Indian Standard: Application Guide For Voltage Transformers

Free Standard provided by BIS via BSB Edge Private Limited to Schneider -
Chennai(gnanavel.gothandaraman@gmail.com) 165.225.124.94 [for non-commercial use only].

IS : 4146 • 1983
( Reaffirmed 2001 )
Indian Standard (Reaffirmed!2011)!
(Reaffirmed 2016)
APPLICATION GUIDE FOR
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
( First Revision ) (Reaffirmed 2015)
Second Reprint MARCH 1993 (Reaffirmed 2014)

UDC 621. 314. 222(026) (Reaffirmed 2013)
(Reaffirmed 2012)
(Reaffirmed 2011)
(Reaffirmed 2010)
(Reaffirmed 2009)
Copyright 1983
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

(Reaffirmed 2008)
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 4 Octobel 1983
(Reaffirmed 2007)

IS: 4146 - 1983
Indian Standard
( First Revision )
Instrument Transformers Sectional Committee, ETDC 34
Chairman Representing
SHRI J. S. NEOI Jyoti Ltd, Vadodara
Members
SHRI V.B. DESAI ( Alternate to
Shri 1. S. Negi )
SHRI C. D. BAOUL Siemens India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S, M. KELKAR ( Alternate)
SHRI A. K. BARMAN The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd,
Calcutta
SHRI K. C. BHA'ITACHARYYA ( Alternate)
SHRI V. K BATRA National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR ), New Delhi
SHiH V, N. SHARMA ( Alternate)
SHRI A. C. BEDEKAR Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board, Jabalpur
SHRI 1. J. DARUWALA All India Instruments Manufacturers and Dealers'
Association, Bombay
SHRI C. P. Sooo ( Alternate I )
SHRI O . P. PURl ( Alternate II )
SHRI P. S. DESHMUKH ' Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Bombay
SHRI S. G. KASHI ( Alternate)
D IRE C TOR (PROTECTION & Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
INSTRUMENTATION)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( PROTEC-
TION & INSTRUMENTATION)
( Alternate)
SHRI N. D . GAOOlL Gujarat Electricity Board , Vadodara
SHRI K. L. GARO Inspection Wing, Directorate General of Supplies &
Disposals, New Delhi
SHRI R. P. SEHOAL ( Alternate)
SHRI S. D. JINSIWALE Silkaans, Bombay
SHRI S. R, ALURKAR ( Alternate)
JOINT DIRECTOR ( TI )-2 Research Designs & Standards Organization,
Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( T-I )-3 ( Alternate)
( Continued on page 2 )
(CJ Copyright 1983

BUREAO OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any IDCaDSRXcept with written permission of
the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS : 4146 - 1983
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
SHIH R. N. KHARSHINGKAR Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay
SHIH R. C. BMPAI ( Alternate)
SmH S. K. LAMB A Voltas Ltd, Thane
SHRI E. J. MAHABLESHWARWALLA The Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Under-
taking, Bombay
SHRI K. C. MOHANRAJ ( Alternate)
SIlRI M. B. MEHTA Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. DORAlSWAMY ( Alternare )
S1IIH V. V. MooG! Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay
SURI A. K. GOVIL ( Alternate)
SIIR) R. NATARAJAN Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SUR V E Y 0 R OR WORKS
( ELECTRICAL )-1 ( Alternate)
SHRI N. NATH The English Electric Co of India Ltd, Madras
SHIH R. SUBRAMANIAM ( Alternate)
SHRI P. U. PATWARDHAN Prayog Electricals Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. V. NARKE ( Alternate)
SHRI O. P. PUln Automatic Electric Ltd, Bombay
SHIH S. V. KARKHANIS ( Alternate)
SHRI P. S. SATNAM Punjab State Electricity Board, Patiala
~HRI B. S. SHARMA V.P. State Electricity Board, Lucknow
SHRI D. SURYANARAYANA Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, New Delhi
SHIH A. V. SOMAN ( Alternate I )
SHRI H. S. VALIA (Alternate II)
SHIH N. THYAGARAJAN Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras
SHRI S. K. RAMASUBRAMANIAN
( Alternate)
SHIH J. M. UDiA Directorate General of Technical Development,
New Delhi
SHRI L. GOPALA KRISHNA ( Alternate)
SHIH B. K. VENKATESH Karnataka ElectricitY Board, Bangalore
SHIH S. P. SACHDEV, Director General, BIS (Ex-officio Member)
Director ( Elec tech)
Secretary
SHRI SUKH BIR SINGH
Assistant Director ( Elec tech ), BIS
2
IS: 4146 - 1983
Indian Standard
( First Revision )
o. FOR E W 0 R D
0.1 This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted 'by the Indian
Standards Institution on 24 May 1983, after the draft finalized by the
Instrument Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Electrotechnical Division Council.
0.2 This application guide is divided into four sections, Section 1 deals
with general requirements regarding application of voltage transformers
while Sections 2, 3 and 4 deal with special requirements regarding applica-
tion of voltage transformers for use with measuring instruments and meters,
with protective devices and for dual purpose (measurement and protection
both) respectively.
0.3 This standard is closely associated with and hence should be read
along with IS:3156 (Part 1 )-1978*, IS:3156 (Part 2 )-1978t, and IS:3156
(Part 3 )-1978:1:.
0.4 This standard was first published in 1967. The revision of this standard
has been undertaken to align it with the revised versions of voltage
transformers (IS: 3156) and to incorporate the developments that have
taken place since the first publication of the guide in 19(j7..
0;5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing
the result of a test, shall be rounded off in ac<;ordance with IS: 2-1960§.
The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should
be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
*Specification for voltage transformers: Part 1 General requirements ( first revision ).
tSpecification for voltage trallsformers: Part 2 Measuring voltage transformers
( first revision).
tSpecification for voltage transformers: Part 3 Protective voltage transformers
( first revision ).
§Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
3
IS : 4146 - 1983
1. SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers application of voltage transformers for use with
both electrical measuring instruments and meters (measuring voltage
transformer) and electrical protective devices including broken delta
voltage transformers for the application of directional earthfault protection
( protective voltage transformers). Reference has also been made to the
use of voltage transformer for the dual purpose of measurement and
protection.
1.2 This guide does not cover application of capacitor voltage transformers
and phase shifting voltage transformers.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purposes of this guide, ·the definitions given in IS: 3156
(Part 1 )-1978*, IS:3156 (Part 2)-1978t and IS:3156 (Part 3)-1978+,
shall apply.
SECTION I GENERAL
:'. INFORMATION TO BE GIVEN WITH ENQUIRY AND ORDER

:\1 To ensure that the right voltage transformer is manufactured for a
specific application, the purchaser shall supply to the supplier all informa-
tion contained in Appendix D of IS: 3156 ( Part 1 )-1978*.
3.2 The choice of a voltage transformer for a specific application is
governed by the factors brought out in Appendix D of IS : 3156 ( Part 1 )-
1978*. These factors are, however; common for most other electrical
apparatus. Only those factors that are hig~ly significant for the choice of
a voltage transformer are brought out in the following sections.
4. INSULATION LEVEL
• 'fhe insulation level of the voltage transformer should be coordi-
rJ~.I!Gwith that of the other apparatus on the system and should be
(,ne of the standard levels given in Tables 3 and 4 of IS: 3156 (Part 1)-1978·
corresponding torated voltages. In selecting insulation level of the voltage
.Specification for voltage transformers: Part 1 General requirements ( first revision ).
tSpecification for voltage transformers: Part 2 Measuring voltage transformers
(first revision ).
tSpecification for voltage transformers: Part 3 Protective voltage ( first revision ).
4
IS : 4146 - 1983
transformer for a particular application, the following factors should be

considered ( HV winding shall form the basis of choice of insulation level ):
a) Highest system/equipment voltage,
b) System earthing, and
c) Degree of exposure to over voltages.
4.2 Highest System Voltage - The highest. system voltages normally
associated with the nominal systems voltages are brought out in Tables 3
and 4 of IS: 3156 ( Part 1 )-1978*. The insulation level is to be chosen
from these tables corresponding to a given system voltage. For any system
voltage in between two standard voltages given in these tables, the highest
of the two voltages shall apply ( for example, for system voltage of 37'5 kV
which is still used in the country insulation level corresponding to highest
system voltage of 52 kV may be used ).
4.3 System Earthing
4.3.1 Effective Earthed Neutral System - A three-phase earthed neutral
system where the earth-fault factor does not exceed 1'4 under all conditions
of operation. This condition is obtained in general when, for all system
configuration, ratio of zero sequence reactance to positive sequence
reactance is less than 3 and the ratio of zero sequance resistance to positive
sequence is less than 1. Reduced insulation level as given in Tables 3 and
4 of IS: 3156 (Part 1 )-1978*, appropriate to the system highest voltage is
applicable to this condition normally.
NOTE 1 - A system on which all power transformers have star connected windings
with all neutrals solidly earthed, is regarded as effectively earthed system.
NOTe 2 - A system on which some of the transformers have star connected
windings without neutral solidly earthed or have delta connected windings, may be
considered as effectively earthed if calculations by the method of symmetrical
components show that 80 percent co-efficient of earthing criterion given above is met.
NOTE 3 - The inclusion of bar primary current transformer between the
transformer neutral and earth does not preclude the system being classified as
effectively earthed. Similarly the inclusion of multi-turn current transformer does
Dot preclude a system from being classified as effectively earthed, provided that after
allowing for the effective reactance of the primary of the current transformer the
80 percent co-efficient of earthing criterion is met.
4.3.2 Isolated Neutral System - A system which has no intentional
connection to earth except through indicating, measuring or protective
devices of very high impedance. The operating conditions may necessitate
adoption of insulation level given under full insulation of Tables 3 and 4
of IS: 3156 (Part 1 )-1978*, appropriate to the higbest system voltage .
• Specification for voltage transformers: Part 1 General requil"ements (first revision).
5
IS: 41-&6 - 1983
4.3.3 Resonant Earthed System (A System Earthed Through an Arc-

Suppression Coil) - A system earthed through a reactor, the reactance
being of such value that during a single line-to-earth fault, the power-
frequency inductive current passed by this reactor essentially neutralizes
the power-frequency capacitive component of the earth-fault current. It is
usually the intention that line-to-earth faults shall be either:
a) self clearing \vithout interruption of supply or cleared by automatic
disconnections within a few seconds, or
b) cleared by a manual dis-connection but allowed to persist unit it is
convenient to locate and isolate the fa~it,
Standard insulation given under full insulation shall be applicable in

this condition,
If under 4.3.3 (b) condition it is contemplated that the system may be
operated with one line to earth for a period exceeding 8 hours in 24 hours,
or an aggregate of 125 hours per annum, in such cases 1'9 voltage factor
for 8 hour may be morehelpfuI.
4.3.4 Non.-effectively Earthed Neutral System - A system with non·
effectively earthed neutral at a given location is a system characterized by
an earth-fault factor' at this point that may exceed 1'4. Insulation level
given under full insulation in Tables 3 and 4 of IS: 3156 ( Part 1 )-1978*
shall apply.
4.4 Exposure to oyer Voltages
4.4.1 Electrically Non-Exposed ~ Here the apparatus is not subject to
.over voltages of atmospheric origin. Such installations are usually those
connected to networks consisting predominantly of underground cables.
An impulse level need not be specified under this condition. However,
consideration should be made regarding Notes 1 and 2 given in 4.4.2.
4.4.2 Electrically Exposed - Here the apparatus is subject to over·
voltages of atmospheric origin. Such installations are usually those
connected to overhead transmission lines either directly or through a short
length of cable.
Voltage transformers for electrically exposed installations should be
designed t~ withstand the impulse voltage, appropriate to the highest
system voltage.
NOTB 1 -:- In addition to the over volta. . Of atmospheric oriain, there may be
ovCl;voltages .Ienerated elseWhere in the system to which voltase transfbrmers
installed in electrically exposed and non-exposed positions, may be. subjected, fot
eumple. over voltqes resulting from the operation of circuit breaker when switching
an inductive or capacitive circuit or the interruption of mapetizin, CUlTeI;lt of po~r
transformers•
• S~Cll.tion for vol~ tiransfonners: Part 1 General requirements. ( first rt!Vision ).
6
IS: 4146 - 1983
NOTE 2 - In an instances, it is desirabie to ensure that over voitages are iimited to

a value not exceeding 80 percent of the impulse test level of the windings by installa-
tion of suitable protective devices, such as surge divertors or protective rod gaps.
s. SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS

5.1 Altitude - Unless otherwise specified, it shall be assumed that voltage
transformers are intended for use .at normai working temperature and
pressure and altitude not exceeding 1000 meters above sea level.
NOTE - Air densitv at hil!her altitudes is lower than at sea level. The dielectric
strength of the air is 'thus n!duced and air clearances which are adequate at altitude
not exceeding I 000 metre may be insufficient at higher altitudes.
5.1.1 In order to ensure that the performance of a voltage transformer

is satisfactory at altitudes exceeding 1 000 metre, the air clearance of the
voltage transformer bushings/weather casings between high voltage point
and the nearest earth point of the voltage transformer is to be increased by
a suitable amount. For general guidance the amount by which the
withstand voltage on which the arcing distance is based should be increased
is I percent for each 100 meter in excess of 1 000 meter above sea level.
Voltage transformers having separate bushings or porcelain weather
casings forming an integral parts of their construction may have their
clearances increased as per 6 of IS: 2099-1973* by mutual agreement
between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
5.2 Atmospheric Pollution - Conditio;s of the working regions of voltage
transformers may be classified depending upon the degree of pollution
under the heads (a) heavily polluted conditions and (b) normally polluted
conditions.
5.2.1 In order that the voltage transformer bushings/weather casings
give satisfactory performance under varying degrees of pollution, the
bushings/weather casings should have minimum creepage distance as
follows:
For heavily polluted conditions 23 mm per kV of highest
equipment voltage.
For normally and lightly polluted 16 mm per kV of highest
conditions equipment voltage.
NOTE - The definition of normally {lightly polluted and heavily polluted atmos-
pheric conditions cannot be given precisely. The classification of polluted
atmospheric representative test procedUre are covered under IS:2071 ( Part 1 )-1974t
and IS:2071 ( Part 2 )-1974!.
*Specification for bushings for alternating voltages above I ()()() volts ( first revision ).
t Methods of high voltage testing: Part 1 General definitions and test requirements
( first revision ).
!Methods of high voltage testing: Part 2 First procedure ( first revision ).
7
IS : 4146 - 1983
5.3 Ambient Temperature

5.3.1 Voltage transformers are normally meant for use in climates
wherein temperature conditions obtained are as given in 3.2 of IS: 3156
( Part 1 )-1978*. The reference ambient air temperature is 40°C and the
maximum air temperature is 45°C. For any other temperature conditions
in which the voltage transformer is required to be operated, the temperature
rises of the windings/cooling medium need to be derated as per 6.2 of
IS:31S6 ( Part 1 )-1978*.
5.4 Resistance to Earthquakes
5.4.1 Voltage transformers for use in high voltage systems, namely, 66 kV
and above have porcelain weather casings/bushings as important structural
members of their construction. These porcelain insulators and bushings
are very britle in nature and may be sUbjected to severe stresses leading to
failure under severe vibrations. Many areas of the country notably in the
east, west and north are declared as are as highly prone to incidence of
earthquakes. Reference here may be made to IS: 1893-197 st.
Voltage transformers for use in such areas should, therefore, be
selected with caution so as to avoid failure under earthquake conditions.
The procedure for establishing earthquake suitability of voltage transformer
for a particular location is subject to mutual agreement between the
supplier and manufacturers.
NOTE - It is intended to include a suitable vibration test to establish suitability of
voltage transformers for use in areas highly prone to incidence of earthquakes.
Specific comments are therefore, invited regarding the method and other details of
the vibration test.
6. RATED BURDEN
6.1 The rated burden of a voltage transformer is usually expressed as the
apparent power in voltamperes absorbed at the rated secondary voltage.
6.2 The burden is composed of the individual burdens of the associated
voltage coils of the" instruments, relays or trip coils to which the voltage
transformer is connected.
6.3 When the individual burdens are expressed in ohmic values, the total
burden may be computed by adding the admittance values. This admittance
value should then be converted to VA burden by multiplying the above
value by the square of the rated voltage.
6.4 When the individual burdens are expressed in terms of VA the total
burden is computed by adding them together after referring the individual
value to a common base which is the rated-secondary v.oltage in this case .
• Specification for voltage transformers: Part 1 General requirements ( first revision ).
tCriteria for earthquake resistant design of struciu-es ( thIrd revision ).
8
IS : 4146 - 1983
6.5 When considering the burden of circuit with variable admittance, for
example, a voltage relay with tapped setting or an attracted armature relay
when the impedance of the coil changes as the tap setting or the position
of the armature changes -or both, the maximum burden which this circuit
can offer under various conditions should be considered.
6.6 Although it is usual to add the individual burdens arithmetically, it is
more correct to add them vectorially and it may be advantageous to do so
if this would lead to a more economical design.
6.7 Normally the standard VA rating nearest to the burden computed
should be used. It is undesirable to specify VA rating much higher than
the computed value, as to do so might result in inaccuracies and the
transformer uneconomical in cost or of unduly large dimensions. When
the value of the nearest standard VA rating is less than the computed
value, the use of such VA rating should be made in consultation with the
manufacturers.
6.8 It is to be realised that the accuracy of a voltage transformer is
guaranteed for burden variation between 25 percent to 100 percent of the
rated burden. While chosing the voltage transformer for any specific
application it should be seen that the net VA of all the loads together fails
between these two limits.
7. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
7.1 Line Discharge by Voltage Transformer - The isolation of a, high
voltage transmission line or cable may leave the section charged to a
voltage which may be considerably high. Upon automatic reclosing of the
line, dangerous transient over voltage which may exceed tolarable over
voltage factors could be produced unless the isolated section is discharged
to a very small fraction of its operating voltage before reclosure. There are
many devices presently available like circuit breaker-resistors and shunt
reactors besides electromagnetic voltage transformers to carry out this
function. The practice in many parts of the world appears to be to use
electromagnetic voltage transformer in preference to' other devices.
Although voltage transformers are capable of this duty for most
situations, there are limitations on the amount of energy that a given
voltage transformer can safely discharge. These are governed by:
a) time rate of discharge of the stored energy,
b) temperature of the primary winding,
c) the electro-dynamic forces introduced by the inrush of discharged
current in the VT, and
d) the amount of trapped charge, the impedance of the net work
between. the line and the voltage transformer.
9
Chennai(gnanavel.gothandaraman@gmail.com)
IS : 4146 - 1983 165.225.124.94 [for non-commercial use only].
The attention of the users and the .omanufacturers is drawn to this

particular aspect of voltage transformer application so that adequate
attention is paid at the design stage of the VT for coping with this duty.
8. CHOICE OF CONNECTIONS
8.1 V-Connection - In this type of connection, 2 single-phase voltage
transformers are connected in 'V', both on the primary and secondary
sides. As there is no neutral on the primary winding, the zero sequence
voltage cannot be obtained. Hence, such a voltage transformer cannot be
used where it is required to have zero sequence voltage for protection or
indication.
This connection is generally used for metering purposes.
8.2 Star-St~r - This is the most common connection used in metering and
relaying schemeso When 3-phase 3-limb voltage transformers are used the
zero sequence voltage will not be transformed.
8.3 Star-Broken Delta - This connection is used when zero sequence
voltage is required for earthfault relaying scheme. With this connection a
3-phase 5-limb or a bank of 3 single-phase voltage transformers shall be
used, the primary star point being solidly earthed regardless of system
earthing conditions. The voltage appearing across the broken delta is
three times the zero sequence voltage.
9. EARTH CONNECTION
9.1 It is essential to earth one point of the secondary and tertiary winding
to limit the voltage on relays and instrument circuits in case the primary
comes in contact with the secondary or tertiary winding accidentally. It is
important that only one point of the winding is earthed.
SECTION 2 APPLICATION OF MEASURING

10. GENERAL
10.1 A measuring voltage transformer need maintain its accuracy from 80
to 120 percent of rated voltage. It is not required to maintain its accuracy
within specifiedolimit during the fault conditions.
11. ACCURACY CLASS

11.1 It is undesirable that a higher class of accuracy should be called for
than is necessary for the duty required. To do so is uqeconomical and may
result in a voltage transformer of excessive dimensions which may involve
modifications to the switchgear without serving any useful purpose.
10
IS : 4146 - 1983
11.2 The accuracy classes recommended below ate intended as a guide in

the selection of measuring voltage transformers:
Applications Class of Accuracy
[see Table 1 of IS:
3156 (Part 2)-
1978*]
For precision testing or as substandard for testing 0'1
laboratory voltage transformers
For laboratory and test work in conjunction with
high accuracy indicating instruments, integra-
ting meters and also for substandard for testing
industrial voltage transformers
For precision industrial metering and for use 0'5 or 1'0
with substandard indicating wattmeters
For commercial and industrial metering and for 1
use with indicating and graphic wattmeters and
voltmeters
For purposes where the phase angle is of less 3
importance, for example, voltmeters
11.3 Typical values of VA burden imposed by different meters are given

below:
Instrument Burden
VA
Voltmeters 5
Voltage coils of wattmeters and power factor 5
meters
Voltage coils of frequency meters ( Pointer type 7'5
or read type)
Voltage coils of kWH, K VAR meters 7'5
Recording voltmeters 5
Voltage coils of recording power factor meters 7'5
and wattmeters
Voltage coils of synchroscopes 15
11
IS: 4146 - 1983
SECTION 3 APPLICATION OF PROTECTIVE

12. GENERAL
12.1 This is only :l general guide, useful for selecting an appropriate
voltage transformer for a specific purpose. Selection of the accuracy class
for a particular application should be made by the user in consultation
with the manufacturer.
12.2 A protective device is called upon to operate under _system fault
conditions. As the faults are generally associated with voltage dips, a
protective voltage transformer is required to maintain its accuracy within
specified limit from 5 percent to the voltage factor of the rated voltage.
12.3 For application with protective devices whose operation does not
depend on the phase relationship between the voltage and the current, for
example, undervoltage, 9vervoltage and overcurrent relays having indepen-
dent voltage restraining feature, the phase error is of little importance and
accuracy class of 6P is considered to be quite adequate.
12.4 For applications with protective devices whose operation depends on
the phase relationshipoetween voltage and current, for example, directional
overcurrent, reverse power and directional distance protection, voltage
transformers of clas~ 3Pshould be used.
12,5 The selection of accU!<lcy class for any particula! application depends
on the sensitiveness of the protection scheme required and is a matter to be
decided by the purchaser in consultation with the manufacturer.
13. RESIDUAL VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

13.1 The residual voltage transformer with a broken delta secondary is
utilized for reproducing the zero phase sequence voltage in a 3.-phase system·
under phase imbalance conditions. Phase imbalance in a 3-phase system
may be obtained for a variety of reasons, the principal however being (a)
single phase to earth fault, and (b) imbalance in the 3-phases· beCause of
unbalanced loading and isolated neutral.
In the former case a RVT is useful for the detection of earth faults or
operation of directionai earth fauit reiays. In the iater case, it can be used
for detecting imbalance in a normally balanced 3-phase capacitor banks.
While using a 3-phase residual voltage transfot:mer· in the phase
imbalance detection of i-phase capacitor banks, it is customary to use the
residual voltage transformer for discharging trapped charges on the bank
at the time of disconnection from the lines. Residual voltage transformer
which has a very high voitage iactor ( i'9 ) for such appiicaiion, are known
to be very effective in discharging the capacitor bank in very short duration.
12
IS: 4116 - 1983
However, there is a sudden inrush of discharge current through the

windings of the voltage transformers which may have to be properly
designed for taking-up this duty. The factors that influence the choice of
such residual voltage transformer are:
a) time rate of discharge of stored energy;
b) the temperature of the primary winding on discharge;
c) the effect of the electro-dynamic forces of the discharge current on
the primary winding; and
d) capacitance of the bank, the voltage of the bank and the impedance
of the R-L-C network connecting the bank to the residual voltage
transformer.
14. FERRO-RESONANCE
14.1 When the capacitance to ground of the immediate circuit interchange
energy with non-linear inductance of the voltage transformer, sub-harmonic
oscillations may appear in the secondary of voltage transformer. This
phenomenon which is known as ferro-resonance can be initiated either
from low frequency transient components, surges on the system or a fault
on the secondary circuit, causing momentary saturation of the magnetic
core.
These sub-harmonic oscillations are normally about 1/3 to 1/5 of
rated frequency and may possibly sustain in the absence of any precaut-
tionary measure, resulting damage to the voltage transformer. The voltage
transformers oper'ating in ungroUlided system are more susceptible to this
phenomenon.
In order to eliminate the effect of ferro-resonance in voltage
transformers besides selecting the proper voltage factor as per IS: 31 S6
(Part 1)-1978*, suitable damping resistors may be provided in the secondary
of the VTs.
Though in ge.neral, ferro-resonance occurs in large transmission net
work employing CVTs, in practice, mainly in ungrounded systems using
electro-magnetic VTs, ferro-resonance effect is also observed. The above
description is given to provide the awareness and suitable measures to
counter the adverse effect of ferro-resonance in specific case.
NOTE - Suitable method for carrying out ferro-resonance test is under considera-
tion. Till such time details of the test are included in the standard, this test may be
carried out, if agreed to between the supplier and the purchaser, as per mutually
agreed test method.
*Specification for voltage transformers: Part 1 General requirements ( first revision ).
13
IS : 4146 - 1983
SECTION 4 APPLICATION OF DUAL PURPOSE

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
15. DUAL PURPOSE APPLICATION

15.1 Where the voltage transformer bas one secondary winding and is
intended both for measurement and protection, it shall comply with the
requirements of both IS: 3156 (Part 2 )-1978* and IS: 3156 (Part 3 )-1978t.
15.2 Where the voltage transformer has two secondary windings, one for
measurement and the other for protection, having the same or different
transformation ratio, it shall respectively comply with IS: 3156 ( Part 2)-
1978* and IS: 3156 (Part 3 )-1978t.
NOTE - When ordering transformers having two separate secondary windings,
because of their interdependance, the user should specify two output ranges, one for
each winding, the upper limit to each output range corresponding to a rated output
value. Each winding shall fulfill its respective accuracy requirements within its
output range, whilst at the same time the other winding has an output of any value
from zero to 100 percent of the upper limit of the output range specified for that
winding.
15.3 Voltage Transformer with Broken-Delta Tertiary Winding - When a

voltage transformer has a single secondary winding for both measurement
and protection and one residual-voltage tertiary winding, the output raDge
and accuracy class for each winding should be specified separately.
*Specification for voltage transformers: Part 2 Measuring voltage transformers

( first revision ).
tSpecification for voltage transformers: Part 3 Protective voltage transformers
( first reVision).
14
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquaners:
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Indian Standard: Application Guide For Voltage Transformers

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Indian Standard: Application Guide For Voltage Transformers

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Free Standard provided by BIS via BSB Edge Private Limited to Schneider -

Chennai(gnanavel.gothandaraman@gmail.com) 165.225.124.94 [for non-commercial use only].

( First Revision ) (Reaffirmed 2015)

Second Reprint MARCH 1993 (Reaffirmed 2014)

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

(CJ Copyright 1983

( Continued from page 1 )

:'. INFORMATION TO BE GIVEN WITH ENQUIRY AND ORDER

transformer for a particular application, the following factors should be

4.3.3 Resonant Earthed System (A System Earthed Through an Arc-

Standard insulation given under full insulation shall be applicable in

NOTE 2 - In an instances, it is desirabie to ensure that over voitages are iimited to

s. SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS

5.1.1 In order to ensure that the performance of a voltage transformer

5.3 Ambient Temperature

The attention of the users and the .omanufacturers is drawn to this

SECTION 2 APPLICATION OF MEASURING

11. ACCURACY CLASS

11.2 The accuracy classes recommended below ate intended as a guide in

11.3 Typical values of VA burden imposed by different meters are given

SECTION 3 APPLICATION OF PROTECTIVE

13. RESIDUAL VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

However, there is a sudden inrush of discharge current through the

*Specification for voltage transformers: Part 1 General requirements ( first revision ).

SECTION 4 APPLICATION OF DUAL PURPOSE

15. DUAL PURPOSE APPLICATION

15.3 Voltage Transformer with Broken-Delta Tertiary Winding - When a

*Specification for voltage transformers: Part 2 Measuring voltage transformers

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