Bonding of Hydrocarbons: Presented by Rina Mae Manceras Benjamin Bagayan

Bonding of
hydrocarbons
Presented by
Rina Mae Manceras
Benjamin Bagayan
HYDROCARBONS
hydrocarbon is an organic compound
hydrogen and
consisting entirely of
carbon
hydrocarbons are classified as two;
-Alphatic compound
-Aromatic compound
Aromatic Aliphatic
is a hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and when carbon and hydrogen atoms form
delocalized pi electrons between carbon bonds in a straight chain can be

atoms forming a circle or a ring subdivided into alkanes, alkenes,
alkynes and clycoalkanes

Overview
kanes
Al
Alkanes
saturated hydrocarbons, contain only
single covalent bonds between carbon

atoms.
Alkanes burn in the presence of oxygen,

Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane
a highly exothermic oxidation-reduction
has sp3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to
reaction that produces carbon dioxide
four other atoms, each of which is either
and water. As a consequence, alkanes
carbon or hydrogen.
are excellent fuels
Alkanes
Carbon chains are usually drawn as straight lines in Lewis structures,
but one has to remember that Lewis structures are not intended to
indicate the geometry of molecules.
Carbon atoms in the structural models (the ball-and-stick and
space-filling models) of the pentane molecule do not lie in a straight
line. Because of the sp3 hybridization, the bond angles in carbon
chains are close to 109.5°, giving such chains in an alkane a zigzag

shape.
A common method used by organic chemists to simplify the drawings of
larger molecules is to use a skeletal structure (also called a line-angle
structure).
m ing
a
N nes
Alka
Alkanes
How to Name Alkanes
To name an alkane, first identify the longest chain of carbon atoms in its structure. A
two-carbon chain is called ethane; a three-carbon chain, propane; and a four-carbon
chain, butane. Longer chains are named as follows: pentane (five-carbon chain), hexane
(6), heptane (7), octane (8), nonane (9), and decane (10). These prefixes can be seen in
the names of the alkanes described in Table .
Add prefixes to the name of the longest chain to indicate the positions and names
of substituents. Substituents are branches or functional groups that replace hydrogen
atoms on a chain. The position of a substituent or branch is identified by the number of
the carbon atom it is bonded to in the chain. We number the carbon atoms in the chain
by counting from the end of the chain nearest the substituents. Multiple substituents
are named individually and placed in alphabetical order at the front of the name.
Alkanes
Note:
We call a substituent that contains one less hydrogen than the
corresponding alkane an alkyl group. The name of an alkyl group is
obtained by dropping the suffix -ane of the alkane name and adding -yl:
Alkyl groups do not exist as stable independent entities. They are always
a part of some larger molecule. The location of an alkyl group on a
hydrocarbon chain is indicated in the same way as any other substituent
kenes
Al
Alkenes
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons, unsaturated compounds with at least
one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes
is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the
double bond.
Alkenes are virtually insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents
The boiling point of each alkene is very similar to that of the alkane with the
same number of carbon atoms. Ethene, propene and the various butenes are
gases at room temperature. All the rest that you are likely to come across
are liquids.
Structural isomerism
All the alkenes with 4 or more carbon atoms in them show structural isomerism.
This means that there are two or more different structural formulae that you
can draw for each molecular formula.
Geometric (cis-trans) isomerism

The carbon-carbon double bond doesn't allow any rotation about it. That means
that it is possible to have the CH3 groups on either end of the molecule locked
either on one side of the molecule or opposite each other.
These are called cis-but-2-ene (where the groups are on the same side) or
trans-but-2-ene (where they are on opposite sides).
m ing
a
N nes
Alke
Identifying and Numbering the Longest Chain
Alkene is named by identifying the longest carbon chain that contains
both carbons of the double bond. This longest chain is named by the
alkane series convention: “eth-” for two carbons; “prop-” for three
carbons; “but-” for four carbons; etc. The carbon backbone is
numbered from the end that yields the lowest positioning for the
double bond
Changing the Suffix
the position of the double or triple bond is indicated using the position
of the carbon in the bond with the lower backbone number, and the
suffix for the compound is changed to “-ene”
Do's and Don'ts
Example:
kynes
Al
Alkynes
Chemical compounds that have triple and double bonds in their chemical structures are
referred to as unsaturated.
Because alkynes have triple bonds in their chemical structure and consist of carbon and
hydrogen atoms, they are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkynes are in gaseous form and they are soluble in organic solvents, like benzene and
acetone. They are, however, insoluble in water.
m ing
a
N nes
alky
1. Find the longest carbon chain that includes both carbons of the
triple bond.
2. Number the longest chain starting at the end closest to the triple
bond. A 1-alkyne is referred to as a terminal alkyne and alkynes at any
other position are called internal alkynes.
3. After numbering the longest chain with the lowest number assigned
to the alkyne, label each of the substituents at its corresponding carbon.
While writing out the name of the molecule, arrange the substituents in
alphabetical order. If there are more than one of the
same substituent use the prefixes di, tri, and tetra for two, three, and
four substituents respectively. These prefixes are not taken into
account in the alphabetical order.
4. Substituents containing a triple bond are called alkynyl.
5. A molecule that contains both double and triple bonds is called an
alkenyne. The chain can be numbered starting with the end closest to
the functional group that appears first.
anes
cloalk
Cy
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are cyclic hydrocarbons, meaning that the carbons of the
molecule are arranged in the form of a ring.
Cycloalkanes are also saturated, meaning that all of the carbons atoms
that make up the ring are single bonded to other atoms (no double or
triple bonds)
m ing s
a
N alka ne
yclo
C
Cycloalkanes are named by prefixing the term cyclo- to a name giving
the number of carbon atoms in the ring.
Examples:
Examples:
ND.
.E

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Bonding of

Rina Mae Manceras

delocalized pi electrons between carbon bonds in a straight chain can be

alkynes and clycoalkanes

single covalent bonds between carbon

Alkanes burn in the presence of oxygen,

Carbon atoms in the structural models (the ball-and-stick and

space-filling models) of the pentane molecule do not lie in a straight

line. Because of the sp3 hybridization, the bond angles in carbon

chains are close to 109.5°, giving such chains in an alkane a zigzag

larger molecules is to use a skeletal structure (also called a line-angle

Geometric (cis-trans) isomerism

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