Al Kanes

ALKANES
Alkanes - described as saturated

hydrocarbons because they contain only
carbon and hydrogen atoms;
- saturated because they have only C - C
and C - H single bonds and thus contain
the maximum possible number of hydrogen
per carbon.
They have the general formula CnH2n+2,

where n is any integer. Alkanes are also
occasionally called aliphatic compounds, a
word derived from the Greek aleiphas,
meaning “fat.”
Straight-chain alkanes are named
according to the number of carbon
atoms they contain.
• With the exception of the first four

compounds the alkanes are named based
on Greek numbers, according to the
number of carbons.
• The suffix -ane is added to the end of each
name to identify the molecule as an
alkane.
If a Hydrogen ALKYL GROUP
atom is removed
from an alkane,
the partial
structure that
remains is called
an alkyl group.
Alkyl groups are
named by
replacing the -
ane ending of
the parent
alkane with an -
yl ending.
International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
- devised the system of naming
(nomenclature)
Prefix → Parent → Locant → Suffix

Where and How many Where is the What is the
what are the carbons? primary primary
primary functional functional
substituents? group? group?
IUPAC RULES in Naming Alkanes
1. Find the parent hydrocarbon.Select the
longest continuous chain of carbon
atoms as the parent chain or compound.
2. Number the atoms in the main chain
beginning at the end nearer the first branch
point, (the first carbon atom that has an
alkyl or other group
3. Name the alkyl group and designate the
position on the parent carbon chain by a
number.
4. When the same alkyl group branch
chain occurs more than once, indicate
this repetition by a prefix (di-, tri-, tetra-,
and so forth).
5.When several different alkyl groups
are attached to the parent compound,
list them in alphabetical order.
6. Follow IUPAC punctuation rules, which
include the following:
(1) Separate numbers from each other by
commas.
(2) Separate numbers from letters by

hyphens.
(3) Do not add a hyphen or a space between

the last-named substituent and the name
of the parent alkane that follows.
When two chains of equal length compete to
be parent, choose the chain with the
greatest number of substituents.
When branching first occurs at an equal
distance from either end of the parent chain,
choose the name that gives the lower
number at the first point of difference.
Cycloalkanes
A saturated hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms
connected to one another in a cyclic (ring)
arrangement are present.
The general formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n.
Thus a given cycloalkane contains two fewer

hydrogen atoms than an alkane with the same
number of hydrogen atoms.
Can be represented by polygons in skeletal

drawings.
IUPAC naming procedures for
cycloalkanes are similar to those for
alkanes.
The ring portion of a cycloalkane
molecule serves as the name base,
and the prefix cyclo- is used to
indicate the presence of the ring.
1.Find the parent.
Count the number of carbon atoms in the ring and the
number in the largest substituent. If the number of
carbon atoms in the ring is equal to or greater than the
number in the substituent, the compound is named as an
alkyl-substituted cycloalkane. If the number of carbon
atoms in the largest substituent is greater than the
number in the ring, the compound is named as a
cycloalkyl- substituted alkane.
2.Number the substituent and write the name.
Numbering conventions used in locating
substituents on the ring include the following:
a.If there is just one ring substituent, it is not
necessary to locate it by number.
b.When two ring substituents are present, the
carbon atoms in the ring are numbered beginning
with the substituent of higher alphabetical priority
and proceeding in the direction (clockwise or
counterclockwise) that gives the other substituent
the lower number.
C. When three or more ring substituents
are present, ring numbering begins at the
substituent that leads to the lowest set of
location numbers. When two or more
equivalent numbering sets exist,
alphabetical priority among substituents
determines the set used.

Al Kanes

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ALKANES

Alkanes - described as saturated

They have the general formula CnH2n+2,

• With the exception of the first four

Prefix → Parent → Locant → Suffix

(2) Separate numbers from letters by

(3) Do not add a hyphen or a space between

The general formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n.

Thus a given cycloalkane contains two fewer

Can be represented by polygons in skeletal

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