emergency escape routes allowing the safe evacuation of tunnel users.
8.42.1 Costs should be assessed taking into account closures for FFFS maintenance and any reduced
closures due to FFFS use, following a fire.
8.42.2 FFFS may be considered as a compensating feature for an existing ventilation system not capable of
addressing the expected fire scenarios.
8.42.3 The case for installing in high risk areas only, should also be looked at.
8.43 Fixed fire fighting systems (FFFS) shall be suitable for use in road tunnels.
8.44 FFFS shall be capable of:
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1) Fire suppression - reduction of the heat release rate over the design duration of discharge;
2) Fire control - stopping or significantly slowing the growth of a fire within a stated period of time so
that the peak heat release rate is significantly lower than it can be without use of the fixed firefighting
system;
3) Volume cooling - substantial cooling of the products of combustion without directly affecting the heat
release rate; and
4) Surface cooling - direct cooling of specified structural components, fittings or equipment without
directly affecting the heat release rate.
8.45 FFFS performance criteria shall address the following:
1) the rate of growth and potential peak heat release rate of the design fire;
2) the likely times to detect and confirm a fire and to activate the fixed firefighting system;
3) the shielding effect of vehicle bodies and other obstructions;
4) the range of potential air velocities in the tunnel; and
5) tenability requirements for safe evacuation and firefighting activities.
8.46 The length of time for which the FFFS is required to operate shall not be less than one hour from
activation.
8.47 Operation of a FFFS in parallel with an installed mechanical ventilation system shall be proven not to
prevent either system from achieving its design duty.
8.48 Acceptance criteria shall be selected to be demonstrable practically either by:
1) full scale fire tests on a mock-up of a section of the tunnel and fixed firefighting system; or,
2) use of computational fluid dynamic modelling to simulate the performance of the fixed firefighting
system, validated and calibrated against actual test data for a comparable system.
8.49 Where chemicals or additives are used in a fixed firefighting system, they shall be in compliance with
the requirements of LA 113 [Ref 56.N].
Emergency panels in tunnels

8.50 Emergency panels shall be manufactured from a corrosion resistant grade of stainless steel suitable for
use in the road tunnel environment, folded and seam welded, to provide a minimum of IP66 ingress
protection.
NOTE A typical emergency panel layout is given in Figure 8.50N1 for guidance.
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Figure 8.50N Typical Emergency Panel Layout
8.51 Panel signing and labelling shall be in accordance with ISO 7010.
8.52 Emergency panels shall be positioned in accordance with Section 3.
8.53 Emergency panels shall include:
1) two portable fire extinguishers for class A, B & C fires in dedicated compartments;
2) an emergency telephone connected directly to the police or tunnel/ traffic control centre;
3) socket outlets, see Section 11;
4) permanently illuminated emergency signs; and
5) a clearly visible number to assist with identifying location in respect to an incident.
8.53.1 FRS should be consulted on the need for socket outlets.
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8.54 Road user accessible equipment within the EP shall be located in accordance with published DfT
guidance, Inclusive Mobility Inclusive Mobility [Ref 39.N].
8.55 Emergency panel socket outlets shall be on UPS where required and agreed by fire and rescue service
to power tools.
8.55.1 Emergency panels (EPs) may be amalgamated with electrical distribution panels to form emergency/
distribution panels (EDPs).
8.55.2 An EP can have an EDP, but they should be differentiated as one poses a hazard and the other
presents facilities to aid during incidents.
8.56 The electrical distribution section of an EDP shall be segregated in accordance with See Section 11.
8.57 Emergency panels shall be safely accessible by all road tunnel users, including wheelchair users.
8.58 Doors to fire extinguisher compartments shall include monitoring provision, to give an alarm signal to
the police or tunnel/traffic control centre when a door is opened or a fire extinguisher is removed.
8.59 Life safety systems shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I].
Fire extinguishers
8.60 Portable fire extinguisher types shall be in accordance with BS EN 3-10 [Ref 51.N], fire rating 21A,
either:
1) 3kg dry-powder, stored pressure type, with a pressure gauge, and coloured red with a blue label; or
2) 9 litre AFFF (aqueous film forming foam) electrically tested, complete with CO2 charge container
and coloured red with an off white label.
Hose reels
8.61 Hose reels shall not be provided unless deemed necessary following consultation with the fire and
rescue service and other stakeholders.
8.62 Where provided, hoses shall have maximum sectional lengths of 30 m with 19 mm internal diameter..
NOTE Assuming that emergency panels are located at 50 m centres, sectional lengths of 30 m hose can
enable discharges from adjacent hoses to overlap.
8.63 Water flow rate and pressure shall be in accordance with BS EN 671-1 [Ref 32.N].
8.63.1 Hose reel water supply may be from the tunnel fire main.
8.63.2 Hose reels supplied from the tunnel fire main may need pressure reducing valves.
8.64 Fire hose reels shall be protected from freezing in winter.
8.65 Hose reels shall normally be of the swinging arm pattern.
8.65.1 Where physical limitations in the tunnel prevent the use of a swinging arm pattern hose reel, a fixed
pattern, with a fair-lead, may be used.
8.66 The hose reel isolating valve shall not be accessible to the public.
8.66.1 The hose reel isolating valve should be left in the "on" position at all times.
8.67 Drawing the hose off the reel shall automatically start the flow of water into the hose.
8.68 The hose nozzle valve shall control the water jet.
Public emergency roadside telephones

8.69 Emergency roadside telephone provision shall be in accordance with the requirements outlined in
Section 9.
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Communications
8.70 Emergency services communications systems shall be in accordance with the requirements outlined in
Section 9.

8.71 The requirement for the provision of smoke control panels at tunnels with installed mechanical
ventilation systems, shall be determined in consultation with local fire and rescue services.
8.71.1 The panel should to be intuitive and self explanatory, for operation without error by an operator with no
training and under time pressures.
8.72 The facilities available for control at the smoke control panel shall be determined through discussion
with the emergency services.
8.73 The smoke control panel design and format shall be determined through discussion with the
emergency services.
8.74 Where provided, smoke control panels shall in safely accessible locations outside both portals of each
tunnel bore.
8.75 The smoke control panel layout shall be suitable for use by fire service personnel whoare not familiar
with the tunnel or its facilities.
8.75.1 The equipment to be contained in these panels should be discussed and agreed with the local fire
authority.
NOTE Smoke control panels can typically include:
1) basic controls for local override of the tunnel ventilation and tunnel lighting systems;
2) a facility to assist identifying the location of the fire;
3) a telephone linked to the tunnel emergency roadside telephone system, with the facility to
communicate with the tunnel operator and other smoke control panels on the system;
4) a microphone and controls for broadcasting messages over the tunnel public address system, where
provided; and
5) tunnel emergency plans and information for use by attending fire fighters.
8.76 Where smoke control panels are provided, a hierarchy of ventilation system control priority shall be
established within the tunnel control system to prevent conflicting ventilation settings being initiated
from different SCP's or tunnel control stations.
Fire main and hydrants

8.77 A minimum of one fire fighting supply main shall be provided for each one way bore of a twin-bore
tunnel.
8.78 One fire main shall be provided on each side of a single-bore two way tunnel.
8.79 Fire mains shall be in accordance with local water authority and fire and rescue service requirements.
8.80 Each end of the fire main system shall be supplied from an independent water source and be fitted with
isolating valves and a metering system capable of detecting flow leaks and raising an alarm, when not
in operation.
8.80.1 Pumps may be required on fire mains where available water pressure can drop below minimum fire
service requirements.
8.81 Where a reliable fire main water supply is not available, one or more break tanks and pumps shall be
provided to deliver the required fire hydrant flow rate and pressure.
8.82 Where water meters are installed on supply mains (for routine tunnel water requirements) they shall not
prevent fire service flow rates and pressure requirements being achieved at hydrants and hose reels.
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8.82.1 Where remote monitoring of water usage rates is required, the water metering facilities should be
compatible with tunnel monitoring systems.
8.83 Hydrants in the tunnel shall be horizontal, bib nosed or oblique pattern landing valves in accordance
with BS 5041-1 [Ref 29.N], branched off of the fire main and located at approximately 750 mm above
the verge.
8.84 Hydrants shall be provided near the portals and at alternate emergency panels throughout the tunnel at
nominal 100 m interval, and exceptionally no more than 150 m intervals.
NOTE Guidance on fire hydrant spacing can be found in Section 2.
8.85 Fire hydrant spacing and locations shall be as agreed with the fire and rescue service.
8.86 Where fire hydrants are not incorporated into emergency panel cabinets, they shall be placed in
individual hydrant cabinets.
8.87 Where fire hydrants are required outside, in the tunnel approaches, they shall be to BS EN 14339 [Ref
79.N] and located in the verge.
8.88 The required water flow rate, the minimum operating pressure and the maximum design working test
pressure of the hose and hydrant system and the capacity of break tanks (where required) shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the local water authority and fire and rescue service.
8.89 The fire main shall be capable of delivering a minimum total flow of 1500 litres/minute with up to three
hydrants in use simultaneously.
8.90 Where a break tank is, or break tanks are, provided, the working capacity shall be at least sufficient for
one hour's operation at the determined flow rate.
8.91 Hydrants shall be suitable for use with hoses in accordance with BS EN 694 [Ref 30.N].
8.92 Fire main pipe sizes shall range between 100 mm to 200 mm diameter, with selection based on
available water supply pressures, fire main system pressure losses and fire service required flow rates
and pressure at the hydrants.
8.93 Pipe couplings used with steel pipes shall be of a type that eliminates the need for pipe anchoring.
8.94 Ductile iron pipe shall be provided with spigot and socket joints.
8.95 Ductile iron pipe provided with spigot and socket joints shall be anchored at changes in direction and
gradients.
8.96 Fire mains shall be protected against freezing in order that a supply of water for firefighting purposes is
always available.
8.96.1 Frost protection should include thermal insulation of the main throughout the tunnel with trace heating
50 m in from each portal and at branches to the hydrants.
8.96.2 Outside the tunnel, no thermal protection may be necessary where the main is buried in ground at a
depth of one metre or more.
8.96.3 When selecting the type of thermal insulation, the design should assess mechanical durability, rot and
vermin protection.
8.96.4 The selected thermal insulation material should not give off toxic fumes if subject to fire.
8.96.5 Dry mains should be avoided where possible, as the time delay while the fire main charges can be
unacceptable in emergency response conditions.
8.97 Corrosion protection shall be provided for all fire main pipes, joints, valves and pipeline equipment, with
the addition of a polyethylene tubular film protective sleeving where the pipework and pipeline
equipment is buried in the ground.
8.98 Section isolating valves shall be installed along the fire main within the tunnel for installation and
maintenance purposes, at a minimum quarter distances along the fire main length.
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8.99 Automatic air release valves shall be provided at locations best suited to release air accumulated within
them fire main.
NOTE Typically automatic air release valves are located at high points on a fire main.
8.100 Drain down valves shall be provided to allow the fire main to be drained for maintenance or repair.
NOTE Typically drain down valves are located at low points on a fire main and are connected to the tunnel
drainage system.
Automatic fire detection

8.101 Where determined necessary by risk assessment, tunnel bores shall be provided with an automatic fire
detection system, proven to be suitable for use in road tunnels, to give the tunnel operator the earliest
possible warning of an occurrence of a fire in the tunnel.
8.102 The installed fire detection system fire shall accurately identify the location of a fire while minimising the
time lapse between fire ignition and an alert being raised.
8.103 Automatic fire detection systems shall be designed to minimise the opportunity for false alarms to occur.
8.103.1 To avoid unnecessary closures all fire incident alerts should be reviewed and confirmed by a tunnel
monitoring operative prior to the fire incident response plan being initiated.
8.104 An automatic fire detection alert received at the tunnel control centre shall cause CCTV or incident
detection recording facilities to automatically activate so that a record of the alert condition can be
stored for a short period before and then after the alarm.
NOTE In a tunnel fire situation, the CCTV or incident detection recording can be replayed to permit the source
of the smoke to be identified, even if the view of the location is subsequently obscured.
Emergency doors and cross-passages

8.105 Cross-passages shall be provided as outlined in Section 3, to assist in the safe evacuation of road
users and to allow firefighting personnel access to the incident site.
NOTE A typical cross-connecting door layout is shown in Figure 8.103N.
78
Figure 8.105N Example of cross-connecting doors
8.106 Cross passages shall be fitted with double-swing, self-closing emergency doors.
8.107 Emergency doors shall be a minimum of 914 mm wide.
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8.108 Any passage or stairway associated with emergency doors shall have an unobstructed width of at least
1.12 m.
8.109 Emergency doors shall be constructed of a corrosion resistant grade of stainless steel suitable for use
in the road tunnel environment and fitted with wired glass vision panels to enable users to be aware of
the traffic conditions on the opposite side.
8.110 The complete emergency door assembly including doors, frames and fittings shall be made from
materials capable of 2 hour fire resistance.
8.111 Emergency doors shall fit such that smoke does not pass when closed.
8.112 Emergency door panic bars and release mechanisms shall be in accordance with BS EN 1125 [Ref
3.N].
8.113 Inter-bore fire hose connection pipes and communications ducts shall be provided at each cross
passage door where required following consultation with local fire and rescue services.
8.114 The inter-bore fire hose connection pipes and communications ducts at each cross passage door shall
be accommodated in cabinets constructed from corrosion-resistant stainless steel suitable for use in
the road tunnel environment.
8.114.1 A cabinet used to accommodate the inter-bore fire hose connection pipes and communication ducts
should be located on either side of the cross-passage door.
8.114.2 The inter-bore fire hose and communications pipe connections should be arranged so that they are
effective from either carriageway with the female outlet always to the left when passing through the
cross-passage doors.
NOTE A cabinet used to accommodate the inter-bore fire hose connection pipes and communication ducts
typically includes the following:
1) fire service compliant fire hose connections at each end of a fire hose connection pipe through the
wall;
2) male and female connectors on either side of the connection pipe;
3) a hand control valve incorporated in the female coupling;
4) siting of the inlet and outlet adjacent to the cross-passage door jambs, 200 mm to 600 mm to the
side, and between 800 mm to 1000 mm from the verge;
5) the inlet and outlet side conspicuously labelled (bi-lingual in Wales) "FIRE HOSE INLET" and "FIRE
HOSE OUTLET"; and
6) a 50 mm diameter communications cable duct.
8.115 The following shall be provided in consultation with local fire and rescue services:
1) recessed connections for breathing apparatus (BA) communications cable, (standards for these
connections to be agreed with the fire and rescue service concerned to allow compatibility of
equipment); and
2) steel ring-bolts approximately 80 to 100 mm in diameter for use as BA guide line anchorage points,
one on each side of the door in each bore and at locations along the tunnel walls agreed with the fire
and rescue service(s), at a height of one metre above the verge.
8.116 Emergency doors shall be designed to be clearly identifiable by all tunnel users at all times, and if
necessary be guided towards them.
NOTE 1 Frequent tunnel users can note their existence and locations during their normal day-to-day use of the
tunnel.
NOTE 2 The attention of tunnel users can be drawn to the location of emergency doors by the use of
conspicuous colour schemes or by the activation of additional static or dynamic lighting and/or sound
beacons under evacuation conditions in accordance with BS EN 16276 [Ref 26.N].
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8.117 Cross passage door identification proposals shall be outlined within Approval in Principle
documentation.
8.118 Each emergency door shall be identified by unique reference number clearly visible by CCTV (not
shown in Figure 8.105N) to assist with determining its location in incident conditions.
8.119 The design of the doors shall be co-ordinated with tunnel operating procedures, emergency incident
planning and other safety systems to minimise the risk of people using cross-passages and emerging
into the path of moving vehicles in the unaffected bore.
8.119.1 Where deemed necessary, emergency doors may be controlled, that is, normally locked until traffic has
been stopped and it is safe for evacuees to pass through.
8.119.2 Where emergency doors are controlled, an additional emergency telephone should be located adjacent
to each controlled door to enable tunnel users reaching the door to request assistance. .
8.120 Opening of an emergency door shall cause an alarm to be raised at the tunnel control centre.
8.121 Emergency door monitoring equipment shall be of a type that does not give false signals when doors
are subject to wind movement due to passing traffic.
NOTE Tunnel fire incident response planning often includes closing of the road tunnel to traffic in each
direction of operation, that is each bore of a twin bore tunnel, as a primary response action in order to
maximise the safety of tunnel users accessing inter-bore emergency doors.
Emergency exit signage ('wayfinding signs')

8.122 On all uncontrolled escape routes and exits permanently illuminated signing shall be provided to
indicate the way out of the tunnel in the event of an emergency.
8.123 Emergency exit signage lighting shall be maintained for a minimum period of 2 hours in the event of
failure of the normal power supply.
8.124 Emergency signs shall be in accordance with BS 5499-4 [Ref 60.N] and BS EN 1838 [Ref 43.N].
8.125 Emergency exit door signage shall be located centrally above every emergency exit door and be visible
through 180º horizontally to indicate the location of the door.
8.126 Emergency exit door signage projecting from the wall shall be mounted at a height to the underside of
not less than 2.3 metres.
8.127 Emergency exit wall signage shall be located at intervals of not more than 25 metres along the walls on
both sides of the carriageway, to indicate the distance to the nearest exit in either direction in yards.
8.128 The front faces of the emergency exit wall signs shall be flush with the surface of the wall finishes.
8.129 Emergency exit wall signs shall be as shown in TSRGD [Ref 77.N].
8.130 Emergency exit wall signs shall be mounted at a height of between 1.0 and 1.5 metres to the centreline.
8.131 Symbol heights used for emergency exit signs shall be determined according to the maximum viewing
distance, using the method described in BS EN 1838 [Ref 43.N].
8.132 The mean luminance of the white contrast sections of internally illuminated signs shall be be 100 cd/m2.
8.133 Externally illuminated signs shall be lit to a minimum vertical illuminance of 10 lux.
8.134 On controlled escape routes and exits, variable message signs or secret-until-lit signs shall be used.
8.135 Controlled escape routes and exits signs shall only be activated when it has been verified that the route
is available and safe to be used but in all other respects are as defined above for uncontrolled escape
routes.
8.136 When dynamic emergency exit lighting is to be utilised the emergency exit lighting control system shall
be designed in accordance with the procedures outlined in BS EN 50172 [Ref 24.N]/ BS 5266-8 [Ref
22.N] and BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I].
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Evacuation lighting
8.137 In all Trans-European road network tunnels, evacuation lighting must be provided to mark the location
and direction of available escape routes, in accordance with the Road Tunnel Safety Regulations SI
2007/1520 [Ref 37.N].
8.138 Evacuation lighting provision shall be in accordance with the principles given in BS EN 16276 [Ref
26.N].
8.139 Additional lighting shall be provided to highlight the locations of emergency exit doors (if available for
use).
8.140 Power for emergency lighting shall be derived from a maintained emergency supply with a minimum
duration of 2 hours in the event of failure of the normal power supply.
8.141 Facilities shall be incorporated within all evacuation lighting to allow monitoring of the status of each
lighting circuit by the plant monitoring and control system, either directly or via an evacuation lighting
control system.
8.142 Where evacuation lighting is not permanently lit it shall be illuminated by the control system upon
entering an "incident mode" or following a failure of the control system.
8.143 The evacuation lighting control system shall be designed in accordance with the procedures outlined in
BS EN 50172 [Ref 24.N] and BS 5266-8 [Ref 22.N] and BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I].
Service buildings and plant rooms

General
8.144 All buildings and ancillary structures shall be zoned and provided with one or more fire alarm systems
in accordance with BS EN 54 [Ref 27.N].
8.145 Where service buildings and plant rooms or areas are not manned, automatic fire detectors shall be
provided and monitored remotely, both for immediate detection and location of the fire and for fault
detection.
8.146 Means of escape and fire extinguishing equipment and systems shall be provided in buildings and
structures in accordance with relevant fire safety regulations and local fire authority requirements.
8.147 Where provided, portable fire extinguishers shall be located in accordance with BS 5306-3 [Ref 28.N].
Fixed gas discharge extinguisher systems

8.148 Fixed fire fighting protection shall be installed to all plant areas containing electrical switchgear,
communications and control equipment, and generator plant.
8.149 Fixed fire fighting systems shall be providedin accordance with BS EN 12094 [Ref 31.N].
8.149.1 Fixed fire protection options should be evaluated at the design stage, considering performance,
environmental and health issues, availability and fire authority approvals.
8.150 An electro-mechanical lock-off to prevent the automatic release of CO2 by automatic sensing units
shall be provided in all areas protected by total flooding CO2 systems that are to be occupied even for
short periods.
8.151 Rooms protected by gaseous extinguishers shall be completely sealed to sustain room pressures
compatible with the extinguishing system.
8.151.1 The extinguisher system design should be co-ordinated with the structural and architectural design to
so that the room and all relevant doors, windows, dampers, and similar opening enclosures are capable
of withstanding and containing any elevated pressure due to release of the extinguishant.
8.152 Top-up facilities shall be provided for the interim period of repair if a room leakage path occurs.
8.153 Rooms protected by fixed firefighting discharge extinguisher systems shall be equipped with ventilation
equipment to clear the extinguishant and products of combustion before the room is re-entered.
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8.154 Activation of any fixed gas discharge extinguishing systems shall cause an alert to be raised at the
tunnel control centre.
Tunnel drainage sumps

8.155 Fixed fire fighting protection shall be installed to all drainage sumps within the confines of a tunnel or
having a direct connection to the tunnel carriageway drainage system.
8.156 Fixed fire fighting systems shall be capable of preventing any risk of ignition or explosion resulting from
the presence of flammable liquid or vapour.
8.157 Fixed fire fighting systems shall be capable of extinguishing a fire in the sump if it occurs.
8.158 Sumps shall be provided with detectors for heat, hydrocarbon gas and oxygen deficiency to initiate
protective action in the event of a hazardous spillage.
NOTE Liquids spilt on the road surface can, on occasions, give rise to an explosive and/or flammable
atmosphere in a sump.
8.159 All electrical equipment within a sump shall be ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU and the CE marking
compliant of a type specifically designed for use in an explosive or flammable environment.
NOTE Section 7, provides guidance on tunnel spillage conditions and sump related equipment.
8.160 Fire fighting systems shall be capable of automatic discharge following detection of a combustible gas,
heat, or similar hazard or be capable of remote manual discharge.
8.161 Where an automatic foam system is proposed the foam shall be compatible with any foam used by the
associated fire and rescue service.
8.162 Where an automatic foam system is proposed a dry inlet shall be provided for the remote application of
additional foam to top up the foam blanket by the fire and rescue service. .
8.163 Where an oxygen depletion system is proposed it shall reduce the concentration of oxygen within the
sump to below the minimum level that can support combustion using either direct removal of the
oxygen from the sump atmosphere or by the injection of nitrogen or other inert gas, to dilute the overall
oxygen content.
8.164 All gas bottles supporting drainage sump firefighting systems shall be located so as to be readily
accessible for inspection, maintenance, repair, exchange, refilling or topping up of contents, with
minimal impact on tunnel operation.
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CD 352 Revision 0 9. Traffic control, communications and informati...
9. Traffic control, communications and information systems

General
9.1 Traffic Control and Information systems shall be designed to meet the design and authorisation criteria
for the normal day-to-day or emergency incident operating conditions.
NOTE Reference to tunnels includes the approach and exit roads coming within the limits of the operating
regime for the tunnel that have been jointly agreed between the design organisation and authorities
responsible for traffic control, maintenance and operation requirement.
9.2 The provision of traffic control, communications and information systems and competent staff to
operate them, shall form part of the safety measures required for the tunnel.
9.3 The traffic, communications and information systems shall be based on the infrastructure, operation,
users and vehicles.
9.4 Signs, signals, incident detection systems, barriers and all other traffic monitoring and control
equipment associated with a tunnel shall be monitored and controlled through systems with SIL
determined in accordance with General design part of this Section.
NOTE For existing tunnels, control of signs, signals, incident detection systems, barriers and all other traffic
monitoring and control equipment has typically been achieved via the tunnel SCADA system without
compliance with BS EN 61508 [Ref 33.N] .
9.5 Tunnel monitoring and control shall take place from a remote traffic control centre (TCC), not inside the
tunnel or within radius of the portals.
9.6 A local human/machine interface (HMI) shall be provided in the tunnel service building for local control
of signs and signals.
9.6.1 The local HMI may be used during maintenance activities.
9.6.2 The local HMI may be used if the TCC is unavailable.
9.7 Facilities for traffic management and tunnel communication shall be integrated with the operation of
systems installed to monitor and control the tunnel environment.
NOTE 1 Integrating facilities for traffic management and tunnel communications is to achieve appropriate levels
of safety over the full range of operating conditions.
NOTE 2 Monitoring of traffic and other activities is achieved by a range of manual and automated systems
which can include visual observation, closed circuit television (CCTV) viewed on monitors, automatic
incident detection, vehicle detection through loops or various forms of above ground detection and
verbal communication via emergency telephones, maintenance radio or cellular radio.
9.8 When hazards arise, variable signalling used to control traffic shall display authorised warnings to slow
or redirect traffic or warn of lane closures.
NOTE Traffic is controlled by a combination of variable message signs (VMS), matrix signals and portal/lane
control signs, according to specific needs.
9.9 System design shall be related to the layout of the tunnel and its safety facilities, e.g. emergency points
and escape routes.
9.10 Equipment shall be located outside the traffic gauge.
9.11 Locations of equipment shall be selected in order to minimise the mean time to repair that equipment.
9.12 All systems shall have remote fault diagnostics facility.
Connection to remote traffic control centres

9.13 Tunnel traffic control, communications and information systems shall be designed for connection to a
centralised remote monitoring and control centre.
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NOTE Connection to a centralised remote monitoring and control centre is conventionally achieved via the
tunnel SCADA system.
9.14 The tunnel traffic control, communications and information systems shall transmit data to the TCC.
9.14.1 The transmitted data can create actions and may require operator intervention.
9.14.2 Remote HMIs for tunnel operation and maintenance may be connected to the tunnel systems via the
external network.
General design
9.15 Equipment shall be designed to achieve a mean time between failures that is aligned with maintaining
minimum operating requirements and the route availability target.
NOTE Road tunnels present a hostile environment for equipment, with dust, vehicle pollution, corrosive
substances and wind pressure from passing vehicles amongst other factors.
9.16 All systems used in the detection and response to incidents and emergencies shall be treated as life
safety systems.
9.17 All life safety systems shall have their associated risks assessed and equipment designed in
accordance with BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I].
9.18 Tunnel monitoring, control and communication systems shall be designed based on a risk assessment.
9.19 Tunnel monitoring, control and communications systems shall be designed and functions integrated to
appear from the control room operator's perspective to operate as a single system through a single HMI.
NOTE HMI equipment working in main and standby modes is often to ensure operational availability.
9.20 The electrical power supply systems shall be designed with fault resilience to ensure that no failure
mode, or combination of failures, result in loss of power to life-safety systems.
9.21 The TCC shall be ergonomically designed to enable:
1) efficient operation of the tunnel during day-to-day operations;
2) efficient operation of the tunnel in the event of an incident; and
3) incorporation of best human factor practice, to minimise errors by operators.
9.22 The communications equipment room(s) at the TCC shall be laid out such that maintenance staff can
access the equipment, without undue delay, restriction or inconvenience, for routine maintenance and
repair work.
9.23 All cables shall be terminated on a labelled distribution frame secured against unauthorised access.
9.24 The equipment room environmental conditions shall be controlled to ensure correct equipment
performance.
NOTE Vibration, humidity or temperature extremes can affect performance.
9.25 The equipment room(s) shall be secured against unauthorised access.
NOTE Environmental parameters in the equipment room(s) that need to be controlled include temperature,
humidity and dust.
9.25.1 For some tunnels, additional equipment rooms and/or equipment cabinets, located outside the tunnel
may be necessary.
9.26 Additional equipment rooms shall be designed according to their locations to withstand the more hostile
environment for cabinets near or within tunnels.
9.27 Where control equipment is located within the tunnel it shall be co-located in a fire-protected location
segregated from other services.
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NOTE It is common practice to provide additional compartments for this purpose within emergency panels
(EP) or electrical distribution panels (EDP).
9.28 The design of cabinets shall include segregation between different systems for reasons of:
1) fire integrity;
2) electrical safety during maintenance;
3) operating resilience; and
4) security.
9.29 For cabinets a local, secure power supply isolation facility for maintenance purposes shall be provided.
9.30 Facilities shall be provided for power and communications cabling to all signalling, from power supply
points and the main communication cabinets.
Communications infrastructure and cabling

9.31 Communications shall be included as a part of the traffic, communications and information systems.
9.31.1 As communications provision evolves, suitable alternative means of communication may emerge.
NOTE Highway tunnel systems connect between the tunnel service building (TSB) and the TCC via the highly
resilient network system (HRNS) can be based as far as possible on the local national roads
telecommunications services network.
9.32 Additional network capacity, shall be provided to allow for future expansion.
9.33 The network capacity shall allow for at least 25% unused cores or fibres in all network cables.
9.34 At least one spare duct of the same size as those used for network cable installation shall be provided.
9.35 At least one spare tray of the same size as those used for network cable installation shall be provided.
NOTE Communications between central equipment in the TSB and tunnel monitoring, control and
communication devices can be either by copper or fibre cables and could utilise data networks carrying
other services or using wireless communications.
9.35.1 In tunnels less than 1 km in length cables may be run straight through ducts to the equipment within the
tunnel (such as for telephones and cameras).
9.36 In tunnels greater than 1 km in length, cables shall be run to one or more cabinets, where the cables
are terminated and distributed to the adjacent areas.
9.37 Routes for multipair copper and associated communications power cables in a tunnel shall be designed
to eliminate any risk of interference from:
1) power cables; and
2) other M&E equipment in the tunnel.
9.38 Communications cables shall be segregated from electricity supply cables, other than those supply
cables associated solely with the communications system, to avoid the risk of mechanical damage and
electrical interference.
Emergency telephone system

9.39 Emergency telephones shall be provided for tunnel users to communicate with the TCC in an
emergency such as a vehicle breakdown or fire.
9.40 Emergency telephones shall be provided in the following situations:
1) within each emergency panel;
2) adjacent to controlled emergency doors;
3) in smoke control panels;
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4) for new tunnels, externally near the portal and inside at intervals not exceeding 150 m and, for dual
carriageway roads, accessible from either carriageway; and
5) for existing tunnels, externally near the portal and inside at intervals not exceeding 250 m and, for
dual carriageway roads, accessible from either carriageway.
9.41 Emergency telephones shall be installed so that they can be accessed safely.
9.42 Additional emergency telephones shall be provided in adjacent lay-bys or locations where stationery
vehicles, large loads or hazardous loads require special attention such as recovery, inspection or
escort.
9.43 Access to emergency telephones for public use must be assessed under the Equality Act Acts 2010
c.15 [Ref 74.N].
9.44 Signs within the tunnel shall be provided to allow road users to locate an emergency telephone.
9.45 Emergency telephones shall be designed in accordance with DMRB document TD 131 [Ref 59.N].
9.45.1 The telephones should suit hearing and visually impaired.
9.46 Alternate emergency telephones within the tunnel control area shall be served from network connection
points in alternate directions.
NOTE Network connection points reduce the probability that adjacent emergency telephones can be faulty
due to shared equipment or cables.
Radio rebroadcast systems

9.47 Tunnels shall be provided with means of maintaining radio communication for emergency services and
maintenance staff.
9.48 Radio communication for emergency services and maintenance staff shall provide both data and
speech connectivity.
9.48.1 Radio rebroadcast systems should be provided, to ensure radio coverage within the tunnel.
9.48.2 Radio transmission systems within a tunnel may need approval of the Office of Communications
(OFCOM) and an appropriate licence.
NOTE 1 The RTSR SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] mandates a radio rebroadcast system for emergency services in
certain tunnels.
NOTE 2 Most tunnels are equipped with a common radio transmission service provided by airwave using
terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) equipment for use by emergency services.
NOTE 3 The airwave radio service using TETRA is scheduled to be replaced by the emergency services
network (ESN).
9.49 The tunnel traffic system design shall include provision for the infrastructure equipment for the ESN as
part of any radio rebroadcast system.
9.50 Where public service radio rebroadcast is provided a radio 'break-in' facility shall be provided.
Public address voice alarm systems

9.51 The quality and volume of the PAVA system shall be such that announcements are audible and
intelligible at ambient sound levels.
9.51.1 Use of the PAVA system should be integrated with use of any emergency messages broadcast via
radio break-in systems in the tunnel.
9.51.2 In order to achieve acceptable intelligibility, the public address system should be capable of producing
at least 6 dBA more sound power level than the background noise.
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9.52 The levels of ambient background noise under which the PAVA system is required to be intelligible shall
be measured as an LA10 over a 24-hour period on at least one occasion and published for the benefit
of the sound system (electro-acoustic) design.
9.53 The ambient sound level shall be measured in a bore of the tunnel.
9.54 The ambient sound measurement in the bore of the tunnel shall include a period when it is full with
stationary vehicles with their engines running and with the ventilation system running on full power.
NOTE To achieve acceptable test ambient noise test conditions, the period of measurement can be planned to
include times when it has been historically proven that peak conditions could be expected to exist.
9.55 The sound system (electroacoustic) design shall be based on the details of the tunnel geometry and
finishes of primary surfaces.
NOTE Knowledge of the primary surfaces allows the prediction, via acoustic modelling, of various
electro-acoustic designs to determine which is the optimum solution.
9.55.1 For a new tunnel, the levels of ambient sound may be estimated by taking measurements of ambient
sound in a comparable tunnel and extrapolating.
9.56 PAVA systems shall be equipped to:
1) broadcast either pre-recorded or live messages; and
2) record and time-stamp details of all messages broadcast.
9.57 A suite of messages that covers the most likely emergency scenarios shall be made available either on
cue cards for live messages, or pre-recorded.
NOTE In an emergency situation, it can be difficult for a tunnel control operator under pressure to deliver clear
and concise messages, or, continually repeat them.
9.58 The public address system shall be designed to achieve a speech transmission index (STI) of 0.5 or
better, in accordance with BS EN 60268-16 [Ref 65.N].
9.59 In some reverberant tunnels an STI of 0.5 can be difficult to achieve and in such instances an
acceptable level of intelligibility shall be assessed subjectively by a listening panel representative of
tunnel users.
NOTE 1 General information and guidance on the recommended content of emergency messages can be found
in the PIARC Technical Report R17 [Ref 38.N].
NOTE 2 Subjective assessment of STI is dependent on message complexity.
9.59.1 Concise messages may need to be used in some instances to achieve the required STI of 0.5, as
recognised in BS EN 60268-16 [Ref 65.N].
9.60 At least one microphone for live messages shall be provided at the TCC.
9.60.1 Slave microphones may be provided, for use by the Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) in the tunnel
smoke control panels.
9.61 Active or passive noise cancelling microphones shall be used in tunnel smoke control panels.
9.62 Tunnel smoke control panels shall be located so that the microphone faces away from the carriageway.
9.63 The tunnel PAVA system shall permit announcements to be made independently to the following areas:
1) each tunnel bore and associated public areas;
2) external areas at each end of the tunnel; and
3) non-public areas.
9.63.1 Public address zones may be provided for technical or operational reasons.
9.63.2 Where specific public address zones are utilised during normal operations and emergencies the effects
of sound bleed outside the selected zone should be mitigated in the system design.
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Signs and signals

9.64 Signs and signals shall be provided to actively direct and/or advise road users.
9.64.1 The VMS, portal/lane control signals and motorway matrix's displayed legend and any associated red
or amber lamps should be legible to drivers in the lanes to which the message is directed, for a
minimum period of 4 seconds.
9.64.2 The calculation of legibility, assuming driver eye height of 1.2 m, should be in accordance with Annex N
of BS EN 12966 2014+A1:2018 [Ref 80.N].
9.64.3 The permitted beam width of such signs, signals and lamps should be in accordance with TSRGD [Ref
77.N].
NOTE Conventional motorway and trunk road communication systems, such as NMCS2, are deemed to be
advisory, and are therefore neither designed nor maintained as safety critical or safety related systems.
Variable message signing

9.65 Variable message signs shall be provided as required by the tunnel risk assessment.
NOTE 1 Variable message signs (VMS) could be used to provide traffic management instructions for predictable
situations which affect traffic flow, to sign diversionary routes and to improve compliance with other
signals.
NOTE 2 VMS consist of either:
1) Fixed text message signs (FTMS), which include hidden message signs and rotating prism signs.
They can display a limited number of predefined messages or a blank face. They can be used to
display any sign in the TSRGD [Ref 77.N] and can change the information on direction signs; or
2) Enhanced message signs (EMS), which have a matrix of light emitting elements that can display a
wide variety of messages in a limited range of colours.
NOTE 3 VMS displays can be appropriate where it is necessary to regulate traffic in the event of routine
maintenance or emergency tunnel closures.
9.65.1 FTMS and EMS may be used to enhance signalling during emergencies.
9.66 VMS shall be controlled and monitored from the TCC.
9.67 Where VMS units are required to have flashing amber lanterns, they shall be synchronised between
VMS units viewable from one location.
9.68 Where there are matrix type signals, within 100 m viewable at the same time, VMS flashing amber
lanterns shall be synchronised between VMS units and the matrix signals.
Portal/lane control signals

9.69 Static advice signs shall be provided to describe to drivers what portal/lane control signals mean.
9.70 Control signals sited in the tunnel shall be located centrally over each lane.
NOTE Where required, traffic light signals can be an alternative to lane portal signals.
9.71 Control signals shall be visible over a range of 500m through the tunnel.
9.72 Control signals and equipment shall not encroach beyond the equipment gauge.
9.72.1 Matrix type signals should be considered initially, to provide the capability to display new legends
without the need to replace hardware.
NOTE Details of Matrix type control signals are given in Schedule 10 of the TSRGD [Ref 77.N].
9.73 Where contraflow is to be operated, signals shall be mounted at the entrance and exit of each bore
along with traffic detectors.
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9.73.1 Lane control signals within the tunnel should be mounted back to back.
9.74 Provisions for signs and signals shall be according to the type of tunnel.
9.75 All tunnels shall be equipped with portal/lane control signals to enforce closures.
9.76 Portal/lane control signals shall be capable of displaying lane closed (red cross) and lane open (green
arrow) to separately control traffic in each running lane.
NOTE To reduce visual clutter in the tunnel and improve the driving experience, it is permitted to not display
the green arrow on portal/ lane control signals during normal operation, showing a blank face instead is
acceptable.
9.77 Portal/lane control signals shall be locally hardware interlocked to ensure that lane open arrows cannot
be displayed simultaneously on both forward and rearward faces.
9.77.1 VMS may be provided at the tunnel portals to provide the road user with additional information
explaining the reason for any closure.
NOTE Such VMS can have messages such as: 'tunnel closed' with relevant text; 'accident', 'fire', 'traffic fumes'
etc. to attempt to improve driver compliance with control signals.
9.78 Two-way tunnels and all dual carriageway and motorway tunnels shall have lane control signals
mounted centrally above the running lanes within the tunnel.
9.79 For all tunnels, gantry mounted signs and signals shall be provided in advance of the tunnel, before the
last traffic divergence point for an alternative route.
NOTE Gantry mounted signs and signals can be used to warn approaching drivers that the tunnel is restricted
or closed and provide the opportunity to use a signed alternative route.
9.79.1 Alternative solutions should be developed for tunnels without the provision of gantries.
9.80 All VMS signs and signals shall be interlocked by hardware, software or a combination of both to
prevent displaying conflicting information.
9.81 Portal/lane control signals shall be isolatable to be as far as possible external from the tunnel envelope
i.e. not in the cross passages or at the sign itself.
NOTE Where a fault develops, a portal/lane control signal which is isolatable can be taken out of service
without undue impact on operation of the tunnel.
Motorway matrix signals

9.82 Motorway tunnels shall be provided with VMS:
1) where overhead lane signalling is required to be used for contraflow; and

2) where the approaches to tunnels are subject to restricted access.
9.83 The provision of signals on motorways shall apply to tunnels and their approach roads.
9.84 The indicator legends and their flashing lanterns shall be legible at 300 m and 500 m, respectively.
NOTE Alignments of tunnels and their approach roads can differ from open motorways.
9.85 Signals shall be sited to be visible over a range of 500m through the tunnel. Tunnel closures systems
9.86 Signs and signals provided for enforcing tunnel closure shall take account of the road type and signed
speed limit.
NOTE Operational experience indicates road users show better rates of compliance with RAG signals than
wigwags.
9.86.1 Stop signals should be located close to the tunnel entrance portal to limit the number of vehicles
between the signal and the portal that continues to enter the tunnel in an emergency closure.
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9.86.2 To minimise the numbers of vehicles stopped on the tunnel approach, additional VMS should be
installed on roads approaching the tunnel, to direct traffic onto alternative routes.
9.86.3 The portal signalling should be supplemented with upstreamsigns or signals or signals that
communicate to road users the need to stop ahead and to expect stopped vehicles ahead.
NOTE 1 Road users are anxious about being the first to come to a halt on a high-speed road where no junction
is signed or expected.
NOTE 2 Wherever physical barriers such as rising arm barriers are installed, they can be deployed to prevent
vehicles from entering a tunnel during a closure.
NOTE 3 The use of signals alone to enforce tunnel closure allows the risk of road users choosing to ignore the
instruction and continuing into the tunnel, with the consequent risk of danger to themselves or others.
9.86.4 The design of physical barriers should include the following:
1) means of ensuring that all approaching traffic has stopped and the road between the stop signals
and the barrier is clear before operating the barrier;
2) safeguards to prevent unintentional operation of the barrier in either state;
3) provision for local manual operation by the emergency services to allow their vehicles to enter; and
4) provision to ensure that vehicles and pedestrians can always exit the tunnel safely.
Illuminated lane markers

9.87 Where identified by the risk assessment process described in this section, internally illuminated lane
markers shall be provided.
9.87.1 It may be desirable to install internally illuminated lane markers to supplement, or replace, the normal
reflective lane delineation studs, for enhanced visibility and guidance to drivers.
Automatic incident detection systems

9.88 Automatic incident detection systems shall be fitted in any tunnel with a control centre to which the
RTSR applies in accordance with the RTSR SI 2007/1520 [Ref 37.N] .
NOTE Automatic incident detection systems use a range of technologies to detect abnormal traffic
movements.
9.89 All tunnels with a control centre shall be fitted with an automatic incident detection system for detecting
the following events:
1) slow-moving traffic (less than 20 mph);
2) traffic queues;
3) individual stopped vehicles;
4) vehicles travelling in the wrong direction;
5) pedestrians;
6) debris in the carriageway.
9.90 An automatic incident detection system shall have the facility to raise an alarm when an event is
detected, and to immediately replay a stored CCTV scene of the incident covering the period from 15
seconds before the detection to 60 seconds after incident end.
9.91 Systems selected for installation shall be based on the operational performance in terms of:
1) detection rate;
2) detection time;
3) false alarm rate; and
4) whole life costs.
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9.91.1 All events captured by the automatic incident detection system, whether false alarms or genuine,
should be stored automatically for subsequent retrieval and analysis.
9.92 The automatic incident detection system shall detect a minimum of 80% of incidents (as measured over
a minimum of 10 consecutive real-life events in the same tunnel) that happened within the maximum
detection time.
9.93 The automatic incident detection system shall have minimum of 98% system and service availability.
9.94 The automatic incident detection system shall have a maximum four minute detection time (as
measured over a minimum of 10 consecutive real-life events in the same tunnel).
9.95 The automatic incident detection system shall have a false alarm rate of less than 1 per 8 hours (as
measured over 30 days).
9.96 The automatic detection incident system shall cover the entire tunnel length and, at intervals of 100 m.
9.97 Where contraflow is used during maintenance operations, the incident detection system shall operate
for both directions.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV)

9.98 CCTV shall be fitted in any tunnel with a control centre.
9.99 CCTV shall be installed to provide coverage at the following locations:
1) inside the tunnel;

2) outside of each portal; and
3) on the approaches/exits.
NOTE Vegetation growth at the portals and approaches can obscure the coverage.
9.100 CCTV shall be mounted above the traffic envelope.
9.101 The CCTV system shall provide 100% coverage of public areas to a height of at least 3 m such that a
person occupies at least 10% of the screen height.
9.102 The CCTV shall be able to read a number plate in any public area.
9.103 Potential invasion of privacy shall be mitigated at all cameras sites. .
9.104 All cameras shall be provided with pan, tilt and zoom (PTZ) and weatherproof housings.
NOTE The cleaning frequency of camera lenses can depend on the level of soiling.
9.104.1 Cameras should be provided with wash wipe facilities.
9.104.2 Camera wash bottles should be located so that they can be accessed during tunnel maintenance.
9.104.3 Camera wash bottles should hold sufficient washer fluid to clean the camera lens between
maintenance cycles.
9.105 Provision shall be made for all local camera cabling and cable junction boxes.
9.106 Local camera cabling and cable junction boxes shall be housed in emergency panels.
9.107 The CCTV system shall interface with the following:
1) other tunnel systems;

2) TCC; and
3) other CCTV systems which the administration authority may operate.
9.108 CCTV monitors shall be provided to enable the tunnel operators to observe each CCTV camera view.
9.108.1 The provision of monitors that can sequentially scan the cameras on a regular basis may be used.
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9.109 The CCTV system shall have minimum 99% system availability.
9.110 The CCTV system shall have minimum 98% service availability.
Traffic monitoring and vehicle detection

9.111 Where the tunnel risk assessment determines that traffic monitoring and detection equipment is
required, it shall be provided.
9.112 Where traffic monitoring and vehicle detection equipment is required it shall provide:
1) a continuous count of the number of vehicles per hour in each lane;
2) classification of counted vehicles in speed bands; and
3) classification of vehicles by type, i.e. by number of axles and/or by length and/or weight.
9.113 The performance requirements in terms of availability and accuracy shall be as specified by the tunnel
risk assessment.
9.114 Vehicle detection loops shall not be provided within the tunnel.
9.115 Where above road vehicle detection systems (infra-red, laser, microwave, CCTV image processing
etc.) are used, they shall not interfere with the operation of any other tunnel system.
NOTE 1 Infra-red, laser, microwave and CCTV image processing vehicle detection systems are gantry
mounted, they do not involve disruptions to the carriageway surface.
NOTE 2 Video-based systems exist that can read Hazchem plates and record the passage of vehicles carrying
dangerous goods.
NOTE 3 Video based systems can be used to segregate such vehicles in order to escort them through the
tunnel or reroute them.
Over-height vehicle detection

9.116 An overheight vehicle detection and warning system shall be provided for tunnels whose maintained
headroom does not comply with Section 4 of this document.
9.117 The location of the detection equipment shall be sufficiently in advance of the tunnel to enable a
minimum of two warning signs or messages to be displayed to drivers, in order to allow them to stop at
a designated location or divert before they reach the tunnel portal.
9.118 The location shall:
1) be clearly signed;
2) provide a parking location clear of the running lanes of suitable size for an HGV;
3) have an emergency telephone with direct connection to the TCC; and
4) have provision to either:
a) enable the over-height vehicle to be escorted off the carriageway; or
b) enable the over-height vehicle to be escorted through a suitable bore if one exists.
9.119 Systems selected for installation shall be based on the operational performance in terms of the
following:
1) detection rate;
2) detection time;
3) false alarm rate; and
4) whole life costs.
9.120 The overheight vehicle detection and warning system shall have minimum 99% system availability.
9.121 The overheight vehicle detection and warning system shall have minimum 98% service availability.
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9.122 The overheight vehicle detection and warning system shall have not less than 95% detection of
overheight vehicles.
9.123 The overheight vehicle detection and warning system shall have not more than a 1% false alarm rate
for vehicles less than 1 m under the target height.
9.124 The overheight vehicle detection and warning system shall have not more than a 0.01% false alarm
rate for vehicles more than 1 m under or above the target height.
9.125 The overheight vehicle detection and warning system shall have not more than a ten second detection
time.
Speed enforcement
9.126 An assessment shall be carried out to determine the risk of speed non-compliance and the likely effect
of such non-compliance.
9.127 Where the assessment determines the likely effect of speed non-compliance is unacceptable,
measures shall be taken to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
9.127.1 A measure to reduce the risk of speed non-compliance may be the use of speed enforcement cameras.
NOTE The use of speed enforcement cameras and variable speed limits in tunnels has been demonstrated to
achieve a significant reduction in speed-related accidents while also improving throughput.
9.127.2 Single-point cameras should not be used to enforce speed limits within a tunnel.
NOTE Single point cameras create a hazard associated with vehicles suddenly slowing when a camera is
seen by the driver.
9.127.3 A distributed average speed system that measures the time taken for a vehicle to pass between two
successive live cameras should be used to enforce speed limits within a tunnel.
9.127.4 Distributed average speed camera systems may allow cameras to be located outside the tunnel where
access for maintenance can be easier.
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CD 352 Revision 0 10. Plant monitoring and control
10. Plant monitoring and control

General requirements
10.1 The plant monitoring and control system (PM&CS) architecture shall be determined by the following
factors:
1) safety requirements;
2) system complexity;
3) required reliability, fault resilience and/or availability;
4) other tunnel systems present e.g. traffic control, traffic monitoring, etc.;
5) requirements for communications with remote control centres; and
6) other local requirements.
10.1.1 The PM&CS should consist of the following elements:

1) field instrumentation and equipment;
2) outstations containing either distributed control programmable logic controllers (PLC) or remote
input/output (I/O) modules communicating with the central PLCs;
3) central PLCs;
4) supervisory, control and data acquisition (SCADA) servers; and
5) operator's and maintainer workstations or human / machine interfaces (HMI).
Safety integrity level

10.2 One of the first stages of the design process shall be to determine the appropriate safety integrity level
(SIL) for the various life safety functions.
NOTE The process for design development of systems with a SIL requirement is outlined in BS EN 61508
[Ref 33.N].
10.3 A SIL determination report shall be published based upon the findings of a hazard identification
process.
NOTE Hazards to be identified are those that present a risk of harm to tunnel users, operational and
maintenance staff or the environment introduced by the presence and operation of the tunnel.
10.3.1 The hazard identification process should involve input from relevant stakeholders, including members
of the tunnel design and safety consultation group (TDSCG).
10.4 Assessment of the reliability of all parts of the PM&CS system shall include assessment of the reliability
of all associated systems upon which they depend for their correct operation, such as uninterruptible
power supplies and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) plant.
10.5 Where a SIL is applied to the PM&CS a SIL verification report shall be produced prior to project
completion, by an independent third party, demonstrating adherence to BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I].
System architecture
10.6 The PM&CS equipment shall be designed for a minimum 20-year service life.
10.7 To prevent system faults from causing a deterioration of the monitoring or control functionality, the
PM&CS system shall be designed with a high level of fault resilience, reliability and availability,
formulated as part of the overall tunnel availability target and in line with the requirements derived from
the SIL determination report.
10.8 The PM&CS design shall demonstrate that non-safety functions cannot adversely affect safety
functions under both normal operating conditions and component failure modes.
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10.9 Hazard analysis and risk assessments shall be undertaken in line with current or proposed emergency
operating procedures.
10.10 The PM&CS equipment shall be modular in fashion to permit the cost-effective replacement of failed
components and to permit possible future upgrades and enhancements without the requirement to
replace the system in its entirety.
10.11 The PM&CS equipment shall be formed from commercially off-the-shelf (COTS) industry-grade
products.
10.12 The PM&CS equipment shall be designed for ease of access to equipment for maintenance purposes.
10.13 The PM&CS equipment shall be designed to allow first line replacement of most components in the
event of failure.
10.14 The PM&CS equipment shall be designed to operate unattended and with minimal maintenance.
10.15 The PM&CS equipment shall be designed to allow most of the servicing requirements to be fulfilled by
a preventative maintenance regime.
10.16 The PM&CS equipment shall be compliant with the IEC standards for PLC & SCADA equipment, and
non-proprietary or open source communications protocols.
10.17 The PM&CS equipment shall not incorporate custom or bespoke components, software or systems.
10.18 Timestamps shall be made consistent throughout the PM&CS enabling events to be compared in time
across all tunnel sub-systems.
10.19 The PM&CS time reference source shall be synchronised with the National Physical Laboratory time
signal (also known as the MSF Radio Time Signal).
Communications networks
10.20 The SCADA and PLC networks shall be electrically and functionally resilient from each other unless it
can be demonstrated that no SCADA system failure modes can adversely affect the PLC
communications network operation, or vice versa.
10.21 Secure, fault tolerant and reliable transmission of all data between the operator, plant, equipment
rooms, control offices, maintenance depots and all other locations associated with the tunnel shall be
provided.
10.22 The communications network shall be designed to be resilient against any single cable break.
10.22.1 The communications network should be designed to be resilient against any foreseeable hardware
failure modes.
10.23 The level of resilience and redundancy shall be dictated by the system safety and availability
requirements.
NOTE The determination of required system resilience is particularly important in relation to life safety
systems requiring rapid detection of, and response to, incidents.
10.24 All systems shall be provided with effective security measures, including the integration of physical,
personnel and cyber security.
NOTE Recommendations for security measures are published by the Centre for the Protection of National
Infrastructure (CPNI) and the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC).
Fault tolerance
10.25 The PM&CS design process shall include a failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) to
identify common points of failure with the system.
10.26 Where common points of failure in the PM&CS design are identified these shall be eliminated.
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10.27 All systems and control items shall be designed such that any failure in the instrumentation or control
system can cause all associated plant and equipment to go into, or remain in, a safe state.
10.28 Determination of what is considered the safe state for a system shall be carried out in consultation with
the TDSCG.
Design life
10.29 PM&CS equipment shall be designed for a minimum 20-year service life.
10.29.1 The assumption of a design life should not mean that the equipment is no longer fit for purpose at the
end of that period.
NOTE 1 Design life is the minimum period for which the equipment is expected to remain functional, to its
design specification, under the anticipated conditions of use and the proposed maintenance regime.
NOTE 2 The intention of the minimum 20-year design life requirement is to maximise the service life and plan for
obsolescence as far as is reasonably practicable in an environment in which it is impossible to predict
what technological, commercial or economic factors might make hardware or software obsolete earlier.
10.30 All equipment enclosures, support steelwork and fixings within the tunnel environment shall be
designed to meet category C5 of BS EN ISO 9223 [Ref 10.N] for the design life given.
10.31 All plant, equipment, fittings and any other component of the permanent installation within the tunnel
and linked areas affected by the tunnel environment shall have an ingress protection rating of at least
IP66 as described in BS EN 60529 [Ref 13.N].
and linked areas shall be tested to withstand the potential water jet velocities expected within the tunnel
environment.
10.32.1 Water jet velocities within the tunnel may be greater than those specified in BS EN 60529 [Ref 13.N].
10.33 Equipment located in areas determined as hazardous by the Dangerous Substances and Explosive
Atmospheres Regulations ( DSEAR S.I. No. 2776 [Ref 69.N]) report must be ATEX 2014/34/EU [Ref
75.N] approved as required for the application and environment.
SCADA functional requirements

10.34 The SCADA system shall provide the tunnel operator with access to the operational status of all items
of tunnel equipment.
10.35 The SCADA system shall alert the operator to any circumstances requiring action.
10.36 Alarm signals shall be generated by designated events or failures, determined as part of the design
process.
10.37 Alarm signals shall be graded according to the urgency of the response required by the tunnel
emergency plan.
10.38 Workstations to receive the output data and signals shall be provided locally at the tunnel and at remote
locations.
NOTE Workstations can be programmed with mimic displays to provide complete or partial control and
monitoring facilities.
10.38.1 Workstations may be designed and equipped to cover any number of tunnels from a single location.
10.39 Software amendments and updates shall only be carried out following a robust change control process.
10.40 Off-line testing shall be carried out before amending the on-line system software or firmware.
NOTE Control thresholds and setpoints for plant and equipment can be adjusted on line.
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10.41 User access control measures shall be provided to prevent unauthorised access to critical areas and
processes of the SCADA system.
10.42 The following system operating modes shall be provided as part of the SCADA system:
1) automatic control;
2) SCADA manual control;
3) Incident control; and
4) local manual control.
10.43 The PM&CS shall normally operate in automatic control mode.

10.44 In the event of a communications failure between SCADA and PLCs, the PLCs shall continue
functioning independently, using either the latest remote information, or default values.
10.44.1 SCADA manual control mode should allow the PLC system to accept high level commands, via the
SCADA system, over-riding the automatic operation for selected plant items.
10.44.2 SCADA manual control should be the responsibility of the operator.
10.44.3 Upon entering SCADA manual control mode, a suitably worded banner should be present on all
SCADA screens.
10.44.4 Incident control mode should allow certain operational parameters to be altered by the PM&CS during
an incident response e.g. fan MCC instructed to ignore fan vibration or winding temperature alarms,
time delays between fan starts reduced from comfortable to minimum.
10.45 Upon entering incident control mode, a suitably worded banner shall be present on all SCADA screens.
10.46 A local manual control mode shall be made available for specifically identified equipment, based upon
push-buttons and lamps, or human/machine interfaces (HMIs), located on, or adjacent to, the
equipment control panels.
NOTE A local manual control mode is only normally for maintenance.
10.47 It shall be possible to operate the tunnel safety critical systems in local manual control mode following a
total failure of the SCADA system.
10.48 Upon entering local manual control mode, a suitably worded indication shall be present on all SCADA
workstation screens.
SCADA hardware requirements

10.49 The SCADA system shall consist of duty / standby SCADA servers together with watchdog link,
interface equipment and supporting hardware.
10.50 Both SCADA servers shall continuously monitor plant status information from the PLC's, but only the
duty server be capable of sending instructions.
10.51 Both SCADA servers shall be connected to secure non-volatile backup storage devices.
10.52 The SCADA software shall be capable of scheduling automatic transfers of alarm logs to the
non-volatile backup storage devices.
10.53 The SCADA system shall have at least two operator workstations, located as determined by
operational requirements.
10.54 Each operator workstation shall be equipped to receive alarm and alert messages and to provide
monitoring and control facilities.
10.55 The SCADA system shall include one or more workstations, suitably located for use during
maintenance activities and/or emergencies.
10.56 The SCADA system shall be capable of producing, storing and forwarding logs and reports.
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10.57 The SCADA system shall store all alarms and events for at least 12 months, archived thereafter for
legal/contractual compliance.
10.58 Procedures for the handling, storage and downloading of fault, alarm and event data shall be in
accordance with local project requirements.
10.58.1 Long term storage of fault, alarm and event data on the SCADA servers should be for a period agreed
with the OO.
10.58.2 A software search engine should be provided to assist in assessment and analysis of fault records.
SCADA software requirements

10.59 The SCADA development platform shall be certified by a suitably competent independent third party to
demonstrate achievement of the SIL defined in the SIL determination report.
10.60 The SCADA application software shall be developed in accordance with BS EN ISO 9241 [Ref 25.N],
where appropriate with BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I], and in consultation with the tunnel operation and
maintenance organisations.
10.61 Programming changes to the SCADA application software shall only be allowed to be made to the
standby SCADA server in an off-line mode.
10.61.1 Once changes to the SCADA application software have been completed, fully tested and documented,
the standby SCADA server may be made the duty server and the new updated programme copied to
the now standby SCADA server.
10.62 All SCADA run time software licenses shall be novated to the Overseeing Organisation upon handover
of the system.
10.63 All workstations shall automatically revert to the lowest access level after a predetermined time of
inactivity.
10.64 It shall not be possible to directly access the PLC application program from any operator or maintainer
workstation.
SCADA operator interface

10.65 The operator interfaces shall be designed to provide the following functions:
1) alarms and indications that the operator needs to see;
2) alarms and indications that the maintainer needs to see;
3) minimisation of information overload of the operator during an incident;
4) presentation of this information to the operator clearly, including appropriate symbols, colours,
animations, etc.;
5) commonality of presentation with other systems the operator can use or interface with; and
6) help screens to assist operator decision-making and to provide prompts during an incident.
10.65.1 Wherever possible safety related user interfaces should be developed in consultation with the
operational staff who can use the system.
10.65.2 The development of safety related user interfaces may be in the form of prototyping and feedback
sessions covering the development and use of the HMI ensuring that the design benefits from the
experience of the tunnel operational team.
SCADA user groups

10.66 Provision shall be made for the following base set of user groups:
1) software engineer – access to all SCADA operating functions, updating of software;
2) tunnel manager – addition and amendments of users, backups, defining control parameter
availability, etc.;
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3) tunnel operator – view-only and use for day-to-day operational and emergency response
requirements. No changing of control parameters or initiation of control functions;
4) tunnel maintainer – changing of a defined subset of control parameters and initiation of defined
control functions; and
5) observer – view only.
SCADA alarms, data logging & reports

10.67 Presentation of alarm signals shall be to BS EN 62682 [Ref 47.N] in consultation, with the tunnel
operators and the maintenance organisation.
10.68 During the design process the initiating cause of each alarm type shall be published and a competent
group established to classify the category of each alarm based upon an assessment of the safety and
operational impacts.
10.68.1 A scoring matrix, similar to that shown below, should be used to determine each alarm category.
Table 10.68.1 Example of Risk Scoring Matrix for Alarm Categories

Effect Category
Fatalities Critical
Major injuries High
Safety risk if no action taken Multiple minor
Medium
injuries
Few minor injuries Low
Major delay Critical

Moderate delay High
Operational impact if no action taken
Minor delay Medium
No delay Low
10.68.2 The response time for each alarm category should be established.
10.68.3 Other events and records, including as plant switching events, operator login and subsequent actions
and the entry and exit of personnel attending the services building, should be logged.
NOTE Although these require no action, they provide an historical record useful for fault and post-incident
investigation.
10.69 The SCADA software shall allow alarms received to be acknowledged in any order.
10.69.1 Presentation of alarm data to the operators should be designed to assist identification of the principal
event and,suppress subsidiary alarms.
NOTE It is not unusual for events such as power supply failure or loss of data communications to result in
large numbers of consequential failure alarms as individual items of equipment are affected.
10.70 All fault, alarm and event messages received from the monitoring equipment shall be stored on the
SCADA servers for at least three months and then backed up for future reference and analysis, In
accordance with the Overseeing Organisation's record retention policy.
10.71 The SCADA system shall be capable of producing site specific printed reports, on demand to aid
operation, maintenance, planning, monitoring.
10.71.1 Typical reports may contain the following:
1) daily log of events;
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2) daily fault log;

3) daily log of outstanding faults;
4) monthly log of events;
5) monthly fault log;
6) energy usage of selected systems;
7) plant running hours;
8) air quality versus time;
9) traffic counts versus time (if available);
10) lighting and ventilation fan stages versus time; and
11) weather data (e.g. wind speed, temperature, daylight luminescence).
PLC functional requirements

10.72 The PLC's shall monitor the normal operating status, alarm conditions and process variables available
from all systems and equipment associated with the tunnel including, where installed, the following:
1) electrical power supply and distribution system;
2) standby or back up power supply equipment;
3) tunnel lighting control system;
4) tunnel ventilation system including tunnel environmental sensors;
5) tunnel drainage pumping system including any sump environmental sensors, fire suppression
systems and sump ventilation systems;
6) tunnel fire safety systems; emergency doors and emergency panels;
7) traffic monitoring systems including CCTV, incident detection, etc.;
8) traffic control systems including approach road and tunnel road signs, signals and barriers;
9) tunnel communications systems; and
10) building services installations within the local tunnel structures, including fire and intruder alarm
systems.
NOTE Because of the high number of potential data points presented by the tunnel lighting system, it is often
necessary to limit the level of information required to be transmitted to the PM&CS.
10.73 Except when under emergency and maintenance conditions, automatic operation of tunnel plant shall
be in response to control signals from the various monitors and detectors in the tunnel.
10.74 The PLCs shall facilitate operator control, via the SCADA system, of the following tunnel sub-systems:
1) override of the automatic lighting levels in the tunnel;
2) override of the tunnel ventilation system;
3) override of the drainage pumping plant, sump ventilation and fire suppression systems;
4) control of the approach road and tunnel road signs, signals, barriers and any other traffic control
equipment; and,
5) access control to tunnel service buildings, plant rooms and secure compounds.
10.75 The PLCs shall monitor the energy consumption at the following points in the electrical distribution
system:
1) all outgoing feeds from the LV switchboard(s); and
2) all outgoing feeds from the UPS switchboard(s).
PLC outstations
10.76 PLC outstations shall be strategically located throughout the tunnel installations, linked to each other
and to the central processors or monitoring equipment.
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10.77 Outstations shall receive environmental and performance data from field instrumentation and
equipment, allowing the generation of suitable control signals for switching of lighting, ventilation fans,
drainage pumps etc., along with alarm and event data.
10.77.1 Outstations should generally be located within, or with:
1) lighting control panels;
2) motor control centres such as for pumping and ventilation;
3) electrical distribution panels such as main LV switchboards, tunnel distribution points; and
4) communications equipment racks for radio, traffic monitoring.
10.77.2 PLC outstations may be either slave PLC's or remote input / output modules (RIOs) to the central PLC's.
10.78 The power supplies to outstations shall be taken from the tunnel UPS system enabling the equipment
to continue operating uninterrupted during a power outage.
PLC hardware requirements

10.79 PLC equipment including the local I/O and RIO shall be formally certified by a recognised independent
authority as achieving the SIL rating defined in the SIL determination report.
10.80 Where central PLCs are utilised, they shall be located in separate access-controlled, fire separated
rooms.
10.81 The PLC system shall directly handle all inputs and all control outputs.
NOTE Examples of inputs to a PLC system include equipment status information, alarms and environmental
data.
10.82 The PLC system shall carry out all control logic, sequence control functions and data gathering.
10.83 The PLC system shall self-check on power-up and continuously monitor its own operation and report
faults, via SCADA, to the operator.
10.84 All items of plant affected by a fault condition shall be designed to move to a safe condition and any
further change inhibited until the fault has been cleared.
10.85 Safety PLC outputs shall be positively monitored to prevent unrevealed failures.
10.86 Changeover from duty to standby PLC shall be automatic upon detection of a failure.
10.87 Changeover from duty to standby PLC shall occur in no more than one second.
10.88 There shall be no effect on the output circuit status or false reporting of the input circuit status during, or
because of, the changeover from a duty to a standby PLC.
10.89 Each PLC shall be provided with an access port for connection to a PC to be used during programming,
commissioning, testing, maintenance and program update.
PLC software requirements

10.90 PLC programming software shall be certified by a recognised independent authority to achieve the SIL
defined in the SIL determination report.
10.91 PLC application software shall be produced using techniques laid out in the manufacturers software
programming manuals and in accordance with BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I], to achieve the SIL defined in
the SIL determination report.
10.92 The PLC application software shall be password protected, providing levels of security that support view
only, restricted programming (e.g. changes to defined parameters only), and full access programming.
10.93 It shall only be possible to carry out programming, and subsequent alterations to the PLC, by secure
and always controlled cyber secure practices.
10.94 Programming changes shall only be allowed to be made to the standby PLC in an off-line mode.
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NOTE Once the changes to the PLC application code have been completed, fully tested and documented, the
standby PLC can be made the duty PLC and the updated programme copied to the now standby PLC.
10.95 Provision shall be made for all PLC run time software licenses to be novated to the Administrative
Authority upon handover of the system.
Field instrumentation & equipment

10.96 Power supplies for field-mounted transmitters shall be routed via the relevant local control panel and
any associated PLC.
10.97 All analogue signals entering or leaving a motor control centre (MCC) or control panel shall be fitted
with galvanic isolation barriers to prevent ground loops.
10.98 Galvanic isolation barriers shall not be loop powered unless it can be demonstrated that isolator failure
cannot adversely affect any other functions.
10.98.1 Two-wire circuits suitable for 4 to 20 mA operation should be used for analogue devices.
10.98.2 Where necessary, optical signal isolators may be provided.
10.98.3 Typical parameters for monitoring tunnel plant should include:
1) plant status, such as 'running', 'stopped', 'out of service', 'fault';
2) operating state, such as 'high'/'low', 'open'/'closed';
3) hours run;
4) energy consumed;
5) control availability, such as 'local', 'remote', 'off', 'automatic';
6) lighting levels;
7) motor speed; and
8) pollution concentrations, etc.
10.98.4 Tunnel ventilation instrumentation may include devices to measure tunnel air velocity, external wind
speed and direction, concentrations of pollutants and obscuration.
NOTE Refer to the section on air quality monitoring and ventilation control with Section 5 of this document for
details of instrumentation required for the control of the ventilation system.
10.98.5 The tunnel lighting photometers may be connected directly to the relevant lighting control panels or via
the PM&CS network, provision shall be made for onward transmission of system status and fault
alarms to the PM&CS.
NOTE Refer to the Tunnel Lighting section for details of photometers to monitor light conditions at the tunnel
portals and threshold zones.
10.98.6 Drainage system sensors should be connected to the relevant sump control panel, although provision
can be made for onward transmission of system status and fault alarms to the PM&CS.
NOTE Water level sensors, oxygen depletion and hydrocarbon sensors can typically be utilised for the control
of the drainage pumping plant, refer to the tunnel drainage section.
10.99 Where larger motors are used, winding temperatures and vibration shall also be monitored, initiating an
alert if pre-defined limits are exceeded whilst operating under normal conditions.
10.99.1 Under emergency incident conditions motor alarms should be over-ridden by the PM&CS allowing the
motor to run to destruction.
Uninterruptible power supplies

10.100 The power supplies for the PM&CS shall be taken from an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system,
in order to maintain full functionality of the PM&CS during main power outages.
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10.101 Any field instrumentation required to continue safe operation of the tunnel during power failure
conditions shall be connected to the UPS.
10.102 The UPS shall form part of the electrical distribution system.
10.103 The UPS design shall be co-ordinated with the PM&CS design to ensure that all relevant SIL reliability
criteria are met.
Testing and inspection

10.104 The PM&CS shall be designed to enable the following activities to be undertaken with minimal
disruption to tunnel operation:
1) routine visual inspections of the general condition of the in-tunnel equipment;

2) periodic end to end functional testing to check system performance and to maintain the SIL
certification.
10.105 Prompts for when detailed inspection and maintenance are due shall be provided.
NOTE To assist in identifying system faults and remedial actions, the SCADA system can be designed or a
separate system provided, to store inspection results in a form which can be readily recalled for
comparison with current data.
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CD 352 Revision 0 11. Electrical power supply and distribution
11. Electrical power supply and distribution

General requirements
Fault tolerance
11.1 The tunnel electrical distribution systems shall be designed such that no single equipment, cable or
power supply failure can result in:
1) an unsafe situation;
2) the failure to maintain MOR;
3) the inability to maintain normal traffic flow; or
4) the inability to promptly close the tunnel to traffic if required.
11.2 The tunnel electrical distribution system design process shall include a failure mode, effects and
criticality analysis (FMECA) to identify common points of failure within the tunnel electrical distribution
system.
11.3 Where common points of failure are identified by the FMECA these shall influence the design to ensure
they are removed.
11.4 The risk and impact of unplanned loss of supply, to any equipment that is required to maintain normal
traffic flow, shall be subject to ALARP principles.
11.5 The tunnel electrical systems shall be arranged such that, in the event of failure of one incoming supply,
all essential electrical loads can be automatically transferred to the remaining supply without creating a
hazard to road users, staff or emergency services within the tunnel or on the approach ramps.
11.6 Incoming supplies, and key items of equipment such as transformers and main distribution cables, shall
be provided in sufficient number and size to ensure that if one is out of service, either due to fault or
maintenance, tunnel operation can be maintained for a period in excess of the time required to return
failed unit to service.
Design life
11.7 Electrical equipment, cabling and support systems shall be designed with a minimum 25 year design
life.
11.7.1 The assumption of a design life should not mean that the equipment can no longer be fit for purpose at
the end of that period.
NOTE The design life is the minimum period for which the equipment is expected to remain functional, to its
design specification, under the anticipated conditions of use and the proposed maintenance regime.
11.8 Minimum standards for the design and installation of the tunnel electrical distribution system shall be
those given in TS 101 [Ref 78.N].
11.9 All equipment enclosures, support steelwork, cable containment and fixings within the tunnel
environment shall be designed to a minimum of C5, in accordance with BS EN ISO 9223 [Ref 10.N], for
the design life given.
and linked areas affected by the tunnel environment shall have an ingress protection rating of at least
IP66 as described in BS EN 60529 [Ref 13.N].
and linked areas affected by the tunnel environment shall be tested to withstand the potential water jet
velocities expected within the tunnel environment.
11.11.1 Water jet velocities within the tunnel may be greater than those specified in BS EN 60529 [Ref 13.N].
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11.12 All equipment enclosures, support steelwork, cable containment and fixings external to the tunnel
environment shall be designed to a minimum of C3, in accordance with BS EN ISO 9223 [Ref 10.N], for
the design life given.
11.13 All equipment enclosures, support steelwork, cable containment and fixings external to the tunnel or in
plant-rooms shall be designed with an ingress protection rating of at least IP66 as described in BS EN
60529 [Ref 13.N].
11.14 Equipment located in areas determined by the Dangerous substances and explosive atmospheres
regulations ( DSEAR S.I. No. 2776 [Ref 69.N]) report as hazardous must be ATEX 2014/34/EU [Ref
75.N] approved as required for the application and environment.
Maintainability
11.15 The location of all plant and equipment, and the associated electrical distribution, shall be designed
such that inspection, maintenance, troubleshooting, repairs or replacement can be carried out easily
and safely, with a minimum of disruption to the normal operation of the tunnel.
11.16 All equipment separation and access space shall be in accordance with manufacturers
recommendations.
11.17 The need for staff to work at height or in confined spaces shall be minimised.
11.18 The use of extra low voltage equipment shall be maximised and use of low and high voltage equipment
minimised.
11.19 A safe means of permanent access to all maintainable equipment shall be incorporated into the design.
11.20 Plant and equipment shall be designed to minimise access and maintenance requirements that require
tunnel closures.
11.21 Standardised designs, sizes and ratings of plant and equipment shall be used throughout, with similar
components interchangeable, to simplify and reduce the requirements for stocking spares.
Incoming power supply arrangement

Demand assessment
11.22 The electricity demand for each system (lighting, ventilation, pumping, etc.), shall be assessed under
normal, abnormal and emergency operating conditions to determine:
1) the maximum demand, in kVA;
2) any phase imbalance; and
3) the likely power factor.
11.23 Any load shedding to reduce the peak electrical loads shall be risk assessed to demonstrate that the
safety of the tunnel and tunnel users is not compromised and MOR is maintained.
Distribution network operator (DNO) consultation

11.24 The DNO(s) shall be consulted early in the design stage to confirm their ability to provide electrical
supplies which are fit for purpose in terms of capacity and voltage, and fit for use in terms of availability,
reliability and resilience.
11.24.1 In terms of resilience, the first upstream common point of failure for dual supplies should be established
as part of the process of assessing resilience.
11.25 Duplicate incoming supplies, one on each side of the tunnel, shall be provided with each independently
capable of supporting the tunnel maximum demand.
11.26 Supply sources shall be independent and the cabling associated with each, separately routed.
11.27 Historic supply failure statistics shall be requested from the DNO to complete the operational risk
assessment for the tunnel.
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a) the DNO data received can only be approximate or typical data for representative parts of their
networks;
b) measures should to be taken to verify that data used is truly appropriate;
c) experience has shown that sections of networks containing 11kV and 33kV overhead lines can
be subject to a higher than average fault rate due to storm damage; and
d) DNO records of system faults can be based on prolonged outages and not short term
interruptions or transients due to lightning strikes or switching operations, which are regarded as
normal events.
High voltage (HV) system

HV switchgear
11.28 Each incoming HV feeder shall terminate in a separate 2-hour fire compartment.
11.29 Each incoming HV feeder shall be separately metered.
11.30 The consumer's HV switchgear shall be installed in separate fire-rated enclosure or, if ring main units
are utilised, close coupled to the incoming supply transformers.
a) HV switchgear should consist of metal-enclosed, ring-main units, suitable for 12-kV continuous
and 75-kV impulse level;
b) transformer protection should utilise vacuum or SF6 circuit breakers with a current rating to
match the demand and a minimum fault level of at least 250 MVA.
11.31 Source changeover switching at HV shall only be used where appropriately qualified personnel will be
available to carry out HV switching operations.
11.32 Where HV standby generation equipment is used, the associated HV switchgear shall be installed in a
separate 2-hour fire compartment.
11.33 Circuit breakers shall be of the spring-operated type with shunt trip and manual reset.
11.34 Where a consumer's HV switchboard is required, as opposed to close-coupled ring-main units, each
HV switchboard shall have separate batteries for tripping and closing / spring winding duties.
11.35 Sufficient controls and indicators shall be provided to allow safe operation of the switchgear by manual
means.
11.36 Status and alarm monitoring of the switchgear and incoming supplies shall be carried out both locally,
by means of indication lamps on the switchgear, and remotely via the SCADA system.
NOTE Remote switching for interconnectors to be supported by robust switching programme, as part of the
safe system of works.
HV cabling
11.37 Where HV cable interconnectors are to be installed between HV switchgear at opposite ends of the
tunnel they shall be installed within the road deck in separate bores.
Transformers
11.38 Each transformer shall be located within a fire-separated enclosure designed such that any failure in
one transformer cannot adversely affect another unit.
11.39 Transformers shall be of the 11000/400V Dyn11 type, with sufficient kVA rating to enable one
transformer to carry the whole of the maximum demand that may be connected without causing the
transformer to overheat.
11.39.1 Depending on local conditions, other primary voltages may also be required.
11.39.2 The design may incorporate vector groups other than Dyn11 where large inductive loads are connected.
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HV protection systems
11.40 HV protection relays shall be of the static type.
11.41 Time delays on protection relays shall be designed to ride through transient supply disturbances to
avoid unnecessary tripping of the tunnel incoming circuit breakers.
11.42 Restricted earth fault (REF) protection shall be provided for the protection of the secondary transformer
windings.
11.43 HV and LV transformer winding temperature pre-alarm and alarm signals shall be provided to trip the
HV circuit breaker and SCADA indication.
Fireman's switch
11.44 A fireman's switch shall be provided in an agreed location to allow the local fire and rescue services to
isolate all electrical supplies to tunnel equipment, before they commence fire fighting.
11.45 Those tunnel systems designed with the specific purpose of supporting fire fighting operations, and to
be resistant to fire and water jets, shall be discussed with the local fire and rescue service to agree a
mutually acceptable firefighting solution.
Low voltage (LV) system

LV switchboards
11.46 LV switchboards shall be designed with two bus sections, designated A and B, separated by a bus
coupler and fed from separate transformers.
11.46.1 Loads connected to the two halves of the switchboard should be divided more or less equally between
the two sections, such that if one supply fails only half of the connected equipment would lose power
until corrective action is taken to transfer all loads onto the healthy supply.
11.47 The design shall determine if a third bus section is required for the connection of standby generation
plant and/or centralised ups.
11.48 LV switchrooms shall be designed with at least 1.0 m of unobstructed space at the ends of the
switchboard, and at least 1.25 m of unobstructed space to the front and rear of the switchboard with the
largest door open.
11.49 LV switchboards shall:
1) provide a minimum form of separation of 4a type 2 in accordance with BS EN 61439-2 [Ref 44.N];
2) be rated for a minimum of 50kA fault levels for 1 second;
3) be bottom entry;
4) be a maximum of 2.2 m high;
5) have controls and indications between 0.45 m and 2.0 m above finished floor level;
6) have a minimum of 25% spare outgoing ways, at least one of each size used; and
7) have a neutral earth link for connection to the transformer star point.
Protection systems
11.50 An interlock shall be provided such that if an HV transformer protection circuit breaker trips the
associated LV circuit breaker, on the LV side of the transformer, also trips.
11.51 Discrimination shall be maintained throughout each circuit and sub-circuit, to prevent unnecessary
tripping of higher level circuits.
11.52 All protection system calculations shall be verified against the external conditions presented by all
relevant electrical sources such as main incoming supplies, standby generation equipment, UPS
equipment, and the like.
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11.53 The requirements of BS EN 62305-4 [Ref 53.N], for the protection of electrical and electronic circuits
against lightning, shall be incorporated into the design.
Power factor
11.54 Power factor correction equipment shall be installed as necessary to achieve a minimum overall power
factor of 0.95 at the point of connection of the incoming supplies.
NOTE 1 Maintaining a high power factor is necessary to minimise tariff penalties from the supply authority and
to reduce electrical losses.
NOTE 2 In smaller tunnels, it is often more cost effective to pay the tariff penalty.
Harmonics
11.55 The effects of harmonic currents and distortions shall be catered for in the design of the sub-main
distribution system.
11.55.1 Harmonics should be minimised such that they do not impact the functionality, speed of operation or
failure rate of connected equipment.
11.56 Where filtering required it shall provide compliance with the latest Energy Networks Association (ENA)
G5/4-1 [Ref 50.N] standard.
3 Phase supply
11.57 The minimum requirement regarding balancing of the 3 phase supply shall be that in all likely
foreseeable operational, incident and maintenance scenarios, the manufacturer's warranty of any
connected 3 phase equipment is not invalidated by voltage or current imbalance(s), or, the potential
difference between earth and neutral, with further efforts to balance the supply being limited to
minimising whole life costs in terms of design costs, neutral cable heat losses, cable sizing and load
balancing costs.
Energy monitoring
11.58 The LV distribution shall incorporate energy consumption meters, connected to the PM&CS system, for
at least the following circuits:
1) all outgoing supplies from the LV switchboard; and
2) all outgoing supplies from the UPS switchboard.
11.58.1 Equipment, now available for real-time monitoring of energy use for energy cost savings, should be
specified.
Distribution panels
11.59 The optimum spacing of distribution panels (DP) through the tunnel shall be based upon the following:
1) the location of final sub-circuits serving lighting, signs and signals, traffic monitoring equipment,
instrumentation, control and communications equipment, and similar systems,
2) how the tunnel services will be affected if a fire occurs adjacent to a panel,
3) the size of the required sub main cabling; and
4) access for fault finding, inspection and repair activities whilst minimising disruption to tunnel
operation.
11.60 The DPs shall:
1) incorporate separate sections for A, B and UPS supplies;
2) use similar construction and materials to other tunnel panels providing a consistency of appearance
throughout the tunnel;
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3) limit the internal temperature, when operating under normal conditions, to the rated limits of the
installed equipment;
4) provide sufficient space for all equipment and connections, terminations and space for bending radii
of for all incoming and outgoing cables and tails; and
5) incorporate bottom cable entry:
a) where possible DPs should be installed in areas of low fire or impact risk for example within
cross passages;
b) DPs may incorporate other electrical equipment such as connections for CCTV,
communications, traffic loop detectors, control outstations and such like;
c) suitable maintenance socket outlets (110VAC) and special socket outlets for the use of the fire
brigade may be required.
NOTE It can be convenient to combine DPs in the tunnel with emergency panels (EPs). Where this is done
the combined panels are designated Emergency/Distribution Panels (EDPs).
Lighting circuits
11.61 Each lighting distribution panel section shall be independently fed by a cable dedicated to that section.
11.62 Lighting circuits shall be arranged such that adjacent luminaires are connected to different circuits,
different phases, and are supplied from different incoming sources.
NOTE By interleaving lighting circuits, failure of one supply will then only result in the loss of a maximum of
50% of the lighting in the affected area and reduce the need to fall back on emergency or standby
lighting.
11.63 All emergency lighting circuits, including emergency, evacuation and exit lighting, shall be wired using
cabling in accordance with BS 8519 [Ref 62.N].
11.64 Where a prefabricated wiring system is used the plugs and sockets shall have the same fire rating as
the cable to which they are attached.
11.65 Where a prefabricated wiring system is used the plugs and sockets shall have an ingress protection
rating of IP66 in accordance with BS EN 60529 [Ref 13.N].
Ventilation fan circuits

11.66 The electrical distribution, switch gear and control facilities for the tunnel ventilation system shall be
segregated from electrical circuits serving other systems.
11.66.1 Adjacent fans may be on separate circuits for resilience.
11.67 Fan starter equipment, including source changeover equipment, shall be installed in areas of low fire or
impact risk.
11.68 Local control/starter panels located in the tunnel shall be manufactured using the same environmental
and aesthetic features as the DPs.
11.69 All ventilation fan circuits shall be wired using category 3 cabling in accordance with BS 8519 [Ref
62.N].
Earthing & bonding

11.70 Earthing systems to provide equipotential bonding, frame earthing, neutral point earthing, computer
system "clean" earths and general protection shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of
BS 7430 [Ref 7.N] and BS 7671 2018 [Ref 54.N].
11.71 Earthing and bonding connections between the main earth bar(s) in the tunnel service building(s) and
tunnel EDPs shall utilise a separate circuit protective conductor (CPC) and not rely solely on the
armouring of the sub-main cables.
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Standby power
11.72 A structured assessment shall be carried out early in the design process to determine the likelihood of
electrical supply failure and the consequential effects of such failure.
11.73 The tolerable risk of mains failure and the level, hours of operation and duration of service to be
maintained in the event of mains failure shall be determined in consultation with the TDSCG and
Overseeing Organisation.
11.74 The objective of maintaining power supply in the event of mains failure shall be selected from the
following scenarios, assessed on the basis of impact of tunnel closure to the major transport networks
and economic impact at a local and national level:
1) sufficient power and energy to close and evacuate the tunnel;
2) sufficient power and energy to close and evacuate the tunnel and operate the emergency lighting to
allow safe access by operatives and emergency services;
3) sufficient power and energy to operate the tunnel above MOR or, below MOR but with mitigations in
place, for a short period of time, to either:
a) set up the diversion route for a tunnel closure;
b) operate the tunnel for a period equal to the DNO reinstatement service level agreement time;
4) sufficient power and energy to operate the tunnel above MOR or, below MOR but with mitigations in
place, for a longer period of time, to either:
a) connect a stand-alone transportable generator;
b) operate the tunnel for the period taken to rectify a major or catastrophic incident on the
transmission or distribution networks;
c) operate the tunnel for the period taken to rectify a major or catastrophic failure to the tunnel HV
switchgear or HV/LV transformer.
11.75 The method(s) of reducing the risk of mains failure and maintaining power supplies in the event of
mains failure, shall be selected from the following and assessed upon fitness for purpose, fitness for
use and whole life costs:
1) reinforcement of electricity transmission network or change of connection points with that network;
2) reinforcement of electricity distribution network or change of connection points with that network;
3) battery storage (including UPS);
4) energy storage (e.g. flywheel);
5) standby generator (including fuel cell).
11.75.1 Method(s) of reducing the risk of mains failure and maintaining power supplies in the event of mains
failure, may be used in combination to achieve peak lopping.
11.76 Load calculations for all forms of standby power generating plant shall include provision for starting
currents, harmonics, fault clearance and UPS battery recharging.
11.77 A limited amount of UPS provision shall be provided to cover the short period required for non-UPS
power (e.g. generator) to come on-line.
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

11.78 UPS and battery sets shall be provided to power, in the event of a main electrical supply failure, to
maintain essential life safety systems.
11.79 The UPS and battery sets shall also support the tunnel lighting systems.
11.80 The reliability of all UPS supplying power to life safety systems shall be included within the SIL
assessment, in accordance with BS EN 61508-2 [Ref 8.I], for those systems.
NOTE 1 It is likely that the need for supply power to life safety systems in accordance with BS EN 61508 [Ref
33.N] will lead to a need for UPS sets to be installed in an N+1 configuration.
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NOTE 2 It is important to ensure that the UPS provides all supplied equipment with electrical power of sufficient
quality and protects against malfunctions from voltage transients and other mains-borne disturbances.
11.81 UPS failures shall be logged as an alarm condition and immediately reported on the SCADA system.
11.82 When any UPS is operating in an islanded mode (that is with all incoming power supplies isolated), a
means of maintaining the earth/ neutral reference to all outgoing circuits shall be provided.
11.83 Each UPS system design shall comply with the following factors:
1) the type of load to be fed and the characteristics (for example power factor and current inrush) of the
load;
2) the capability of the UPS to supply sufficient power to clear faults;
3) acceptable limits of harmonics fed back into the power supply network, particularly where a standby
generator is installed;
4) compatibility with standby generator plant, where provided;
5) the minimum period of time the UPS is required to operate under full load after mains supply failure
(normally two hours);
6) operational and physical compatibility with other electrical equipment;
7) compliance with BS 5266 [Ref 23.N] for recharging times after discharge;
8) control equipment to be provided;
9) the requirement for an external bypass to allow the unit to be replaced whilst maintaining a supply to
the essential loads;
10) the ability to remotely control the UPS from the PM&CS;
11) the potential requirement for a standby UPS; and
12) to have a spare capacity of 25% for future expansion.
11.84 Sufficient UPS power shall be provided to allow all life safety services to be maintained until either:
1) restoration of a main supply; or
2) standby generating equipment is brought into operation; or,
3) a predetermined tunnel evacuation and diversion of traffic is achieved, as decided by the OO.
11.85 The essential loads shall be permanently connected to the UPS equipment such that in the event of a
mains failure their supply is maintained.
NOTE Components of the essential load are likely to include the following:
1) emergency lighting;
2) standby lighting;
3) evacuation lighting;
4) emergency exit signage;
5) plant monitoring and control systems;
6) communications systems including public address / voice alarm, radio and telephone systems;
7) traffic monitoring and control systems, including CCTV, incident detection, signs and signals;
8) emergency power tool sockets (if required by the fire and rescue service); and
9) other relevant components unique to the tunnel under consideration.
Standby generating plant

11.86 Automatic start standby generating equipment shall be used where drainage pumps, ventilation plant or
full threshold and transition zone lighting will need to be operated under total mains failure conditions.
NOTE Such loads will generally be beyond the capacity of a UPS.
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11.87 Standby generation equipment shall supply power at low voltage unless rendered untenable by the
supported loads.
NOTE The supply voltage of standby generation equipment, and the point of connection within the system, will
be dependent upon the normal electricity supply arrangement.
11.88 Where standby supplies are required at both ends of the tunnel a cost analysis shall be carried out to
determine the optimum arrangement.
NOTE Options can be:
1) LV standby generation at one end with an LV interconnector;
2) LV standby generation at both ends;
3) LV standby generation coupled to the HV;network via a step-up transformer enabling utilisation of an
HV interconnector; and
4) HV standby generation.
11.89 Separate accommodation, within 4-hours fire-protected enclosures, shall be provided for the standby
generating equipment, fuel tanks and associated equipment.
11.89.1 The provision of a generator should be assessed, particularly considering competing demands that can
be made for use of such plant and the likely time required to bring the mobile generator to the tunnel
site and connect it.
11.89.2 As an alternative to permanently installed standby generating plant, suitable connection points may be
provided for the use of mobile generators.
11.90 Bulk fuel storage in tanks with security, shall be provided to store sufficient fuel for seven days running
at full load.
11.91 A dump tank shall be provided external to the diesel-set room to automatically take the contents of the
day service fuel tank should a fire occur.
11.92 The dump tank shall be provided with pumps to empty it back into the bulk storage tank.
11.93 The standby generating plant fuel level status shall be monitored by the PM&CS system, for usage and
to inform on leaks and theft and alarms passed to the tunnel operator.
Cabling
11.94 Cables from the 'A', 'B' and UPS supplies shall be routed separately to minimise the risk of loss of any
two circuits simultaneously.
11.95 Strict segregation between sub-main cables connected to 'A', 'B' and UPS supplies shall be maintained
in all locations including:
1) ducts;
2) equipment entry points; and
3) cable trays.
Services in the tunnel

11.96 Cables feeding life-safety services in the tunnel shall be in accordance with category 3 of BS 8519 [Ref
62.N].
11.97 Cable support systems shall be designed to retain their integrity under fire conditions in accordance
with BS 8519 [Ref 62.N].
11.98 Sub-main cables connected to 'A', 'B' and UPS supplies shall pass through cable draw-pits within the
tunnel, to enable cable segregation to be maintained.
11.98.1 Where cables are to be run in verge ducts on either side of the carriageway, lighting sub-mains should
be run in the near-side verge.
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11.99 Where jet fan ventilation is employed, cabling shall be located in the off-side verge.
Services below ground (outside the tunnel)

11.100 Where cables are installed underground, it shall be arranged for only one power cable to be installed in
each duct.
11.101 At least 25% spare ducts shall be provided to allow for future requirements.
11.102 All ducts shall be sealed to deny vermin habitat but allowing unused ducts to be readily brought into
service.
Services in switchrooms and services buildings

11.103 The design of switchrooms and service buildings shall allow sufficient under floor space for other utility
services, risk assessed and under specific conditions.
11.104 Cable trenches or raised floor systems shall be provided in all LV and HV switchrooms and around
transformers, and of sufficient depth to allow minimum bending radii to be easily achieved.
11.105 Cable voids must conform to building regulations SI2010 No. 2214 [Ref 71.N] and local authority
requirements.
11.106 Fire partitioning and barriers to aid system segregation shall be incorporated into cable voids.
11.107 Cables shall not be run beneath the floor in battery rooms.
Cable design requirements

11.108 All cables shall have copper cores inside the tunnel.
11.108.1 Cables outside the tunnel may have aluminium cores.
11.109 Cable cores over 2.5 mm² shall be stranded (except for MICC cables) where used on any part of the
lighting, power distribution, final circuit and control systems.
11.110 Cable entry glanding materials shall be suitable for a road tunnel environment and the material into
which the gland is to be fitted.
11.111 All exposed HV and LV cables shall be steel-wire armoured or provided with an equivalent means of
mechanical protection.
Cable and termination identification

11.112 A system of unique identifier codes for cables, and cable cores in terminations, shall be established if
not already in place and recorded in the O&M manual.
11.113 The cable code shall be fixed, over the cables external sheath, using standard cable markers, normally
at the following locations:
1) at each cable termination;

2) within each draw pit;
3) either side of any barrier; and
4) at agreed intervals along exposed lengths of cable.
11.114 Cable cores and terminations shall be identified, with a suitable code of alphabetic and numerical
symbols, by means of pre-engraved indented circular markers closely fitted to the core insulation of
each constituent core.
11.115 Cores not utilised shall be identified as 'spare'.
11.116 Individual terminals shall be provided for all spare cores.
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CD 352 Revision 0 12. Tunnel service buildings and plant rooms
12. Tunnel service buildings and plant rooms

General
12.1 Plant rooms shall be sized not only to accommodate the plant and associated systems to be installed
initially at the tunnel, but also to provide for any reasonably foreseeable future requirements.
12.1.1 The provision of underground plant rooms should be avoided.
NOTE 1 Underground plant rooms can be necessary in longer tunnels, typically in excess of 1 km in length,
where routes for electrical cables or pipework would be too long to be economically served from either
end of the tunnel, or in locations where space at ground level is at a premium. Pump rooms associated
with in-tunnel pumping stations can also come into this category.
NOTE 2 The siting and general requirements of the service buildings are discussed in Section 2.
NOTE 3 Tunnel service buildings and plant rooms will typically house the main electricity substation,
mechanical, electrical and communications equipment and a local control facility for a tunnel.
12.1.2 Additional structures may be required for substations and plant rooms at other locations adjacent to the
tunnel.
12.2 The building layout shall facilitate management of operations and maintenance and reflect the system
of tunnel management to be adopted, for example for manned or unmanned tunnels.
12.2.1 When designing underground plant rooms, the following aspects of design should be included:
1) the means of providing safe access and egress for inspection and maintenance activities, including
unplanned visits for fault investigations;
2) the need for an in-tunnel lay-by for parking maintenance vehicles (and protection of the lay-by from
inappropriate use at other times);
3) the provision of fresh air for ventilation and cooling purposes;
4) the protection of any equipment associated with life safety systems from a fire in the tunnel;
5) the risk of flooding at low points due to extreme rainfall, fire main failure or via duct runs;
6) risks to the public arising from a fire in the plant room; and
7) the possible need to designate the plant room as a confined space.
12.3 Where the service buildings are intended to be unmanned, they shall include provisions for occasional
use as a temporary control facility during maintenance and emergency operations.
12.3.1 A small office may be provided for use by the maintenance supervisor during maintenance closures,
together with WC and hand-washing facilities for all staff.
12.3.2 If operational requirements justify other rooms they may include:
1) a separate meeting room that can potentially be used as a forward command point for use by the
emergency services attending a major incident;
2) a store room for essential spares; and
3) a workshop for use by maintenance staff carrying out repairs.
12.4 Outside the main building a vehicle hard-standing shall be provided with access for fire-fighting
vehicles, equipment and personnel.
12.4.1 In addition to the facilities required for the tunnel equipment and systems, maintenance workshops,
stores, messing and toilet facilities may be required for operational and maintenance staff.
12.4.2 A helicopter landing pad may be needed in remote or difficult to access locations.
12.5 Accessible floor voids shall be provided for cabling beneath all communications rooms, control rooms,
LV switchrooms and HV switchrooms.
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12.5.1 Floor loadings of all electrical equipment, including access and replacement routes, should be
calculated and included within the civil engineering design.
12.6 Access to the service buildings and surrounding compounds shall be controlled and managed to
prevent unauthorised entry.
12.7 Security shall be provided to protect all materials and equipment.
High-voltage (HV) equipment rooms

12.8 High-voltage (HV) switchgear, metering equipment and transformers shall be housed in a secure room
or enclosure that is fire-separated from all other equipment and provided with independent access.
12.9 Dimensions, layout, cable ducts and trenches, earthing provisions and similar provisions for HV
equipment shall be agreed with the DNO.
12.10 BS 4142 [Ref 48.N]HV equipment associated with different incoming supplies, for example 'A' and 'B'
supplies, shall be segregated by walls or partitions designed to resist the spread of fire.
12.11 Individual transformers shall be segregated by blast-resistant walls or partitions designed to resist the
spread of fire.
12.12 Where oil-filled transformers are to be installed, bunding arrangements shall be provided to contain any
leakage or spillage of oil.
12.13 Outdoor bunds shall be provided with a means of collecting and removing rainwater that falls within it.
Standby generators and fuel storage tanks

12.14 Standby generators shall be installed in a dedicated room within a service building, or externally as a
package unit in a containerised enclosure.
12.15 Space shall be provided for the removal and replacement of the generator set.
12.15.1 Space provided should include for craneage of generators or other equipment.
12.16 Provision shall be made in accordance with BS 5228 [Ref 6.N] for the control of noise from the
generator, both externally as a potential nuisance to nearby properties, and internally if a manned
control room is to be provided in the same building.
12.17 The impact of generator noise shall be assessed in accordance with BS 4142 [Ref 48.N].
12.18 All required fuel storage tanks shall be bunded in accordance with the relevant national regulations.
12.18.1 Provisions should be provided to avoid spilt or leaking fuel from entering cable ducts.
Low-voltage (LV) equipment rooms

12.19 LV switchrooms shall be provided to accommodate the main LV switchboards, motor control centre(s)
for ventilation and other mechanical plant, tunnel lighting control equipment and UPS rectifier/inverter
modules, together with ancillary equipment such as required outstations associated with the plant
monitoring and control system.
12.19.1 LV switchrooms should be located and arranged to minimise the lengths of run for power cables, and
therefore the physical sizes of those cables.
12.20 Ventilation and/or cooling shall be provided so that heat-emitting equipment such as UPS sets does not
cause excessive temperature rise in the switchroom under worst-case operating conditions.
UPS battery room

12.21 UPS batteries shall be located in a dedicated room with a solid floor with an acid-resistant finish and
continuous ventilation.
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NOTE UPS batteries are located in dedicated rooms due to the risks of evolution of hydrogen gas and/or of
spillage of electrolyte from some types of batteries.
12.22 The floor of the dedicated battery room shall have drainage outlets to allow for electrolyte and cleaning
water removal.
12.22.1 The drainage outlets of the dedicated battery room floor may be connected to the sink drain within the
room.
12.23 A DSEAR risk assessment shall be carried out to determine the requirement for battery rooms to be
classified as hazardous areas in accordance with BS EN 60079-10-1 [Ref 7.I].
12.24 Battery rooms shall be temperature controlled so that the batteries are always operating within their
optimum ambient temperature range to maintain performance and maximise service life.
NOTE Battery manufacturers recommend optimum ambient temperature ranges.
Control and communications equipment rooms

12.25 Communications equipment and cables must be segregated from HV and LV switch-gear, cabling and
generator plant to EMC Directive 2014/30/EU [Ref 21.N] to prevent the risk of radiated interference.
12.25.1 In order to replace equipment before decommissioning old equipment space should be allowed for
additional rack enclosures to be installed.
12.26 Control and communications equipment rooms shall be temperature controlled so that the optimum
ambient temperature is maintained within the range necessary for the functioning of the installed
equipment.
Local control room

12.27 A dedicated local control room shall be provided if a manned control facility is required over and above
the occasional use required for engineering and maintenance activities.
12.28 The layout and level of equipping of the local control room shall be determined where possible in
consultation with with the tunnel operators and the maintenance staff who will use it, to establish all the
requirements to be provided.
12.28.1 Where a local control room is included, a mess room should be provided for the anticipated needs of
the control room staff to comply with Workplace Health, Safety and Welfare Regulations Workplace
(HSW) Regs 1992 [Ref 83.N].
NOTE 1 Usage of the local control room can vary from emergency use only, as a backup to a remote control
facility, through to full continuous operation.
NOTE 2 The extent of equipment to be accommodated within the local control room, for access and secure
operation by authorised, competent persons, can vary according to the degree of integration of
systems with the SCADA system, but typically includes the following:
1) dual SCADA system HMIs with monitor screens;
2) printer;
3) traffic surveillance CCTV monitor screens and controls;
4) security and incident detection system monitor screen(s) if separate from the above;
5) telephones for normal and emergency use; and
6) PA/VA system microphone and controls.
12.28.2 The local control room having a window with a view of the approach road to the tunnel, where feasible,
may be of benefit in allowing staff to observe traffic and weather conditions.
12.29 The design of the lighting in the local control room shall be co-ordinated with the layout of desks and
equipment so that work surfaces are lit with no obscuring reflections or glare on monitor screens,
keyboards, and the like.
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12.30 Mobile phone reception of the mobile network operators in this room shall be equal to that experienced
outside of the building.
Building services
12.31 Heating shall be provided in all equipment rooms for frost protection and to prevent condensation.
12.32 Heating shall be provided for the correct functioning of equipment and to comfort levels in the office,
mess room and local control room (where relevant).
12.33 Lighting shall be provided in accordance with the recommendations within BS EN 12464-1 [Ref 42.N].
12.34 Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of BS 5266-8 [Ref 22.N] and
BS EN 1838 [Ref 43.N].
12.34.1 Standby lighting, to permit continued use of selected areas if normal power fails, should be provided if
capacity is available from the UPS and or a standby generation source.
12.35 Power socket-outlets shall be provided in all equipment rooms, the office, mess room and local control
room (where provided) and at intervals along access corridors for cleaning and maintenance purpose
and the connection of portable equipment.
Lightning protection
12.36 An assessment of the need for lightning protection for the service buildings and the equipment within
them shall be carried out as described in BS EN 62305 [Ref 52.N].
12.37 Lightning protection shall be installed, where required, in accordance with BS EN 62305 [Ref 52.N].
Intruder alarm system

12.38 The service buildings shall be provided with an intruder alarm system comprising alarm contacts on all
external doors and windows.
12.38.1 Where necessary, internal areas, for example the roof space, should be additionally protected by
passive infra-red (PIR) or microwave movement detectors.
12.38.2 Where roof voids are present, the risk of false alarms should be assessed.
NOTE False alarms can be caused if birds and other creatures can gain access to roof voids.
12.39 Operation of a mortice-type door key-switch at the services buildings shall initiate a "staff on duty"
signal for logging by the SCADA system.
12.40 Forced entry through any of the outside doors or windows shall initiate an alarm condition to activate an
external alarm bell and transmit an alarm signal to the operator and/or the police via the SCADA
system.
NOTE Guidance on alarms can be found in Section 10.
12.41 An external self-contained alarm sounder shall be provided.
12.42 External self-contained alarm shall have its own battery unit and internal relays with the facility to be
instantly activated in the event of the wires being severed or the bell removed.
Fire alarm and extinguishing systems

12.43 A fire alarm and automatic fire-extinguishing system shall be provided in the service buildings.
NOTE Guidance on fire alarms and automatic extinguishing systems can be found in Section 8.
External areas
12.44 Provision shall be made close to the tunnel service buildings for the following:
118
1) parking and turning spaces for vehicles used by maintenance and operational staff; and
2) hard standing for lorries and/or cranes used for delivering and removing large items of plant, fuel
deliveries for any standby generation plant or for siting a temporary generator.
12.44.1 Where necessary, parking space for emergency services vehicles attending an incident should be
provided.
12.44.2 The parking space for emergency vehicles should be provided with lighting for access and security
purposes and to support night-time maintenance activities.
12.44.3 The parking space for emergency vehicles should be surrounded by a security fence with an
access-controlled gate.
NOTE It can be desirable to provide CCTV coverage of the parking space for emergency vehicles as an
extension to the tunnel traffic surveillance CCTV system.
12.44.4 Where service buildings and plant rooms are located away from a tunnel portal, a securely gated
pedestrian access route, preferably step-free, should be provided between the service building and the
nearest portal, for use by maintenance staff.
119
CD 352 Revision 0 13. Normative references
13. Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normative references for this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Ref 1.N European Council. IOELV, '4th Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values
Directive'
Ref 2.N Highways England. CS 454, 'Assessment of highway bridges and structures'
Ref 3.N BSI. BS EN 1125, 'Building hardware – Panic exit devices operated by a horizontal
bar, for use on escape routes – Requirements and test methods'
Ref 4.N SI 2011/1885, 'Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure
Equipment (Amendment) Regulations (SI 2011 No.1885).'
Ref 5.N Assets publishing service,gov.uk. DEFRA - Department for Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs. CAS 2019, 'Clean Air Strategy 2019'
Ref 6.N BSI. BS 5228, 'Code of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and
open sites'
Ref 7.N BSI. BS 7430, 'Code of practice for protective earthing of electrical installations'
Ref 8.N BSI. BS 5489-2, 'Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting – Part 2: Lighting
of Tunnels'
Ref 9.N BSI. BS 5489-1, 'Code of practice for the design of road lighting, Part 1: Lighting of
roads and public amenity areas'
Ref 10.N BSI. BS EN ISO 9223, 'Corrosion of metals and alloys - Corrosivity of atmospheres -
Classification, determination and estimation'
Ref 11.N Highways England. CD 127, 'Cross-sections and headrooms'
Ref 12.N BSI. BS EN 62262, 'Degree of protection provided by enclosures for electrical
equipment against external mechanical Impacts (IK code)'
Ref 13.N BSI. BS EN 60529, 'Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code).'
Ref 14.N BSI. BS 7445-1, 'Description and measurement of environmental noise. Guide to
quantities and procedures'
Ref 15.N BS EN 1993-1-2, 'Design of Steel Structures'
Ref 16.N Highways England. CD 143, 'Designing for walking, cycling and horse riding
(vulnerable users)'
Ref 17.N 2008/50/EC, 'DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe'
Ref 18.N BSI. BS EN 12217, 'Doors. Operating forces. Requirements and classification.'
Ref 19.N Highways England. CD 522, 'Drainage of runoff from natural catchments'
Ref 20.N EC. Regulation (EC) No. 640/2009, 'Eco-design Requirements for Electric Motors'
Ref 21.N EC. 2014/30/EU, 'Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive'
Ref 22.N BSI. BS 5266-8, 'Emergency escape lighting systems'
Ref 23.N BSI. BS 5266, 'Emergency escape lighting systems.'
Ref 24.N BSI. BS EN 50172, 'Emergency escape lighting systems.'
Ref 25.N BSI. BS EN ISO 9241, 'Ergonomics of human-system interaction'
120
Ref 26.N BSI. BS EN 16276, 'Evacuation Lighting in Road Tunnels'

Ref 27.N BSI. BS EN 54 , 'Fire detection and fire alarm systems'
Ref 28.N BSI. BS 5306-3, 'Fire Extinguishing Installations and Equipment on Premises.
Selection and Positioning of Portable Fire Extinguishers – Code of Practice'
Ref 29.N BSI. BS 5041-1 , 'Fire hydrant systems equipment. Specification for landing valves
for wet risers'
Ref 30.N BSI. BS EN 694, 'Fire-fighting hoses. Semi-rigid hoses for fixed systems'
Ref 31.N BSI. BS EN 12094, 'Fixed firefighting systems – Components for sprinkler and water
spray systems'
Ref 32.N BSI. BS EN 671-1, 'Fixed firefighting systems. Hose systems. Hose reels with
semi-rigid hose'
Ref 33.N BSI. BS EN 61508, 'Functional Safety of electrical/electronic/programmable
electronic safety related systems'
Ref 34.N BSI. BS 8233, 'Guidance on sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings.'
Ref 35.N Highways England. CD 109, 'Highway link design'
Ref 36.N The National Archives. legislation.gov.uk. SI 2009/64, 'Highways - Tunnels - Road
Tunnel Safety (Amendment) Regulations 2009'
Ref 37.N The National Archives. legislation.gov.uk. SI 2007/1520, 'Highways - Tunnels - The
Road Tunnel Safety Regulations 2007'
Ref 38.N PIARC. PIARC Technical Report R17, 'Human Factors and Road Tunnel Safety
Regarding Users'
Ref 39.N Department for Transport (UK Gov). Inclusive Mobility, 'Inclusive Mobility'
Ref 40.N Highways England. CS 452, 'Inspection and records for road tunnel systems'
Ref 41.N Highways England. GG 101, 'Introduction to the Design Manual for Roads and
Bridges'
Ref 42.N BSI. BS EN 12464-1, 'Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. Indoor work places.'
Ref 43.N BSI. BS EN 1838, 'Lighting Applications. Emergency lighting'
Ref 44.N BSI. BS EN 61439-2, 'Low-voltage switch gear and control gear assemblies. Power
switch gear and control gear assemblies'
Ref 45.N BSI. BS EN 60598, 'Luminaires.'
Ref 46.N BSI. BS EN 794, 'Lung Ventilators'
Ref 47.N BSI. BS EN 62682, 'Management of alarms systems for the process industries'
Ref 48.N BSI. BS 4142, 'Methods for rating and assessing industrial and commercial sound'
Ref 49.N PIARC. PIARC R05, 'PIARC Report 2012 R05 EN Road Tunnels: 'Vehicle Emissions
and Air Demand for Ventilation 2012 [ISBN : 2-84060-269-5]'
Ref 50.N Energy Networks Association. G5/4-1, 'Planning levels for harmonic voltage
distortion'
Ref 51.N BSI. BS EN 3-10, 'Portable fire extinguishers. Provisions for evaluating the conformity
of a portable fire extinguisher to EN 3-7'
Ref 52.N BSI. BS EN 62305, 'Protection against lightning'
121
Ref 53.N BSI. BS EN 62305-4, 'Protection against lightning. Electrical and electronic systems
within structures'
Ref 54.N BSI. BS 7671, 'Requirements for Electrical Installations, IET Regulations' , 2018
Ref 55.N Highways England. CD 377, 'Requirements for road restraint systems'
Ref 56.N Highways England. LA 113, 'Road drainage and the water environment'
Ref 57.N Highways England. TD 501, 'Road lighting'
Ref 58.N Gov UK. RTSR 2009, 'Road Tunnel Safety Regulations 2007 and the Road Tunnel
Safety (Amendment) Regulations 2009'
Ref 59.N Highways England. TD 131, 'Roadside technology and communications'
Ref 60.N BSI. BS 5499-4, 'Safety signs. Code of practice for escape route signing'
Ref 61.N legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Sec. 111 c.56, 'Section 111- Restrictions
on use of public sewers, Water Industry Act 1991.'
Ref 62.N BSI. BS 8519, 'Selection and installation of fire-resistant power and control cable
systems for life safety and fire-fighting applications'
Ref 63.N BSI. BS EN 858-1, 'Separator systems for light liquids (e.g. oil and petrol) Part 1:
Principles of product design, performance and testing, marking and quality control'
Ref 64.N BSI. BS EN 12101, 'Smoke and heat control systems.'
Ref 65.N BSI. BS EN 60268-16, 'Sound system equipment. Objective rating of speech
intelligibility by speech transmission index'
Ref 66.N Highways England. CD 526, 'Spacing of road gullies'
Ref 67.N IEEE. IEEE C37.1, 'Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems'
Ref 68.N IEC. IEC 60034-30-1, 'Standard on Efficiency Classes for Low Voltage AC Motors'
Ref 69.N The National Archives. legislation.gov.uk. DSEAR S.I. No. 2776, 'Statutory
Instrument No.2776 Health and Safety The Dangerous Substances and Explosive
Atmospheres Regulations 2002'
Ref 70.N Highways England. CG 300, 'Technical approval of highway structures'
Ref 71.N The National Archives. legislation.gov.uk. SI2010 No. 2214, 'The Building
Regulations 2010'
Ref 72.N The National Archives. legislation.gov.uk. SI 2005/1643, 'The Control of Noise at
Work Regulations 2005'
Ref 73.N Highways England. CD 192, 'The design of crossovers and changeovers'
Ref 74.N The National Archives. legislation.gov.uk. Acts 2010 c.15, 'The Equality Act 2010'
Ref 75.N 2014/34/EU, 'The Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for Use in Potentially
Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (ATEX)'
Ref 76.N The National Archives. legislation.gov.uk. SI 2005/1541, 'The Regulatory Reform
(Fire Safety) Order 2005'
Ref 77.N The Stationery Office. TSRGD, 'The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions
2016'
Ref 78.N Highways England. TS 101, 'Traffic signalling systems (inspection and assessment)'
Ref 79.N BSI. BS EN 14339, 'Underground fire hydrants'
122
Ref 80.N BSI. BS EN 12966, 'Variable message traffic signs' , 2014+A1:2018

Ref 81.N Highways England. GG 142, 'Walking, cycling and horse-riding assessment and
review'
Ref 82.N Department for Transport (UK). WebTAG Unit A3, 'WebTAG Unit A1.3 user and
provider impacts'
Ref 83.N HSE. Workplace (HSW) Regs 1992, 'Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
Regulations 1992'
Ref 84.N Health and Safety Executive. EH40, 'Workplace Exposure Limits'
123
CD 352 Revision 0 14. Informative references
14. Informative references

The following documents are informative references for this document and provide supporting
information.
Ref 1.I ADR Agreement, 'ADR Agreement (European agreement concerning the
international carriage of dangerous goods by road).'
Ref 2.I Association of Petroleum and Explosive Administration - APEA. APEA Blue Book,
'APEA Guidance for the Design, Construction, Modification, Maintenance and
Decommissioning of Filling Stations'
Ref 3.I Highways England. CG 302, 'As-built, operational and maintenance records for
highway structures'
Ref 4.I OG-Incidents, 'Communities and Local Government document Fire & Rescue
Service: Operational Guidance - Incidents in Tunnels and Underground Structures'
Ref 5.I DCLG Fire safety risk, 'Department for Communities and Local Government
publication 'Fire Safety Risk Assessment – Transport Premises and Facilities'
Ref 6.I Safe and reliable tunnels symposium, Lausanne, Switzerland, May 2006. Ingason, H.
. Ingason 2006, 'Design Fires in Tunnels '
Ref 7.I BSI. BS EN 60079-10-1, 'Explosive atmospheres. Classification of areas. Explosive
gas atmospheres.'
Ref 8.I BSI. BS EN 61508-2, 'Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable
electronic safety-related systems.'
Ref 9.I Transport Research Laboratory. TRL UPR/IE/31/06, 'Impact of Revised HSE NOX
Standards on Road Tunnels: Report 1: Current Practices for Limiting Exposure to NO
and NO2 in Road Tunnels, dated March 2007.'
Ref 10.I Transport Research Laboratory. TRL UPR/IE/113/07 , 'Impact of Revised HSE NOX
Standards on Road Tunnels: Report 2: Recommended Target Exposure Levels for
UK Road Tunnels''
Ref 11.I Mott MacDonald. HSE NOX, 'Impact of Revised HSE NOX Standards on Road
Tunnels: Report 5: Implications of Compliance'
Ref 12.I Highways England. CS 450, 'Inspection of highway structures'
Ref 13.I CIE/PIARC. CIE 66:1984, 'Joint Technical Report CIE66:1984 'Road Surfaces and
Lighting'
Ref 14.I Highways England. CM 430, 'Maintenance of road tunnels'
Ref 15.I Highways England. MCHW Series 7000, 'Manual of Contract Documents for
Highways Works, Volume 1 Specification for Highways Works, Series 7000
Mechanical and Electrical Installations in Road Tunnels, Movable Bridges and Bridge
Access Gantries'
Ref 16.I European Parliament & the Council of Europe. 2004/54/EC, 'Minimum safety
requirements for tunnels in the Trans-European Road Network'
Ref 17.I British Tunnelling Society. NO: Best Practice Guide, 'Occupational Exposure to
Nitrogen Monoxide in a Tunnel Environment: Best Practice Guide'
Ref 18.I Transport Research Laboratory. TRL PR/SE/746/03, 'Road Tunnel Air Pollution
Monitoring'
Ref 19.I OECD with PIARC. Safety in Tunnels, 'Safety in Tunnels - Transport of Dangerous
Goods Through Road Tunnels'
124
CD 352 Revision 0 14. Informative references
Ref 20.I CIE. CIE 140:2002, 'Technical Report CIE140:2002 'Road Lighting Calculations''
125
CD 352 Revision 0 Appendix A. Planning safety and general design
Appendix A. Planning safety and general design

A1 Establishment of tunnel profile
Planning constraints and ground conditions may well determine the tunnel location and choice of tunnel
construction method, which will in turn determine the structural form of a road tunnel and the
consequent space available for tunnel equipment. A rectangular cross-section, as found in
cut-and-cover or immersed tube tunnels is normally regarded as the most space-efficient, since it can
follow closely the required traffic clearance envelope. However, this advantage may be negated by the
need to increase the cross-section if jet fans or large direction signs are to be accommodated.
A1.1 Service tunnels

Where land availability and funding permit and planned maintenance constraints make desirable, then
a separate service tunnel, adjacent to the live traffic tunnels, may be provided on a whole-life cost
basis, for providing access on maintenance demand to service cabling and other operating equipment,
without requiring a tunnel closure. Such tunnels may also be used for evacuation purposes during an
emergency. Other advantages include their use as an exploratory (pilot) tunnel in advance of main
tunnel construction.
A1.2 Space for equipment

The space between the maintained headroom and the profile set by the structural lining or secondary
cladding of the tunnel is available for the equipment required for the tunnel environment. If such space
is not used efficiently to suit the equipment required, any enlargement of the tunnel cross-section will
lead to significant increase in cost. In rectangular tunnels, the upper corners may be haunched to
benefit structural efficiency but this could be a disbenefit in regard to the space and optimal location of
equipment.
Electrical and mechanical equipment location in the tunnel and ease of access can have a significant
effect on ongoing maintenance costs and the number of traffic lanes requiring closure.
There may be benefits in allowing space for the possible future installation of additional equipment, for
examples fixed firefighting systems or more advanced traffic control and monitoring equipment.
A1.3 Space requirements for ventilation

Ventilation can have a considerable influence on space requirements, depending on the system
chosen.
It is important for tunnels to be as aerodynamically efficient as possible. Naturally and mechanically
ventilated tunnels, with one-way traffic, partly rely for ventilation upon the vehicle induced air flow. This
effect can be maximised, for a given size of tunnel, if the tunnel interior surface is as smooth as
possible and abrupt changes in cross-section, particularly at air entry/exit points, are avoided.
Exhaust fumes / gases can impact on neighbours and prevailing wind effects.
In the event of a fire within a tunnel, the hot air and smoke will form a layer at ceiling level, moving
outwards from the source and leaving a zone of clear air beneath it for a distance either side of the
source. Downstands from the ceiling and other obstructions might break up this layer and prematurely
fill the tunnel with smoke, obstructing escape and rescue.
Ducted ventilation systems may have shafts and adits connecting fan rooms to the main ducts within
the tunnel. It is good practice to make these smooth internally and any bends or junctions as
aerodynamically efficient as possible. Installation of cables, brackets, ladders and other obstructions to
air movement in air shafts should be avoided as they could impair performance and contribute to fan
stall.
Space requirements for longitudinal ventilation, using jet fans, normally has little effect on the geometry
of arch roofed tunnels providing the fan diameters are kept below 1.5m diameter and the fans are
placed over the carriageway lanes within the equipment gauge, rather than above the verges. In the
126
case of rectangular tunnels, one solution is to increase the height of the tunnel over its full or partial
length to accommodate the fans. Where constraints or increased construction costs preclude this
solution, fans can be placed in aerodynamically shaped recesses (niches) in the soffit or at the tops of
the side walls. However, ventilation efficiency may be reduced and significantly so for the latter, which
may have an adverse impact on efficiency and whole life costs.
Where transverse or semi-transverse ventilation is included in tunnels with arched or circular tunnel
geometry the space above the traffic envelope or below the road deck can be used for air ducts, thus
minimising the influence on required tunnel geometry. However where required volumes of ventilation
air are greater than can be accommodated within these spaces, an increase in tunnel structure size will
be required to accommodate the necessary supply/exhaust ducting.
In rectangular cross-section tunnels, transverse and semi-transverse systems have a significant effect
on tunnel geometry, requiring a greater tunnel height and/or increased width to accommodate the
necessary ducting.
Regardless of tunnel cross-sectional profile transverse and semi-transverse ventilation systems require
ancillary air ducts, ventilation shafts and ventilation plant rooms/buildings.
The location of ventilation air intake and exhaust points may also have important environmental
consequences, addressing which can significantly affect the ventilation space requirements within the
tunnel.
Space requirements for longitudinal ventilation systems using Saccardo nozzles to inject air into the
tunnel normally have little impact on the geometry of arched or rectangular profile tunnels, but will
require ventilation buildings and large nozzle structures connecting with the tunnel. Saccardo systems
are inherently unidirectional, so if reversible ventilation is needed ventilation buildings will be required
at either end of each tunnel bore.
A1.4 Space requirements for drainage

Identification of requirements for portal and low-point drainage sumps and pumping plant early in the
design process will need to establish if they are likely to have an impact on the structural design of the
tunnel. This is particularly important for low-point sumps in immersed tube tunnels, where the sump
and its associated pumping and ventilation plant will need to be accommodated within the immersed
tube structure and may be the principal determinant of the cross-sectional dimensions. Sufficient
allowance will need to be made for installation and removal of equipment, access for cleaning and
inspection, the required working volume and efficient deployment of a fire-suppression system.
A1.5 Space requirements for lighting

Generally tunnel lighting has little bearing on the tunnel geometry. In arched roof profiles, without false
ceilings or ventilation duct soffits, there is normally ample space for luminaires. Only arched tunnels
with false ceilings and rectangular profiled tunnels, where the luminaires are located above the traffic
lanes, require vertical space of between 350mm and 500mm to accommodate the 250mm additional
clearance and the luminaires themselves.
A1.6 Space requirements for signs and signals

Signalling equipment, if located on the side walls, has little influence on the cross section of arched
tunnels, with two lanes, or of rectangular tunnels. However, consideration should be given to the
possibility that visibility of signs and signals in this location may be obscured by vehicles in the adjacent
traffic lane.
Where standard lane control signals are fitted over the traffic lanes, about 600mm vertical height is
normally needed to accommodate the 250mm additional clearance and the signs themselves.
Full sized direction signs may be difficult to locate within a tunnel and are best positioned outside of the
portals.
127
A1.7 Space for loudspeakers

Where a public address and/or voice alarm system using flared-horn type loudspeakers is to be
installed in the tunnel, about 600mm vertical height is needed to accommodate the 250mm additional
clearance and the loudspeakers themselves.
A1.8 Tunnel service buildings & tunnel portals

Substations, plant rooms, control centre, and similar service requirements. are normally housed in
service buildings. Their number and location will be dictated by the requirements of the electrical
distribution system (that is as close as possible to the tunnel to avoid excessive voltage drop), by the
type of ventilation system and by land availability.
The footprint of each service building can vary significantly according to the equipment and facilities to
be accommodated. Any or all of the following may be required:
1) HV switchgear, metering equipment and transformers associated with the incoming electricity
supplies;
2) standby generators, control panels and fuel storage tanks (if located internally);
3) LV switchgear associated with the tunnel power distribution system;
4) motor control centres for ventilation and other mechanical plant;
5) uninterruptible power supply units and battery racks;
6) equipment rooms for monitoring, control and communications equipment;
7) ventilation and air conditioning plant;
8) local control room;
9) office and welfare facilities for use by maintenance staff;
10) adequate provision for vehicular access, parking and turning space;
11) water tanks for firefighting systems;
12) heating, ventilation and/or air conditioning plant to regulate room temperatures, particularly in UPS
rooms, battery rooms and areas containing electronic equipment.
Open road-drainage sumps should be located clear of service buildings because of the inherent
dangers of electrical equipment in close proximity to explosive gases from spills, fumes and similar.
For habitable buildings, the requirements of the relevant building regulations, fire regulations, The
Equality Act [ Acts 2010 c.15 [Ref 74.N] and other relevant regulations will apply.
The need for a tunnel service building to fit into its surroundings should not result in the provision of
less than adequate space for housing necessary equipment. Service buildings are part of the complete
tunnel and highway scheme and are not treated as a separate development.
For safety, wherever possible vehicular access to service buildings should not be provided directly from
the tunnel approaches.
A1.9 Space requirements for secondary cladding and passive fire protection
Where secondary cladding or passive fire protection, in the form of a spray applied mortar or a
prefabricated board system, is to be installed, allowance will need to be made for the thickness of the
materials and any supporting system when calculating the maintained headroom and clearance
envelopes as described in Section 4 Geometric Design.
Secondary cladding usually constitutes an additional layer of lightweight construction, placed over the
internal face of the primary (main load-bearing) lining. The main functions of secondary cladding are to
provide a low-specularity reflective surface to assist tunnel lighting; to smooth the interior of the tunnel
to facilitate mechanical cleaning of the tunnel walls; to reduce ventilation energy losses and to shed
drips to drainage in the case of seepage through the primary tunnel lining. It also may provide a
beneficial effect, where anti-drumming layers are added, on noise levels within the tunnel. Where the
128
secondary cladding is used to blank off dead space within the tunnel, it has minimal effect on the cross
section. Internal finishes to the tunnel structure, visible to the travelling public, should be attractive and
functional without being distractive to safe driving, unless specifically designed to beneficially influence
driver behaviour.
Design should allow ease of removal for structural inspections and replacement following damage.
A1.10 Space requirements for cabling, pipework and ducted services

The provision of space for ducts to contain and protect from fire the cabling for tunnel M&E functions,
and possible future services, will have a significant impact on certain types of tunnel structure. As well
as space for the ducts and pipes themselves, consideration will need to be given to the accommodation
of associated cable draw pits, joints, valve chambers, crossing points, and similar, which may increase
the required cross-section of the route locally.
Where secondary cladding is used, it may be possible to utilise the space between the cladding and the
main structure for services; this will normally have to be designed into the original concept.
In long tunnels, derating of cables and pressure drop in piped services can lead to an increased size of
these services, and the need for larger ducts to house them. Pressurisation / charging points for piped
services may be required. In circular tunnels, duct space is usually available under the roadway by
virtue of the tunnel shape. In flat-bottom shape tunnels, however, an increase in depth may be required
to locate the cabling and/or pipework beneath the walkway zone. Manhole and other duct covers within
the traffic lanes can be prone to damage and tunnel closures are likely to be needed for access to
maintain or replace loosened covers etc.
A1.11 Utilities
The construction of a road tunnel may offer opportunities to owners of utilities and communication
companies to seek to use the tunnel to carry additional service pipelines, transmitters and cables for
the benefit of such companies and their customers. In such instances points to consider include the
effect on tunnel safety, operations and maintenance; access to effect repairs or replacements; liability
for any curtailing of or damage to services; fire or explosion from e.g. gas leaks; corrosion and heat
from high voltage cables; ventilation energy loss from the additional drag caused by the larger diameter
pipelines; interference with broadcasting of the emergency and maintenance staff broadcasting
frequencies and competition policy.
The development of in-car communications could be of significant benefit to enable tunnel operators to
contact and guide road users during a tunnel emergency and to enable drivers to summon assistance
without leaving their vehicles. However, the need to discourage use of mobile telephones whilst driving
within a tunnel should also be recognised.
A2 Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group (TDSCG) requirements

A2.1 General
The Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group (TDSCG) discusses and agrees road tunnel design
and refurbishment proposals affecting operational requirements in the context of the topics listed below,
where applicable to the tunnel under consideration (see Section 2). The list should be regarded as the
minimum requirement and is not intended to be exhaustive. Individual tunnels or groups of tunnels may
have certain additional features which have a direct bearing on operational safety. Such features need
to be added to the list.
A2.2 Topic list

The minimum list of topics for discussion and agreement by the TDSCG is presented in the order of the
relevant sections, as follows:
A2.2.1 Planning safety and general design
Section 2:
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1) safety and operational effectiveness of the overall systems proposed for the tunnel;
2) the consequences of planned and unplanned tunnel closures on the surrounding road network;
3) identification of emergency incident and hazard scenarios to be effectively dealt with;
4) requirements for the passage of hazardous goods;
5) contribution of safety consultation document to the road safety audit;
6) personal safety equipment provision, training needs;
7) coordination of operating procedures and contingency plans of the police and other emergency
services attending an emergency. Consideration of unsigned Rally points/RVPs and routes to them;
8) consideration of partial or full loss of any facilities due to fire damage or explosion;
9) review of feedback and any necessary follow-up actions resulting from previous emergency incident
drills.
Section 3:
1) any unusual features of the tunnel which may give rise to particular hazards;
2) the level of provision of emergency panels, stopping lanes, walkways, refuges and escape routes for
emergency use;
3) the level of provision of communications and firefighting equipment;
4) public information for all tunnel users to facilitate their safe usage of the tunnel.
Section 4:
1) the siting of signs and gantries;
2) the general layout in terms of standby areas at portals, vehicle recovery and cross-over and
contraflow arrangements for emergency and maintenance purposes;
3) access for police and other emergency services;
4) considerations for tunnel users making use of emergency panels/ escape facilities.
Section 5:
1) the adequacy of the ventilation system (where provided) to maintain an acceptable air quality during
all normal operation and tunnel maintenance scenarios;
2) any restrictions that may need to be imposed on traffic or maintenance operations due to limitations
of the ventilation system;
3) the performance and operation of the ventilation system in all foreseeable fire or emergency
situations, including plans for automatic and manual ventilation control, protection of escape routes
and safe areas and any assumptions regarding the self-evacuation of tunnel users. Fixed fire
fighting systems? Customer behaviour/ Impact on emergency services response / communications?
Section 6:
1) cleaning and maintenance regimes and related tunnel closures and traffic orders;
2) adequacy of lighting design for special and emergency operating conditions, including power supply
failure.
Section 7:
1) the operational assumptions of the inflow rates upon which the design of the drainage system is
based, climate change assumptions and impacts;
2) the possible results and hazards of abnormal storm conditions exceeding the design criteria;
3) the ability of the drainage system to accept and safely contain a hazardous spillage;
4) the acceptability of arrangements to discharge storm water and polluted water (e.g. from tunnel
cleaning operations or spillages);
130
5) the proposed means of disposing of hazardous or other substances which cannot be discharged
normally;
6) arrangements and procedures for inspecting and cleaning pipework and sumps, including
procedures for any confined spaces.
Section 8:
1) the appropriateness of the facilities described in this section for use by the emergency services
when responding to a fire,;
2) review of time lines for the detection and development of tunnel fires, evacuation and emergency
response;
3) requirements for familiarisation of emergency services personnel with equipment provided for their
use.
Section 9:
1) a communications and control systems, including control of CCTV;
2) the adequacy and use of automatic incident detection systems;
3) the automatic, static and temporary signing to be provided, in advance of and at the tunnel, for
normal, maintenance and emergency traffic operations for the tunnel;
4) the requirements for and siting of emergency and smoke control telephones;
5) the requirements and provision of equipment for radio rebroadcast facilities for the emergency
services, public service radio broadcasting and mobile telephones;
6) the use of public address/voice alarm systems, including the precise wording of emergency
messages;
7) provisions for removing broken down vehicles and similar from within the tunnel.
Section 10:
1) location of local and remote control facilities for day-to-day monitoring and supervision of the tunnel
and for emergency response (if different);
2) the possible consequences of failure of part, or all, of the SCADA system and/or data
communications network.
Section 11:
1) possible hazardous consequences of failure or temporary interruption of the incoming mains supply
or a section of the tunnel internal power distribution network;
2) security of supplies to essential equipment required to continue operating under mains power failure
conditions, including duration requirements;
3) the effect on tunnel operation and safety of disconnection or removal of key items of equipment,
such as transformers or circuit breakers, for maintenance or repair.
Section 12:
1) any requirements for use of the tunnel service buildings by emergency services, including access
and parking arrangements;
2) review of fire alarm and automatic fire extinguisher systems.
A3 Safety issues
Avoidance wherever possible of the use of materials within the tunnel which give off toxic fumes during
a fire will minimise the risk of harm. The accumulation of traffic dust, which often contains toxic
substances and is a potential fire risk, in areas difficult to clean on a regular basis, such as within false
ceilings, should be mitigated against. There is a risk that asbestos products such as asbestos cement
air duct formers and asbestos rope gaskets between tunnel lining segments may be present in older
tunnels and these should be dealt with in accordance with the Overseeing Organisation's Asbestos
Management Plan. Any possibly hazardous materials cannot be injected into adjacent ground as they
may be of harm to the environment.
131
Whilst road tunnels provide a drier and more sheltered environment for road users than the open road,
the atmosphere within a tunnel can be humid and polluted with dust and acidic gases from vehicle
emissions. Such conditions may be aggressively corrosive to any equipment installed within the tunnel.
Chlorides, particularly from the use of road salt, have also caused considerable damage to several UK
tunnel structures and equipment. Solutions to wash tunnel walls may be caustic in nature. The
materials used in the structure and installed equipment should not be adversely affected by tunnel
washing solutions or the deicing materials normally used in the area, or recommend the use of suitable
alternatives.
Water leakage into tunnels through structural cracks and joints can result in a number of hazardous
situations. If it collects in areas with, for example, unprotected electrical equipment there may be a risk
of electric shock. Freezing of the water on the carriageway or walkways may lead to slippery surfaces,
while thawing may result in the formation of icicles from the tunnel roof and portals that could fall onto
road users and increase the rate of deterioration of the structure, particularly around cracks and open
joints. Exposed leaks are unsightly and may alarm the public as to the safety of the tunnel structure.
Heavy leakage can be costly in energy terms, if additional pumping out of the roadway sumps is
required. Any associated lowering of the groundwater table may be environmentally detrimental and/or
lead to settlements of adjacent structures. Other hazardous materials may seep in from the ground.
The freeze thaw effect. The effect of drips on cable / trunking over time.
Air pollution, arising from the vehicles passing through a road tunnel, is concentrated and exhausted at
the tunnel portals and any ventilation shafts. For environmental reasons, in locations with adjacent
inhabited buildings, it may be necessary to provide additional forced ventilation so that the polluted air
being expelled has sufficient velocity and turbulence to mix and distribute with the ambient air, so that
ambient air pollution regulation levels are not exceeded. It will normally be necessary, in such cases, to
establish the average background level of the ambient air pollution at an early stage. For site readings,
exhausted air from the tunnel should be measured at the nearest inhabited building which is not part of
the tunnel operation or 100m from the portal or the point of issue, whichever is the lesser. Reference
may be made to PIARC R05 [Ref 49.N] mathematical formulae to estimate tunnel dispersion distances,
but physical scale models are presently believed to be more reliable for predictions in areas of complex
topography and infrastructure.
A4 Planning for emergencies

Two broad situations influence the planning for emergencies. The more common event is a vehicle
incident or breakdown which causes a degree of lane blockage, and consequential restriction or even
temporary loss of use of the tunnel. The resulting delays may rapidly extend to the surrounding road
network. Prompt remedial action is then called for to restore free flow and minimise the congested
conditions that, in themselves, can aggravate the risk of further breakdown and/or incidents. The
second situation involves collision and possible fire or explosion and is potentially more dangerous for
the tunnel user and requires a rapid response from the emergency service.
A5 ADR (Accord Dangereux Routier) (European regulations concerning the

international transport of dangerous goods by road)
The ADR Agreement [Ref 1.I] specifies a simplified system of grouping tunnels in categories A to E and
corresponding signage to be used to indicate the goods that can be safely transported through a
tunnel. These are summarised as follows:
Group A: No restrictions on dangerous goods permitted for carriage on the public road network
Group B: No restrictions except for goods likely to cause a large explosion
Group C: As for B, plus restrictions on goods with a risk of a medium explosion or a large toxic gas or
liquid release
Group D: As for C, plus restrictions for goods with a risk of a large fire
Group E: All regulated dangerous goods prohibited.
132
In considering restrictions for any of groups B to E, the final decisions should take into account the risks
associated with diverting dangerous goods traffic along alternative routes, for which the risks may be
greater than for the tunnel. A risk assessment methodology and decision support model designed for
this purpose can be found in the OECD/PIARC report 'Safety in Tunnels – Transport of Dangerous
Goods Through Road Tunnels' published in 2001 Safety in Tunnels [Ref 19.I]. (Note, however, that the
use of the Excel-based DG-QRAM software made available by PIARC to accompany this report is not
recommended since it is incompatible with current versions of Microsoft Excel and is no longer
supported).
A tunnel will, by default, be assumed to be in Group A, unless agreed otherwise with the Overseeing
Organisation. Appropriate measures need to be in place to ensure safety in the event of any incident
involving dangerous goods. Compliance with the consequent restrictions so imposed may be difficult to
enforce. Where it is proposed to impose restrictions on dangerous goods traffic, the Overseeing
Organisation will need to be notified and appropriate signage erected.
A6 Wall finishes
The choice of wall or cladding finishes can have a significant impact on the tunnel lighting design, and
will need to be considered at an early stage in the design process. High gloss textured finishes can
result in undesirable and confusing specular (mirror like reflection without diffusion) and glare problems
from daylight, vehicle stop lamps and traffic signs. Specular reflection from vehicle headlights is
particularly disadvantageous when two-way traffic flow is in operation.
The acoustic properties of the wall finishes or cladding can affect reverberation within the tunnel. This
is particularly significant if compatibility with the loudspeakers of a public address/ voice alarm system
is required.
Materials for lining panels will need to be considered carefully and sandwich compounds materials
should not amplify neither heat nor vibration through their body or connections, fixings or areas of
interaction. Detail of sandwich materials and the individual and compound properties will need to be
clearly proposed before installation and recorded in the O&M manual
Colour schemes are normally as follows:
1) light colours from road surface level up to the 4-metre line;
2) darker colours above the 4-metre line including the roof space;
3) The dark colour area above the 4-metre line serves three functions:
a) In the case of a circular/horseshoe shaped tunnel it avoids the claustrophobic reflective tube
effect, which can be disturbing to drivers in long tunnels, and replaces it with a tunnel of visual
rectangular appearance, giving apparent width to the tunnel;
b) It obscures the hardware installed above the luminaires and improves the aesthetic appearance;
c) It provides a visual limit for the wall cleaning machine and hides a soiled appearance where the
surface is not cleaned.
High wall diffused light reflectivity contributes to the luminaire light distribution onto the road surface.
133
CD 352 Revision 0 Appendix B. Drainage
Appendix B. Drainage
B1 Factors influencing groundwater inflows into tunnels
The quantity of groundwater flowing into a tunnel is dependent on the ground conditions, and the
design and construction quality of the tunnel structure. Some of the common factors are:
1) Tunnels beneath the water table: water inflow into a tunnel will depend upon the waterproofing
system used. Even with a full waterproofing system some inflow may occur. Substantially larger
inflows are experienced where tunnels incorporate specific measures to drain the groundwater and
lower the water table;
2) Tunnels above the water table: tunnels in this category may experience only intermittent water
inflow from rainfall seepage, or from leaking or burst water pipes or sewers local to the tunnel;
3) All local features, including all water bodies, topographical features, wells, tidal/inter-tidal features as
part of the hydro-geological model for the tunnel design.
134
© Crown copyright 2020.
You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the
Open Government Licence. To view this licence:
visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/,
write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU,
or email psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.

Design
CD 352
England National Application Annex to CD 352
Design of road tunnels: Tunnel Design
Authority
(formerly BD 78/99)
Revision 0
Summary
This National Application Annex sets out the Highways England-specific requirements for a high
level governance process for ensuring the tunnel solutions proposed are appropriate taking
accounts of best operational practice and collected experience.

of this document to the dedicated Highways England team. The email address for all enquiries and feedback is:
Standards_Enquiries@highwaysengland.co.uk

Contents
Release notes 2
Foreword 3
Publishing information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Contractual and legal considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction 4
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Role of the TDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Assumptions made in the preparation of this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Abbreviations 6
Terms and definitions 7
E/1. Scope 8
E/2. Normative references 9
E/3. Informative references 10
Appendix E/A. Review process for tunnel solutions 11
Appendix E/B. TDA review: PCF product sign-off 15

E/B1 PCF product sign-off forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
E/B1.1 Record of issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
E/B1.2 Consulted with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
E/B1.3 PCF quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
E/B1.4 FIRST ISSUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
E/B2 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1
Release notes
0 Mar 2020 Highways England National Application Annex to CD 352 covering the Tunnel
Design Authority for Highways England. The main purpose of the Tunnel
Design Authority process is to provide a formal route for engagement with
those responsible for operation/management and maintenance from the outset
of the scheme development.
2
CD 352 Revision 0 Foreword
Foreword
Publishing information
This document is published by Highways England.
This document supplements the replacement for BD 78/99, which is withdrawn.
Contractual and legal considerations

This document forms part of the works specification. It does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for applying all appropriate documents applicable to
their contract.
3
Introduction
Background
This National Application Annex gives the Highways England-specific requirements for a Tunnel Design
Authority for high-level review and direction of design solutions.
The Tunnel Design Authority (TDA), is a central overseeing group established by Highways England.
The group brings together experience and capability to achieve a consistent approach in the planning
and design of tunnel schemes, for a new road tunnel or for refurbishment of an existing road tunnel,
thereby driving improvement, consistency and best practice through the design stages of tunnel
schemes, in order to deliver the best operating product.
The main purpose is to provide a formal route for engagement with those responsible for
operation/management and maintenance from the outset of the scheme development.
The group will be chaired by Highways England (HE) Chief Highway Engineer with the following
representatives from within Highways England and external organisations with road tunnel expertise:
1) Chair - Chief Highway Engineer;
2) HE tunnel managers;
3) HE Operations Directorate;
4) HE technology and tunnels teams;
5) tunnel suppliers/designers (representatives from each current tunnel project);
6) additional construction expertise;
7) external experts (from other organisations; for example: Transport for London, Network Rail,
Crossrail, and UK Tunnel Operators Forum;
8) expertise/input from existing networks as required; for example: Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) - the
Netherlands, Agentsschap Wegen & Verkeert (AWV) - Belgium, Centre d'Etudes des Tunnels
(CETU) - France.
TDA reviews of tunnel proposals will commence from PCF (Project Control Framework) Stage 0 and
continue for each gate through to Stage 7. Intermediate reviews on specific tunnel aspects will be
arranged as necessary. Review outputs will be signed off by the Highways England Chief Highways
Engineer.
TDA is not a technical approval body. It does not replace or duplicate the technical approval process.
The TDA output report will be taken into account by the TAA.
Role of the TDA

The TDA will be a high level governance group. It will:
1) provide recommendations to SRO's through a process of formally recorded reviews and high level
direction for the design of tunnel solutions (see process flowchart in Appendix A);
2) ensure that Highways England has the necessary technical capability in place, promotes
appropriate knowledge sharing and learning processes, and gathers best practice and feedback
from other UK and worldwide tunnel projects;
3) ensure that tunnel technical governance and assurance processes are being applied, and that these
processes are subject to ongoing review for continuous improvement.
Individual projects will continue to follow current technical requirements of CD 352. CD 352 requires a
Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group (TDSCG) to be set up for each tunnel project.
The TDA will not input into contract specific engineering and commercial decisions, unless they are at
variance with the high-level established principles.
4
TDA is not responsible for leading discussion with stakeholders, emergency services and suppliers for
specific tunnel projects.
Road tunnel matters relating to design and maintenance are covered in the DMRB document CD 352
[Ref 1.N] and CM 430 [Ref 3.I] respectively with documentation covered in documents CS 452 [Ref 1.I]
and CS 450 [Ref 2.I].
Assumptions made in the preparation of this document

The assumptions made in GG 101 [Ref 2.N] apply to this document.
5
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
AIP Approval in Principle
CHARM Common Highways Agency and Rijswaterstaat model
FFFS Fixed fire fighting system
HGV Heavy goods vehicle
PCF Project control framework
SRO Senior Responsible Officer
TAA Technical Approval Authority
TCMS Tunnel control and management system
TDA Tunnel Design Authority
TDSCG Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group
TERN Trans-European Road Network
6
Terms and definitions
Terms
Term Definition
The document that records the agreed basis and criteria for
Approval in Principle
the detailed design or assessment of a highway structure
All local services that may be called upon to intervene in
the event of an accident or incident, including the police,
Emergency services
fire and rescue services, ambulance services, traffic
officers and tunnel operational staff.
Collective term to indicate those parts of the UK highway
Motorway and all-purpose trunk road
and road network for which Highways England is the
network
highway or road authority.
The organisation responsible for agreeing the Approval in
Technical Approval Authority
Principle and acceptance of design and check certification.
A consultation group made up of interested parties,
Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation
convened for the purpose of reviewing and co-ordinating
Group
proposals for the design and operation of a road tunnel.
Highways England's high level governance group (chaired
Tunnel Design Authority by Highways England Chief Highway Engineer) to
provide high-level direction for the design of tunnel
solutions.
7
CD 352 Revision 0 E/1. Scope
E/1. Scope
E/1.1 This National Application Annex provides requirements that shall be complied with in the planning and
design of new or major refurbishment of all road tunnels on the motorway and all-purpose trunk road
network in England.
E/1.2 The proposals for a new road tunnel or for refurbishment of an existing tunnel shall be described in the
TDA Review PCF (Project Control Framework) Document. See Appendices E/A and E/B.
E/1.3 TDA advice given shall be complied with.
E/1.4 The TDA review PCF document shall be signed off by Highways England Chief Highway Engineer prior
to preparing the technical approval document for the tunnel.
E/1.5 A list of the technical reports prepared in support of the tunnel proposal shall be included in the TDA
review PCF sign-off document.
E/1.5.1 As a part of the review, TDA may request submission of any technical reports prepared in developing
the tunnel proposals.
NOTE The TDA output report that forms part of TDA sign-off will be taken into account by the TAA before the
AIP is signed by the TAA.
8
CD 352 Revision 0 E/2. Normative references
E/2. Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normative references for this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Ref 1.N Highways England. CD 352, 'Design of road tunnels'

Ref 2.N Highways England. GG 101, 'Introduction to the Design Manual for Roads and
Bridges'
9
CD 352 Revision 0 E/3. Informative references
E/3. Informative references

The following documents are informative references for this document and provide supporting
information.
Ref 1.I Highways England. CS 452, 'Inspection and records for road tunnel systems'
Ref 2.I Highways England. CS 450, 'Inspection of highway structures'
Ref 3.I Highways England. CM 430, 'Maintenance of road tunnels'
10
CD 352 Revision 0 Appendix E/A. Review process for tunnel solutions
Appendix E/A. Review process for tunnel solutions
11
Figure E/A.1 Flowchart of the review process for tunnel solutions
12
Figure E/A.2 Tunnel project control framework stages
13
14
CD 352 Revision 0 Appendix E/B. TDA review: PCF product sign-off
Appendix E/B. TDA review: PCF product sign-off
E/B1 PCF product sign-off forms

Table E/B.1 Summary document and status
Summary report for review by Tunnel Design
Product title
Authority
Name
Produced by (author of the document)
Document status
E/B1.1 Record of issue
Table E/B.2 Record of issue

Version Status Author Date Checked Date Authorised Date
E/B1.2 Consulted with
Table E/B.3 Consulted with

Name Role Date consulted Date of final comments
E/B1.3 PCF quality control
Table E/B.4 PCF quality control

Correct title/PCF number displayed on the sign-off sheet and in product? Y/N
Correct consultee(s) listed? Y/N
Date consulted /signatures (if appropriate) boxes completed? Y/N
SRO/sign-off approval name correct? Y/N
Way we work: is the structure of document in line with the 'way we work' template? (as
Y/N
displayed on Highways England supply chain portal - please attach)
Is the format correct & consistent throughout the report and also meets the PCF content
Y/N
requirements?
Spelling/grammar check? Y/N
Are you content that the document is in a satisfactory state for submission to SRO/Sign-off? Y/N
Table E/B.5 Any comments
15
Table E/B.6 PM/Designer quality sign-off

Designer representative (product owner) Name: Date: Signed:
HE Project Manager (product reviewer) Name: Date: Signed:
Back office use only:

Document on Highways England supply chain portal: Document placed in SHARE (Highways England):
Sign-off sheet placed in SHARE : Power steering updated (Highways England):
E/B1.4 FIRST ISSUE
Table E/B.7 TDA approval form

1.General
Name of tunnel / location (include map)
New / refurbishment
Summary of need for tunnel / problem addressed / scheme brief
Traffic flow / % HGVs
Route classification, such as 'high load' / TERNCD 352 tunnel classification (based upon length and
traffic flow to give the initial view of equipment to be considered for provision)
Currently proposed CD 352 tunnel classification
Hazardous load categorisation
PCF stage (if applicable)
Programme - start of works date and opening date
Diversion routes; signed traffic speeds
2. Tunnel summary - Space proofing / geometry
16
Table E/B.7 TDA approval form (continued)

Length
No. of bores
Diameter/size
Typical cross section
Cross passage - sketches
Cross passage spacing
Service tunnel provision
Running lanes / widths/ lay-bys
Verge widths/ hard strips provision
Speed limit
Connecting roads to tunnel – standard of
Emergency stopping lane
Ventilation shafts no. / size
Access to ventilation shafts
Running lanes
Portal arrangements
Means of escape
Access for maintenance
Non-motorised user provision
3. Construction
Geology
Detailed geology
Proposed construction methods
Structural options
Lining / cladding
Key risks
4. Fire and life safety
17

Design Fire Load MW rating
Fixed fire-fighting systems (FFFS)
Hydrants
Tanks – locations and sizes
Passive fire protection
Automatic fire detection systems
5. Drainage
Hydrogeology and ground conditions
Control of groundwater
During construction
During operation
Anticipated pump size / provision / sump locations
Management of hazardous spillage
6. Mechanical / electrical and public health

Power distribution strategy and supplies location
Plant rooms
Communications system
Intelligent transport systems equipment
Emergency telephones provision / spacing
Lighting provision
Tunnel control centre arrangements/ RCC integration
7. Communications /technology
Signing provision - VMS etc
Journey time information system
Public address system - Voice alarms
Control Locations/sizes
18

8. Ventilation
System planned – longitudinal/semi transverse / fully transverse
No. of fans/ locations
Maintenance arrangements
9. O and M / systems / controls / co-ordination

Consultation with Operations Directorate – note agreements/ output to date
Estimated operational resource levels
Estimated running costs (annual)
Organisation(s) that will operate and maintain the tunnel
Tunnel service building provision
Dedicated fire / rescue service?
Diversion routes suitability / agreement
Suitability for contraflow
Queue/ stopped vehicle / incident detection provision
Cameras/ monitoring provision
Integration with Highways England CHARM/TCMS system
Overall safety concept in terms of how accidents are prevented, consequences and emergency
situations minimised and designed to support emergency preparedness
10. Emergency services and procedures
19

Emergency turn-around provision
Crossing points
Escape routes
Cross passages
Emergency stations
Emergency power supplies
Provisions for non-motorised users
Equality impact assessment
Public safety information
Emergency services: response plan
E/B2 Records
Table E/B.8 Document information
Document information:
Owner: Date created:
Product advisor: Date published:
Version: Date modified:
To be completed when archived:
Date archived: DD/MM/YYYY Retain until: DD/MM/YYYY
NB. Not a controlled copy if printed. Only print if absolutely necessary.
Last reviewed:
Reviewed by:
Members:
Date of next review scheduled for:
20

Design
CD 352
Northern Ireland National Application Annex to
CD 352 Design of road tunnels
(formerly BD 78/99)
Revision 0
Summary
There are no specific requirements for the Department of Infrastructure, Northern Ireland,
supplementary or alternative to those given in CD 352.

Users of this document are encouraged to raise any enquiries and/or provide feedback on the content and usage of
this document to the dedicated team in the Department for Infrastructure, Northern Ireland. The email address for all
enquiries and feedback is: dcu@infrastructure-ni.gov.uk

Contents
Release notes 2
1
Release notes
0 Mar 2020 Department for Infrastructure Northern Ireland National Application Annex to
CD 352.
2

Design
CD 352
Scotland National Application Annex to CD
352 Design of road tunnels
(formerly BD 78/99)
Revision 0
Summary
There are no specific requirements for Transport Scotland supplementary or alternative to those
given in CD 352.

of this document to the dedicated Transport Scotland team. The email address for all enquiries and feedback is:
TSStandardsBranch@transport.gov.scot

Contents
Release notes 2
1
Release notes
0 Mar 2020 Transport Scotland National Application Annex to CD 352.
2

Design
CD 352
Wales National Application Annex to CD 352
Design of road tunnels
(formerly BD 78/99)
Revision 0
Summary
There are no specific requirements for the Welsh Government supplementary or alternative to
those given in CD 352.

of this document to the dedicated Welsh Government team. The email address for all enquiries and feedback is:
Standards_Feedback_and_Enquiries@gov.wales

Contents
Release notes 2
1
Release notes
0 Mar 2020 Welsh Government National Application Annex to CD 352.
2

CD 352 Design of Road Tunnels-Web

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Design Manual for Roads and Bridges

Highway Structures & Bridges

Application by Overseeing Organisations

Feedback and Enquiries

This is a controlled document.

Terms and definitions 16

2. Planning, safety and general design 19

3. Road tunnel safety 33

Tunnel lighting control and monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

7. Drainage system design 59

9. Traffic control, communications and information systems 84

Radio rebroadcast systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

10. Plant monitoring and control 95

11. Electrical power supply and distribution 105

Distribution panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

12. Tunnel service buildings and plant rooms 115

13. Normative references 120

14. Informative references 124

Appendix A. Planning safety and general design 126

Appendix B. Drainage 134

Contractual and legal considerations

Terms and definitions

Tunnel operating authority The organisation responsible for day-to-day operation of

2. Planning, safety and general design

5) likely traffic speed changes in tunnel;

Regulatory reform (fire safety) order (RR(FS)O)

The Equality Act

Building information modelling

Tunnel design and safety consultation group (TDSCG)

Table 2.18.3a Example of assessment matrix for risks to tunnel users

Table 2.18.3b Risk classification

1) Vehicle related incidents such as:

e) fixed firefighting system accidental discharge;

Table 2.21a Example of assessment matrix for risks to tunnel availability

Table 2.21b Risk classification

Transportation of dangerous goods

Restrictions on tunnel use

Selection of appropriate tunnel type

Figure 2.30a Flowchart of data acquisition actions to determine tunnel type

Figure 2.30c Flowcharts of actions to develop tunnel options based on type of

Figure 2.30e Flowchart for using a hard-rock tunnel boring machine

Figure 2.30f Assessment of options to be applied to all tunnelling methods and

3. Road tunnel safety

Tunnel safety facility provision

Table 3.7 Typical safety provisions for each tunnel category

Figure 3.15.2 Determination of tunnel category

equivalent to two parallel single bore tunnels.

Typical safety facilities, tunnel layout and structural features

Emergency stopping lanes

Emergency services parking

Tunnel communications and emergency facilities

Tunnel emergency systems availability

Fire alarm & smoke control

Mainspower failure and emergency lighting

Tunnel signs and signals

Tunnel cross section

Figure 4.12 Tunnel cross sections

Table 4.12 Minimum dimensions (See Figure 4.12)

Traffic lane width