ROLE EFFICACY OF GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS IN

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: A PROSPECTIVE APPROACH

Abstract

The growing consciousness of human exploitation of environment has elicited several responses. In the last
three decades there has been a plethora of governmental and non-governmental conventions hosted, a myriad
of books published, extensive media coverage, and countless speeches delivered concerning environmental
issues and how they might be addressed. An integral part of helping people to understand the importance of
their actions on the health of their surrounding environment is through the best practices of governmental and
non-governmental organizations involved therein. Furthermore, an effective implementation of any
environmental management programme depends on the full support of local actors, which depends on a
certain level of education, community participation, public private partnerships, raising awareness and training
in the relevant areas. Environmental management involves the practices that increases people’s knowledge
and awareness about the environment and associated challenges as well as develops the necessary skills and
expertise to address the challenges. The present paper attempts to identify various socio-economic factors as
well as functioning of various organizations associated with preservation and restoration of environment in the
selected research area. The data for the study were collected from secondary sources. The data so collected
has been analyzed through secondary review. The study concludes that socio-economic factors have a positive
impact on environmental management. The basic factors identified were: Demographic change, Social change,
Gender and divisions of labor, Health, Education, knowledge and information, Poverty, Economic change,
Technological change, Research and the development of new technologies etc.

Keywords: Community Participation, Environmental Management, Governmental and Non-Governmental

Organizations, Public-Private Partnership.

INTRODUCTION

Environment commonly implies surroundings invested with physical, chemical and biological factors exercising a decisive influence on all
living organisms including humans and the stability and well-being of life and living on this planet. The present day era of post modernist
reflexivity has projected an intimate and close link between man and the nature. Diverse interacting and often competing interests of
different stakeholders also determines the environmental matrix. Managing and balancing environment in a healthy and productive
manner, hinges to a larger extent upon a proper understanding and judicious use of natural resources in order to combat eroding factors
that cause irreversible damages to the eco-system. Environmental discipline these days has acquired global attention not merely to
redress ecological ravages but to help evolve a proactive response from the business and civil society, keeping in view challenges and task
of restoration of healthy ecological frame on this earth. In no conceivable manner should management of environment impede or come in
conflict with economic growth as it impinges upon the development of technology and participation of common masses to formulate a
collective and effective response mechanism to meet material needs of the people across the planet. Conserving scarce natural resources
and protecting both the external and internal environments in recent times has acquired phenomenal priority of different nations which
can be clearly understood from declarations of world body like United Nations. Policies for environment protection has to be planned on
regional, national and international levels enabling people to take harness advantage of modern science and technology and enjoy the
benefits of natural resources available, while at the same time estimating the social costs which are likely to occur through shortages,
pollution, and social conflicts. To the industrialists environmental management means ensuring that business decisions are taken which
give due cognizance to the environmental issues keeping in view the fact that now Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become the
magna-carta for adhering to the green business practices. This means that individual business entities have to understand the
consequences of decisions that impact environment and are ready adopt eco-friendly business strategies.

Environmental management is a mixture of science, policy, and socioeconomic applications. It focuses on the solution of the practical
problems that humans encounter in cohabitation with nature, exploitation of resources, and production of waste. In a purely
anthropocentric sense, the central problem is how to permit technology to evolve continuously while limiting the degree to which this
process alters natural ecosystems. Environmental management is thus intimately intertwined with questions regarding limiting economic
growth, ensuring an equitable distribution of consumable goods, and conserving resources for future generations. Environmental
management is a response to the increasing seriousness of the human impact on natural ecosystems. With a smaller global population
base and a less pervasive use of technology, the environment might be able to recuperate on its own from human misuse, but it is now
widely recognized that in many cases positive intervention is necessary if the environment is to recover.

Government and Non-Government organizations in Environmental Management

In most of the countries now both national and state governments along-with non-governmental organizations are now actively getting
participation in promoting public awareness and share the burden of restoration of the ecological balance for the posterity. Conservation
and protection of environment has become mandatory for good governance so as to avoid growing public opposition because healthy life
practices are gaining priority over the materialistic benefits and pleasures. Environmental management, therefore, has become a
challenging task demanding public participation and active involvement of voluntary organizations for evolving a collective and an
integrative approaches to restore and prevent ecological degradation by identifying following critical issues :-

 To assess and predict future trends in environmental managements.

 To promote case studies with regard to the environmental problems arising from different sources within the state.
 To encourage and organize public participation in planning new projects.
 To formulate area specific strategies for promoting public support for balancing developmental schemes with ecological
requirement agencies in different regions of the state.
 To evaluate and study role of various non-governmental and voluntary organizations involved with the environmental
management.

Core elements of Environmental Management

 Commitment of top management and defined responsibilities;

 Identifying environmental impacts;
 Communicating an environmental policy;
 Setting environmental objectives and programmes/plans; and
 Regular audit and review cycle.

FIGURE 1.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Felix Iyalomhe, (2008), in his paper titled “Environmental Management System and ISO 14001 for Nigeria Higher Education: A Case
Study of Auchi Polytechnic” suggest that the new management of Environmental Management System (EMS) certified by ISO 14001
has achieved positive results in the developed part of the world and if introduced in the developing countries, like Nigeria, could help
to reduce the impacts on the environment. It further suggests that the new system can provide results, such as possible success
factors, like top management commitment in all aspect, strict legislations on punishment for non-compliances and incentives for
compliances etc, recommendations to Auchi Polytechnic, possible drivers, like Government directives, strict regulatory legislative
laws on EMS implementation etc, barriers to EMS implementation like lack of commitment from government and stakeholders, lack
of funds etc and suggestions for further studies.

Mark S. Reed (2007) in his paper titled “Stakeholder participation for Environmental management” highlights the complex and dynamic
nature of environmental problems and suggests flexible and transparent decision-making that embraces a diversity of knowledge and
values. For this reason, stakeholder participation in environmental decision-making has been increasingly sought and embedded into
national and international policy. It draws together the typologies that have been developed to understand the basis for stakeholder
participation. It is argued that to be successful, such a process needs to be underpinned by an appropriate philosophy, and to consider
how to engage relevant stakeholders at the appropriate time and in a manner that will enable them to fairly and effectively shape
environmental decisions.

De Moore, P. & De Beelde, I. (2006) in their paper titled “Environmental Auditing and the Role of the Accountancy Profession”
emphasizes on environmental auditing and the potential role of accountants distinguishing between compliance audits and audits of the
environmental management system. This review focuses on the similarities and differences between an environmental audit and a
financial statement audit. Except that environmental audits are largely unregulated, the general approach to both types of audits is
similar. Both audits place an emphasis on the evaluation of control systems, which is an argument in favor of external auditors playing a
role in environmental audits. Another argument for including external accountants, is their code of ethics. It is argued that this reluctance
is because of a lack of generally accepted principles for conducting environmental audits. Rather than treating these audits as totally
different, it is proposed that there be a move towards integrated, or even universal, audits.

Jean-Laurent Pfund, Trudy O’Connor, Piia Koponen & Jean-Marc Boffa, (2006), in their paper titled “Transdisciplinary Research to
Promote Biodiversity Conservation and Enhanced Management of Tropical Landscape Mosaics” suggests that by developing
methods and instruments that help to inform and facilitate coherent landscape planning across various spatial scales, research
institutions can support decisions by communities, conservation agencies and policy-makers. Ideally, these would help to define
management options that integrate biodiversity and livelihoods and promote equitable participation in planning processes. Within a
joint ‘Biodiversity Platform’, the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) centers CIFOR and ICRAF aim to
better understand biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in mosaic landscapes with intermediate land uses such as utilized
forests and agroforests. It further reviews historical trends of research on conservation and development and identifies lessons from
past attempts to combine biodiversity and livelihood aims in tropical landscapes.

1
Tzuchau Chang (2004) in his paper titled “Constructing national environmental education indicators for Governmental sectors of
TAIWAN” gives inputs on developing a set of Environmental Education Indicators to assess the government sectors’ achievement on
implementing EE in Taiwan. Content analysis of national reports, interviews with coordinators of EE in governmental sectors, and surveys
on EE researchers and educators were conducted to select and determine 11 EE indicators. The result suggests the national EE indicator
system could consist of three categories: input, process, and output categories. The input indicators include human resources, material
resources, and EE offices. The process category has the indicators of governmental operation, education and training, media & teaching
materials, propaganda, research and international cooperation, and awards for EE. The output category contains the indicators of
environmental literacy and environmental actions.

Chitra, A. (2003) in her paper titled “Role of NGO’S in Protecting Environment and Health” suggests following for the protection of
environment :

 Educate the students about the pollution problem and the harmful effects of pollution.

 We should minimize the use plastic cover for different purposes.

 Buy only environment friendly products i.e. the products which are not reducing the natural resources.

 Not to waste water for various purposes.

 To plant and grow trees in the house garden.

 To Support the NGO’s financially which are rendering service to the Health and Environment sector.

 To motivate research on different measures to be taken to solve environmental problems

Skanavis, Constantina and Sarri, Evalina (2002) in their paper titled “The Role of Environment Education as a Tool for Environment
Management in Cyprus: Strategies and Activities” examines the way in which Cyprus (pursuing membership into the European
Union) has to adapt to and implement certain directives, where environmental awareness should be intensely promoted. The
authors present the links between each enforced European directive and the relation to the Cypriot way of life and the need of
European aid to implement such policies and how the recommended environmental education program will contribute to a higher
quality of life.

Ms Dao Mai Anh (2002) in her paper titled “Environmental Management and ISO 14001 Certification in Vietnam through a case
study of Jebsen and Jessen” examines the issues related to ISO 14001/Environmental Management System (EMS) implementation in
Vietnam. Its objectives are to explore the current trend of ISO 14000 certification and implementation in Vietnam, and its possible
benefits and problems encountered by firms in implementing this standard. From the survey of the experiences of the ISO 14000-
certified companies in Vietnam, this research was able to derive some recommendations in order to promote the implementation of
ISO 14000 certification in Vietnam. It urges more Vietnamese government’s efforts to increase awareness of the benefits of ISO
14000 certification and better coordination of ISO 14000 certification and implementation.

Eva Heiskanen (2002), in his paper titled “The Environmental Agenda in Organization and Management Research”, explores the
evolution of the environmental agenda in organization and management research. This is done by studying how the research community
responded to calls for interdisciplinary voiced in key journals in the mid-1990s. It finds that some aspects of the interdisciplinary agenda
have not been taken up; in particular the study of the biophysical environment has been difficult to integrate into organization and
management studies. The study considers the reasons for these difficulties especially from a sociological and cultural perspective on
academic work, and explores the viability of different scenarios for future development.

Allen, W.J. (2001) in his paper titled “Sustainable Development as a Policy Concept” emphasis on the need for new approaches to
environmental policy and ecosystem management which has emerged in line with the evolving concept of 'sustainable development'.
Over the past three decades, 'development theorizing has progressed beyond economic parameters based on gross domestic product
(GDP) per capita growth, and even the conventional social indicators of literacy, life expectancy and caloric intake. While conventional
approaches to agriculture have in the past tended to employ narrow economic or productivity criteria to measure their success, today the
questions have been broadened to simultaneously evaluate the health of relevant systems in terms of ecology, ethics and equity. These
major changes in the way the issues of economic growth, human development and environmental protection are approached can be
highlighted through the outcomes of two major United Nations conferences. In response the World Commission on Environment and
Development was established during the 1980s by the United Nations to examine strategies and means by which the world community
could deal more effectively with environmental concerns.

Desirée Cullen (2001) in his paper titled “Environmental Management Accounting: A State of Play” provides a framework of the existing
EMA perspectives. Accounting, economics, science, and philosophy may need to come together to debate the decision making framework
and changes to the role of business, government, and social agendas that will be required to ensure the achievement of sustainability in
our current economic environment. The authors also question the value of the burgeoning body of literature on environmental external
reporting if no attempt is made to integrate this with EMA. A targeted study of the EMA practices of firms currently engaged in external
financial reporting might add depth to the triple bottom line agenda and further legitimize the importance of the EMA agenda. It is also of
paramount importance that research focus on further developing an EMA framework through a comprehensive investigation of its
applicability and relevance as a business tool in a wide range of decision making contexts and environments.

Schreck, Sarah C. (2001) in her paper titled “Role of Non-governmental Organizations in International Environmental Law” admits that
NGO participation in international environmental activities is a rapidly increasing, yet informal practice.  Despite their increase in activity
and influence, requirements on NGO participation have remained minimal. As NGO involvement continues, the need for formal rules

2
relating to participation, accountability, and legitimacy is becoming apparent. The current structure allows NGOs to make significant
contributions to the international forum, but the lack of rules could potentially curb their credibility and ability to participate in the future.
The international community needs NGO participation.  Whether their role expands or stays the same, a system of accountability will
protect the beneficiaries of NGO actions, the sovereign nations, and the NGOs themselves. The contributions of NGOs are too valuable to
leave unattended without regulations and protections.

Ramin Maysami, Lei Yalin and Zhang Long (1999) in their paper titled “Reasearch trends in resource and Environmental management”
examines that the Environmental and resource management have often been at odds with industrialisation and rapid economic growth
and this is apparent when reviewing the cases of growing economies of China and India. This article reviews the literature and concludes
that not only promoting effective natural resource management contributes to price stability, availability of products and long-term
employment, but also that it is socially desirable in terms of poverty reduction and reducing the burden on public health systems. The
article further proposes that a key step in alleviating the clash between the national desire to grow and its potential adverse effects on the
environment and natural resources is the enhancement of academic research on sustainable resource and environmental management
among the intellectual community.

Jesús Ángel del Brío and Beatriz Junquera (1998) in their paper titled “Environmental innovation management in SMEs: Implications for
Public Policies” gives inputs to collect and make up the most important contributions in the economic literature in relation to the special
characteristics of the management of the environmental innovation in the SMEs. The scarce development in the SMEs in respect to their
environmental strategy may be a consequence of the links among some of the following factors: limited financial resources, the type of
organizational structure, a little influence of the strategic adaptation competence against the changes in the SMEs, the managers’ scarce
environmental training and short term orientation, the staff’s scarce environmental awareness and training, the status of the
environmental issues in the company, the SMEs’ lower ability to obtain highly radical innovations, the scarce influence of manufacturing
process flexibility in the most advanced states of the environmental strategy in the SMEs and their lack of relation ability with external
stakeholders—very important in the success of the most advanced environmental approaches. Besides, the lack of regulation neutrality
must be added as a key difference among companies of different sizes. So specific actions seem be necessary, such as technological advice
and awareness, and training programs in order to cooperate with external stakeholders.

Raffaele Spinelli and Enrico Marchi (1995) in their paper titled “Environmental Impacts of Forests Road Construction” suggest effective
forest management and the maintenance of an appropriate forest road network. Road building is essential to the multiple use of forest
resources, and to satisfy a whole range of needs. However, careless logging and road building are the main causes for the environmental
degradation of most forest regions. In particular, road building can produce severe negative effects on soil stability, water regime,
landscape quality and game population. The mechanisms that lead to these unwanted effects have been investigated in a number of
studies, and a large corpus of knowledge is now available. Implementing a number of measures during all three stages of the process
(planning, construction and maintenance) can reduce the environmental impact of road building. In general, careful route selection,
avoidance of unnecessary earthmoving and construction of an effective drainage system yield the best results. Road-bank re-vegetation
and regular road maintenance are also crucial to good environmental performance.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

Environmental management is a purposeful activity with the goal to maintain and improve the state of an environmental resource
affected by human activities. It is not, as the phrase suggests, the management of the environment as such, but rather the management of
the interaction and impact of human societies on the environment. The present day era of post modernist reflexivity has projected an
intimate and close link between man and the nature. So far as industrialization is concerned, India like other countries also opted for the
process of industrial development for attaining over all socio-economic upliftment of its masses in shortest possible time. This urgency
apparently made planner to ignore the consequences of such modes of development on the environment at least until late 1970´s. Now
taking the stock of environmental degradation India is actively involved in restoration strategies which are not in conflict with the
environment. Introduction of National Environment Tribunal (NET) bill was passed in Lok Sabha in August 1992, itself demonstrated the
willingness on the part of government to review developmental schemes which cause environmental degradation. Jammu & Kashmir state
too embarked upon rapid path of socio- economic development for achieving over all societal upliftment but at the same time could not
escape damage caused to be the fragile ecology of this Himalayan region. Pursuance of economic goals often meant sacrificing the
environmental considerations which has taken colossal toll. Government has the Department of Environment & Remote Sensing and State
Pollution Control Board to review all such developmental schemes which have an adverse impact on the states ecology and environment.
Without participation of public through various voluntary and non-governmental organizations it would not be possible to effectively
addressing to the issues of proper management of the fragile environment. In this backdrop, the present study is an attempt to address
the practices as well as issues of governmental and non-governmental organizations in environmental management.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“ROLE EFFICACY OF GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: A PROSPECTIVE

APPROACH”

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Keeping in view the issues highlighted in the existing literature, the endeavor of present study would be to examine deeply the nature and
causes of environmental degradation witnessed in the state of J&K. This appears to be essential in sense that the ground realities
influencing the environment of specific area needs to be identified with a fair amount of realism for identifying legitimate role of the non-
governmental agencies in supporting proper management of the environment of different regions of Jammu. Hence the broad objectives
of study are:-

3
• To identify various socio-economic factors as well as functioning of various government and non-government organizations
associated with preservation and restoration of environment.

• To provide valuable suggestions to improve the environmental management in Jammu & Kashmir state.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The present study is theoretical in nature. The study extends to the Jammu & Kashmir state. The data has been collected from secondary
and tertiary sources. Various governmental and non-governmental organizations were selected to collect the secondary data which
include Directorate of Environment, Ecology and Remote Sensing, J&K State Pollution Control Board, Social Forestry, Participatory
Watershed management Project, J&K Confederation of Voluntary Social Charitable Organization, Centre for Environmental Education and
Training – University of Jammu, Word Wide Fund for Nature India –University of Jammu, Khudai Khidmat Gaar Association etc. other
sources of secondary data include journals, books, magazines, various search engines like Wikipedia, Ebsco, Science direct etc. The data so
collected were analyzed through secondary review. The scope of present study would be pioneering effort in conceiving an organizational
frame work for private-public partnership to provide effective management of the Jammu & Kashmir State.

DISCUSSION, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

In recent past concerted efforts have been made by different countries for bringing about a harmonious relationship between the
environment and growth processes and modes of economic development. In initial stages more especially in developing economics a keen
desire and telling urgency about achieving rapid industrial and economic upliftment of the masses, forced governments to opt for such
developmental strategies which often ignored the disastrous environmental consequences as a result there of. Thus by the beginning of
1980’s a growing realization by various government and non-governmental agencies about the colossal damages caused to environment
by the singular focus on economic benefits came under a serious review. Dangers of environmental degradation to the very existence of
human life as of late has triggered massive destruction of life and property due to cyclones, de-forestation, earth quakes, forest fires and
shrinking space for natural habitat for other animal species. Problem has been further compounded by green house effect, acid rains, air
pollution, water pollution, noise pollution effect on the flora and fauna, growing incidence of cancer among the people in the polluted
industrial environment, global warning, soil erosion and host of other alike factors.

It is now being acknowledged that government alone can not effectively respond to this crisis, as such public participation through non-
governmental organization needs to be promoted. Though social development has emerged as a very important sector in 21 st century
there are no institutionalized mechanisms of collaborations of the Government and NGO’s. The need of the hour is to evolve long term,
sustainable and institutionalized collaboration between the Government and NGO’s. NGO’s in any country all over the world including
international development agencies seek collaboration with the government and development organizations for the below mentioned
causes:-

 To access technical or managerial resources.

 To gain legitimacy or recognition.
 To gain institutional support.
 To adapt a programme to their areas.
 To acquire appropriate solutions to development problems.
 To promote greater accountability and transparency.
 To promote reforms in public services system.

In initial formation stages NGO’s needs governmental resources and linkages for better organizational services for the needy people. In
the later stages, when there is relative stability of funds and a sufficient pool of experience to draw upon, the NGO’s priorities may
change: it may be motivated to make larger scale impacts or inform public policy through its work. Secondly, the ideology and the quality
of leadership strongly influence the motivation of the agency in working with the government.

Government agencies on the other hand should work with the NGO’s to:-

 Enhance people’s participation in their programmes.

 To extend coverage of programmes to areas and groups that are poorly served by government staff.
 To test and replicate innovative approaches.
 To achieve greater cost effectiveness.

Therefore, behind a NGO’s interest in working with the government, or conversely, the government extending an invitation to NGO’s, lays
a certain degree of convergence in their development objectives and certain needs. It is also evident from the study that community
participation and public private partnerships can play an effective role in environmental management. The study concludes that socio-
economic factors have a positive impact on environmental management. The basic factors identified from the research area were:

 Demographic change: Although still largely rural, the region has been experiencing major transformation in terms of population
composition and distribution, with positive and negative implications for the environment and development.
 Social change: Improved human well-being is a crucial objective of sustainable development and is closely linked
to environmental goods and services. Human well-being is multidimensional and requires access to resources to live a good life
in good health, such as income, food, clean water, and energy; personal security through the absence of conflict, the ability to
mitigate environmental disasters, and good governance; good social relations which include all people and promote fairness
and equity; and the opportunity to make choices.
 Gender and divisions of labor: Gender relations and the divisions of labor are important factors in the economic development,
human well-being and environmental stewardship and therefore need to be part of an integrated environmental management
approach. 

4
  Health: Good health is essential for people to maximize the opportunities available and is closely linked to the state of the
environment. Poor environmental management exacerbates the incidence and negative health impacts of many "natural
occurrences" such as floods, droughts and cyclones.
 Education, knowledge and information: Knowledge and access to information are essential for effective environmental
management and have significant impacts on the economy and the livelihood choices people make. Indigenous knowledge
systems based on centuries of observation and continually developed in response to changing social and environmental
conditions are an important resource for many rural people. 
 Poverty: Pervasive poverty and social inequities remain major constraints to sustainable development. Poverty is a cause and
an effect of environmental degradation. The equitable, efficient and productive use of natural resources offers important
opportunities for sustainable livelihoods which can contribute to reducing poverty.
 Economic change: Equitable and environmentally sustainable growth can improve human well-being and increase the range of
opportunities available to people, including those who are most disadvantaged.
 Technological change: Research and the development of new technologies can drive environmental change in positive and
negative ways. They may increase the demand for natural resources, their application may impact on the integrity
of ecosystems and they may offer an opportunity for more efficient use of natural resources, cleaner production techniques
and improved environmental management. 

REFERENCES

Allen, W.J. 2001, Journal of Business & Economics Research, Vol.4, 10p,
http://learningforsustainability.net/research/thesis/thesis_ch2.html

Anh, Dao Mai 2002, Environmental Management and ISO 14001 Certification in Vietnam,
www.sde.nus.edu.sg/mem/dissertation/3.%20Dao%20Mai%20Anh%20ed%20.pdf

Anjaneyulu, Y. (2002); Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies – B.S. Publications, Hyderabad.

Bhatia, A.L. (2005); Current Trends in Global Environment –New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.

Chandana, R.C. (1998); Environmental Awareness – Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.

Chang, Tzuchau, 2004, Environmental management, Springer, New York, vol. 36 pp. 205-219 
<140.122.100.145/ebook/eb9/g5c/g5c46.doc>Chatwal, G.R. (2004); Text Book of Environmental Studies – Himalya Publishing House,
Mumbai.

Chitra, A. 2003, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India
<www.yorku.ca/bunchmj/ICEH/proceedings/Chitra_A_ICEH_papers_105to112.pdf.

Das, R.R. (2005); Fundamentals of Environmental Sciences – Paragon International Publishers, New Delhi.

Desirée Cullen, 2001, Gonzaga Journal of International Law, Gonzaga http://www.gonzagajil.org/

Dalela R. c (2004). ”Journal of Environmental Biology, Triveni Enterprises, 1/206, Vikas Nagar, Lucknow - U.P.”Vol.25(3).

Eva Heiskanen, 2002, The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, vol. 1, no. 2 < http://www.journal-tes.dk/.>

Gupta, Sunit (2002); Environmental and Social Issues - Sarup and Sons, New Delhi.

Iyalomhe, Felix, 2008, Environmental Management System, Canada <http://www.essays.se/essay/18214c4fdf/>

Jesús Ángel del Brío and Beatriz Junquera, 1998, Environmental innovation management in SMEs: Implications for Public Policies,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/

Kaushik, Anubha and Kaushik, C.P. (2004); Perspectives in Environmental Studies – New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

Kumar, Abhay (2005); Environmental Protection In India – New Century Publications, New Delhi.

Kumar, Arvind (2005) Dimensions of Environmental Threats – Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.

Manivasakam, N. (1995); We Breathe and Drink Poison, National Book Trust, New Delhi.

Mishra, S.P. (2004); Environmental Crisis – Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.

Murthy, B.N. (2004); Environmental Awareness and Protection – Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Prakash, J. and Srivastava, S. K. (1999); Environmental Problems, Policies and Strategies –Mohit Publications, New Delhi.

Prabhakar, V.K. (2001); Environment and Eco-Social Issues - Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

5
Per Lundberg(2007). “OIKOS”, by Blackwell Publishing, Oxford - U.K.Vol.116(12).

Raffaele Spinelli and Enrico Marchi, 1995, Seminar on Environmentally Sound Forest Roads and Wood Transport, Rome, Proceedings,
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0622E/x0622e0p.htm>

Ramin Maysami, Lei Yalin and Zhang Long, 1999, International Journal of Sustainable Strategic Management , USA, Vol. 1, No.2 pp. 127
– 139 http://inderscience.metapress.com/link.asp?id=g8t462k2158j8725.

Reed,S. Mar, 2007, Sustainability Research Institute (SRI), The University of Leeds, United Kingdom
http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/research/sri/working_papers/SRIPs-08.pdf.

Skanavis, Constantina and Sarri, Evalina, 2002, Environmental Management and Health, Athens, Greece, Vol.13 pp.529-544
<www.citeulike.org/journal/mcb- 1083.

Sethi, M.S. and Sethi, Inderjeet Kaur (1991); Understanding Our Environment Common wealth Publishers, New Delhi.

Singh, Y.K. (2005); Teaching of Environmental Science - A.P.H. Publishing House, New Delhi.

Trivedi, P.R. and Sudarshan, K’Cherry (1995); Global Environmental Issues CommonWealth Publishers, New Delhi.

Trivedy, R.K. (2002); Industry and Environment – Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.

Singh R. N (2002). “Indian Journal of Environmental Health, by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur - India.”
Vol.44(2).

Surinder Kumar (2005). “Indian Journal of Environmental Protection , Kalpana Corporation, P. Box No. 5, Varanasi – U.P.” Vol. 25(10).

Sunita Narayan(2006).Down to Earth , by Society for Environment Communication - New Delhi.vol.15(14).

Trivedi R. K (2004). “Journal of Industrial Pollution Control , by Enviro-media, Karad - India” Vol.20(1).

News papers

The Economic Times, New Delhi.

The Hindustan Times, New Delhi.
The Financial Express, New Delhi.
The Times of India, New Delhi.
The Business Standards, New Delhi.
Kashmir Times, Jammu.
Daily Excelsior, Jammu
State Times

Websites

www.peasant.org
www.greenteacher.org
www.ceeindia.org
www.cseindia.org
www.naturepublications.com
www.gofornature.com
www.bnl.gov/des
www.libraries.psu.edu
www.dmoz.org
www.nieindia.org

6
Fig. 1. Source: Environmental Management System. Pearson Publications. P.2.