1.

ABSTRACT

Nepal is geographically challenged country. Its geography is the major hindrance for
the development of pre-requisites of development. The large number of rivulets and
rivers crisscross the country’s landscape and definitely create obstacles to a smooth
and proper movement in the trails. Loss of life, livestock and property of those who
risk through the rivers is quite common. Trail bridge, being easy to construct,
economical and feasible in our context can be the better solution for this.

Our project has main aim to design Trail Bridge over the Kali Gandaki river
connecting Parbat and Gulmi district which are the rural areas of our country.
Different surveys including topographical, hydrological, socio-economic, geological
and material surveys were carried out for checking the pre-feasibility of the bridge
prior to its detail design and estimation. The construction of bridge to the area will
undoubtedly help the local people uplift their living standard.
 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it wouldn’t have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals. We would like to express our
sincere thanks to all of them.

We are using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who supported us
throughout the project. We are thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably
constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. We are sincerely
grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of
issues related to the project.

We would like to thank Civil Department of Khwopa College of Engineering for

providing us opportunity to conduct Final year project so as to fulfill the basic
requirement to complete Bachelor degree in Civil Engineering as a part of Curriculum
set by Tribhuvan University.

We are highly indebted to our supervisor, Er. Raju Miyan, for his guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the
project and also for his support in completing the project.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents for their kind co-operation
and encouragement which helped us in completing this project.

Our thanks and appreciation also goes to our colleagues in developing this project and
people who have willingly helped us with their abilities.
 3. INTRODUCTION

3.1. BACKGROUND
The natural resources like ropes of creepers, vines are the sources of idea for the
development of the idea of suspension bridge. It is believed that the first practice of
such concept was seen in Tibet. The advancement from tuin cable to use of three
ropes hoisted in V shape then the use of bamboo then to use of iron chains, and the
advancement further continues.

Suspension bridges are simple to construct and inexpensive in cost. In past few
decades, the number of such bridges have reached to hundreds and now to about
thousands. The suitability of such bridges is more in country like Nepal which is
geographically challenged and the economy is poor. Aids obtained from foreign
countries for assistance to construct such bridges have helped us to construct many of
the suspension bridges throughout various parts of our country.

The development of bridge in Nepal dates back to many centuries. Starting with
construction of simple and inexpensive bridges, the development of bridge has
upgraded. The development of the Short Span Trail Bridge Standard started in 1989,
when both HMG and Helvetas concluded that the time had come to initiate a
programme with a fresh approach to community Trail Bridge building in the hill areas
of Nepal. The ultimate objective of this programme, named Bridge Building at the
Local Level (BBLL) was to help reactivate, promote and support the people's problem
solving and self-help ability for local bridge building. For achieving this goal the
development of appropriate techniques for pedestrian trail bridges was of paramount
importance.

3.2. LOCATION OF THE SITE

Parbat is a district lying in Dhaulagiri Zone of Western Development Region. It
currently shares its border with Kaski and Syangja in the
East, Baglung and Myagdi in West, Myagdi in North and  Syangja and Gulmi in
South. This city lies in the western part of Nepal just about 57 km from one of a
famous cities of Nepal,  Pokhara. It has Kusma as its District Headquarter. It covers
an area of 494 km² and has a population (2001) of 157,826. It is the fourth smallest
district of Nepal with 47 VDCs currently (before Kushma Municipality was formed,
total VDCs remained 55.). It is mainly famous for the  Gupteshwor Cave, which is
visited by thousands of pilgrims during Shivaratri. It is located at 28°13'06N
83°40'45E at an altitude of 1294 meters.

Bihadi Ranipani is a village development committee in Parbat District. At the time of

the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2712 people living in 516 individual
households.

The bridge site is the Kaligandaki river banks. The bridge connects two districts-
Parbat to its left bank and Gulmi to its right bank and Kaligandaki being the barrier.
 Figure 1: District Map of Parbat

Figure 2: Bridge Site

3.3. OBJECTIVES
 To complete final year project as a part of curriculum set by Tribhuvan
University
 To carry out different surveys to check the feasibility of trail bridge in the site
 To carry out detail design of the bridge components-foundation, anchor and
bridge as a whole
 To estimate the cost of the bridge for construction
 To prepare the serviceability report for the maintenance and improvements in
the future

3.4. FEASIBILITY CRITERIA

For a bridge site to be technically feasible, the following criteria shall be fulfilled.

 The span of the bridge and its type is within the limit of the present day design
scope of the trail bridge.
 The river flow, its discharge, its direction, its meandering tendency, its width,
its high flow level and bank conditions must be favourable for the durable
bridge.
  The tendency of the river for its bank erosion, its bed erosion, its silting and
filling up of bed has to be studied and evaluated.
 The presence of rivulets, springs, drains, irrigation channels in the vicinity of
the bridge site has to be marked and their effect in the bridge design shall be
considered.
 The vegetation should be present on the bank and slope area around the site.
 The access trail to the site should not be long enough, unjustifiable by cost
analysis.
 The bridge site should not be far away from existing traditional crossing and
trail.
 The steepness of the soil slope should be less than 35, while that of rock
slope should be less than 50.

The technical feasibility study of a site is usually done at the office. And it is also
done at the site in some complicated cases.
 4. LITERATURE REVIEW
4.1. BRIDGE SITE SELECTION
There are two possible standard bridge types namely "Suspension" and "Suspended".
The selection of the bridge type mainly depends on the prevailing topography of the
bridge site.

The Suspended type bridge is selected when the bridge foundations can be placed at a
sufficiently high position giving the required free board from the highest flood level.
The Suspension type bridge is selected when the bridge site is in comparatively flat
terrain and the suspended bridge is not feasible due to the constraint of the free board.
The Suspension type bridge is more expensive (per meter cost), and needs more
inputs in design and construction than the Suspended type.

Therefore, assess the possibility of the Suspended type which should be the first
choice. The Suspended type is more preferable due to economic reasons and easy
construction technology which is more appropriate for the community bridge building
approach.

The main purpose of the technical field survey is to select the appropriate bridge site.
The site should optimally serve the local people. The selected site must be
economically be justified and have a long lifespan. It must:

 fulfill the general condition.

 have stable bank and slope conditions.
 have favourable river conditions.
 have the shortest possible span.

4.1.1. GENERAL CONDITIONS

The bridge site should fulfill the following general conditions.

 It should be close to traditional crossing point.

 It should have minimum free board from highest flood level.
 It should have the safety distance for foundations.

4.2. SITE RECONNAISSANCE

During the site reconnaissance survey, the following work shall be done:
  Make sure of traditional crossing point.
 The meeting with local inhabitants has to be conducted to obtain their ideas on
site conditions, concerning river flow nature, high flood level (HFL), traffic
flow, slope stability and material availability etc. Particularly, in case of SSTB
standard site survey methodology, such communication with local people is
must.
 The follow-up of instructions and recommendations, stated in the preliminary
report shall be performed in the site.
 Walkover observation of site 500m up and down stream of the crossing point
shall be done. Check if the recommended sites, in the preliminary report are
the same.
 Take attention on bridge span, bridge type and slope stability at initial stage.
And after self-judgment of appropriate sites, make detail observation of
conditions, defined by technical feasibility criteria.
 Study of site condition as per checklist recommended in the preliminary
report. The main features of observation are:

4.2.1. HYDROLOGICAL CONDITION

By hydrological condition of the site we understand the following:

 Rainfall or precipitation at the site area

 Catchment area, discharge and high flood level of the river
 Presence of forestation of the valley and basin upstream of the site
 Frequency of high floods
 Number of rivulets and their sizes
 Presence of seepages

4.2.2. RIVER MORPHOLOGY

By river morphology, we study the shape of the river.

 Whether the river flow is 1) Perennial or non-perennial and 2) Calm or

turbulent?
 Whether the river is fordable / non fordable / fordable in dry season?
 Whether the river is highly / moderately / non erosive or filling up?
 How is the river contour at the river banks?
4.2.3. GEOLOGICAL CONDITION
By geological condition of the site, we should study the general geomorphology and
geology of the site. There are standard Survey Checklists prepared by Trail Bridge
Section for SSTB and LSTB standard trail bridges in separate. The general geological
conditions of a site must reflect, at least, the area of a covering 300 – 400 meters from
the supposed bridge site. A general sketch of the area shall be drawn. The location of
any landslide, fault or scarp shall be marked at the sketch. The limits of rock, soil and
alluvial deposits have also to be marked.

For study of geological condition, in case of soil slope, test pits shall be dug. The pit
size should be 0.80 x 1.5 m 2. The depth of pit shall be minimum 1.5 m. For tower
foundation it should be 2 m. In case of highly weathered rock or fractured rock, the
depth must be up to the fresh rock.

For study of soil, check list no. 2 and 6 has to be used. For rock study, check list no. 2,
3, 4, 5 and 6 should be used. Samples from rock site for each location of anchorage
blocks shall be collected for study at office. Similarly the samples from soil site shall
include on mixed sample from top to bottom soil and one sample from the bottom
layer of each pit has to be collected.

4.2.4. TOPOGRAPHICAL CONDITION

By topographical condition, the following points should be cleared:

 Study of bridge site slopes: Site should be stable, free of landslides, rivulets,
seepage, rock fall or debris slide, erosions etc. The bridge axis should be
selected along the crest of the slope as far as practicable.
 The bridge should have a shortest possible span and sufficient free board (FB)
(generally ¿ 5.0 m or even more in deep gorge) from highest flood level to
the lowest point of any bridge anchorage foundation or the cable alignment,
whichever is lower.
 Tributary: Site should be selected away from the confluence with the tributary
and delta formation should be avoided.
 The excavation for anchorage foundation should be minimum and should not
disturb the stability of natural slope.
 Possible type of bridge i.e. suspended or suspension, which also affects in site
selection.
  Structural features: Weathering, fracture, developments, opening of fractures
should be minimum. Planes dipping along the direction of slope or
development of wedge patterns, folded and faulted rocks should be avoided as
far as possible.
 River bank morphology: Should be stable, free of erosion or landslides,
transverse bank profile preferably straight or convex towards the river, smooth
bank etc.
 The river flow direction should preferably be parallel to the bank to avoid
bank erosion, should not have meandering tendency.

4.3. SLOPE STABILIZATION AND PROTECTION MEASURES

Figure 3: Rock cut slope stabilization and protection measures

4.3.1. REINFORCEMENT
Main objective of rock reinforcement technique is to minimize the relaxation and
loosing of the rock mass that may take place as a result of excavation and unloading.
Disaster managers are familiar with the fact that once the relaxation of the rock mass
has taken place, it is not possible to reverse the process. Reinforcement is essential to
maintain the interlocked rock mass and to prevent it from its significant decrease in
shearing strength.
4.3.2. ROCK REMOVAL
Stability of rock slope can be maintained by the removal of potentially unstable rock.
Rock removal is a preferred method of stabilization as it eliminates the hazard and no
future maintenance is required but in certain circumstances, the removal should not be
used. Typical removal methods including following are mentioned in figure 4.

Figure 4: Rock removal method for stabilization of slope

4.3.3. PROTECTION MEASURES

Protections of rock slope against instability include catchment ditches and barriers,
wire mesh fences, mesh hung on the face of the slope and rock sheds. Common
features of the protection measure is their energy absorbing characteristics, which
either stop the rock fall over some distance or deflect it away from the facilities.

Benched Slope:

Intermediate benches excavations on rock cuts are sometimes useful for the protection
measures. When the narrow benches fill with debris, they will no more effective in
catching further rock falls. Maintenance of such narrow benches is rarely possible.

Ditches:
On availability of space, a catch ditch at the toe of the slope is often a cost-effective
means of stopping rock falls. The required dimensions of ditch as defined by the
width of the base and the depth are related to the high & face angle of slope. In case
of the steeper slops (> 750) the rocks tends to stay close to the face and land near to
the toe of the slope whereas in case of slope angles 55 0-750, the rock tent to bounce or
spin so that they travel considerable distance from the toe demanding wide ditch. In
the slopes of 400 to 550, the rock blocks tend to roll down the face and into the ditch
and a steep outer face are required to prevent them from rolling out. The slopes with
protrusions on the face demand increased dimensions of the ditches.

Barriers:

Variety of barrier can be constructed as for the protection measures selection of the
appropriate type of barrier depend on the energy of the falling blocks, the slope
dimensions and the availability of construction materials. Gabions, concrete blocks or
geo fabric and soil barriers are common to the disaster managers.

4.4. LOADS ON TRAIL BRIDGE

A cable supported trail bridge is designed with a detail structural analysis of its major
components. The main cable structure is designed for three loading cases, i.e.
hoisting, dead load and full load cases. The foundations and the steel parts are
designed for full load case. The wind load is taken into consideration while designing
steel tower and wind guy cable. The loads are assumed static and uniformly
distributed along the span. The influence of dynamic loads in the structure and the
vibration of the bridge are not considered.

4.4.1. LIVE LOAD

Since the proper evaluation of characteristic live load for a trail bridge is very
difficult. The nature of the trail, the traffic volume, the importance of surrounding
places, chances of occasional one time big traffic due to festivals, Bazaar and many
other factors determine the value of live load. In the bridge design, one of the factor
that govern the cost of bridge is Live Load.

The live load for SSTB and LSTB standard is standardized as such:

For span up to 50m: Live load P = 4.0 KN/m2 or 40 kg/m2

For span longer than 50: Live Load P = 3.0+50/L KN/m2 or 300+5000/L kg/m2
4.4.2. DEAD LOAD
The dead load includes the weight of all permanent components of the bridges
structure. It is the weights of all cables, connected to the walkway structure, walkway
beams, walkway decks, hangers and pretension due to spanning cables in N-type. The
pretension due to wind guy cables is not considered. Care must be taken that the mass
(kg, ton) is properly converted into the force unit (N, kN) according to the
“International System of Units” (1 kg = 9.81N  10 N or 1 ton = 9.81 kN  10 kN).

For SSTB Bridge, dead load excluding handrail and walkway cables is:

Bridge type Suspended Suspension

Walkway width 70cm 106cm 106cm
Dead load of walkway excluding 42 kg/m 57 kg/m 79 kg/m
walkway and handrail cables 0.41 kN/m 0.56 kN/m 0.77 kN/m

4.4.3. HOISTING LOAD

The hoisting load means the weight of cable alone. For achieving design cable
geometry in dead load, cable geometry in hoisting case has to be known.

Cable diameter in mm

Unit weight 13 26 32 36 40

Kg/m 0.61 2.51 3.80 4.81 5.94

4.4.4. WIND LOAD

The design wind load is assumed acting on bridge walkway only in horizontal
direction to bridge axis. The other directions are not considered in the design. The
dynamic character of the wind load and the vibration of the bridge walkway is a
complex calculation and are not applied in the design.

According to the Swiss standard SIA 160, wind pressure is equal to 1.3 kN/m 2 for the
wind velocity 39m/s (140 kmph). This wind pressure with a coefficient of 1.3
produces a wind load of 0.5 kN per running meter of LSTB and SSTB standard
bridges. It is assumed that the wind exposed area of the standard bridge is 0.3 m 2 per
running meter of the bridge. For a bridge site with an exposed area or located high
above the water level. It is recommended to use wind load of 0.6 kN/m.

4.4.5. SNOW LOAD

Snow falls are rare in the mid-hills of Nepal. At high altitudes, the population is low.
Hence there is a low probability that the design full load takes place at a time when
the bridge is covered by snow. On this reason snow load in bridge design is neglected.
However, for bridges located at an altitude above 3500m, investigations on snow
loads shall be carried out during the detail survey.

4.4.6. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

A difference in temperature causes a change in the cable length. A Change in the
cable length causes a variation in the bridge sag. This variation in sag will be reflected
in the cable force. This effect is however insignificant and is not counted in the design
of cable. But the changing in sag is relevant to take into consideration during the
hoisting of cable.

4.4.7. SEISMIC LOAD

There is a low probability of a full load taking in the bridge at the time of an
earthquake. Therefore, it is assumed that the seismic load is already covered by the
design live load. A separate loading combination with seismic load is not considered.
Nevertheless, it has to be emphasized that the stability of the slopes may be affected
by seismic effects and subsequently can cause damage to the bridge structures.

4.4.8. WIRE ROPES

The cable (steel wire rope) is the main component of a suspension bridge. Wire rope
is a flexible, multi-wired, stranded precision product. It is composed of wires, strands
and core. In general, any number of multi-wired strands are “laid” or helically
arranged around the core.

A predetermined number of wires of proper size are helically laid together in a

uniform geometrical pattern with a definite pitch or lay. By this process a strand is
formed to the correct diameter. The required number of strands is then closed together
around the core with a definite length of lay, forming a wire rope of the required
diameter.

The heart of a strand is called “Centre”.

The heart of the rope is called “Core”.

The Core may be of three types:-

 Fiber Core
 Steel Strand Core, which may be either Wire Strand Core (WSC)
 Independent Wire Rope Core (I.W.R.C.); this itself is a small wire rope
consisting of 7 strands having 7 wires in each.

4.4.9. WIRE ROPE LAYS

The word “LAY” is used to describe how the wires in the strands and the strands in
the rope are laid to form a finished rope. There are two types of lays.

 Ordinary Lay: both wires and strands are laid

 Langs Lay

Ordinary Lay: The wires in the strands and the strands in the rope are laid in the
reverse direction. If the wires in the strands are laid left hand and the strands in the
rope are laid right hand, it is called Right Hand Ordinary Lay. The Left Hand
Ordinary Lay is opposite – the wires are laid right hand and the strands are left hand.

Langs Lay: The wires in the strands and the strands in the rope are laid in the same
direction. There are also two types. Right Hand Langs Lay is the lay when the wires
in the strands and the strands in the rope are laid in right hand direction. Left Hand
Langs Lay is the lay when the wires in the strands and the strands in the rope are laid
in left hand direction.

The differences in properties are:

Ordinary lay Langs lay

better crushing resistance More flexible (15 – 20%)
better resistance to distortion More resistant to bending
fatigue
lesser chances of kink formation Offers more surface area
lesser tendency to unwind or rotate More resistant to abrasion
under load
easier to handle and splice Will not cause wear on grove rapidly
4.4.10. LUBRICATION
Lubrication prolongs life of rope. During its manufacturing, suitable lubricants are
given in the core, on strands and on the finished rope to protect it in transit, storage
and during its working life. It helps to keep rope free from corrosion. And therefore it
should contain water repellent and rust preventive additives. In the ropes for Trail
Bridge, non-drying type and non-bituminous lubricant is used.

4.4.11. PRE-STRETCHING
Pre-stretching is a process of cyclic loading of the rope between 10% and 50% of the
minimum breaking load until the virtual elimination of “Initial or Construction
stretch”. A pre-stretched wire rope has a definite and known Modulus of Elasticity.

When a new wire rope is stretched, certain amount of increase in length takes place.
This increment occurs due to its construction and is called construction stretch. This
is caused by compression of core due to the gradual bedding-in of wires and strands
under load. The amount of construction stretch varies and depends upon the size and
type of core, the lengths of both strands and rope lays, the construction of both strands
and rope, the amount and type of load on the rope and the amount of bending to which
the rope is submitted. For ropes with steel cores, the stretch is 0.5 to 1.0%.

4.4.12. GALVANIZATION
Galvanizing should follow the process as below:

Preparatory Alkaline Rinsing with Acid Bath

work cleaning water

Cooling with Galvanizatio Dry Pre-flux Rinsing with

water
n treatment water

Preparatory work:

All welding slags should be removed from the steel parts to be galvanized. Acid traps
should be avoided.

Alkaline cleaning:
Rust, oil and other contaminants should be removed from the steel by preliminary
treatment with Alkaline cleaning in Sodium Hydroxide Solution of 10 ~ 15%
concentration.

The concentration of the solution should be monitored at regular intervals and

adjusted accordingly to have good cleaning effect.

Rinsing:

After Alkaline cleaning, steel should be flushed with running water.

Acid Bath:

The preliminary treated steel is then cleaned by Acid Bath in Hydrochloric Acid
Solution of 50% concentration.

During the operation, close control of acid content in the solution is necessary. It is
done by testing for acid and iron contents at regular intervals. The strength of the
solution should be maintained by periodic addition of fresh concentrated acid
maintain PH value in range of 1 to 3 (PH Meter reading). If the iron content in the
solution is more than 100g/l, it should be changed by the new fresh solution. The iron
content is measured by the specific gravity of the solution. Specific gravity of solution
should not exceed 1.2 (Hydrometer reading), after which it should be changed by the
new fresh solution.

Rinsing:

After Acid Bath steel should be flushed with running water.

Pre-flux treatment:

Acid bathed steel is dipped in a solution of Zinc Ammonium Chloride (ZnCl 23NH4Cl)
of 20 ~ 40% concentration. This solution is prepared by mixing 45% of Zinc Chloride
(Zncl2) + 55% of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl).

The concentration of solution should be controlled at regular intervals. For this

specific gravity of the solution is maintained in between 1.10 to 1.15 (Hydrometer
reading) by adding required quantities of pre-flux chemicals.

Dry:

After pre-flux treatment, steel is dried for galvanization.

 Galvanization:

The treated steel is dipped into the melted Zinc (zinc bath). Temperature of the melted
Zinc should be maintained within the range of 4500 C to 4700 C. Appropriate dipping
time also should be maintained.

Cooling:

After the hot dip, steel is cooled with water.

The wire ropes used in the LSTB and SSTB trail bridges are given table:
(12 x 6 x 1)7 x(619x 1)7 x7 of wiresNumber
Pre-stretched

Cable Metallic Unit Min. Perm. Remarks

Cable size used

size, area mas Breaking Load

 mm s Load
in

mm2 Kg/ kN kN Tensile

m strength of
wire = 1.57
SSTB
Non

13 73 0.64 103 34 (kN/mm2)

26 292 2.51 386 129 Modulus of
LSTB

32 442 3.80 585 195 Elasticity,

Yes

36 560 4.81 740 247 E = 110

(kN/mm2)
LSTB

40 691 5.94 914 305

All cables are: Right Ordinary Lay (RHO), Wire Strand Core, construction same as
other strand (WRC), Heavy “A” Galvanizing, Preformed and with non-drying and
non-bituminous lubricant

4.5. CABLE DESIGN:

The design of cable in a suspension / suspended trail bridge is carried out to determine
the safe cable size and number for a full load condition, based on the pre defined
cable geometry for the dead load condition. Also, the design calculation predicts the
cable geometry for the hoisting case to achieve the defined cable geometry in dead
load.

There are three different methods of cable analysis:

1. Analytical analysis using Deflection method

2. Finite deflection analysis
3. Finite element analysis
4.5.1. PARABOLIC CURVE OF CABLE
In many practical cases, the self-weight of the cable forms only a small fraction of the
total imposed loads. Hence for analysis it may be approximated to a parabola if
subjected to uniformly distributed loads on plan. The analysis of cable geometry in
parabolic shape is simple and in actual practice more realistic because of:

 The cable particularly in a suspension bridge, has the loads, instead of being
distributed as though uniform along the cables, are more nearly distributed
uniformly along the span length.
 The difference in shape between a parabola and a catenary with the same span
and same central sag is only about 0.04% and 0.10% for the sag/span ratio of
0.10 and 0.20. Hence the difference in the cable geometry is almost negligible
for the sag/span ratio of practical range. The assumed shape of parabola does
influence very little in calculating suspenders and tensions in the cable.

Y- axis

 eb, fb)

 ea, fa)
fb

 x, y)
fa

  (0,0) X- axis
(eb-ea)/2

eb ea

Let a cable suspended between points A and B has the lowest point at O. Let the
length of the cable along the curve measured from point O to the point B is S. If the
weight of the cable per unit length is gh, the weight of section OB will be gh s .

Consider the section OB is in equilibrium. This section is subject to the horizontal

tension ‘H’ at O, the tension T at B and its weight gh s. The three forces are lying in
one plane; the line of action of the weight must pass through the point where the lines
of action of H and T meet. Resolving the forces horizontally and vertically, we have:
T cos  = H

T sin  = gh s

gh
Tan θ= s
and H .

The formulas to be used in the cable design of parabolic cable are:

gx 2
∑ M P=Hy− 2
=0
2
gx
y=
1. 2H
2.

gx 2 1 gx 2
1 g2 x 2 1 g 2 x2
T x =H 1+
√ ( ) ( ( ))
H
=H 1+
2 H
=H +
2H
=H +
2 gx 2
2y
=H + gy

T x =H+ g . y
3. ea + eb = l and fb – fa = h

e b =ℓ
√fb
√ f a+ √ f a
e a =ℓ
√fa
4. √ f a+ √ f b
ge 2b gℓ 2 f b gℓ 2 gℓ2
H= = = =
2 f b 2 f ( √ f +√ f )2 ( √ f a+√ f b) 8 b
2
b a b
8
4
2
(√ f a+ √ f b)
Here , b=
5. 4

( 4 b +h )2
f b=
16 b
( 4 b−h )2
f a=
6. 16 b
Sag calculation:

The sag calculation of a cable structure is important for determining:

 The hoisting sag of the cable for achieving pre-defined dead load sag,
corresponding to the whole dead load in the cable structure (all loads
connected to the main cable under study).
 The full load sag for calculating the tensions on both cable ends due to the
increment of dead load to full load in the cable structure (dead load + live
load).

Basic principles:

It is necessary to understand the following basics:

Non-linear behaviour of cable:

The system in equilibrium at a given cable geometry and load combination yields
certain stress (tension) in the cable; its axial value at any point along the cable is
defined. At a definite change in the load combination, the given cable geometry will
also be changed. But the change in the geometry cannot be known by linear equation
of elasticity. The cause is that once the geometry is changed, the stress in the cable
will consequently change. The change in the cable length due to the changed cable
geometry on one side and the change in the cable length due to the elastic effect on it
by the changed stresses on the other side must match. This procedure is done in
iterative way.

 Change in Cable length, fixed to rigid supports due to change in sag.

 Change in Cable length, fixed to flexible supports due to change in span.

Sag calculation:

In a suspended bridge, all the load bearing cables are suspended with the same sag

ℓ ℓ
(dip). The sag ranges from 39 to 19 in LSTB design standard. The level

ℓ
difference, h between the two saddles is permitted below the value, 14 i.e.
 ℓ
h≤
14 . The sag in the dead load condition is defined in consideration of the
entrance angle at the higher saddle. The entrance angle at the higher saddle is not
permitted above 12. The concept is that the movement at the entrance part will be
difficult if the entrance angle is high. The sag in dead load case in LSTB standard is
variable and lies as such:

l h ℓ h
b rec = − ⇒⇒ β rec ≤10o b max = − ⇒ ⇒ β max ≤12o
d 23 4 d and d 19 4 d

In SSTB standard, the dead load sag is fixed and taken as such:

ℓ ℓ
ℓ≤80 . 0 m, ⇒⇒ bd = and h=
For span, 20 40

ℓ ℓ
ℓ≻80 .0 m ,⇒ ⇒b d = and h=
For span, 22 25

For finding hoisting and full load sags, bh and bf , corresponding to the hoisting and
full unit loads, gh and gf, respectively, the following procedure of iteration is carried
out:

0. Assume: b 1 =1 .22. bd for full load sag;

b1 =0 . 93 .b d for hoisting load sag

1. Start with i =1, 2, 3…..

8 b 2 1 h 2

2. Calculate:
Ld =ℓ . 1+
[ ( ) ( )]
+
3 ℓ 2 ℓ

64 EA bi
gi = b i ( b2i −b 2d )+ g d
3
3 ℓ Ld bd
3. Calculate:

g h ( g f ) −gd
bi +1=bd + ( bi−b d ) .
4. Calculate: new gi −g d

5. Calculate: Δg i=gi −gd

6. Check if:
|Δgi|≤0.01
If the condition in step 6 is fulfilled, the iteration is completed. We find the required

gh ( g f )
sag corresponding to the unit load . In case the condition is not fulfilled,

repeat the procedure from step 1 with: i=i+1 .

Cable design

In LSTB standard, the cable design is done for desired dead load sag in the range:

ℓ ℓ
bd ≈ →
29 19 . The sag, bd and level difference, h is so selected that the entrance
angle, dead does not exceed 12 inclination.

The conditions are expressed as such;

ℓ
h≤
14 and

l h
b rec = − ⇒⇒ β rec ≤10o
d 23 4 d

l h
b max = − ⇒ ⇒ β rec ≤12o
d 19 4 d

The handrail cables and main cables have same dead load sag. The handrail cables are
always two numbers. The sag calculation is performed for the combination of all
cables as a single unit. The distribution of tension in the cables is done as such:

T =T main +T hand

T T T
σ= = main = hand
The stress is: A main + Ahand A main A hand . And from here we get:

A main Ahand
T main=T and T hand =T
A main + A hand A main + A hand

Here, Amain and Ahand are metallic areas of main cables and handrail cables respectively.

The design of cable has to be proceeded in such steps:

1. Make a sketch of the profile and locate cable saddles on both banks.
ℓ
h≤
2. Define design span, l and check the level difference, 14 .
 saddle
3. Check if the free board is sufficient. FB =∇ h −f dead
max −∇
HFL
≥5 . 0 m .
In case if the span is greater than 80.0m, the wind-guy arrangement shall
also be included in the design. In that system, the free board is counted
from the high flood level to the wind-guy cable system, which is in usual
practice placed below the lowest point of the walkway.
4. The approximate maximum tension in the cables is:

2
gf ℓ 4 . 70 ℓ2 0 . 5 ℓ2
T max ≈ sec 12 o= 1 .022= ≈11. ℓ
8 bf 8 x 1 . 2b d ℓ
22 kN
Up to the value of maximum tension equal to 2088 kN, the handrail cable
size can be taken 26mm. For higher tension than 2088 kN, the handrail
cable shall be 40mm as per anchorage standard design. The number and
size of the main (Walkway) cables have to be so selected that the
permissible tension of the total cables should be nearest to the calculated
maximum tension.
5. The dead load should include the weight of wind-guy and wind-ties cables.
The wind-guy is not necessary for span less than 80m. For sag calculation,
in initial stage, in dead load the following wind-guy cable can be taken.
For span up to 200m, the wind-guy cable size can be taken 26mm. And
for higher span up to 300m span bridge, 32mm wind-guy cable can be
sufficient.
6. After the sag calculation is completed, the following table shall be filled
up:

Sag, b Lowest point from Elevation

Load, g, Tension, (m) higher saddle of lowest

Load Case kN/m Tmax, kN Hz/dist. e Ver/dist., point (m)

(m) (m)
Hoisting
Dead
Load
Full Load
 Live Load Modulus of elasticity of cable, E kN/mm2

4.6. BRIDGE FOUNDATION

4.6.1. Stability of Foundation:
Earth Pressure:

Any bridge foundation or retaining structure buried in the soil will have to bear the
loads of respective pressures acting from the soil. Depending upon the direction in
which the foundation will be moved, these loads are called “active” (movement any
form the soil) or “passive” (movement towards the soil) earth pressure loads; If there
is no movement the load is called “earth pressure at rest” (Eo).

In order to develop active earth pressure (e a,Ea ), the necessary movement of the
foundation is small ; about 0.1% of the supported height; whereas the
deformation of the soil needed to develop the passive earth
-

pressure (ep ,Ep ) has to reach about 1 % of the

a
a

height of the soil.

O
o
Deformation

o
p

P
+

 Active Earth Pressure:

General case: Active earth pressure per running meter of retaining

structure:

e ah=λ ah . ha . γ kN/m2

1 1
Eah= eah .h a = λah .h 2 . γ
2 2 a kN/m
 Eav =E ah . tan ( δ ) kN/m

cos2 ( Φ )
λ ah= 2

[√ 1+
sin ( Φ+δ ) . sin (Φ +Ψ )
cos ( δ ) . cos ( Ψ ) ] and where
2
δ= Φ
3

 Passive Earth Pressure:

Earth resistance in front of the foundation is not recommended for common bridge
foundatins except for :

 deadman foundations where the calculations are based on that resistance, and
 for the walkway / tower foundations where the earth resistance is taken partially
into consideration.

e ph=λ ph .h p .γ kN/m2

1 1
E ph= e ph . h p = λ ph . h 2 . γ
2 2 p kN/m2

E pv =E ph .tan δ kN/m2
 Φ
δ=−
2

|ε| ¿
¿ if  > 0 then  > 0

2
cos Φ
λ ph = 2

[ √
1−
sin (Φ−δ ) .sin ( Φ +ε )
cosδ . cosε ]
Check against sliding:

The major load leading to the failure of cable anchorage foundations is the horizontal
component of the cable tension, which drives the foundation to slide forward. As soon
as the increase of driving load results in a shear load, which exceeds the shear
resistance in the foundation base, a flat foundation being loaded by a more or less
horizontal load will start sliding on the subsoil. The shear resistance develops
basically due to frictional resistance, interlocking and adhesion between different
particles. In our practice, the shear force is the product of the normal force acting in
the foundation base and the friction angle between foundation base and subsoil (or
rock). The adhesive characteristic between is neglected. Generally a safety factor of

F SL≥1. 5 is required against sliding failure. The surface of movement for this
failure mode is equal to the contact area between the foundation base and subsoil (or
rock).

The formula for calculating safety factor against sliding is as such:

'
RetainingForces N .Tan Φ SL R H . Tan Φ SL TanΦ SL
F SL= = = '
= ≥1. 5
DrivingForces S RV Tan ( δ R −α )

RV
∑ H =Eah +T H ¿ R H ∑ V =W + A+ Eav +T V ¿ R V δ R=arctan
RH

If the foundation base is inclined at an angle  with the horizontal plane, then we
have:

R'V =R V . cosα +R H . sin α R 'H =R H .cos α −R V . sin α

In case, the foundation is placed on rock and the anchor rods are designed adjoining
the foundation and the rock, we have:

'
R H . Tan Φ SL + A S . τ t . comb
F SL= ≥1 .5
Safety factor with anchor rods, R'V

'
Here, N or RV the total forces acting perpendicular to the base of the foundation;

'
RH Total forces acting parallel to the foundation base;

SL angle of friction between the subsoil (or rock) and foundation base;

 Angle of internal friction of the subsoil.

SL =  they are generally assumed equal in foundation on soil

τ . comb Permissible shear stress of anchor rods, (= 0.075 kN/mm2).

As cross sectional area of the anchor rods

Bearing Capacity:

When a limited portion of the soil surface is loaded, the surface settles. In practice, the
loads are transmitted to the soil by means of footings. The relation between the load
and the settlement depends on the soil characteristics Up to a certain critical load, the
settlement in relation to the load, is slow and the relation curve is more or less linear. .
A further small increment in the load over the critical load leads to a rapid settlement
of the foundation with the load- settlement relation curve almost steep. At this point
the bearing capacity of the subsoil is exceeded and the foundation fails. The bearing
capacity of the soil is assumed equal to this critical load, at which the soil support
fails.
The mathematical investigations concerning the states of plastic equilibrium beneath
the foundation are sophisticated methods of soil mechanics. The ground shear failure
analysis is still a subject of controversy among specialists. Generally this problem is
analysed by using the bearing capacity formula developed by Terzaghi and extended
and amplified by different authors. The different correction factors are introduced in
the original formula. This model is a rough approximation of the actual mechanism in

the subsoil, therefore a safety factor of

F BC≥2 . 0 is generally demanded.

The Terzaghi’s concept on bearing capacity formula is based on:

 Continuous footing, with infinite length,

 Vertical and centric loading resulting uniform pressure,
 Shallow footing i.e. the embedded depth, t ¿ B, breadth of the foundation
and
 Ideal soil (weightless soil possessing cohesion and friction) with horizontal
surface.

FOS bearing = ❑
❑

σ max = Rv ' [1+ 6 e ]

' '
B ×L B

B '
e = | −x |
2

x ∑M
x' = x=
cos ∝ ∑ Rv
Check against overturning:

A monolithic foundation, such as retaining wall can be seen in usual practice, toppled
around its front base point. The cause is the misbalance of retaining moment against
driving moment around that point. The gravity foundation at rest must exercise
gravitational forces at any point of its base. For this condition, the sum of the
retaining and driving moments should be zero only at certain area around the middle
of foundation base. Hence, a resulting force of all forces acting on the foundation
shall lie only at that area. The resultant force can be determined with its line of action
and location of point on the base of the foundation by equating sum of the moments.
A foundation with its resultant outside the foundation base or close to its border will
start to topple. This mechanism is generally controlled by comparing the driving and
retaining moment at the border of the foundation. Usually, a safety factor of
FT ≥1. 5 is required.

−
Re tainingMoment M
FT = = ≥1. 5
DrivingMoment M +

4.7. Design Procedure

 If both the Suspended and Suspension types are feasible, make a cost (total
cost) comparison and adopt the more cost effective one.
 If the cost is nearly equal for both the bridge types, choose the Suspended
type.
 Select the Suspension type only, if the Suspended type is not feasible for the
given topography or it is more economical than the Suspended type.
Figure 5: Flowchart for LSTB Suspended Type Bridge Design
4.7.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE
For designing a suspended type LSTB standard bridge, follow the steps in sequence as
follows:

 Draw the bridge profile from the survey data.

 Fix the position of the walkway and bridge foundations and the span.

 Design main cable and handrail cable.

 Design main anchorage foundations.

 Transfer data to the bridge profile and prepare the General Arrangement
Drawing

 Compile and fill in the standard design drawings

 Calculate the quantities of works and prepare the Cost Estimate

Designing the Position of the Bridge Foundations

Fix the position of the bridge foundations and the actual span of the bridge in the
bridge profile. This bridge profile will be the basis for the layout of the bridge at the
construction site. Fulfill following criteria while fixing the position of the bridge
foundations.

Criteria for fixing the Bridge Foundations in Suspended type bridge:

  The Bridge Foundations should be placed at least 3 meter back form the soil
slope and 1.5 meter back from the rock slope.
 The Bridge Foundations should be placed behind the line of angle of internal
friction of the soil or rock. This angle is 35° for soil and 60° for rock.
 Level difference between the walkway cable saddles of two banks, h should not
be more than span/25.
 Walkway tower height should be as small as possible. However, walkway cable
saddle should be at least a height of 1.3 meter from ground but should not be at
a height more than 3.0 meter.
 Free board (FB), between lowest point of the bridge in dead load case and the
high flood level should be not less than 5.0 m

4.7.2. PROCEDURE FOR FIXING THE BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS

The sizes of foundation are to be designed as per span. There is the range of sizes as
per the number of the main cables. The range of sizes is the standard anchor parts
inside the foundation. Designer should chose the optimum size within the given range
as per maximum forces on the foundation blocks, soil rock parameters and
topography.

The typical design of main anchorage foundation are of two types.

Figure 6: Drum type Main Cable Foundation up to 6 main cables

 Figure 7: Open type main cable foundation above 6 main cables

Table 1: Standard Main Anchorage Block

Soil Drum Open

Dim. \ 2 4 6 8 10 12
No.
H1 min 1.20 1.50 2.00 3.70 3.70 3.70

H1 max 3.50 4.00 4.50 6.70 6.70 6.70

H2 min 1.20 1.20 1.20 2.00 2.00 2.00

H2 max 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.80 5.80 5.80

B min 4.80 6.20 7.90 9.50 11.00 12.50

B max 6.50 5.90 11.00 9.50 11.00 12.50

L min 2.90 2.90 3.30 5.00 5.70 5.70

L max 5.00 5.00 6.50 7.50 8.00 8.00

Wind Effect and Bridge Stability:

The cable supported trail bridge is not a stiffened structure, hence its movement in
any plane, either with live load or alone in dead load condition, is an issue. This issue
is important both for the serviceability and for the safety of the bridge. There are
many unknown factors influencing the stability of the bridge. The margin of the
acceptable movements of such cable supported trail bridges has also not yet been
defined. Here, the effect of the wind in bridge stability and in the safety of the
structure will be discussed in brief.

Effects of Wind loads in Bridge:

The wind pressure at a certain place is determined mainly by wind velocity. It is also
dependent on the air density, atmospheric pressure and air temperature of that place.
The wind pressure also increases with the height of the affecting object above the
ground or river level, even at the same location. The maximum wind velocity
recorded in Nepal is about 35 meters per second (123 km/hr ) in the Mustang area.
The wind pressure is directly proportional to the quadratic value of the wind velocity.
The wind velocity in the vicinity of rivers and lakes is assumed to be 18%. The wind
pressure on an object located about 15 meters above the ground or river level can be
calculated thus:

c = 0.5 Cx ρ v2 F sin 2 ϕ

Here, Cx Aerodynamic coefficient, depending on air density, on wind velocity, on

shape, dimension and roughness of the object affected by wind;
ρ Angle between wind direction and wind affecting surface direction, when
wind is considered perpendicular to bridge axis, ϕ=90o;
v Velocity of wind in m/s;

F Area exposed to wind effect, m2.

The wind load of 1.0 kN/m span, adopted in the standard design Manual of
Suspension Bridge, corresponds to a wind pressure of 1.5 kN/m2 resulting from a
wind velocity of 45m/s.

According to the Swiss standard SIA 160, wind pressure is equal to 1.3 kN/m 2 for a
wind velocity of 39 m/s. As stated earlier, using this wind pressure of 1.3kn/m 2 for
the design of the windguy cable of a trail bridge is recommended. Only in exposed
places it is recommended to increase the wind pressure up to 1.5kN/m2.

In general, the area of the walkway component of a trail bridge exposed to the wind is
estimated to be 0.3 m2/m-span. Hence, the wind load taken in the standard design
manual is very high. For the static calculation, a wind load of 0.5 kN/ span is good for
the design. It is only in exposed places that the wind load has to be taken as 0.6kN/m
span.

4.8. Wind-guy arrangement

There are two types of wind-guy arrangement. They are:

4.8.1. Direct wind-guy arrangement

The direct wind guy arrangement is not effective in compare to parabolic one. And
hence this arrangement will not be studied hereunder.

4.8.2. Parabolic wind-guy arrangement

In fact, the parabolic wind-guy arrangement is a three dimensioned structural system.
The load bearing cable (wind-guy cable) is connected to the bridge walkway by
several wind-ties (cable 13mm), placed at a pre-defined fixed interval. The
standardized intervals are 5 meter for SSTB type suspended and suspension bridge; 6
meter for LSTB suspended bridge and 4.8 meter for LSTB suspension bridge. The
wind-guy cable takes a parabolic shape both in plan and in vertical plane within the
part of the bridge span, bounded by extreme wind-ties. The self-weight of the cable
and its influence in the shape in vertical plane is omitted in calculation. The outer
parts of the wind-guy cable arrangement, i.e. beyond the first and last wind ties are
assumed to take straight line shape, both in plan and vertical planes.

In a suspended type bridge the wind-guy arrangement is so designed that the wind guy
cable is below the whole bridge. It gives the bridge additional stiffness to the
walkway. Also it supports the bridge to overcome wind load directed upwards from
beneath the bridge.
 

 

Figure 8: Windguy arrangement for suspended types of bridges

The design of wind-guy cable is based on tension developed in the cable for the
defined geometry of the wind-guy cable. The following assumption is considered in
the design:

 The effect of the wind load on the bridge is totally taken by the wind-guy
system. The cooperative resistance of the bridge against wind load is
neglected.
 The increase in sag of the wind guy cable due to wind load is neglected in
calculating the tension
 The inclined position of the wind guy cable is neglected. The calculation of
tension in windguy cable is done for wind load directed perpendicular to the
bridge axis and for its layout in plan.
The self-weight of wind guy and wind tie cables are omitted.
4.9. DESIGN OF WINDGUY ANCHORAGE FOUNDATION
The principle of windguy anchorage foundation is identical of the main cable
anchorage foundation.

The typical design of windguy cable foundation are of two types:

Figure 9: Foundation on Soil

Figure 10: Foundation on Rock

 Table 2: Windguy Cable Anchorages with Standard anchorage length on soil

Wind-guy cables 1 26mm 1 32mm 1 36mm or 1 40mm

B min 2.00 2.50 2.90

B max 2.40 3.10 3.50

L min 1.50 1.50 1.80

L max 3.50 3.50 4.00

hT max 2.00 2.20 2.50
For  (deg)  4.5 > 4.5 6 >6 -3 to 0 1 to 6 7 to 12
hT min 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.95 1.20
H2 hT + 0.40 hT + 0.50 hT + 0.8 hT + 0.7 hT + 0.4

Table 3: Extended anchorage length on Soil

Wind-guy cables 1 26mm 1 32mm 1 36mm or 1 40mm

B min 2.50 3.20 3.60

B max 3.00 3.90 4.30

L min 1.50 1.50 1.80

L max 3.50 3.50 4.00

hT max 2.50 2.80 3.00
For  (deg)  4.5 > 4.5 6 >6 -3 to 0 1 to 6 7 to 12
hT min 0.40 0.70 0.60 0.80 0.70 1.00 1.35
H2 hT + 0.40 hT + 0.50 hT + 0.9 hT + 0.65 hT + 0.4
 Table 4: Standard anchorage length on Rock

Wind-guy cables 1 26mm 1 32mm 1 36mm or 1 40mm

B min 1.70 2.50 2.60

B max 2.40 3.10 3.50

L min 1.20 1.50 1.60

L max 3.00 3.50 4.00

hT max 2.00 2.20 2.50
For  (deg)  4.5 > 4.5 6 >6 -3 to 0 1 to 6 7 to 12
hT min 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.95 1.20
H2 hT + 0.40 hT + 0.50 hT + 0.8 hT + 0.7 hT + 0.4
S 0.75 0.75 0.75
Figure 11: General Arrangement
4.10. OTHER STRUCTURES
Besides the bridge structure, some other adjacent structures may be required for
overall bridge stability and for safety measures. These are the following structures.
 Retaining Structures
 Slope Protection works
 River Bank Protection
4.10.1. RETAINING STRUCTURES
Retaining structures are necessary to retain the earth (soil, fractured rock and
weathered soft rock) behind the anchorage blocks of the bridge. There are many
options for retaining structures. But for trail bridges, the most feasible are retaining
walls. Retaining walls can be of gabion boxes, rubble masonry and dry stone
masonry. For the short-span trail bridges, dry stone retaining walls or breast walls are
preferable since they require only local materials.

The choice between retaining wall and breast wall depends on different factors, such
as the available space behind the blocks, the required height of the protection, soil
conditions etc.

Retaining walls are used when the earth to be retained is loose soil with a great
protection height. For the design of the retaining wall, use the following table.
Breast walls are used when the earth to be retained is fractured or weathered rock, or
compact soil with temporarily unstable nature. For designing breast walls, use the
following table.

4.10.2. SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES

Slope protection measures depend on the factors influencing slope instability. It is
recommended that a bridge site be selected, where there are no slope instability
features (refer to Chapter 2.4.3). However, it is often necessary to drain out the
surface runoff and seepage water from the slope as a slope protection measure.

Water should be collected as close as possible to its origin and safely channelled to a
nearby watercourse. The surface drainage can be catch drain on the slope or drainage
around the anchorage foundation or a combination of both.

The choice depends on the position of the anchorage foundation and the profile of the
natural terrain as shown in the sketch below.
The drain should be open type. The following design shows the typical sections of the
drain.

To avoid self-scouring, the drain outlet should be protected as shown in the following
sketch.

In seepage area, sub-surface drainage is required around the anchorage foundation. A

typical layout design of the sub-surface drain is as shown in the sketch below.
A typical design of the sub-surface drain is as shown in the sketch below.

Bio-Engineering:

Surface drainage alone may not be sufficient to protect unstable slopes. The most
effective method for stabilizing such slopes is bio-engineering in combination with
light civil structures such as catch drains, check dams, cascades, etc. This is a cheap
and easy method. The main concept of this method is to grow trees and plants such as
shrubs or grasses. Deep rooted and fast growing trees and plants are most suitable for
this purpose. The proper selection of plant types is most important, and it should be
based upon local experience. Some of the vegetation measures are:

 planted grass lines: contour/horizontal or down slope/vertical or random

planting
 grass seeding
 turfing
 shrub and tree planting
 shrub and tree seeding
 fascines (bundles of live branches are laid in shallow trenches)
For more and in-depth details about bio-engineering techniques refer to the respective
literature and manuals. One of the recommended manuals is Road Side Bio-
Engineering, Reference Manual by John Howell, published by HMG/Department of
Roads.

4.10.3. River Bank Protection

River protection works are of a temporary nature and costly. They require frequent
maintenance to keep the structures functional. Therefore, avoid bridge sites which
require river protection works as far as possible. This is a complex subject and cannot
be covered by this handbook. For details refer to Volume A of LSTB (SBD) Manual.
 5. APPENDICES
5.1. DESIGN OF MAIN AND HANDRAIL CABLE STRUCTURES
Initial layout data

According to General Arrangement

 Foundation locations

On left bank at point A

On right bank at point B

 Nominal span: S = 120 m

 Design span between saddles: ℓ = s + 2*0.25 = 120.5m

 Cable elevations: [from topography]

Main Cables Left bank, H1 = 573.629m

Main Cables Right bank, H2 = 579.672m

Windguy cables right bank, Upstream (u/s) = 569.562 m

Downstream (d/s) = 568.283 m

Windguy cables left bank, Upstream (u/s) = 570.00 m

Downstream (d/s) = 570.00 m

 Different in main cable elevations between saddles, h

h = H1 – H2 = 579.672 – 573.629 = 6.043m

Check for h:

ℓ 120 .5
= =8 . 61m>h=6 . 043 m
14 14 o.k.!

i.e. the lowest point remains inside the bridge span.

Modulus of elasticity E=110 kN/mm2

Loadings:

 Hoisting load case (gh):

 Main and handrail cables = 3.80*10/100*4 = 0.152 kN/M

 Dead load case (gd):

Hoisting load (gh) = 0.152 kN/m

Walkway deck (steel) = 0.370 kN/m

Walkway support (including hangers) = 0.220 kN/m

Fixation cables = 0.010 kN/m

Wiremesh netting = 0.060 kN/m

Windguy cables = 0.076 kN/m

Windties (average) = 0.030 kN/m

Total at dead load case (gd) = 0.918 kN/m

 Full load case (gf):

Dead load (gd) = 0.918 kN/m

Live load (P) = 3.0 + 50/ ℓ = 3.415 kN/m

Total at full load case (gf) = 4.333 kN/m

 Dead load sag (bd):

ℓ h 120. 5 6 . 043
= − = −
bd (max.) 19 4 19 4 = 4.831 m

ℓ h 120. 5 6 . 043
= − = −
bd (recom.) 23 4 23 4 = 3.728 m

bf = 1.22*bd = 1.22*3.728 = 4.548m

bh = 0.93* bd = 0.93*3.728 = 3.467m

  Length of dead loaded cables (Ld):

2
8 bd
2

[
Ld =ℓ⋅ 1 +
1 h
2 ℓ ( ) ( )]
+
3 ℓ

1 6. 043 2 8 3 . 728 2

[ ( ) ( )]
=120 . 5∗ 1 + +
2 120 .5 3 120. 5

Ld = 120.959 m

 Constant factor (C):

64 EA 64∗110∗2353 .367
C= =
3 ℓ3⋅Ld 3∗120 .53∗120 . 959

C = 0.02609 kN/m4

Sag calculation:

 Hoisting load sag by iteration:

1 s t iteration

[0] b1 = bh = 3.467m

b1
=c∗b1∗( b21 −b2d ) + ⋅g d
[1] g1 bd

3 . 467
=0 . 02609*3 . 467* ( 3 . 467 2−3 . 7282 ) + ∗0. 918
3 . 728

= 0.684 kN/m

gh −g d
b2 =b d + ( b1 −b d )∗
[2] g1 −gd

0 . 152−0 . 918
=3 . 728+ ( 3 . 467−3 . 728 )∗
0 . 684−0. 918 = 2.874 m

[3]
Δg=g1 −gh =0 . 684−0 .152 = 0.532 kN/m

[4] |Δg|=0.532>0.001 Not Ok!

 Table 5: Hoisting Sag Iteration

Trial No. bi gi bi+1 Δgi Remarks

1 3.467 0.684 2.874 0.532 > 0.001
2 2.874 0.285 2.695 0.133 > 0.001
3 2.695 0.197 2.630 0.045 > 0.001
4 2.630 0.169 2.606 0.017 > 0.001
5 2.606 0.158 2.596 0.006 > 0.001
6 2.596 0.155 2.593 0.003 > 0.001
7 2.593 0.153 2.591 0.001 = 0.001
8 2.591 0.152 2.591 0.000 < 0.001 Ok!

Therefore, Hoisting load sag (bh) = 2.591m

 Full load sag by iteration:

1 s t iteration

[0] b1 = bf = 4.548m

b1
=c∗b1∗( b21 −b2d ) + ⋅g d
[1] g1 bd

4 .548
=0 . 02609*4 . 548* ( 4 . 5482−3. 7282 )+ ∗0 .918
3. 728

= 1.925 kN/m

g f −gd
b2 =b d + ( b1 −b d )∗
[2] g1 −gd

4 .333−0 . 918
=3 . 728+ ( 4 . 548−3. 728 )∗
1 . 925−0. 918 = 6.508 m

[3]
Δg=g1 −g f =1. 925−4 . 333 = -2.408 kN/m

[4] |Δg|=2.408>0.001 Not Ok!

 Table 6: Full Load Sag Iteration

Trial No. bi gi bi+1 Δgi Remarks

1 4.548 1.925 6.508 2.408 > 0.001
2 6.508 6.435 5.449 2.102 > 0.001
3 5.449 3.587 5.930 0.746 > 0.001
4 5.930 4.751 5.690 0.418 > 0.001
5 5.690 4.145 5.805 0.188 > 0.001
6 5.805 4.428 5.749 0.095 > 0.001
7 5.749 4.288 5.776 0.045 > 0.001
8 5.776 4.355 5.763 0.022 > 0.001
9 5.763 4.322 5.769 0.011 > 0.001
10 5.766 4.338 5.766 0.005 > 0.001
11 5.766 4.330 5.767 0.003 > 0.001
12 5.767 4.333 5.767 0.000 < 0.001 Ok!

Therefore, Full load sag (bf) = 5.767m

 Maximum tension at full load:

2 2
g ⋅ℓ 4⋅b f + h
T max = f ⋅ 1+
8⋅b f √
ℓ ( )
4 . 333∗120. 52 4∗5 . 567+6 . 043 2
=
8∗5 . 567 √
∗ 1+
120 .5( )
= 1402.944 kN

 Safety factor for cable tension:

T per∗3 1038∗3
F= = =2 .22>2 . 0
T max 1402. 944 Ok!
 Table 7: Calculation of final data

Symbol Formulas Unit Hoisting Dead Full load

load load
ℓ m 120.5
h m 6.043
AM Initial mm2 1769.345
AH Layout mm2 584.022
A data mm2 2353.367
g KN/m 0.152 0.918 4.333
b m 2.591 3.728 5.767
Final results
1 4⋅b+h deg 7.754 9.865 13.582
arctan ( )ℓ
2 4⋅b−h deg 2.054 4.209 8.042
arctan (
ℓ )
e ℓ h m 95.380 84.666 76.033
⋅( 1+
2 4⋅b )
f h h2 m 6.493 7.362 9.184
b+ +
2 16⋅b
L m 120.808 120.959 121.388
1 h 2 8 b 2

[ ( ) ( )]
ℓ⋅ 1+ +
2 ℓ 3 ℓ
H g⋅ℓ 2 kN 106.478 446.942 1363.713
8⋅b
Tmax H kN 107.461 453.650 1402.944
cos β 1
TM.max AM kN 80.793 341.070 1054.783
T max⋅
A
TM H AM kN 80.105 336.936 1035.471
⋅
cos β 2 A

TH.max AM kN 26.668 112.580 348.162

T max⋅
A
TH H AM kN 26.441 111.215 341.786
⋅
cos β 2 A

Table 8: Compilation of Final Data- Cable Structures

Nominal span (S) = 120 m

Anchorage type = Drum
Main cable:
nM = 4 No.
M = 32 mm
AM = 1769.34 mm2
Handrail cable: 5
nH = 2 No.
H = 26 mm
AH = 584.022 mm2
Total Metallic Area = AM + AH = 2353.36 mm2
Total Tbreak = TM, break + TH, break = 1038
7 kN
Windguy cable:
nW =
2 No.
W =
26 mm
E-Module = 110 kN/mm2
Design span ( ℓ ) = 120.5 m
h = 6.043 m
bd = 3.728 m
ed (from higher foundation) = 84.666 m
fd (from higher foundation) = 7.362 m
1,d (at higher foundation) = 9.865 deg
2,d (at lower foundation) = 4.209 deg
HFL = 558.900 m
Cable anchorage elevations:
Left Bank:
Windguy cable, upstream (approx.) 570 m
Main Cables = 579.672 m
Windguy cable, downstream (approx.) = 570 m
Right Bank:
Windguy cable, upstream (approx.) = 569.562 m
Main Cables = 573.629 m
Windguy cable, downstream (approx.) = 568.283 m
Free Board:
Main cables = 13.571 m
 Loads:
Walkway steel deck = 0.37 kN/m
Live load (P) = 3.415 kN/m
Hoisting load (gh) = 0.370 kN/m
Dead load (gd) = 0.918 kN/m
Full load (gt) = 4.333 kN/m

Data from Main Calculation

Full Load:

bf = 5.767 m

Tmax = 1402.944 kN

FOS = 2.22 > 2 Ok!

Table 9: Data to be transferred to the General Arrangement (a)

Load Case Load ‘g' Tension Sag ‘b’ Hz. Dist. ‘e’ Lowest point Elevation
(kN/M) ‘Tmax’ (kN) (m) (m) Vert. Dist. (m)
‘f’ (m)

Hoisting 0.152 107.461 2.591 95.380 6.493 573.179

Dead Load 0.918 453.560 3.728 84.666 7.362 572.310
Full Load 4.333 1402.944 5.767 76.033 9.148 570.524
Live Load 3.415

Table 10: Cable Tension and Inclination of Full Load Case

Parameter Higher Foundation Lower Foundation

TM,f 1054.783 kN 1035.471 kN
TH,f 348.162 kN 341.786 kN
f 13.582 deg 8.042 deg

1 15 deg 15 deg
Table 11: Related Standard Drawing for Main and Handrail Cable

Drawing number Drawing title

01 Walkway support
06 Walkway Steel Deck
 6. MAIN FOUNDATION DESIGN
6.1. MAIN FOUNDATION RIGHT BANK (ON ROCK)
Initial layout data:
Characteristics of foundation:
 Type of bridge: Inclined Suspended
 River bank: Right, higher foundation
 Cable anchorage type: Drum type without foot
 Foundation: On rock
Cable structure characteristics:
 Number of main cables (nM) =4
 Main cable tension (TMf) = 1054.785 kN
 Handrail cable tension (THf) = 348.62 kN
 Cable inclination (f) = 13.582 deg
 Front slope of rock or stone pitching (1) = 12 deg
Rock parameters:
 Rock at depth =0m
 Sliding friction angle (sl) = 35 deg
 Rock quality coefficient (k) = 1.5
 Ground bearing pressure (perm) = 500 kN/m2
 Front slope of rock or stone pitching (1) = 12 deg
 Minimum embedded depth (t) =1m

Table 12: Main Foundation Dimensions on Right Bank (on Rock)

Foundation dimensions (m) Maximum

Back height (H1) 4.00
Front height (H2) 3.50
Width (B) 6.50
Length (L) 4.00
Back to C.G. distance of anchorage rods (S) 1.00

Active pressure height as the slope behind foundation is rocky (ha) = 0

Unit weight of stone masonry = 22 kN/m3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
 Table 13: Calculation of Resultant Loading Forces and Static Moments of Main Foundation on Right Bank

Initial layout data Remarks

Foundation type Drum anchorage on rock
Foundation dimensions Back Height H1 = 4.00 m
Front Height H2 = 3.50 m
H2  t (= 1m)
Breadth B = 6.50 m
Length L = 4.00 m Ok!
Check – H 1 −H 2
Bottom inclination
ℓ=arctan [ B ] ℓ=4 .398 o < 180 Ok!
Cable tensions Main Cable TM = 1054.785 kN
Handrail Cable TH = 348.162 kN
Cable Inclination  = 13.582o
Active earth pressure coefficient Ha = 0 Fully rock

Table 14: Calculations of Loading Forces and Moments of Main Foundation on Right Bank

Loading force Lever arm Moment

Vertical Hz. Distance
Mf
Formula RV (kN) RH (kN) Formula (m)
(kNm)
Load from foundation
W 1 =0,5⋅( H 1 + H 2 )⋅B⋅L⋅γ e 2340 - B 2 H 1 + H 2 3.322 7774
⋅
3 H1+H2
W 2 =0 , 95⋅B⋅L⋅γ e 592.8 - 0.5B 3.25 1926.6
Load from foundation top
Total load = A 83,16 -  5.50 275
Load from cable tension
TMh = Tmcos - 1025.288 H2 + 0.7 4.2 (-) 4306.209
THh = THcos - 338.426 H2 + 1.95 5.45 (-) 1844.422
TMv = TMcos 247.702 - - 0.25 61.923

THv = THsin 81.761 - - 0.25 20.440

 3312.263 1363.714 3907.332

Volume of foundation
W 1 +W 2 2340+592 .8
Vol= =
γe 22
= 122.2 m3 kN
 RH 1363 .714
δ R=arctan
( )
RV
=arctan (
3312 .263 )
= 22.378 deg
B∗¿ MF
= ¿
2 R V⋅( 1+tan ℓ⋅tan δ R )

3907 . 322
=
3312 .263⋅( 1+tan 4 .398 o⋅tan 22. 378o )
= 1.143 m
B∗¿
¿
Check for 2
B∗¿ B
=1.143 m> (=1. 083 m) ¿
2 6
Safety factor against toppling
M + 10057 . 963
FT = =
M − 6150 . 631 = 1.635  1.5 Ok!
Stress distribution and number of anchor rods
"Uncracked" condition at inclined base
R'V =R V⋅cos α +R H⋅sin α=3312. 263⋅cos 4 . 398o + 1363. 714⋅sin 4 . 398o
= 3407.085 kN
B 6 . 50
B '= = =6 .519 m
cos α cos 4 .398 0
B ' B */ 2 1 .259
= = =1 .263 m
2 cos α cos 4 . 3980

B ' B *' 6 . 519

e '= − = −1. 263=1. 997 m
2 2 2
R 'V 6⋅e ' 3407. 085 6∗1. 997
σ max. min .=
B'⋅L
⋅ 1±
[B'
=
]
6. 519∗4
⋅ 1±
[
6⋅519 ]
max = 3708.814 kN/m2
min = (-)109.494 kN/m2
Since B*/2  B/3, anchor rods are necessary.
B '⋅σ min 6 .519⋅(−109. 494 )
X '= = =1. 486 m
σ min−σ max (−109. 494 )−3708. 814
B∗¿ X ' 1. 486
a=B '− − =6 . 519−1 . 263− =4 . 761 m ¿
2 3 3
B∗¿
b=B−S− =6 .50−1. 0−1. 259=4 . 241 m ¿
2
|σ min|⋅x '⋅L a 109 . 494∗1. 486∗4 4 . 461
A s= ∗ = ⋅ =1922. 717 mm 2
2 σ σ comb b 2∗0 . 19 4 . 241
4⋅A S 4∗1922 .717
N=k⋅ 2
=1 .75∗
Πd Π⋅252
N = 8 Nos.
Minimum number of anchor rods for 4 main cables = 4 Nos.
Ultimate bearing pressure
B*/2 (= 1.259m) < B/3 (= 2.167 m)
'
4⋅RV 4∗3407. 085
σ max. ult = = =449 .602 kN /m2
3 B*'⋅L 3∗2. 526∗4
max.ult (= 449.602 kN/m2) < perm (= 500 kN/m2)
Safety factor against sliding
R ' H =R H⋅cos α+R V⋅sin α = 1613.697 kN
2 2
A s =N⋅Π / 4⋅25 =4⋅Π / 4⋅25 = 3926.991 mm2
'
tan φ sl ¿ RV + A S ¿ σ σ comb
F sl= '
RH [With anchor rods considered]
o
tan 35 ∗3407 . 085+3926 . 990∗0 . 075
=
1613 . 697 = 1.661  1.5 Ok!
'
tan φsl ¿ R V
Fsl =
RH [With anchor rods neglected]
o
tan 35 ∗3407 . 085
=
1613 . 697 =1.478  1.3 Ok!

Table 15: Compilation of Data of Main Foundation on Right Bank (on Rock)

Load on top of foundation:

Total load (A) = 50.00 kN
Front to C.G. distance (a) = 5.50 m
Soil/rock heights:
Active pressure height (ha) = - m
Rock height at back (hT) = Full Height m
Embedded depth (t) = 1.2 m
Depth of additional soil (t') = 0 m
Foundation dimensions:
Back height (H1) = 4.00 m
Front height (H2) = 3.50 m
Width (B) 6.50 m
Length (L) 4.00 m
Base inclination () 4.398 deg
Factor of Safety:
Against Sliding = 1.661 /
Against Bearing pressure = Okay!
Against Toppling (with anchor rods) = 1.635
Against Toppling (without anchor rods) = 1.478
Anchorage rods Nos. as per calculation (N) = 8

B) Data to be transferred to the General Arrangement

All initial data and results displayed by the frame

Related standard Drawings

Drawing number Drawing title
61 Main cable anchorage for 4 main cables
(capacity: 1220 kN)
61/2 Main foundation for 4 main cables
63(26) Handrail cable anchorage (capacity: 260 kN)
 7. Main foundation on soil, L/B
Initial layout data:
Foundation Characteristics
 Type of bridge: Inclined Suspended
 River bank: Left, lower foundation
 Cable anchorage type: Drum anchorage
 Foundation: On soil
Cable structure characteristics
 Number of main cables (nM) = 4Nos
 Main cable tension (TMf) = 1054.785 kN
 Handrail cable tension (THf) = 245 kN
 Cable inclination (f) = 13.582 deg
 Front slope of rock or stone pitching (1) = 9 deg
Soil parameters
 Friction angle of sub-soil (1) = 30 deg
 Unit weight of sub-soil (1) = 18 kN/m2
 Friction angle of backfilling soil (2) = 22 deg
 Unit weight of backfilling soil (2) = 17 kN/m2
 Ground water at depth = very deep
 Ground bearing pressure (perm) = 400 kN/m2
 Minimum embedded depth (t) = 2.3 m

Trial values for foundation dimensions

Dimensions (m) Trial values Remark
Back height (H1) 4.00 The dimensions compiled were
Front height (H2) 3.75
found by iteration with regard
Width (B) 7.50
Length (L) 5.00 to economical design

 Active pressure height (ha) = 5.00 m

 Embedded depth (t) = 2.5 m
 Inclination of front slope () = 15 deg
 Inclination of back slope () = 20 deg
  Unit weight of dry stone masonry (d) = 17.0 kN/m3
 Unit weight of cement masonry (m) = 22.0 kN/m3
 Unit weight of concrete (e) = 24.0 kN/m3

Coefficient of horizontal active earth pressure:

2
cos φ
λ ah= 2

[√ 1+
sin (φ+δ )⋅sin (φ −ϕ )
cos δ⋅cosϕ ] with
2
δ= φ 2
3
cos 2 φ2
= 2

[√ ]
2
sin( 30+ ⋅30)⋅sin ( 30−20 )
3
1+
2
cos ⋅30*cos 20
3

= 0.2276
Coefficient of horizontal passive earth pressure:
2
cos φ
λ ph = 2

[√
1+
sin( φ+δ )⋅sin( φ −ϕ )
cos δ⋅cos ϕ ] with
2
δ= φ 2
3
2
cos φ
= 2

[√ ]
2
sin( 30+ ⋅30)⋅sin ( 30−20 )
3
1+
2
cos ⋅30⋅cos 20
3
= 0.2387

Base inclination
H 1−H 2 4−3 .75
tan α = =
B 7 .50
 = 1.909 deg
Check for 
 = 1.909 deg 15 deg Ok!
Calculation of Loading forces and moments

Loading force Lever arm Moment

Vertical Hz. Distance
Mf
Formula RV (kN) RH (kN) Formula (m)
(kN-m)
Load from foundation
W 1 =0,5⋅( H 1 + H 2 )⋅B⋅L⋅γ e 3487.5 - B 2 H 1 + H 2 5.081 17719.988
⋅
3 H1+H2
W 2 =0 , 95⋅(B−1,2)⋅L⋅γ e 855 - 0.5B 3.75 3206.25
Load from foundation top
Total load = A 50 -  4.5 225
Active earth pressure ha
−H 1 + H 2
h
2
- 423.767 3 1.733 (-) 734.388
Eah= λah⋅ a⋅L⋅γ s
2
Eav =E ah⋅tan ( 23⋅φ ) 154.238 - B 7.5 1156.785
Passive earth pressure hp
h
2 - (-) 3 1 (-) 111.038
E ph= λ ph⋅ p⋅L⋅γ s
2 111.038
2
E pv =E ph⋅tan ⋅φ
3 ( ) 40.414 - 0 0 0
Load from cable tension
TMh = TMcos - 1025.288 H2+0.7 4.45 (-)4562.532
THh = THcos - 338.426 H2+1.95 5.7 (-)1929.028
TMv = TMcos 247.702 - - 1.45 359.168
THv = THsin 81.761 - - 1.45 118.553
 4916.61 1676.443 15448.758
5

Volume of foundation
W 1 +W 2 3487 .5+ 855
Vol= = Vol = 180.938 m3
γe 24
kN
Total vertical force RV = 4916.615kN
Total horizontal force RH = 1676.443 kN

Total moments
Total positive moment M+ = 22785.744 kN-m
Total negative moment M-= 7336.986 kN-m
Algebraic sum of static moment about F; MF = 15448.758 kN-m
Inclination of resultant
R H 1676 . 443
tan δ R = =
R V 4916 . 615 R= 18.828 deg
B∗¿ MF 15448 . 758 B∗¿
= = ; ¿¿
2 R V⋅(1+tan α⋅tan δ R ) 4916 .615∗(1+tan 1. 909⋅tan 18. 828 ) 2 =
3.152 m

Check for B*/2

B*/2 = 3.152 m  B/4 (=1.875 m) ok!

Factor of safety against sliding

tan φ tan 30o
F sl= =
tan(δ R −α ) tan(18 . 828o −1. 909 o ) Fsl= 1.898

Factor of safety against toppling

M + 22785 . 744
FT = =
M − 7336 . 986 Ft= 3.106

Ground bearing pressure

On inclined base
' o o
RV =R V cos α+ R H sin α=4556 , 9⋅cos 9,9 + 2116, 1⋅sin 9,9 = 4969.732 kN
B 7 .5
B '= =
cos α cos 1 .909 o = 7.504 m
B *' B */ 2 3 .152
= =
2 cos α cos 1 .909 o = 3.154 m
R 'V B *'
σ max.=
B'⋅L [
1+3−
B' ]
4969. 732 2∗3 .154
=
7 .504∗5,0[ (
1+3 1−
7 . 504 )] =192.082kN/m2
perm (=400 kN/m2) ok!

Tension Crack
e < B’/6
or, 1.25m <1.251m
Hence, no tension crack is formed.
Compilation of Final Data
Main Foundation, L/B

A) Main Calculation

1) Load on top of foundation

- Total load A = 50 kN
- Front to C.G. distance a = 4.5 m
2) Soil/rock heights
- Active pressure height ha = 5.95 m
- Rock height at back hT = 0 m
- Embedded depth t = 2,5 m
3) Soil parameters
- Front slope of soil (top of dry
stone pitching) 1 = 15 deg
- Back slop of soil  = 20 deg
4) Foundation dimensions
- Back height H1 = 4.0 m
- Front height H2 = 3.75 m
- Width B = 7.5 m
- Length L = 5.0 m
- Base inclination  = 1.909 deg
- Distance to resultant force B*/2 = 3.152 m
5) Safety factors
- Sliding FSL = 1.898 /
- ground bearing pressure = safe /
- Toppling FT = 3.106 /
No tension
- Tension Crack = crack /

B) Data to be transferred to the General Arrangement

All initial data and results displayed by the frame

Related standard Drawings

Drawing number Drawing title

61 Main cable anchorage for 4 main cables
(capacity: 1220 kN)

61/1 Main foundation for 4 main cables

 Handrail cable anchorage
63(26) (capacity: 260 kN)
Design of windguy cable STRUCTURE

FOR DOWNSTREAM

From graphical determination,

CL = 13.283m; DL = (-) 15.50m

The upstream windguy parabola shall be arranged symmetrically to the downstream

windguy parabola.

Initial layout data

From cable structure analysis
ℓ = 120.5 m
H1 = 573.629 m
fd’ = 1.158 m
 = 35.834 m

For suspended bridge

d = 6.00 m
k = 0.51 m

Determination Windguy parabola in plan

(Both upstream and downstream)
Vertex of the parabola
Fix vertex at 44th cross beam from right side
V = 120.5/2-6*1.2
V = 53.05 m

Windguy cable parabola in plan is

fW
γ 'j = 2
⋅x 2j +2 , 20
V
For prevailing topographical conditions, first fix the left bank down-stream windguy
cable end.
j=0
 y'o= CL yo= 13.283 m

xo = ℓ -V-DL = 120.5-53.05-(-15.50) xo = 51.950 m

V2 ' 53 .05
2
fW= ( y o −2. 20 ) ∗(13. 283−2. 2)
X 2o = 51. 950
2
fW= 11.557 m
Calculation of hW and bW

ℓ−V 2 120 . 5−53 . 05 2

hW =f W⋅
V[( ) ]
−1 =11. 557∗
53 . 05 [(
−1 ; ) ] hW =
7.126 m
h2W⋅V 2 7. 1262∗53 . 052
bW = 2
= 2
ℓ 120 .5−53 . 05
(
16 f W⋅ −V
2 ) 16∗11. 557⋅ ( 2 ) bW = 14.907 m
ℓ ℓ
bW = ..........
Check if 8 10
ℓ 120 .5 ℓ
= =8 . 083
bW 14 . 907 ; thus bw ~ 9 ok!
Windguy cable tension
2 2
wℓ 0 . 5∗120 . 5
HW= =
8 bW 8∗14 . 907 HW= 60.877kN

2⋅f W 2
√(
T R =H W⋅ 1+
V )
=60 . 877∗ 1+
2∗11.557 2
53 .05
2
;
√ ( ) TR = 66.405 kN

2
T L=H W⋅ 1+
√( 2⋅f W⋅( ℓ−V )
V2 ) =60. 877∗ 1+
√ ( 2∗11 . 557∗(120 .5−53 .05
53 . 052 )
Tmax=69.594kN TL = 69.594 kN

Number and diameter of windguy cable

Number of windguy cable (d/s or u/s) nW = 1
Diameter of windguy cable W = 26 mm
Permissible tension Tperm=129 kN
Check for tension
Tperm (=129 kN)  Tmax (~ 69.594 kN) ok !
Location of first windties
 BR = V-(diR)=53.05-6*8; BR = 5.05 m
BL = ℓ -V-(diL)=120.5-53.05-6*8; BL = 19.45 m

Calculation of R and L
2⋅f W
α R =arctan
[ V2
( V −B R )
]
2⋅11.557
R =21.516 deg
=arctan
[ 53 .05 2
(53 .05−5 . 05) ;
]
2⋅f W
α L =arctan
[ V2
( ℓ−V −B L )
]
2∗11.557 L = 21.516 deg
=arctan
[ 53 .05 2
(120 . 5−53 . 05−19 . 45 ) ;
]
Calculation of CRO and CLO
fW
CR O= 2
⋅( V −B R )2 + tan α R⋅B R +2 .2
V
11. 557
= 2
∗(53 . 05−5 . 05)2 +tan 21. 516 o∗5. 05+2 . 2;
53 . 05 CRO= 13.653m
fW
CLO = 2
⋅( ℓ−V −B L )2 + tan α L⋅B L+ 2. 2
V
11 . 557
= 2
∗(120 .5−53 .05−19 . 45)2 +tan 21 .516 o∗19. 45+2. 2 ;
53 . 05 CLO=
19.330m
These data will be the same for both upstream and downstream windguy
arrangements as they are arranged symmetrically.

Downstream: HR = 568.283 m HL = 570.000 m

DR = 0 m DL = -15.500 m

Calculation of CR and CL
For downstream windguy cable
fW
C R= ⋅( V −B R )2 + tan α R⋅( B R + D R )+ 2. 2
V2
 11. 557
= 2
⋅( 53. 05−5 .05 )2 +tan 21. 516o∗(5. 05−0 )+2 . 2
53 . 05

CR= 13.653m

fW
C L= 2
⋅( ℓ−V −B L )2 + tan α L⋅( B L+ D L ) + 2. 2
V
11 . 557
= 2
∗(120 .5−53 .05−19 . 45)2 +tan 21 .516 o∗(19 . 45−(−15. 5 ))+2. 2
53 . 05

CL= 13.219m

Calculation of windties lengths

Determination of parabola 4
fW 11 . 557
2 a 4= =
y=a4 x +c 4 ; V 2
53 . 052 a4 =0.004107
c 4 =2 . 2−k =2. 2−0. 51 c4 = 1.69 m
Calculation of Δ hLP
Δh L⋅P⋅¿= y ¿
¿
L⋅P⋅¿⋅tan γ

y 2 ¿
L⋅P⋅¿=a ( γ −v ) + 2. 2−k
4

2
=0 . 004107*(35 .334−53 . 05) +2. 2−0 . 51 yLP=2.979 m
( H 1 −H R−f d )⋅(ℓ+ D R + D L )−( D R + γ )⋅( H R −H L )
tan γ=
(C R −k )⋅( ℓ + DR + D L )−( D R+ γ )⋅(C R −C L )
(ℓ+D R +D L )=(120 .5−0−(−15. 50 ))=136 . 00 m
DR + γ =(0+35 . 334 )=35 .334 m
(573 . 629−568 . 283−1 .158 )∗136 . 00−35. 334∗(568 . 283−570 . 00)
tan γ=
(13. 653−0 .51 )∗136 . 00−35 . 334∗(13 .653−13 .219 )
= 0.367
Δh L⋅P⋅¿=2 .907∗0 .367 ¿ ΔhL⋅P⋅¿ ¿ =1.068m

Determination of parabola 1,2 and 3

 fd 1 .158
a1 = 2
=
Parabola 1: γ 35 . 3342 a1=0.000928
c 1= Δh L⋅P⋅¿ ¿ c1= 1.068 m
 Δh L⋅P⋅¿− H
1
a2 = H R + f d + ¿
Parabola 2: ( γ + D R )2

568 . 283+1. 158+1 .092−573. 629

=
(35. 334−0 )2 = -0.002480
c2 = 0

Δh L⋅P⋅¿−H
1
a3 =H L +f d + ¿
Parabola 3: ( ℓ−γ + D L )2

570 . 00+1. 158+1 .092−573 .629

=
(120. 5−35. 334+(−15. 5 ))2 = -0.000284
c3 = 0

4) Calculation of windtie data

c/ci= √ Δ hi2+ yi2

d
Dwi = ⋅√a 24 (d+2 xi)2 +1
cos β
Wherein:
x i=V −B R−(i−1)⋅d =53 . 05−5 . 05−(i−1)⋅¿ 48−(i−1)
x i=x i +γ−V =x i +35 . 334−53 .05=xi −17 .716
(ℓ−B R −B L ) 120 . 5−5 . 05−19 . 45
i max = +1 = +1=17
d 6
y i=a4 x 2i +2. 2−0 . 51 =0 . 004107 x 2i +1. 69

- for xi  0
2
Δh i=a i x i + Δh ¿
L⋅P⋅¿ −a x2
2 i

β i=arctan (2⋅a 2⋅x i )

- for xi  0
2
Δh i=a i x i + Δh ¿
L⋅P⋅¿−a x 2
3 i

β i=arctan (2⋅a 3⋅x i )

Starting from right side (i=1) the windtie data are calculated continuously upto the left
side (i-imax) as shown in the following tabular calculation.
Tabular calculation of windtie lengths

i Xi Xi' Δhi yi β c/ci Dwi

4.21 11.15
1 48 30.284 7 2 -8.541 11.922 6.578
3.10
2 42 24.284 2 8.934 -6.867 9.457 6.443
2.23
3 36 18.284 1 7.012 -5.181 7.359 6.326
1.60
4 30 12.284 6 5.386 -3.486 5.620 6.228
1.22
5 24 6.284 7 4.055 -1.785 4.237 6.149
1.09
6 18 0.284 3 3.021 -0.081 3.212 6.089
1.13
7 12 -5.716 2 2.281 0.186 2.547 6.045
- 1.25
8 6 11.716 9 1.838 0.381 2.228 6.017
- 1.47
9 0 17.716 3 1.690 0.577 2.242 6.002
- 1.77
10 -6 23.716 4 1.838 0.772 2.554 6.002
- 2.16
11 -12 29.716 2 2.281 0.967 3.143 6.017
- 2.63
12 -18 35.716 8 3.021 1.162 4.010 6.047
- 3.20
13 -24 41.716 1 4.055 1.358 5.166 6.090
- 3.85
14 -30 47.716 1 5.386 1.553 6.621 6.148
- 4.58
15 -36 53.716 8 7.012 1.748 8.380 6.219
- 5.41
16 -42 59.716 3 8.934 1.943 10.446 6.304
- 6.32 11.15
17 -48 65.716 5 2 2.138 12.820  
101.96
Sum: 5 98.704
5) Calculation of BR and BL
β R =arctan [ 2 a2⋅( BR −γ ]
R = 8.541o
=arctan [ 2∗(−0 . 002480)∗(5 . 05−35 . 334 ) ]

β L =arctan [ 2 a3⋅( γ−ℓ−B L ) ]

L = 2.138o
=arctan [ 2∗(−0 . 000284 )∗(35 . 334−120. 5−19. 45 )] ;

6) Calculation of ER and EL
BR+ DR
E R=
cos α R⋅cos β R
5 . 05+(−15 .5 ) ER = 5.489m
=
cos 21. 516o *cos (8 .541 )

BL + D L
E L=
cos α L⋅cos β L
EL = 4.249 m
19 . 45+(−15 . 5)
=
cos 21. 516o *cos 2. 138o

7) Calculation of total length of cables

lW (tot) = Dwi + ER + EL + overlapping length
= 98.704 + 5.489 + 4.249 +2*1.2 = 110.942 m

LT (tot) =  (c/ci + 0.6)

= 101.965 +17*0.6 = 112.165 m

FOR UPSTREAM

From graphical determination,

CL = 9.998m; DL = (-) 18.682m
The upstream windguy parabola shall be arranged symmetrically to the downstream
windguy parabola.

Initial layout data

From cable structure analysis
ℓ = 120.5 m
H1 = 573.629 m
fd’ = 1.158 m
 = 35.834 m

For suspended bridge

d = 6.00 m
k = 0.51 m

Determination Windguy parabola in plan

Vertex of the parabola
Fix vertex at 44th cross beam from right side
V = 120.5/2-6*1.2
V = 53.05 m

Windguy cable parabola in plan is

fW
γ 'j = 2
⋅x 2j +2 . 20
V
For prevailing topographical conditions, first fix the left bank down-stream windguy
cable end.
j=0
y'o= CL yo= 10.00 m

xo = ℓ -V-DL = 120.5-53.05-(-18.682) xo = 48.768 m

V2 ' 53 .05
2
fW= ( y o −2. 20 ) ∗(10−2. 2)
X 2o = 48 . 768
2
fW= 9.230 m
Calculation of hW and bW
 ℓ−V 2 120 . 5−53 . 05 2
hW =f W⋅
[( ) ]
V
−1 =9 . 230∗
53 . 05 [(
−1 ; ) ] hW =
5.691 m
h2W⋅V 2 5 . 6912∗53 . 052
bW = 2
= 2
ℓ 120 .5−53 . 05
(
16 f W⋅ −V
2 ) 16∗9 .230⋅ ( 2 ) bW = 11.905 m
ℓ ℓ
bW = ..........
Check if 8 10
ℓ 120 .5 ℓ
= =10. 122
bW 11. 905 ; thus bw ~ 9 ok!
Windguy cable tension
2 2
wℓ 0 . 5∗120 . 5
HW= =
8 bW 8∗11. 905 HW= 76.228kN

2⋅f W 2
T R=H W⋅ 1+
√(V )
=76 . 228∗ 1+
2∗9 .23 2
53. 05
2
;
√ ( ) TR = 80.711 kN

2
T L=H W⋅ 1+
√( 2⋅f W⋅( ℓ−V )
V2 ) =76. 228∗ 1+
√ ( 2∗9 . 23∗( 120 .5−53 .05
53 . 052 )
Tmax=83.355kN TL = 83.355 kN

Number and diameter of windguy cable

Number of windguy cable (d/s or u/s) nW = 1
Diameter of windguy cable W = 26 mm
Permissible tension Tperm=129 kN
Check for tension
Tperm (=129 kN)  Tmax (~ 69.594 kN) ok !
Location of first windties
BR = V-(diR)=53.05-6*8; BR = 5.05 m
BL = ℓ -V-(diL)=120.5-53.05-6*8; BL = 19.45 m

Calculation of R and L
2⋅f W
α R =arctan
[ V2
( V −B R )
]
R =17.476 deg
 2∗9 . 230
=arctan
[ 53 .05 2
(53 . 05−5 . 05 ) ;
]
2⋅f W
α L =arctan
[ V2
( ℓ−V −B L )
]
2∗9 . 230 L = 17.476 deg
=arctan
[ 53 .05 2
(120 . 5−53 . 05−19 . 45 ) ;
]
Calculation of CRO and CLO
fW
CR O= 2
⋅( V −B R )2 + tan α R⋅B R +2 .2
V
9. 230
= 2
∗(53 . 05−5 . 05 )2 +tan 17 . 476 o∗5. 05+2 . 2;
53 . 05 CRO= 11.346m
fW
CLO = 2
⋅( ℓ−V −B L )2 + tan α L⋅B L+ 2,2
V
9. 230
= 2
∗(120 . 5−53 . 05−19 . 45 )2 + tan17 . 476 o∗19 . 45+2. 2 ;
53 . 05 CLO=
15.880m
These data will be the same for both upstream and downstream windguy
arrangements as they are arranged symmetrically.

Upstream: HR = 569.562 m HL = 570.000 m

DR = 0 m DL = -18.682 m

Calculation of CR and CL
For downstream windguy cable
fW
C R= ⋅( V −B R )2 + tan α R⋅( B R + D R )+ 2. 2
V2
9. 230
= 2
⋅(53 .05−5 . 05)2 +tan 17 . 476o∗(5. 05−0 )+2. 2
53 . 05

CR= 11.346m
 fW
C L= 2
⋅( ℓ−V −B L )2 + tan α L⋅( B L+ D L ) + 2. 2
V
9. 230
= 2
∗(120 . 5−53 . 05−19 . 45 )2 + tan17 . 476 o∗(19 . 45−(−18. 682))+2. 2
53 . 05

CL= 9.998m

Calculation of windties lengths

Determination of parabola 4
fW 9. 230
2 a 4= =
y=a4 x +c 4 ; V 2
53 . 052 a4 =0.003280
c 4 =2 . 2−k =2. 2−0. 51 c4 = 1.69 m
Calculation of Δ hLP
Δh L⋅P⋅¿= y ¿
¿
L⋅P⋅¿⋅tan γ

y 2 ¿
L⋅P⋅¿=a ( γ −v ) + 2. 2−k
4

2
=0 . 003280*(35 .834−53 .05) +2. 2−0. 51 yLP=2.662m
( H 1 −H R−f d )⋅(ℓ+ D R + D L )−( D R + γ )⋅( H R −H L )
tan γ=
(C R −k )⋅( ℓ + DR + D L )−( D R+ γ )⋅(C R −C L )
(ℓ+D R +D L )=(120 .5−0−(−15. 50 ))=136 . 00 m
DR + γ =(0+35 . 834 )=35 . 834 m
(573 . 629−569 . 562−1. 158 )∗136 . 00−35 . 334∗(569 .562−570. 00 )
tan γ=
(11.346−0 . 51)∗136 . 00−35 .334∗(11. 346−9 . 998)
= 0.271
Δh L⋅P⋅¿=2 .662∗0 .271 ¿ ΔhL⋅P⋅¿ ¿ =0.721m

Determination of parabola 1,2 and 3

fd 1 .158
a1 = 2
=
Parabola 1: γ 35 . 3342 a1=0.000902
 c 1= Δh L⋅P⋅¿ ¿ c1= 0.721 m Parabola 2:

Δh L⋅P⋅¿− H
1
a2 = H R + f d + ¿
( γ + D R )2

569 .562+1 . 158+0 .721−573. 629

=
(35 .334 +0 )2 = -0.001704
c2 = 0

Δh L⋅P⋅¿−H
1
a3 =H L +f d + ¿
Parabola 3: ( ℓ−γ + D L )2

570 . 00+1. 158+0 . 721−573 .629

=
(120 .5−35 .334 +(−18 .682 ))2 = -0.000402
c3 = 0

4) Calculation of windtie data

c/ci= √ Δ hi2+ yi2

d
Dwi = ⋅√a 24 (d+2 xi)2 +1
cos β
Wherein:
x i=V −B R−(i−1)⋅d =53 . 05−5 . 05−(i−1)⋅¿ 48−(i−1)
x i=x i +γ−V =x i +35 . 334−53 .05=xi −17 .716
(ℓ−B R −B L ) 120 . 5−5 . 05−19 . 45
i max = +1 = +1=17
d 6
y i=a4 x 2i +2. 2−0 . 51 =0 . 003280 x2i +1. 69

- for xi  0
2
Δh i=a i x i + Δh ¿
L⋅P⋅¿ −a x2
2 i

β i=arctan (2⋅a 2⋅x i )

- for xi  0
2
Δh i=a i x i + Δh ¿
L⋅P⋅¿−a x 2
3 i
 β i=arctan (2⋅a 3⋅x i )

Starting from right side (i=1) the windtie data are calculated continuously upto the left
side (i-imax) as shown in the following tabular calculation.
Tabular calculation of windtie lengths

i Xi Xi' Δhi yi β c/ci Dwi

3.19
1 48 30.784 0 9.246 -5.989 9.781 6.362
2.32
2 42 24.784 2 7.475 -4.828 7.827 6.278
1.64
3 36 18.784 0 5.940 -3.663 6.163 6.206
1.14
4 30 12.784 7 4.642 -2.495 4.781 6.145
0.84
5 24 6.784 1 3.579 -1.324 3.677 6.095
0.72
6 18 0.784 3 2.753 -0.153 2.846 6.057
0.75
7 12 -5.216 6 2.162 0.240 2.291 6.029
0.88
8 6 -11.216 5 1.808 0.517 2.013 6.011
1.10
9 0 -17.216 7 1.690 0.793 2.020 6.002
1.42
10 -6 -23.216 4 1.808 1.069 2.301 6.002
1.83
11 -12 -29.216 4 2.162 1.345 2.835 6.012
2.33
12 -18 -35.216 8 2.753 1.622 3.611 6.031
2.93
13 -24 -41.216 6 3.579 1.898 4.629 6.060
3.62
14 -30 -47.216 7 4.642 2.174 5.891 6.098
4.41
15 -36 -53.216 3 5.940 2.450 7.400 6.145
5.29
16 -42 -59.216 3 7.475 2.725 9.159 6.200
6.26
17 -48 -65.216 6 9.246 3.001 11.169
Sum: 88.396 97.732
5) Calculation of BR and BL
β R =arctan [ 2 a2⋅( BR −γ ]
R = 5.989 o
=arctan [ 2∗(−0 . 001704 )∗(5 . 05−35. 334 ) ]

β L =arctan [ 2 a3⋅( γ−ℓ−B L ) ]

L = 3.001o
=arctan [ 2∗(−0 . 000402)∗(35 .334−120 .5−19 . 45) ] ;

6) Calculation of ER and EL
BR+ DR
E R=
cos α R⋅cos β R
5 . 05+0 ER = 5.323m
=
cos 17 . 476 o *cos5 . 989o

BL + D L
E L=
cos α L⋅cos β L
EL = 0.806 m
19 . 45+(−18 . 682)
=
cos 17 . 476 o *cos 3 . 001o

7) Calculation of total length of cables

lW (tot) = Dwi + ER + EL + overlapping length
= 98.704 + 5.323 + 0.806 +2*1.2 = 106.361 m

LT (tot) =  (c/ci + 0.6)

= 88.396 +17*0.6 =98.596 m
Compilation of Final Data
Windguy Cable Structures

A) Initial Data

Bridge type (suspended or suspension) ? Suspended /

ℓ W
Design span = 120 m

Horizontal distance = 35.834 m
nW
Windguy cable = 2 /
W
= 26 mm
AW
= 1061.858 mm2
TW,break
= 386 kN
Elevation of Right Bank = 573.629
E-Module = 110 kN/mm2
Cable anchorage elevation:
- Left bank Windguy cable,
upstream = 570 m
Windguy cable, downstream = 570 m
- Right bank Windguy cable,
upstream = 669.562 m
Windguy cable, downstream = 568.283 m
Freeboard Windguy cables = 9.383 m
Loads: - Wind load w = 0.5 kN/m

B) Data from Main Calculations

Upstream Downstream
Theoretical hW = 5.691 7.126 m
bW = 11.905 14.907 m
fW = 9.230 11.557 m
TR = 80.711 66.405 kN
TL = 83.355 69.594 kN
Safety factor = 4.631 5.546 /
Layout L = 17.476 21.516 de
R = 17.476 21.516 de
CLo = 15.88 19.330 m
 CRo = 11.346 13.653 m
CL = 9.998 13.219 m
CR = 11.346 13.653 m
DL = -18.682 -15.50 m
DR = 0 0 m
HL = 570 570 m
HR = 569.562 568.283 m

c) Data to be transferred to the General Arrangement

Into plan
All results displayed by the by the frame
Into longitudinal section
Separate longitudinal section of all four cable ends
Freeboard
Windguy cable elevation (H), inclination (B) and tension (T).

H  T
(m) (deg) (kN)
Right bank:
upstream 569.562 5.989 80.711
downstream 568.283 8.542 66.405
Left bank:
upstream 570 3.001 83.355
downstream 570 2.138 69.595

Into cable list

Windguy cable:
Upstream: number = 1
diameter = 26 mm

Total cutting length, LW (tot) = 106.361

downstream: number = 1
diameter = 26 mm

Total cutting length, LW (tot) = 110.942

Windties: diameter = 13 mm
 Total length, LT (tot) [D/S] = 112.165 m

Total length, LT (tot) [U/S] = 198.596 m

Related standard drawings

Drawing number Drawing title
10 Windtie for windguy cable 13 mm 