3.13.4.

CODRU MOMA MOUNTAINS

Codru-Moma Mountains extend over an area strated a connection between the Câmpeneasca cave
of about 1200 km2, being located in the western (photo 1) and the Boiu spring (S. MIHUÞIA, 1904).
part of Apuseni Mountains, and they bear the shape Starting from the year 1970, I. ORêEANU
of a NW-SE striking nappe system, bounded later- has conducted detailed hydrogeological investiga-
ally by two Neogene basins: that of Criºu Negru tions in all Codru-Moma Mountains karst areas
(Beiuº) to the NE, and that of Criºu Alb (Zarand) and, either on his own or in cooperation with E.
to the SW. They consist of two zones which are GAªPAR and other investigators, he has per-
quite distinct in terms of topography, Codru formed a series of tracer tests which outlined, for
Mountains to the north, and Moma Mountains to all those areas, the general framework of the under-
the south, separated by Moneasa valley and by its ground karst flow. E. ANGHEL (1974), GH.
tributary Boroaia in the western half, and by Iugii PONTA and N. TERTELEAC (1977-1978)
valley and Briheni brook further to the east. joined to the hydrological reserches.
Carbonate terrains of Codru-Moma Moun- A paper addressing the groundwater geo-
tains occupy an area of 169 km2, distributed as chemistry in the Dumbrãviþa de Codru plateau has
follows (Fig. 4.1): been published in 1979 by JANETA MERÞ
• Dumbrãviþa de Codru-Moneasa-Dezna area MATYASI.
(66 km2); In the years 1985 and 1987, I. ORêEANU
• Clãptescu area (13 km2); has published two papers addressing the hydro-
• Vaºcãu plateau (90 km2). geology of Vaºcãu plateau and of Moneasa area,

4.1. Current status of the

hydrogeological investigations
The first geographic and hydrographic infor-
mation about Codru-Moma Mountains was pub-
lished by A. A. SCHMIDL in its book “Das Bihar
Gebirge an der Grenze von Ungarn und Sieben-
burgen”, issued at Vienna in the year 1863. The
author provided a detailed description of the
Vaºcãu plateau topography, also mentioning the
ebb and flow spring at Cãlugãri and the thermal
water discharges at Moneasa.
The first hydrogeological observations con-
cerning Codru-Moma Mountains are due to E.
KERY, who published in the year 1866 the de-
scription of the thermal water discharges at
Moneasa, together with the corresponding chemi-
cal analyses, performed the same year by K.
NENDWITCH.
The Vaºcãu Plateau is probably the first place in
Photo 1. Câmpeneasca cave. Aquarelle in the book
Romania where water tracing was carried out. In of A. A. Schmidl, „Das Bihar Gebirge an der Grenze
1901, the geologist S. MIHUÞIA added powdered von Ungarn und Siebenburgen”, published in
coal to the water of the Þarina stream and demon- Vienna in 1863.
245
while in the year 2000, together with J. MATHER, of Norian and Rhetian shales and sandstones,
he has published another paper concerning the ori- which are virtually impervious and thus isolate the
gin of the thermal water discharges at Moneasa and groundwater accumulations located in each of the
Vaºcãu. two carbonate strips. Groundwater accumulations
In the year 1986, the Institute of Geology in the main carbonate strip are underlain by Wer-
and Geophysics has issued the hydrogeological fenian quartz sandstones, while those in the second-
map, sheet Vaºcãu, at the scale 1:50,000, prepared ary strip are overlain by flysch type deposits of Ti-
by PONTA GH., BLEAHU M., PANIN ªT. and thonic-Neocomian age. The lower half of the
ORêEANU I., where the karst terrains hydro- eastern slope of the ridge and the streambed of Ur-
geology was extracted from unpublished reports of sului brook are covered by quartz sandstone scree
I. & NICOLLE ORêEANU (1973-1978). and boulders accumulations, which frequently cov-
The Vaºcãu Plateau physiography has been er the Early Triassic deposits (Figure 5.1).
investigated by I. O. BERINDEI et al. (1978), M. In Codru-Moma Mountains, outcrops con-
BLEAHU (1978), and P. COCEAN and T. sist of sedimentary deposits which belong to the
RUSU (1984), while M. BLEAHU et al. (1976), Finiº, Moma, Vaºcãu and Coleºti nappes. In devis-
GROH et al. (1976, 1978), G. HALASI (1979, ing the hydrogeological maps (Fig. 4.1 and 4.5),
1984), K. GOPFRICH (1986), S. MATYASI and there has been used the geological background
L. MATYASI (1987) addressed the results of the provided by the following sheets of the Geologi-
speleological investigations carried out in Codru- cal Map of Romania, scale 1:50.000: Dumbrãviþa
Moma Mountains karst areas. A synthesis concern- de Codru (BLEAHU et al., 1984), Petru Groza
ing the underground cavities in Moneasa area has (BLEAHU et al., 1981) and Vaºcãu (BLEAHU et
been published by G. HALASI in 1978. al., 1979).

4.2. Geological and structural 4.3. The Codru Mountains

framework of Codru Moma Mountains 4.3.1. The Codru Mountains physiography
The Codru domain, where formations subse- The topography of Codru Mountains closely
quently incorporated in the Codru nappes have mirrors their geological structure and constitution.
been deposited, includes at its bottom a crystalline It includes three main mountain ridges, which
basement overlain by a sedimentary cover that strike roughly north-south and incorporate hard
consists of a thick stack of Permian-Werfenian rocks of Permian age. Those ridges bound two
molasse deposits, followed by a prevalently carbon- depressions, which are shaped in less competent
ate stack, whose most recent age reached the Early rock formations and are occupied by the upper
Jurassic. After a sea retreat episode, which had reaches of the longest streams in those mountains,
lasted during the Medium Jurassic, the Codru Finiº and Tãrcãiþa.
domain has been again covered by sea during the The western ridge, also known as The Big
Tithonic-Neocomian time interval. Ridge of Codru Mountains, extends between the
Between Criºu Negru stream to the north and peaks Bãlãteasa and Izoi. It is about 12 km long
Moneasa spa to the south, carbonate deposits form and reaches a maximum elevation of 1111.9 m in
a continuous strip, incorporated in the generally Pleºu peak. This ridge the overlooks Zarand basin
homoclinal, eastward dipping geological structure to the east, forming a continuous wall which rises
of the central part of Codru Mountains. This main by almost 1000 m above the depression.
strip, consisting of Triassic limestones and dolo- Toward the east, the Big Ridge also appears as
mites and displaying average outcrop widths of 2- a prominent feature, an effect of the elevation drops
3 km, is followed to the east by a second one, which in excess of 400 m recorded down to the upper
is discontinuous, displays average outcrop widths of reaches of Finiº stream, or down to Brãtcoaia and
only 50-100 m, and consists of Early Jurassic lime- Izoi-Tinoasa karst depressions. The latter are typi-
stone. The two carbonate strips are separated from cal karst depressions of lithological contact, shaped
one another by thick deposits consisting prevalently under the circumstances created by the under-

246
ground sinking of the surface streams that originate Table 4.1 provides the hydrodynamic parameters
on the Big Ridge eastern mountainsides. The de- of the main karst outlets, Table 4.2 provides the
pressions are flat internal drainage areas, covered to results of recession and spectral and coralative
a large extent with grass, occupying areas of 3.8 and analysis, while Table 4.3. provides the tracer tests
4.1 km2 respectively, strongly alluviated with quartz performed in Codru Mountains.
sandstone boulders, and strewn with temporary
water ponds. 4.3.2.1. Izvorul Morii de la Borz karst system
To the north, the Big Ridge disperses into a Izvorul Morii de la Borz karst system incor-
series of secondary ridges that smoothly descend porates mainly Dumbrãviþa de Codru karst area.
toward Beiuº basin. Here is located Dumbrãviþa de Out of the entire karst system water supply, 95%
Codru karst plateau, well known for its areas is provided by rainfall on the limestones and
strewn with lots of large size sinkholes. It is com- dolomites outcrops, while catchment areas devel-
pletely devoid of surface streams and it forms a oped on impervious formations contribute with
internal drainage area extending over 5.5 km2. only 5%. Runoff collected on non-karst terrain
Eastward from Dievii peak there occurs an- diffusely sinks in the streambed when reaching car-
other karst area of Codru mountains, known as bonate terrains.
Clãptescu area, after the name of the correspond- Izvorul Morii (“The Mill Spring”) is located
ing peak (818.4 m elevation), which appears as the on territory of Borz village (site 1 in Figure 4.1),
prominent feature of the local topography, due at the end of a blind valley which displays the char-
both to its height, and to its median position. Be- acter of a torrent, at an absolute elevation of 211
tween the peaks Dievii (1044.0 m) and Clãptescu, m, which is 61 m above the base level represented
a series of small depressions generated by karst by Criºu Negru stream. The spring has 101 l/s av-
stream piracy extend along a north-south direc- erage flow rate and a relatively small value of the
tion, being shaped by runoff collected on the east- base flow index (11.7). The extreme flow rate val-
ern mountainside of Dievii peak. ues recorded during the X. 1986-IX. 1987 period
Water in the southern part of Codru Moun- were 30 l/s and 350 l/s respectively, while the av-
tains is collected by Moneasa brook, a tributary of erage temperature was 9°C. The small value of the
Dezna stream, which at its turn is a tributary of recession coefficient (0.0065) suggests the exist-
Criºu Alb river. The valley of Moneasa brook is ence of major water accumulations, stored mainly
tectonically controlled, closely following the strike in the cracks and the bedding joints of the Anisian
of the overthrust plane of the Moma Nappe over dolomites and of the Anisian-Carnian limestones.
the Finiº Nappe. In the karst area the stream sup- The only known occurrences of groundwater
ply occurs asymmetrically, its tributaries, that are in Dumbrãviþa de Codru karst plateau are related
excavated mainly in carbonate formations (Scãriþa, to a few domestic dug wells that tap epikarst wa-
Megheº, Bãilor, Pietros), coming only from the ter accumulations, of temporary and local charac-
right side. Bãilor brook is mainly supplied by wa- ter (Fântâna Josana, Fântâna Talpii, (sites 2 and 3
ter discharged through Grota Ursului outlet cave. in Fig. 4.1).
The underground cavities in Moneasa area The spring in Luncii Valley (site 7 in Fig. 4.1)
consist of several caves and potholes, among which is the second largest outlet in terms of flow rate on
we mention: the cave “Peºtera cu Apã de la Moarã” the territory of Dumbrãviþa de Codru village. It is
(2012 m), “Grota Ursului” cave (250 m), and the the outflow of the underground stream that flows
pothole in Teia valley (1337.5 m long, and -90 m in the nearby cave in Luncii valley. The spring has
deep). an average flow rate of 12 l/s, with minimum value
of 4-5 l/s, it is tapped and it provides discharge to
groundwater accumulations beneath Bujorului peak
4.3.2. The hydrogeology of and possibly to diffuse infiltration occurring in the
Codru Mountains karst areas upper reaches of Ormanului brook.
Groundwater accumulations in the carbonate 4.3.2.2. Finiº - Feredeu karst system
deposits of Codru-Moma Mountains discharge Tracer tests performed in the years 1977 and
through springs of relatively significant flow rates. 1986 in Brãtcoaia depression by I. ORêEANU
247
and E. GAªPAR (Table 4.3) have outlined the ex- (site 17 in Fig. 4.1). Specifically, the tracers that
istence of a major diffluence area, which concerns had been used - namely Iodine-131 and In-EDTA
water that sinks in Dosu Varului swallet, located - have been detected in the Finiº spring outlets (site
in the northern part of the indicated depression 15 in Fig. 4.1) and in Feredeu spring (site 13 in

No. Source Q Q Q nv Bf Cv Tracer tests

mean min max
m³/sec V, m/h L, km
Codru Mountains
1 Valea Morii, Borz 0.101 0.030 0.350 11.7 0.31 45.4-53.7 2.95-4.3
2 Finiº 0.289 0.025 2.300 92.0 0.15 10.8-25.0 0.8-4.05
3 Feredeu (5) 0.044 0.035 0.069 1.55 0.88 0.05 27.6-103.0 2.9-6.0
4 Grota Ursului (1) 0.058 0.017 0.657 38.6 0.40 0.64 120-368 1.84-5.8
5 Bãilor stream (1, 2) 0.141 0.054 0.900 16.7 0.43
6 Bãilor stream (1, 3) 0.040 0.006 0.640 106.7 0.17
7 Bãilor stream (2, 4) 0.198 0.050 5.520 110.4 0.37
Vaºcãu Plateau
1 Boiu 0.587 0.070 5.400 77.14 0.14 0.88 5-500 1.7-8.6
2 ªopoteasa 0.120 0.011 0.275 119.4 0.26 0.62 29.4 418
3 Crisciorel fishery 0.126 0.007 0.350 50.0 0.08
4 Pepineaua 0.048 0.02 0.335 16.7 0.44 0.55 20 0.625
5 Coleºti 0.034 0.002 0.420 210.0 0.06 0.97
6 Rãºchirata 0.040 0.015 0.110 22.0 0.13 0.76
7 Valea Seacã 0.077 0.023 0.250 10.9 0.32 0.51 96.3-130 0.65-1.05
nv, (Qmax /Qmin); Bf , base flow index (the ratio between Qmin of the drought month of the year and Q mean an-
nual). Cv, the discharge time series variation coefficient (the ratio between average deviation and the annual av-
erage of an hydrologic annual series of mean daily discharges values; (1), X. 1997-IX. 1998 time interval; (2),
Bãilor stream in Ciuperca gauge section; (3), Bãilor stream in Pavilion 1 gauge section; (4), 1976-1997 time pe-
riod.; (5), V. 2004-XII. 2007 time period.
Table 4.1. Hydrodynamic parameters of karstic springs (X.1986-IX.1987, time interval).

Corelation and spectral

Recession curve analysis
analysis
No Karst system Period i k
α V dyn V year ME
TF
RT
-1
(day ) (106 m3) (day) (day)
1 Grota Ursului X.1997- 0.0090 0.41 0.50 0.610 0.082 18 0.192 6.9
IX.1998
2 Boiu X.1986- 0.0120 1.66 18.51 0.43 0.089 16 0.100 19
IX.1987
3 ªopoteasa " 0.0050 0.40 6.74 0.52 0.060 55 0.084 36
4 Rãºchirata X.1997- 0.0045 1.01 1.60 0.380 0.230 51 0.080 61
IX.1998
5 Valea Seacã " 0.0034 1.51 1.58 0.240 0.350 60 0.100 62
α(day-1) - base flow (recession) coefficient; Vdyn, dynamic volume; Vyear, annual volume; i and k, Mangin’s in-
dex classification; ME, memory effect; TF, truncation frequency; RT, regulation time.
Table 4.2. Results of recession and spectral and coralative analysis.
248
Figure 4.2. Hydrogeological cross section of Codru Mountains.
Legend as in Figure 1.6. Line of section shown in Figure 4.1.

Fig. 4.1), located to the north, as well as in Grota suggesting that groundwater storage and move-
Ursului resurgence (site 21 in Fig. 4.1) and in cer- ment occurs mainly in largely developed karst cavi-
tain thermal water outlets at Moneasa (the thermal ties, and to a lesser extent in fissures and fine joints.
spring no.1 and the thermal water wells S2 (4663) Spring water has an average temperature of 8.5°C
and S4 (4664)), located to the south, thus indicat- and it becomes very muddy during heavy rainfall
ing that the groundwater divide between the catch- and snowmelt periods.
ment areas of Criºu Negru and Criºu Alb rivers is Feredeu spring is located on the right side of
located in Brãtcoaia area. The indicated tracer tests Bãlãteasa brook, some 700 m upstream from its
have additionally outlined that the springs Finiº junction with Ursului brook (site known as “La
and Feredeu on the one hand, and the resurgence Cruce”, Fig. 4.4). The spring water emerges from
Grota Ursului and the thermal water outlets at the upper dolomite, close to the contact with
Moneasa on the other hand, all belong to unitary Rhaetian marls. In the outlet area vegetation is ab-
karst systems (Fig. 4.2 and 4.3). normally abundant and a significant amount of gas
During the hydrological year X.1986 - is released from the spring water. The latter has a
IX.1987, the monthly average flow rate of Finiº temperature of 11.2-13.0°C and it is always very
spring fluctuated between 0.025 and 2.3 m3/s. clear. The spring annual average flow rate was
The corresponding base flow index value, nv=92, 43.4 l/s in V. 2004-XII.2007 period, with very small
ranges among the highest recorded for the Codru- fluctuations ranging between 35.1 and 69 l/s , a fact
Moma Mountains karst outlets. The wide fluctua- which was also in accordance with the very low value
tion in terms of discharge corroborates with the of the discharge time series variation coefficient,
large value of the recession coefficient (α= 0.01), Cv=0.05. The source being one of the first steady.

Figure 4.3. Hydrogeological cross section of Codru Mountains.

Legend as in Figure 1.6. Line of section shown in Figure 4.1.
250
Figure 4.4. Hydrogeological map of the upper Finiº stream watershed.
Geological data after BLEAHU et al., 1981 and 1984. (Legend as in figure 1.6).
Labelling no.
Drainage no.

labelling
Author(s)

Date of
H, H, L, ∆H, Used T, V,
Insurgence Resurgence of
m m m m tracer hours m/h
labelling

1 1 Izoi ponor 680 Grota Ursului spring 320 2110 360 HTO 6 355 1970 I. Orãºeanu
et al.
2 “ “ “a” hypothermal 295 2180 385 “ 6 363 “ “
spring, Moneasa
2 3 Ponor of Secãriºte 685 Grota Ursului spring 320 1840 365 HTO 5 368 1970 I. Orãºeanu
et al.
3 4 Teia pothole 400 Piatra cu Lapte spring 310 650 90 I 25 41 1972 Tãnãsescu
(fig. 4.1, no. 19) et al.
4 5 Tinoasa ponor 657 Rãchitarul spring 525 1075 132 F 43 22 1973 I. Orãºeanu
5 6 Losses of Haiuga Veche 669 Megheºul Sec spring 440 1200 229 I 1 1200 1974 I. Orãºeanu
brook et al.
6 7 Tãul Bivolilor ponor 294 Pestera cu Apã de la 250 630 44 F 8 80 1974 I. Orãºeanu
(fig. 4.1, no. 21) Moarã cave (no. 20)
7 8 Dosul Varului ponor 720 Feredeu spring 415 6000 305 I 58 103 1977 I. Orãºeanu
(fig. 4.1, no. 17) (fig. 4.1, no. 13) et al.
9 “ “ Grota Ursului spring 320 5800 400 “ 48 120 “ “
8 10 Cãlcãturii ponor (fig. 630 Finiºului spring 490 2100 140 F 87 25 1977 I. Orãºeanu
4.4, no. 2)
11 “ “ Feredeu spring 415 4250 215 ” 150 28 ” ”
9 12 Dosul Varului ponor 720 Grota Ursului spring 320 2100 230 In 168 12.5 1986 I. Orãºeanu
(fig. 4.1, no. 17) E. Gaºpar
13 “ “ Feredeu spring 415 6000 305 “ 96 62.5 “ “
14 “ “ No. 1, thermal spring, 294 5900 426 “ 600 9.8 “ “
Moneasa
15 “ “ No. 4, thermal well, 297 6250 424 “ 480 13 “ “
Moneasa
16 “ “ No. 2, thermal well, 303 6150 427 “ 460 13.4 “ “
Moneasa
10 17 Losses of Pârâul dintre 560 Piatra cu Lapte spring 310 2680 350 R 70 38.3 1987 I. Orãºeanu
Pietre (fig. 4.1, no. 24) (fig. 4. 1, no. 19)
11 18 Losses of Scãriþa brook 540 Piatra cu Lapte spring 310 1700 230 F 48 35.4 1987 I. Orãºeanu

12 19 Losses of Blidãriþa 630 Piatra cu Lapte spring 310 3100 320 In 72 43 1987 I. Orãºeanu
brook E. Gaºpar
13 20 Losses of Osoaie brook 420 Morii spring at Borz 211 2950 209 R 65 45.4 2004 I. Orãºeanu
14 21 Losses of Valea Seacã 452 Morii spring at Borz 211 4300 241 F 80 53.7 2004 I. Orãºeanu
brook (fig. 4.1, no. 8) (fig. 4.1, no. 1)
15 22 Losses of Ursului brook 592 Finiºului spring 490 1460 102 F 59.5 24.5 2004 I. Orãºeanu
(fig. 4.4, no. 3)
23 “ “ Feredeu spring 415 3740 177 F 144 26 “ “
16 25 Ponor of Valea Seacã 450 Feredeu spring 415 770 35 F 30 25.7 2005 I. Orãºeanu
brook (fig. 4.4, no. 5)
25 “ “ Gura Vãii Seci spring 425 700 25 “ 20 35 “ “
(fig. 4.4, no. 6)
17 26 Ponor in ªuºii brook 580 Vidra spring (fig. 4.4, 470 1000 110 F 35 28.6 2006 I. Orãºeanu
basin no. 4)
H - elevation, in meters a.s.l., L - horizontal distance between losses and springs, ∆H - vertical drop; T - time of
first arrival of tracer; V - apparent velocity. Tracers: F = Fluoresceine, R = Rhodamine B, I = I-131,In = In-EDTA
Note 1: The following labellings were performed by the author in cooperation with: E. Gaºpar, M. Midoiu, T.
Tãnase, D. I. Slavoacã and Nicolle Orãºeanu - 1 and 2; E. Gaºpar, E. Anghel, C. Stanca, T. Tãnase and Nicolle
Orãºeanu - 5; E. Gaºpar, M. Midoiu, T. Tãnase and Nicolle Orãºeanu - 7, Gh. Ponta and N. Terteleac - 7 and 8.
Table 4.3. Results of tracer tests performed in Codru Mountains.
No. Source n T (°C) CH4 CO2 O2 N2 Ar
1 Feredeu 1 13.0 0.036 7.39 0.24 92.31 0.010
2 Thermal spring no. 1, Moneasa 1 24.0 0.300 0.30 20.80 77.60 0.890
3 Thermal spring no. 2, Moneasa 1 24.0 0.700 1.00 19.10 71.20 0.820
4 Rengle 6 17.0 0.016 2.32 13.79 83.21 0.611
5 Sfãrãºele 1 17.2 0.594 1.455 12.50 84.07 0.554
6 Racova 7 14.5 0.014 2.51 13.26 83.80 0.586
7 Þucreºti 7 14.5 0.033 2.32 14.05 82.92 0.620
8 Fântâna Rece (Bârza) 1 11.8 0.004 0.72 12.60 86.00 0.558
9 Cãptãlanul 2 8.6 0.022 2.21 15.94 81.06 0.705
10 Crisciorel fishery 2 12.1 0.087 1.66 11.04 86.62 0.490
Athmosphere (Rankama,1970) 0 0.03 20.95 78.09 0.930
Note: Other compounds for whic the gases were analysed: C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, and He, are leacking;
n = number of analysis.
Table 4.4. Chemical composition of gas outflow from springs (%vol.).

Feredeu spring water has a magnesium bicar- outlet, a significant inflow of thermal water. The
bonate chemical character, its average mineraliza- cumulated mixed flow rate is monitored in a sys-
tion is 516.1 mg/l, (35.6 mg/l Mg++), it is not ra- tematic way in the gauging section (g. s.) installed
dioactive, and gas released from the spring consists by the National Institute for Hydrology and Water
mainly of nitrogen (Table 4.4). Management (NIHWM) on Bãilor brook, in the
area where the brook reaches the alluvial plain of
4.3.2.3. Grota Ursului karst system Moneasa brook (Ciuperca g. s.). The gauging sec-
Considered in global terms, the karst area tion operates since 1976, the average flow rate for
which extends between Brãtcoaia, Tinoasa, Izoi the time interval 1976-1997 being 198 l/s, with
and Moneasa, together with its catchment area extreme values ranging between 50 and 5,520 l/s.
that extends further to the west up to Izoi ridge, In order to know the flow rate of the under-
makes up a single karst system, part of which dis- ground stream in Grota Ursului, a gauging station
plays a thermal character in its southernmost end, has been installed during the hydrological year
and whose underground water flow is directed X.1997-IX.1998 inside the cave, in the place where
from north to the south, discharging mainly a mine passage reaches into the underground
through Grota Ursului spring and the thermal stream. Over the indicated time interval, the re-
outlets (Figure 4. 3). The water amount which corded average annual flow rate has been 58 l/s,
cannot be carried within this flow, as a conse- while the average water temperature has been 8.8°C.
quence of the limited transfer capacity of the karst The karst system discharging through Grota
channels and fractures, flows toward the east, Ursului displays rather elevated values of the reces-
through the overflow springs in the Megheº brook sion coefficient α (0.009-0.017), a circumstance
catchment area (Figure 4.1). which suggests that the underground flow occurs
The hydrogeological relationships existing mainly along wide cavities and that groundwater
between the water sunken through the swallets in storage is not very significant. The rainfall-dis-
Brãtcoaia and Izoi-Tinoasa karst depressions, and charge transfer occurs rapidly, with a rather high
the cold and thermal outlets situated along Bãilor coefficient of the cross correlation diagram (rk =
and Megheº brooks, have been delineated by 0.342).
means of tracer tests (Table 4.3). Out of the total amount of water discharged
Bãilor brook has its origin in Grota Ursului through Grota Ursului cave (Grota Ursului g.s.),
cave and it further receives, downstream from this the percentage discharged by the fast flow amounts

253
to 10.2-18.5 %. In the case of Bãilor brook at fall periods, the spring water does not become
Ciuperca g.s, the percentage of water discharged by muddy. The water has a calcium-magnesium bi-
the fast flow decreases to 2.1-10.3 %, as a result of carbonate chemical character, and an average min-
the contribution of the thermal water inflow, eralization of 687.7 mg/l.
which discharges essentially as base flow.
According to the karst systems classification
proposed by Mangin (1974, 1975), which takes 4.4. The Vaºcãu Plateau
into account parameters k and i, Grota Ursului In the southern part of Codru-Moma Moun-
karst system ranges in types II-III, that are inferred tains carbonate deposits build up a single entity
to be subject to more intense karst processes in that extends over an area of about 90 km 2 ,
their upstream section, to include a largely devel- outcropping at 600 m average elevation and being
oped flooded karst in their downstream section, designated, in terms of physiography, as Vaºcãu
and to be supplied to some extent by runoff col- Plateau. Hard, non-carbonate deposits surround
lected on non-karst terrains (binary systems). this entity to the north, south and west, thus
In the south western extremity of Codru bounding a carbonate rocks amphitheatre which
Mountains, within the territory of Dezna village, faces east, toward the Beius depression, where car-
on the right side of Moneasa brook, some 200 m bonate deposits sink in a stepwise manner under
upstream from its junction with Zugãu brook, the Neozoic filling of the depression.
Foradex Company has drilled in the year 1978 a The Vaºcãu Plateau topography is dominated
groundwater well, that over its entire depth by a few peaks which follow to one another, start-
(897 m) has crossed prevalently carbonate depos- ing from the north-west and running toward the
its (E.Vãlenaº, V. Fasola, 1978, Hydrogeological central-southern area (Ronþaru-918 m, Iezerul-
raport). The well discharges 3.5 l/s of calcium- 870m), thus building a high altitude zone from
magnesium bicarbonate water, with a temperature which the relief rapidly falls westward into a series
of 38,5°C. The water is used for treating locomo- of large karst depressions (Arânda, Ponoare-
tion disorders in the nearby sanatorium. Pocioveliºte, Bãniºoara, Ponoraº), while to the east
4.3.2.4. Izvorul Mare al Tãrcãiþei karst system it gently lowers into a vast plain strewn with
sinkholes and dry valleys, whose major feature is
In the carbonate deposits of Clãptescu area,
the karst stream piracy depression Þarina-
which is located between the streams Tãrcãiþa and
Câmpeneasca. Close to the Beiuº depression, in
Criºu Vãratec, there are located significant water
the proximity of Vaºcãu town, the topography
accumulations that are supplied mainly by rainfall
sharply drops by 200 m over a horizontal distance
collected within the areas where those deposits
of about 500 m, along a system of NW-SE strik-
outcrop, and subordinately from surface streams
ing fractures that subsequent, Neozoic deposits ob-
originating in the permanent springs at the bottom
literate (Figure no. 4.5).
of the Dievii peak eastern mountainside. These
The original streams network became dislo-
surface streams sink in the underground, either
cated as a result of the frequent karst stream piracy
through swallets where human access is not possi-
phenomena, so that most streams collected on the
ble, or through the very thin alluvia in the
non-karst slopes that adjoin the plateau sink right
streambed of Cârþala brook, which only during
away into the multitude of swallets which occur
very abundant rainfall periods carries water over its
along the karst area boundary. The only exception
entire length (down to the junction with Lozna
is Þarina brook, which after collecting the water on
brook).
the south-western rim of the plateau, keeps flowing
These groundwater accumulations discharge
for 5 km along a valley that is excavated in lime-
mainly to the north, via Izvorul Mare al Tãrcãiþei
stones, to finally sink into Câmpeneasca swallet cave.
spring that is situated on the right side of Tãrcãiþa
A compact area of internal drainage occurs in
brook, in its floodplain, under the Clãptescu peak
Vaºcãu Plateau, extending over 73.3 km2, one of
northern slope which consists mainly of Ansian
the largest areas of this kind in Romania.
dolomites (site 23 in Figure 4.1). The spring av-
Carbonate deposits in Vaºcãu Plateau occur
erage flow rate is 40 l/s and its temperature fluc-
in a stack that progressively thickens from west to
tuates between 10 and 10.6°C. During heavy rain-
254
Figure 4.5. Hydrogeological map of the Vaºcãu Plateau.
Geological data after BLEAHU et al., 1979. (Legend as in figure 1.6.).
the east, to reach a maximum estimated thickness lithologies, as shown in Figure 4.5 and in the sec-
of 2500 m in the proximity of Vaºcãu town (M. tion in Figure 4.6.
Bleahu et al., 1979). These deposits, that in struc- Among the carbonate series of the plateau, a
tural terms are ascribed to the Moma, Vaºcãu and special mention deserve the Anisian black dolo-
Colesti nappes, include at their bottom Permian- mites of the Moma Nappe, estimated to be about
Werfenian quartz sandstones, conglomerates and 1200 m thick. The secondary porosity of those
shales, which belong to the Moma Nappe. The rocks, which is a result of the dolomitization proc-
thrust planes between those units gently dip east- esses, together with the fracturing due to the tec-
ward, in accordance with the plateau homoclinal tonic actions, largely favored karst processes, lead-
structure. The entire stack is intensely dissected by ing to the occurrence of karst depressions of an
vertical faults, which bring in tectonic contact impressive size, unparalleled in plateau areas where
compartments that consist of rocks of different other types of carbonate deposits outcrop. Those
Labelling no.
Drainage no.

Used tracer

labelling
Date of
H H L ∆H T V Author (s) of
Insurgence Resurgence
m m m m hours m/h labelling

1 1 Câmpeneasca cave 406 Boiu spring 300 1700 106 PC 3-4 500.0 1901 S. Mihuþia
2 2 Losses of Fântâna 613 Boiu spring 300 7600 331 I 216 26.0 1978 I. Orãºeanu et al.
Lotrilor brook
3 3 Losses of Ponoare brook 579 Boiu spring 300 5900 279 Br 225 26.2 1978 I. Orãºeanu et al.
4 4 Losses of Hãiuga lui 675 Tisei spring 450 2150 225 I 150 14.3 1978 I. Orãºeanu et al.
ªandor brook
5 5 Câmpeneasca cave 406 Boiu spring 300 1700 106 R 10 170.0 1978 I. Orãºeanu et al.
6 6 Ponor of Ponorul brook 499 Pepineaua spring 400 1250 99 R 20 62.5 1978 I. Orãºeanu et al.
7 7 Ponor of Arânda 720 Tisei spring 450 3200 270 In 192 16.6 1984 I. Orãºeanu, E.
depression Gaºpar
8 8 Ponor of Dãneºti brook 601 Tisei spring 450 1500 151 S 15 100.0 1985 I. Orãºeanu
9 9 Losses of Cohuri brook 635 Tisei spring 450 2000 186 R 15 133.3 1985 I. Orãºeanu
10 10 Tãul Ponorului ponor 633 Sopoteasa spring 355 4280 272 In 144 29.7 1986 I. Orãºeanuet al.
11 11 Losses of Târsa brook 520 Spring of Peºtera 400 1200 117 I 60 20.0 1986 I. Orãºeanu et al.
Popii cave
12 12 Coºul de la Cãldare losses 440 Cãsoaia spring 375 1040 65
F 17 61.1 1986 I. Orãºeanu
13 13 Sfãraº ponor 667 Boiu spring 300 8025 367
In 1632 5.0 1987 I. Orãºeanu et al.
14 “ “ Sfãrãºele warm spring 295 8050 372
“ 1704 4.7 “ “
14 15 Losses of Priga brook 640 Boiu spring 300 8090 340
I 96 82.9 1987 I. Orãºeanu et al.
16 “ “ Sfãrãºele warm spring 295 8300 345
“ 168 50.6 “ “
15 17 Doboº ponor 565 Coleºti spring 400 1200
Dy 165 1988 I. Orãºeanu, E.
Gaºpar
18 “ “ Coºul de la Chietroc 390 1500 175 “ “ “
spring
16 19 Ponor of Scãriþa brook 610 Spring of Valea Seacã 565 650 45 F 1994 I. Orãºeanu, E.
Cãpraru
17 20 Peºterelii ponor Boiu spring 5940 255 I 12 495 1985 G.Ponta, E.Gaºpar
H - elevation, in meters a.s.l., L - horizontal distance between losses and springs, ∆H - vertical drop; T - time of
first arrivel of tracer; V - apparent velocity.
Tracers: PC = charcool powder; F = Fluoresceine, R = Rhodamine B, I = I-131, Br = Br-82,In = In-EDTA,
Dy = Dy-EDTA, S = Stralex; KI (activable).
Note 1: The following labellings were performed by the author in cooperation with: E. Gaºpar and T. Tãnase: 2, 3
and 4; C. Crãciun, E. Gaºpar, I. Pop and T. Tãnase: 10, 11, 13 and 14; Gh. Ponta, N. Terteleac and G. Halasi: 2,
3, 4, 5 and 6.
Table 4.5. Results of tracer tests performed in the Vaºcãu Plateau.
256
depressions trace the outcrop of the thrust plane of ley. The swallets which supply the karst system are
Vaºcãu Nappe over Moma Nappe. Coleºti Nappe located 1.7-8.6 km away from Boiu resurgence.
prevalently includes Rhaetian-Carnian limestones, For tracers injected in the western extremity of
while Vaºcãu Nappe includes Anisian dolomitic Boiu karst system, transit velocities ranged in the
limestones and dolomites, and to a smaller extent, 14.3-26.2 m/hour interval, which was much less
Ladinian and Late Triassic limestones. than the velocity recorded for the flow path be-
tween Câmpeneasca cave and Boiu spring (500 m/
hour).
4.4.1. The carbonate deposits hydrogeology During the hydrological year X.1986-
The tracers average transit time was 85.0 m/ IX.1987, the average discharge of Boiu spring was
hour, with extreme values ranging between 5 and 0.588 m3/s, with extreme values ranging between
500 m/hour. The longest distance covered by a 0.069 and 6.0 m3/s, while the discharge variation
tracer test, 8.6 km, was recorded between the coefficient value was very high (nv = 77).
swallet in Prigã (site 22 in Figure 4.5) and Boiu The recession coefficient determined for
spring (Table 4.5). the spring drought period is relatively high
(α = 0.0120-0.0087) and it suggests that ground-
4.4.1.1. Boiu karst system water flow and storage occur in cavities and cracks
Boiu spring (no. 38 in Figure 4.5) is located of noticeable size, thus resulting a relatively fast
in the western part of Vaºcãu town, at the bottom drainage of the aquifer. This inference is also sup-
of Osoiu-Corneþel hill. The spring water emerges ported by the very low value of the base flow in-
from two outlets that do not allow human access, dex (Bf = 0.142). Out of the entire water amount
one of them with a permanent character, located discharged by Boiu spring during the indicated
to the north, and the other one, with a temporary hydrological year, only 59.3 % originates in the
character, located to the south. base flow.
Performed tracer tests have indicated that The spring water is not potable, since Þarina
Boiu spring extends its radius of influence over the brook flows across the villages Cãlugãri and Izbuc.
entire south-western area of Vaºcãu Plateau, start- Further on, along the underground flow path of
ing from the cave Câmpeneasca and up to Ponoraº this stream from Câmpeneasca swallet cave to Boiu
and Sfãraº spring, in the proximity of Zugãu val- spring, transit is short and it occurs rapidly, a cir-

Figure 4.6. Hydrogeological cross section of the Vaºcãu Plateau.

(Legend as in Figure 1. 6. Line of section shown in Figure 4.5).
257
cumstance which does not favor water self-purifi- an old furnace for melting the iron ore and of a
cation. The spring water is still used for supplying forestry hut. The spring up flows through the
an important trout hatchery, situated downstream scree, at the bottom of a cliff where Anisian dolo-
from the junction between Boiu spring steam and mite outcrops as meter-thick layers with an abun-
Criºu Negru river. dance of karst dissolution pockets.
Over the hydrological year X.1997-IX.1998,
4.4.1.2. ªopoteasa karst system the average flow rate of Rãºchirata spring was 50.8
Water in the central-northern part of Vaºcãu l/s, with fluctuations ranging between 18.6 and
plateau discharges in ªopoteasa spring (Figure 4.5, 144.5 l/s, the flow rates variation index (Qmax/
site 4), located on the territory of Briheni village. Qmin) being 7.8, while the base flow index was
Spring water is up flowing along the tectonic con- 0.37. Over the indicated time interval, the spring
tact between the Vaºcãu Nappe limestones and the water did not become muddy, its temperature fluc-
deposits of the Permian formation of the Moma tuated between 8.2°C and 8.9°C, while pH values
Nappe. It emerges from a limestone blocks accu- ranged between 6.76 and 7.44.
mulation, a circumstance which prevents speleo- The flow rates recession diagram constructed
logical exploration. The tracer test performed on for the period 02.02-19.10.1998 displays a very
04.07.1986, when In-EDTA had been injected in small slope, with the corresponding recession co-
the swallet at Tãul Ponorului (Figure 4.5, site 12), efficient having also a very small value, α=0.0045.
being subsequently detected in ªopoteasa spring The dynamic storage volume is very large and it
water, has proven the continuity of the carbonate includes only a small percentage of water, 2.1%,
deposits of the plateau beneath the essentially im- directly derived from the fast flow.
pervious Toarcian deposits, which outcrop south- The significant amount of storage is also sub-
ward from the spring. stantiated by the karst system elevated memory
Sopoteasa spring has a rather large average effect, EM=46 days. The regulation time is very
flow rate, 0.214 m3/s, and a small recession coef- long, TR=55 days, thus suggesting a significant
ficient (α=0.005), a circumstance which suggests duration of the unit transfer function.
large residual dynamic resources.
4.4.1.5. The Valea Seacã karst system
4.4.1.3. Tisa karst system. The spring is located on the left side of Valea
Tisa spring (Figure 4.5, site 6) provides the Seacã (“the Dry Valley”), 25 m away from the val-
discharge of the groundwater in the north-western ley junction with Cãptãlanul brook (Figure 4.5,
part of Vaºcãu karst plateau, being supplied both site 17). The spring water discharges via two
by surface streams that run across Ponoare and closely spaced cracks of the Anisian dolomites. In
Pocioveliºte depressions, and by diffuse infiltration 1987, the spring has been tapped in order to sup-
in Arânda and Sfãraºul Ligii-Þãrau areas. The ply water to the pilot station built in the same year
spring emerges at the bottom of a steep, almost by IPEG Deva at Grajduri for the iron ore wash.
100 m tall cliff, the average discharge being rather By the present time the water intake isn’t operat-
high (0.139 m3/s), and the corresponding reces- ing anymore.
sion coefficient as well (α=0.0855), a circumstance Over the time interval X.1986-IX.1987, the
which suggests that underground flow occurs average flow rate of the spring in Valea Seacã was
prevalently through well-developed karst cavities. 77 l/s, with fluctuations ranging between 23 and
During rainy periods, the spring flow rate increases 250 l/s. (Table 5.1). During the above indicated
in a spectacular way. hydrological year, the water temperature fluctu-
ated between 8,5°C and 8,8°C, while its pH
4.4.1.4. Rãºchirata karst system ranged between 6.82 and 7.39. Following very
Rãºchirata spring (Figure 4.5, site 19) is lo- strong rainfall or fast snowmelt, the spring water
cated within the upper reaches of Dezna stream becomes, for a short period of time, very muddy.
catchment area, on the left side of Cãptãlanul In the area of occurrence of the spring in
brook, a tributary of Dezna, at the junction with Valea Seacã, on the terrains covered by the Anisian
Corbului brook, in the very close neighborhood of dolomite, there are two places where the karst aq-

258
uifer receives surface water inflows: the swallet of (no. 40), Racova (nr. 41), and Þucreºti (no. 42).
Scãriþa brook (Figure 4.5, site 18) and the diffuse The temperature of the thermal springs ranges
sink in the Cãptãlanul brook streambed, down- from14.5-17.2°C, and the cumulative mean dis-
stream from Cãptãlanul forestry hut. charge is 15 l/s. In addition to these thermal
Radioactivity analyses of the water samples springs, gas is observed discharging from three
collected from Rãºchirata spring and from the cold-water spring: Blagu (no. 43), Fântâna Rece
spring in Valea Seacã have indicated that their (no. 44) and spring of the Crisciorel fishery (no.
water is not radioactive, the recorded alpha and 45).
beta concentrations being one order of magnitude The thermal waters close to Vaºcãu town are
below maximum concentrations stipulated by of- similar in terms of chemical composition to the
ficial regulations for drinking water. cold karst groundwaters, while the associated gas
only slightly differs from the atmosphere. Some-
times, the waters exhibit iodin and even bromide
4.4.2. The low-temperature thermal character, a consequence of prolonged contact
water at Vaºcãu with the deposits that fill Beiuº basin, the same
chemical character being recorded also for other
On the western side of Vaºcãu town (Figure
low-temperature thermal waters in that basin
4.5), four thermal spring, associated with the out-
(Ceica, Rãbãgani etc.). A slight increase in the per-
flow of gas, discharge from the karstic limestones
centage of nitrogen is still noticeable, probably as
of the Coleºti Nappe and the alluvial deposits of
a result of the consumption of some oxygen by the
the Criºu Negru river: Sfãrãºele (no. 39), Rengle
oxidation reactions (Table 4.4).

Figure 4.7. Piper dia-

gram showing compo-
sition of waters (above)
and waters TDS in the
Vaºcãu Plateau (below)
259
 The chemical compositions of the main References
groundwater types are ploted on the Piper diagram
Bleahu M. (1976): Harta geologicã a României,
in Figure 4.7 (I. ORêEANU, J. MATHER,
scara 1:100.000, foaia Moneasa. IGR, Bucureºti.
2000). The waters from the sinking stream in the
Bleahu M. (1978): Munþii Codru Moma. Ed.
southwestern part of the plateau are distinctive;
sport-turism, Bucureºti. 102 p.
these waters, derived from the werfenian quartzitic
Bleahu M., Panin ªtefana, Camelia Tomescu,
sandstones, have a mean TDS of only 135 mg/L,
Stefan A., Istrate Gh., ªtefãnescu M. (1979):
a low pH of 5.3, and no Mg. The epikarstic springs
Harta geologicã a României, scara 1:50.000,
are typical karst groundwater, with a mean TDS of
foaia Vaºcãu. IGR Bucureºti.
421 mg/L. The main variation is in the Ca/Mg
Bleahu M., Panin ªtefana, ªtefãnescu M., Stan N.,
ratio, which is controlled by wheter the spring arise
Popescu Agapia, Tomescu Camelia (1984):
from limestones or dolomites. A dugg well at
Harta geologicã a României, scara 1:50.000,
Oache (no. 14) yield water of a composition that
foaia Dumbrãviþa. IGR Bucureºti.
is similar to the epikarstic springs.
Bleahu M., Panin ªtefana, Tomescu Camelia,
The discharge springs on the margin of the
Marinescu F., ªtefãnescu M., Popescu Agapia,
plateau plot in the same field as the epikarstic
Nicolae I. (1981): Harta geologicã a României,
springs and only the major Boiu spring (no. 38) is
scara 1:50.000, foaia Dr. Petru Groza. IGR
shown in Figure 4.7. Mean TDS is 435 mg/L. The
Bucureºti.
thermal waters plot in a separate field and are in-
Brijan P. (1986): Fenomene endocarstice în zona
termediate in composition between the karstic
Clãptescu (Munþii Codru Moma). Buletin
waters and the sinking stream derived from the
speologic 10, 269-276. Bucureºti.
quartzites. However, the TDS (502 mg/L) of the
Cocean P., Rusu T. (1984): Les plateaux karsti-
thermal waters is higher than either of these waters.
ques des Monts Codru Moma. Trav. Inst.
Three of the groundwaters are polluted. The wa-
Speol. “Emile Racovitza” XXIII, 81-88,
ter of the Þarina stream it enters the Câmpeneasca
Bucureºti
cave (37) and the Pepineaua spring (31) have el-
Diaconu M., Mihãilescu C., Kusko M., Mihãilescu
evated concentrations of Na and K, probably as a
Liliana (1976): Consideraþii asupra stratigrafiei
result of domestic sewage pollution from the vil-
formaþiunilor triasice ºi genezei minereurilor de
lages of Izbuc and Ponoare, and the cold spring at
fier din Platoul Vaºcãu. D.S. Institut Geologic,
Þucreºti (42) is also polluted by a small stream.
Bucureºti LXII, 29-37.
Vaºcãu town, on the eastern side of the
Gaºpar E., Orãºeanu I. (1987): Natural and arti-
Vaºcãu Plateau, is close to the faults that divide the
ficial tracers in the study of the hydrodynam-
Codru Moma Mountain Block from the Beiuº
ics of the karst. Theoretical and Applied Kars-
Basin. These faults a barrier to groundwater flow
tology, 3, 31-107, Bucharest.
from the west, and most of the near-surface flow
Gopfrich C. (1986): Ponorul vãii Teia. Almanahul
is intercepted by the Boiu spring. Deeper flow
Speotelex, 31-32.
moves up to faults to mixt with the colder water
Groh C., Halasi G., Oszker H. (1978): Zonele
to form the thermal springs. The thermal compo-
carstice Briheni-Coleºti (Munþii Codru Moma).
nent of the waters is probably at least partly derived
Bul.CSER, Bucureºti, 123-139.
from the Permo-Werfenian deposits at depth of
Groh L., Heredi Z., Tulucan T., Honiger O.
1000 m or more beneath the surface.
(1976): Fenomene endocarstice în Platoul
Area is lie close to the Pannonian Basin, were
Vaºcãu. Bul.CSER, Bucureºti 4, 82-100.
heat flow of more than 95 mW/m2 are recorded
Halasi G. (1978): Contribuþii la cunoaºterea
(VELICIU, OPRAN, 1983). The thermal water is
carstului zonei Moneasa. Nymphaea VI,
brought to the surface by hydraulic barriers that
Oradea
intercept flow and allow water to move up faults and
Halasi G. (1979): Morfologia peºterii Câmpeneasca
fracture and mix with cooler groundwater in the
(Munþii Codru Moma). Nymphaea VII, 265-
upper karstic units. This mixing accounts for the
271, Oradea.
variation in temperatures among individual springs.
Halasi G. (1984): Prima scufundare la Moneasa.
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261