INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS

Pre-Lab questions:
1. What is an Op-amp?
2. Design an inverting amplifier with a gain of -10 and input resistance equal to 10KΩ.

3. Design a Non-inverting amplifier with a gain of +5 using one Op-amp

4. What are the different linear IC packages?

5. List the characteristics of an ideal Op-amp.

INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS

AIM:
To study the following linear applications of op-amp

1. Inverting amplifier
2. Non – inverting amplifier

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Op – Amp IC 741
2. Dual Power Supply 15V,
3. Resistors
4. Capacitors
5. Function Generator
6. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
7. Multimeter
8. Breadboard and Connecting Wires

THEORY:
Inverting Amplifier:

This is the most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. The output V 0 is fed back to the
inverting input through the Rf – Rin network as shown in figure where Rf is the feedback
resistor. The input signal V i is applied to the inverting input terminal through R in and non-
inverting input terminal of Op-amp is grounded.The output V 0 is given by

V0 = Vi (-Rf / Rin)

Where, the gain of amplifier is: - R f / Rin

The negative sign indicates a phase-shift of 180 degrees between V i and V0. The effective input
impedance is Ri. An inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to invert and amplify a voltage.
The Rin,Rf resistor network allows some of the output signal to be returned to the input. Since the
output is 180° out of phase, this amount is effectively subtracted from the input, thereby reducing
the input into the operational amplifier. This reduces the overall gain of the amplifier and is
dubbed negative feedback
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Tabulation:
Vi = ______________

Rin = ______________

Rf Observed Calculated
Non – innverting ampplifier

Tapplied tcircuit amThe circuit dto the non –mplifiers thediagram of n– inverting ie input
signalnon – invertinput terminl without inving ampliferal and feedbverting it. Thr is shown
inback is givehe output Von figure. Hen to invertiout is given bHere, the signng terminalby nal is .
The

The volta age gain is ggiven by

ACL = ⎢⎣⎡+=01VinVut
Compareed to the inveerting amplifier, the inpuut resistancee of the non-iinverting is eextremely
laarge.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Tabulation:
 Vi = ______________

Rin = ______________

Rf Observed Calculated

PROCEDURE:
Inverting & Non – inverting amplifier

1. Make connections as given in fig 1 & fig 2 for inverting and non inverting amplifiers
respectively.
2. Give sinewave input of Vi volts using AFO with the frequency of 1 KHZ.
3. The output voltage V0 observed on a CRO. A dual channel CRO to be used to see V i & Vo.
4. Vary Rf and measure the corresponding V0 and observe the phase of V0 with respect to V0.
5. Tabulate the readings and verify with theoretical values.

RESULT:
Thus the linear applications of 741 op amp were studied experimentally.

SUMMING AND DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Pre-Lab questions:
1. What is a Differential amplifier
2. Define a Summing amplifier
3. Define difference mode gain and common mode gain
4. Give the applications of summing and differential amplifier

SUMMING AND DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To study the operation of IC741 as

1. Summing Amplifier
2. Differential Amplifier

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Op-Amp IC 741
2. Dual power Supply 15V
3. Resistor
4. Capacitors
5. Function Generator
6. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
7. Multimeter
8. Breadboard and Connecting wires.

THEORY:
Summing Amplifier:

This is one of the liner applications of the Op-Amp. A circuit whose output is the sum of several
input signals is called a summer. Shown in fig.1 is an inverting summer. The output is
V0 = -⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+2211VRRVRRff
When Rf = R1 =R2, then
V0 = - (V1+V2)
That is, the output is an inverted sum of the inputs.

R1=R2=Rf= Rcomm=
 V1 V2 Observed Calculated

Values: R1= R2= Rf= V1= V2=

Procedures:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure to construct both the adder
and subtractor circuit resp.
2. Vary the voltage in RPS and observe the output voltage.
3. Record and compare the results with the theoretical values.

Results:
Thus the adder and subtractor opAmp transistor circuits studied
experimentally.

Lab: Integrator circuit

Aim:

To design and simulate an Integrator circuit and observe output with different input waveforms.
Components required:
Function generator, CRO, Regulated Power supply, resistor, capacitor, 741 IC, connecting wires.
Vlab Specifications Taken:
Integrator circuit design has been implemented on the virtual breadboard using following

specifications:
· Power Supply: +10v and -10v
· Function generator: Selected wave with following specifications:
Frequency = 50Hz, 55Hz, 60Hz, 100Hz.
Amplitude: 2V
Duty cycle = 50%
· Capacitor C: 1000nF
· Resistor R 1 : 1.369K

Theory:
The circuit in fig 1 is an integrator, which is also a low-pass filter with a time constant=R 1 C. When a
voltage, Vin is firstly applied to the input of an integrating amplifier, the uncharged capacitor C has
very little resistance and acts a bit like a short circuit (voltage follower circuit) giving an overall gain
of less than 1, thus resulting in zero output. As the feedback capacitor C begins to charge up, its
reactance X c decreases and the ratio of Z f/R 1 increases producing an output voltage that continues
to increase until the capacitor is fully charged. At this point the ratio of feedback capacitor to input
resistor (Z f/R 1 ) is infinite resulting in infinite gain and the output of the amplifier goes into
saturation. (Saturation is when the output voltage of the amplifier swings heavily to one voltage
supply rail or the other with no control in between). The circuit design generate triangular wave
providing square wave as input to the integrator. Hence, the integrator circuit generates integral output
with respect to the input waveform.

The integrator Circuit

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Give the input signal as specified.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Note down the outputs from the CRO
5. Draw the necessary waveforms on the graph sheet.
Observations:
1. Observe the output waveform from CRO. A square wave will generate a triangular wave and sine
wave will generate a cosine wave.
2. Measure the frequency and the voltage of the output waveform in the CRO.
3. Calculate
4. Compare the calculated output voltage with the experimentally observed voltage from the output
waveform.
5. Observe outputs of the integrator circuit using different input waveforms.
VLab Observations Obtained:
For example, a case has been taken and the required parameters values is being noted down below:
1. Input Voltage: 2.09V
2. Frequency: 50Hz
3. Output Voltage: 4.31V
4. Phase Difference: -92
Calculations:
If input Vin = 2.09 sin (2*50*t)
Output of the integrator will be equal to

Thus,

−1
Vo=
❑∫
❑
−1
Vo=
❑∫
❑
Vo =

Hence theoretically, output voltage should be 4.72V and phase difference between input outputs
should be -90°.
Experimentally phase difference observed is about 92 and output voltage 4.31V.
Result:
The integrator circuit design output waveforms have been studied.
Precautions:
1. Connections should be verified before clicking run button.
2. The resistance to be chosen should be in Kohm range.
3. Best performance is being obtained within 50Hz to 1Mhz.

Lab : Design of a Colpitts oscillator

Objective:

To design, simulate, build and test a Colpitts oscillator.

Theory

The block diagram in figure 6.1 shows the elements of system for producing sustained
oscillations. The input to the amplifier is a portion of the output fed back.

Figure 1
We may write:

The output voltage is written as:

Substitute (2) into (1)

The non-trivial solution for sustained oscillations is:

In general both A and βare complex so that may write . The total phase angle
should be 0 degrees(Or 360) and the loop gain βA 1. The two elements of an
oscillator should be designed and tested separately, if the beta network does not load the input
of the amplifier.

The amplifier stage

We may assume that the FET drain-source resistance is much greater than the load,
so no loading takes place. The voltage gain of the circuit shown in figure 1 is:
 Figure 2

Measure the gain

Measure the gain and you should get waveform similar to that shown in
figure 3.

figure 3

The two series capacitors C1 and C2 form the voltage divider used for providing the feedback
voltage (the voltage drop across C2 constitutes the feedback voltage). The feedback factor is
C1/C2. The minimum value of amplifier gain for maintaining oscillations is:

The tank circuit consists of two ganged capacitors C1 and C2 and a single fixed coil. The
frequency of oscillation (which does not depend on mutual inductance) is given by:
Theoretical values

Calculating voltage gain

Av = C2/C1 = 100µF/100µF = 1

Calculating Frequency

1 C 1 C 2 100∗100
f0 = Where , C= = =50 µF
2 π √ LC C 1+ C 2 100+ 100

1
= = 225.08Hz
2 π √10 mH∗50 µF

Aim:

To design and study the frequency and open loop gain from a Colpitts oscillator circuit.

Material required

Function generator, CRO, Regulated Power supply

Components required:

resistor, capacitors,inductor , 741 IC, connecting wires.

Vlab Specifications Taken:

A Colpitts oscillator circuit design has been implemented on the virtual breadboard using
following specifications:
· Power Supply: +10v and -10v
· Function generator: Selected wave with following specifications:
Frequency = 100Hz Amplitude: 750mV, 850mV, 900mV, 950mV, 1V, 2V. Duty cycle =
50%
· Resistor R2: 1KΩ
· Resistor R1: 100KΩ
Theory:

A Colpitts oscillator circuit is built by grounding the positive input of the operational
amplifier and connecting resistors R1 and R2, called the feedback networks and amplifier
output node, respectively. With assumption that reverse-transfer parameter is negligibly
small.

Rf
+5V
out Given

L = 10mH R1 = 100Ω
R2 1kΩ C1 = 100µf R2 = 1kΩ

C2 = 100µf Vpp = 15v

Q = Bc141 F = 100Hz

Figure 2

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Give the input signal as specified.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Note down the outputs from the CRO
5. Draw the necessary waveforms on the graph sheet.

Observations:

1. Observe the output waveform from CRO. An inverted and amplified waveform will be
observed.
2. Measure the input and output voltage from the input and output waveform in the CRO.
3. Compare the theoretical voltage gain from the above equation with the experimental value
obtained by dividing output voltage by input voltages observed.
4. Observe outputs of the inverting amplifier circuit using different input waveforms.

Experimental Results

Vpp Vmax Vmin Frequency

2.44V 2.84V 40mV 269.4Hz
Using a voltage source in series with a high resistance, Measure the beta value; Complete the
circuit and test for sustained oscillations. Measure the harmonic distortion at either end of the
inductance. What is responsible for the different value?

Conclusion