Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115.

E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

IJPSR (2014), Vol. 5, Issue 4 (Review Article)

Received on 06 November, 2013; received in revised form, 08 January, 2014; accepted, 26 February, 2014; published 01 April, 2014

FACILE METHODS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM THE PLANT
SPECIES - A REVIEW

J. Ranjitha and S. Vijiyalakshmi*

CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, VIT University, Vellore-14, Tamil Nadu, India
Keywords: ABSTRACT: Essential oils are a diverse group of natural products.
Oils are the important source of aromatic and flavoring chemicals in
Essential oil, Seeds, flowers, fruits,
food, industrial, and pharmaceutical products. Essential oil is a
Rhizomes, and leaves, etc., of Plants,
Different Extracting Techniques, concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds
Merits and Demerits derived from the different parts of the plants. Various extraction
Correspondence to Author: methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils
from the plant materials. Essential oils are produced using several
Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi techniques like water distillation, steam distillation, hydro diffusion,
Assistant Professor, CO2 Research
maceration, solvent-free microwave extraction, solar distillation and
and Green Technologies Centre, VIT CO2 supercritical fluid extraction, etc. These extraction and expression
University, Vellore-14, Tamil Nadu, methods are used to remove the oils from the dried/fresh plants (or)
India machines to squeeze the oil out of the plants. Out of all the extraction
methods, supercritical carbon dioxide method is more efficient. The
E-mail: vijimicro21@gmail.com
present paper is an attempt to list out the various methods of extraction
of essential oil from the different parts of the plants and their merits
and demerits.
INTRODUCTION: Essential oils are the sweet- In nature, essential oils play an important role in
smelling hydrocarbons present in many medicinal the protection of the plants as antibacterial,
plant systems 1. A variety of plants yield essential antiviral, antifungal and insecticides activities 5, 6.
oils are used as perfumes, food flavoring agents, Essential oils are extracted from various aromatic
medicines, and as a fragrant and antiseptic plants generally localized in temperate to warm
additives, etc. Essential oils have been used for countries like Mediterranean and tropical countries
thousands of years for body massage in siddha and where they represent an important part of the
homeopathy medicines 2. The aroma oils interrelate traditional pharmacopoeia. They are liquid,
with the human body by four distinct modes of volatile, and rarely colored, lipid soluble and
action - pharmacological, physiological, soluble in organic solvents, etc. Essential oils are
psychological and spiritual 3, 4. In ancient era of the main source of perfumes for the ancient human-
mesopotamia, more than 5,000 years ago, had beings of Egypt, India, Greece, and Rome, etc.
mechanical machines for obtaining essential oils Essential oils may be found in roots, flowers,
from medicinal plants. leaves, fruit, seeds or bark of the plant 7. Growing
QUICK RESPONSE CODE and harvesting conditions are optimized for the
DOI:
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(4).1107-15 production of the best fragrances.

There are several methods for extracting the

Article can be accessed online on:
www.ijpsr.com
essential oils from the natural sources. These may
include use of liquid carbon dioxide (or)
DOI link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(4).1107-15 microwaves, and mainly low (or) high pressure
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1107
Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

distillation employing boiling water (or) hot steam. (i) Water Distillation
Due to their bactericidal and fungicidal properties,
pharmaceutical and food uses are more and more (ii) Steam Distillation
wide-spread as alternatives to synthetic chemical
products to protect the ecological equilibrium. (iii)Hydro diffusion 8-23
Owing to the new attraction for natural products
like essential oils, despite their wide use and being i. Water Distillation: In the case of water
familiar to us as fragrances, it is important to distillation process, the botanic material is
develop new, cheap and facile methods for completely immersed in water and the still
essential oil extraction. The review article mainly is brought to the boil. It is used to protect
focused on the different extracting methods for the oils to certain degree, since the
essential oils from the seeds and nuts of medicinal surrounding water acts as a barrier to
plants. prevent overheating. When the condensed
material cools down, the water and essential
Different Extraction methods: oil gets separated and the oil is decanted to
use as an essential oil. The water separated
Distillation: Distillation is the extracting oil in the above mentioned process is used as a
process, converts volatile liquid (essential oils) into "floral waters" in the world fragrance
vapor state and then condenses the vapor into a market.
liquid state. The extracting method is cost to
produce essential oils. Under this distillation
process; three category

FIGURE 1: WATER DISTILLATION UNIT

Water distillation can be done at reduced pressure Merits: It is simple and easy to operate and
(under vacuum) to reduce the temperature to less extracts oil from the plant species.
than 100oC, which is useful in protecting the
botanical material for obtaining the essential oils. Demerits:
In case of lavender, the plant material should not be
exposed to hot water, because it may lead to a. However, due to use of heat in this Method, it
decompositions. The plant material containing high may not be used on very fragile plant material,
amounts of esters cannot be extracted with water because major therapeutic characteristics would
distillation extraction method, since the extended be adversely affected, (or) where the Method is
exposure to hot water will start break down the employed with great difficulty.
esters into the resultanting alcohols and carboxylic
acids. b. Oil components like esters are sensitive to
hydrolysis while others like acyclic
monoterpene hydrocarbons and aldehydes are
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1108
Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

susceptible to polymerization (since the pH of Application: This method is used to extract the
water is often reduced during distillation, essential oil from the plant species like orchid
hydrolytic reactions are facilitated). flowers, Cassia flowers, etc.

c. Oxygenated components such as phenols have a ii. Steam Distillation: In steam distillation
tendency to dissolve in the still water, so their method 24-28, the botanical material is placed
complete removal by distillation is not possible. in a still and steam is forced over the
material. The hot steam is used to release
d. As water distillation tends to be a small the aromatic molecules from the plant
operation (operated by one or two persons), it material. The steam forces to open the
takes a long time to accumulate much oil, so pockets and then the molecules of these
good quality oil is often mixed with bad quality volatile oils, escape from the plant material
oil. and evaporate into the steam. The steam
contains the essential oil, is passed through
e. The distillation process is treated as an art by a cooling system to condense the steam,
local distillers, who rarely try to optimize either which forms a liquid form of essential oil
oil yield (or) quality. and then water is then separated. The steam
is produced at greater pressure than the
f. Water distillation is a slower process than either atmospheric pressure and therefore boils at
water and steam distillation (or) direct steam above 100oC which is used to the remove
distillation. the essential oil from the plant material.

FIGURE 2 STEAM DISTILLATION UNIT

Merits: The major advantage of steam iii. Hydro diffusion: Hydro diffusion method
29
distillation is that the temperature never goes above is similar like steam distillation process.
100C so temperature sensitive compounds can be The main difference between these two
distilled. methods, steam is introduced into the still.
In the case of hydro diffusion the steam is
Demerits: The disadvantage is that not many fed into the top onto the botanical material
compounds can be steam distilled - usually instead of from the bottom as in normal
aromatic ones. steam distillation. The steam contains the
essential oil, is passed through a cooling
Application: This method is used to extract the system to condense the steam, which forms
essential oil from the plant thymus vulgaris has six a liquid form of essential oil and then water
different chemo-types main component like timol, is then separated. The condensation of the
carvacrol, linalool, geraniol, tuyanol-4, terpineol. oil containing steam mixture occurs below
the area in which the botanical material is
held in place by a grill.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1109

Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

FIGURE 3: HYDRO DIFFUSION UNIT

Merits: The main advantage of this method is that

less steam is used, shorter processing time and a After the fruit has absorbed the water and become
higher oil yield. more elastic. It was inverted which will help to
rupture the oil cells and then the sponge placed
Demerits: In this method the oil-water solution next to the rind.
permeates, by osmosis, the swollen membranes and
finally reaches the outer surface, where the oil is It was then squeezed to release the volatile oil,
vaporized by passing steam. which is collected directly into the sponge material.
In the final stage, the sponge became saturated with
Application: It is used to extract the essential oil oil, was squeezed and the essential oil collected is
from the Floral attars of flowers (such as saffron, directly collected from the reaction vessel.
marigold, rose, jasmine, pandanus) in sandal wood.
Application: In this method is particularly used for
Expression methods: the separation of essential oil from the citrus plant
species.
Sponge extraction process: Most of the citrus
essences are extracted using expression methods. Ecuelle a piquer Method: It is one of the types of
The fruit pulp was removed and then the rind and expression extraction methods, which is mainly
pith were soaked in warm water to make the rind used, in case of citrus species to obtain essential
more pliable, since the pith of the fruit absorbed the oils. This is more modern way of essential oil
water. extraction referred as ecuelle e piquer process.

The fruit is placed in a device and rotated with

spikes on the side puncturing the oil cells in the
skin of the fruit. This cause the oil cells to rupture
and the essential oil, and other material such as
pigment, to run down to the center of the device,
which contains plant residues.

The liquid is separated and the essential oils are

removed from the water-based parts of the mixture.

FIGURE 4 SPONGE EXTRACTION PROCESS

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1110

Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

distends its cells and leads to rupture of the

glands and oleiferous receptacles. This process
thus frees essential oil, which is evaporated by
the in-situ water of the plant material. A
cooling system outside the microwave oven
continuously condenses the vapors which are
collected on specific glassware. The excess of
water is refluxed back to the extraction vessel
in order to restore the in-situ water to the
sample.

FIGURE 5: ECUELLE A PIQUER METHOD

Machine abrasion: Machine abrasion is similar

like ecuelle a piquer method. It is mostly used in
the manufacture of citrus fruit essential oils. In the
case of machine abrasion, machine strips off the
outer peel, which is then removed by running water
and then fed into a centrifugal separator. Using the
centrifugal separation, the plant residues and the
essential oils gets separated completely in a
different layer.

Solvent extraction:

1. Maceration: The flower (or) petal part of the

plant materials are slightly ruptured and placed
in warm fat. The process is repeated for several
times until the fat becomes saturated with
essential oil and then bathed in alcohol, which
evaporates leaving essential oil. FIGURE 5 MICROWAVE EXTRACTION

Application: Certain plant materials require Merits: The microwave isolation offers net
maceration in warm water before they release their advantages in terms of yield and selectivity, with
essential oils, as their volatile components are better isolation time, essential oil composition, and
glycosidically bound. For example, leaves of is environmental friendly.
wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) contain the
precursor gaultherin and the enzyme Demerits: In this method the low boiling point
primeverosidase; when the leaves are macerated in hydrocarbon compounds may undergoes
warm water, the enzyme acts on the gaultherin and decomposition.
liberate free methyl salicylate and primeverose.
Application: Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction
Other similar examples include brown mustard
(SFME) technology for rapid extraction of essential
(sinigrin), bitter almonds (amygdalin) and garlic
oils from aromatic herbs, spices and dry seeds.
(alliin).
3. Solar distillation 33-35: It is a new type of
2. Solvent-free microwave extraction 30-32:
distillation method to extract the essential oils
Solvent-free microwave extraction is used to
from the plant material. Scheffler fixed focus
separate the essential oil from the plant
concentrator was used for solar distillation
material. The method involves placing the
system. The system comprises of a primary
sample in the microwave reactor, without any
reflector, secondary reflector, stainless steel
addition of the organic solvent (or) water. The
boiler and condenser unit and florentine flasks
internal heating of the water within the sample
as shown in figure 6.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1111

Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

FIGURE 6: SOLAR DISTILLATION PROCESSES

The primary reflector rotates along with an axis Application: Different herbs like Melissa,
parallel to the earth axis of rotation by a precise Peppermint, Lavender, Fennel seeds, Cumin, Basil,
photovoltaic tracking mechanism. It keeps the Cloves buds and rosemary etc were processed
reflected beam aligned with the fixed secondary successfully and extracted essential oil by using
reflector as the sun moves. The secondary reflector solar distillation system.
further reflects the beam radiation to targeted
distillation bottom for the steam distillation. The 4. Subcritical water extraction 36-38: The
system is equipped with thermocouples and subcritical water extractions were carried out in
Pyranometer to control and optimize the distillation a laboratory-built apparatus shown in Figure 7.
processes. Different glass Florentine flasks were The de-ionized water filled into a 5 L stainless
used to separate the oil from water. steel feed tank was first purged for 2 h with N2
to remove dissolved O2. A Dosapro Milton Roy
In order to assess the continuous performance of (H9 series obtained from USA) high pressure
the Scheffler concentrator during distillation metering pump was used to deliver the water
experiments, three connections of K-type and T- through the system at a constant flow rate of 1, 2
type thermocouples were used to record receiver and 4 ml/min.
inside the reaction vessel temperatures, water
temperature and steam temperature of the The pump output could be adjusted by stroke
distillation unit. All the three connections were knob at the required flow rates and be checked
attached to computer via data recording machine. using a burette equipped in the inlet pipelines. A
The intensity of beam radiations was recorded with coil made from 3m length stainless steel tubing
the help of Pyranometer. (3mm I.D · 6.35 O.D.) was used for preheating
the water. The extractor consisted of a stainless
Merits and Demerits: The solar distillation steel cylindrical extraction chamber (103mm ·
process for essential oil extraction utilized 16mm I.D). The solid bed inside the extractor
approximately same heat energy per unit weight of was fixed with ring screws at both ends in order
the herb. The results show that completes to permit the circulation of the water through it.
distillation process for essential oils extraction can Input and output of the water was carried out
be done successfully using Scheffler fixed focus through two side-connected quick-open high
concentrator. pressure valves. The main body of the extractor
was closed with screw caps at both ends.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1112

Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

The flow direction was top to bottom. After the 5. Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction
preheating coil, a three way line was made by method: The extraction of plant essential oil
using three 1/4 inch (6.35 mm) high-pressure was conducted in an own built dynamic
heat-resistant needle valves. The needle valves 6 extraction apparatus, which mainly consists of a
and 8 were inserted on the inlet line to the high pressure extraction vessel and a separator,
extractor and outlet line from it, respectively. as shown in Figure 8. The extraction vessel
The needle valve 7 was used as by-passing line. was 19mm in inner diameter and 360mm in
In this manner, the water flow stream could be length, giving a total of 100 mL in volume,
selected either to the extractor or by-passing it. while the separator with a volume of 25mL had
The preheating coil, the extractor and the needle a flat bottom and was connected with a back
valves were placed in a fanequipped pressure regulator. In a typical run, 5grams of
temperature-controlled oven (Teb Azma Co., ground medicinal plant material were placed
Tehran, Iran), designed to work at up to 200oC. between two layers of stainless steel balls (dp-
2.5mm) in a high-pressure stainless steel
In order to avoid heat losses of essential oils, a extraction vessel to provide particle voidage of
double pipe heat exchanger (tube side: 10.20 0.3.
mm I.D · 13.22mm O.D., cooling surface area:
240 cm2) cooled with water with about 15oC and The extraction vessel was immersed in a water
3ml/min flow rate was used to cool the extract bath controlled by an electrical heater (Thermo
coming out from the oven to a temperature close Haake, model DC10, Germany) to within ± 0.1
to 20oC. A 1 m length stainless steel tube (1 mm K. When the water bath temperature reached
I.D· 3.2 mm O.D) was applied before a 1/8 inch the desired temperature, carbon dioxide was
(3.18mm) pressure regulator (Hoke Co., USA). continuously delivered at a volumetric flow rate
In this manner, maintaining the desired pressure of 1 mL/min into the system by an HPLC pump
in the system was performed precisely. The (Jasco, model PU-980, Japan) until the system
outlet was inserted in a collection vial. All parts pressure was achieved. The system pressure
which were in contact with the extractant water was determined by a pressure transducer
made from stainless steel 316. Two 140 lm (Druck, model PDCR961, Switzerland).
micro-filter (SS316, Nupro Co., USA) were used
to protect the high pressure pump and pressure The CO2 was depressurized by a back pressure
regulator, respectively. After the pump, a safety regulator (Jasco, model 880-81, Japan) and the
valve (50bar, SS316) was used to control the amount of CO2 consumed was determined
maximum allowable pressure in the system. The using a wet gas meter (Alaxander Wright &
experimental setup of Subcritical water Co., model DM3A, USA). The essential oil
extraction process as shown in figure 7. extracts were collected at one hour intervals
and the extraction process was terminated when
it was visually observed that no plant material
oil was being collected in the vial and has
reached what is termed exhaustive extraction.

The oil collected was gravimetrically

determined using a balance (Mettler Toledo,
model AG204, USA) with an accuracy of ±
0.0001 g.

Effect of pressures, temperatures of the

extraction process, and particle sizes were
investigated in this study. The schematic
diagram of CO2 Supercritical fluid extraction is
shown in figure 8.

FIGURE 7: SUBCRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1113

Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

REFERENCES:
1. Edris AE, A review phyto-theraphy, 2007; 21:308-323.
2. Kurt Bauer, Dorothea Garbe and Horst Surburg, Common
Fragrances and Flavor Materials, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft
mbH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany),
1990.
3. Guenther Ohloff, Scent and Fragrances, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin Heidelberg, 1990.
4. Roman Kaiser, The Scent of Orchids, Olfactory and
chemical investigations, Elsevier, Amsterdam. (Editions
Roche, Basel), 1993.
5. Rahman SZ, Latif A, Khan RA, Importance of pharmaco-
FIGURE 8: SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CARBON vigilance in Unani system of medicine". Indian J
DIOXIDE Pharmacol. 2008; 40 (7): 17-20.
6. Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Studies in History of
Medicine and Science, Unani Medicine in India IHMMR,
CONCLUSION: The final conclusions were New Delhi, Vol. XIII, 1994; 1: 97-112.
drawn based on the complete review on extraction 7. http://www.nematfragrances.com/learn_about/various_extr
action_methods.html.
of essential oil from the plant species using 8. Boucard GR, Boucard VC, Serth RW, Ainsworth RS, Pilot
different extraction methods (Conventional and plant for continuous distillation of essential oil-bearing
Non-conventional methods). materials. N. N. Li, edition. Recent advances in separation
techniques-III. Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng., New York, 1986;
193-201.
Comparison of all the above mentioned extraction 9. Clery RA, An investigation of the variability of essential
methods, carbon dioxide super critical fluid oil production in plants. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Reading,
extraction method is more enhanced rather than England, 1992.
10. Clevenger JF, Apparatus for the determination of volatile
other. The main advantage of the CO2 SCFE oil. J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 1928; 167:346.
method is; 11. Denny EFK, Hydro-distillation of oils from aromatic
herbs. Perfumer Flavorist 1989; 14(4):57-58.
12. Firth G, Secrets of the still. EPM Publ., McLean, VA,
A. CO2 is non-hazardous 1983.
13. Gildemeister E, The volatile oils. First Vol. Second ed.
B. Less expensive John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1913.
14. Guenther E, The essential oils. Volume one, History-origin
in plants-Production-Analysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold co.,
C. Bulk Quantification New York, 1948.
15. Haagen-Smit AJ, Essential oils-A brief survey of their
D. No Organic Solvent usage chemistry and production in the United States. Econ. Bot.
1949; 3:71-83.
E. Environmental friendly. 16. Hay RKM, Waterman PG, Volatile oil crops: their
biology, biochemistry and production. John Wiley, New
York eds.1993.
But in the case of other methods; 17. Hughes AD, Improvements in the field distillation of
peppermint oil. Oregon State Col. Bull. No. 31, 1952.
A. Highly expensive 18. Kaiser H, Lang W, Ueber die Bestimmung des ätherischen
Oels in Drogen. Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung/Süddeutsche
Apotheker-Zeitung 1951; 91:163-166.
B. Cost-effective 19. Lawrence BM, Commercial production of non-citrus
essential oils in North America. Perfumer Flavorist, 1979;
C. Usage of organic solvents 3(6):21-33.
20. Nijjar GS, Dhar KL, Thappa RK, Agarwal SG, Optimising
efficiency of energy balance (Calandria Type) distillation
D. Non eco-friendly. stills-Newer trends in essential oils and flavours. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publ. Co., New Delhi. Pages 1993; 352-363.
The plant materials produce essential oils from the 21. Pollien P, Ott A, Fay LB, Maignal L, Chaintreau A,
Simultaneous distillation-extraction: preparative recovery
different part of the plant material which are of volatiles under mild conditions in batch or continuous
extracted by several processes to make perfumes operation. Flavour Fragrance J. 1998; 13:413-423.
(or) essences for the applications of various 22. Reineccius GA, Anadaraman S, Analysis of volatile
flavors. Food Sci. Technol. 1984; 11:195-293.
industries. All the fragrances are well accepted for 23. Sievers AF, The production of minor essential oils in the
various purposes in our daily routine for making United States. Econ. Bot. 1947; 1:148-160.
natural harmony with nature.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1114
Ranjitha and Vijiyalakshmi, IJPSR, 2014; Vol. 5(4): 1107-1115. E-ISSN: 0975-8232; P-ISSN: 2320-5148

24. Arsdall Anne V, Medieval Herbal Remedies: The Old 33. Duffie J, Beckman W, Solar Engineering of Thermal
English Herbarium and Anglo -Saxon Medicine. Processes, 3rd Edition, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., Hoboken,
Psychology Press, 2002; 70-71. New Jersey ISBN -13 978-0-471-69867-8, 2006.
25. Casse E, Vargas RMF, Martinez N, Lorenzo D, 34. Garg HP, Prakash J, Solar Energy for Industrial Process
Dellacassa E, Steam distillation modeling for essential oil Heat, in Solar energy fundamentals and applications, Tata
extraction process, Industrial Crops and Products, 2009; McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2006.
29(1): 171-176. 35. Malle B, Schmickl H, Atherische ole Selbst Herstellen,
26. Phineas Masango, Cleaner production of essential oils by Verlag die Werkstatt GmbH Lotzestrßae 24, D- 37083
steam distillation, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2005; Gottingen, 23-27, 2005.
13(8): 833-839. 36. Mohammad H Eikani, Fereshteh Golmohammad, Soosan
27. Xavier VB, Vargas RMF, Cassel E, Lucas AM, Santos Rowshanzamir, Subcritical water extraction of essential
MA, Mondin CA, Santarem ER, Astarita LV, Sartor T, oils from coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.),
Mathematical modeling for extraction of essential oil from Journal of Food Engineering, 2007; 80(2): 735-740.
Baccharis spp. by steam distillation, Industrial Crops and 37. Khajenoori M, Haghighi Asl A, Hormozi F, Proposed
Products, 2011; 33(3): 599-604. Models for Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oils,
28. Naima Sahraoui, Maryline Abert Vian, Isabelle Bornard, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009; 17(3):
Chahrazed Boutekedjiret, Farid Chemat, Improved 359–365.
microwave steam distillation apparatus for isolation of 38. Mustafa Z, Ozel Fahrettin Gogus, Alistair C Lewis,
essential oils: Comparison with conventional steam Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from Thymbra
distillation, Journal of Chromatography A, 2008; 1210(2): spicata, Food Chemistry, 2003; 82 (3): 381-386.
229-233. 39. Wenqiang Guan Shufen Li, Ruixiang Yan, Shaokun Tang,
29. Jiao Jiao, Yu-Jie Fu, Yuan-Gang Zu, Meng Luo, Wei Can Quan, Comparison of essential oils of clove buds
Wang, Lin Zhang, Ji Li, Enzyme -assisted microwave extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide and other three
hydro-distillation essential oil from fructus forsythia, traditional extraction methods, Food Chemistry, 2007;
chemical constituents, and its antimicrobial and 101(4): 1558-1664.
antioxidant activities, Food Chemistry, 2012; 134(1): 235– 40. Cinthia Bittencourt Spricigo, Leonel Teixeira Pinto,
243. Ariovaldo Bolzan, Adelamar Ferreira Novais, Extraction
30. Microwave-extraction Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural of essential oil and lipids from nutmeg by liquid carbon
Substances and Food Sciences” of the Universite de la dioxide, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 1999; 15(3):
Reunion (France), which lead to the grant of the European 253-259.
patents 1439218, 1618798 and 1629725. 41. Nalan Ada, Salih Dinçer, Esen Bolat, Supercritical-fluid
31. Marie E Lucchesi, Farid Chematt, Jacqueline Smadja, extraction of essential oil from Turkish lavender flowers ,
Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 1994; 7(2): 93-99.
aromatic herbs: comparison with conventional hydro- 42. Berna A, Tarrega A, Blasco M, Subirats S, Supercritical
distillation, Journal of Chromatography A, 2004; 1043(2): CO2 extraction of essential oil from orange peel; effect of
323-327. the height of the bed, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids,
32. Xiao-Juan Li, Wei Wang, Meng Luo, Chun-Ying Li, 2000; 18(3): 227-237.
Yuan-Gang Zu, Pan-Song Mu, Yu-Jie Fu, Solvent-free 43. Papamichail I, Louli V, Magoulas K, Supercritical fluid
microwave extraction of essential oil from Dryopteris extraction of celery seed oil, The Journal of Supercritical
fragrans and evaluation of antioxidant activity, Food Fluids, 2000; 18(3): 213-226.
Chemistry, 2012; 133 (2): 437-444.

How to cite this article:

Ranjitha J and Vijiyalakshmi S: Facile methods for the extraction of Essential oil from the plant species - a review. Int J
Pharm Sci Res 2014; 5(4): 1107-15.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(4).1107-15
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

This article can be downloaded to ANDROID OS based mobile. Scan QR Code using Code/Bar Scanner from your mobile. (Scanners are
available on Google Playstore)

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 1115