Presentation

on
Suitable Method for PM2.5
Measurement in Ambient Air
By

S. K. Gupta
Managing Director
Envirotech Instruments Pvt. Ltd.,
A-271, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-1
New Delhi-110020, India
Email envirotech@vsnl.com, envirotech@eth.net
Website: www.envirotechindia.com
 Particulates in Ambient Air
The Size Conventions
• Health effects are related to where the particles get deposited
– Inhalable: Particles that can be breathed into the nose or
mouth.
– Thoracic: Particles that penetrate into the respiratory tract
below the larynx.
– Respirable: Particles that reach deep into the alveolar
region of the lung

These size conventions were co-developed and adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), and the Comité European de Normalization (CEN) in
the early 1990s..
Measurement of Particulate Pollutants
in Ambient Air
• Initial approach measured the Total Suspended Particulate
Matter (TSP)
• Much of the TSP would not enter the nose or be retained in the
upper respiratory tract. This led to the development of PM10
samplers.
• It is now believed that most of the health impacts are related to
Fine Particles that reach deep into the lungs leading to
development of Fine Particle or PM2.5 Samplers.
 Definitions of PM10 & PM2.5
• Inhalable particles enter the
respiratory tract.
• Thoracic particles travel past
the larynx & reach the gas
exchange region of the lungs.
• PM10 Particle size distribution
closely resembles the thoracic
distribution with a D50 at 10µm.
• PM2.5 size distribution with
D250 at 2.5µm AD

It is important to note that particle sizes referred above are

NOT physical particle sizes but Aerodynamic Diameters.
• Aerodynamic Diameter is defined as the diameter of a spherical
particle with a settling velocity equal to that of the particle in
question, but with a density of 1g/cm3.
 Suitable Methods for Monitoring PM2.5
Particulate Matter in Ambient Air
• Preamble
• The concern for measurement of this pollutant is growing day by day as
more and more information on its impacts on environment is becoming
available. Several studies across the world has revealed that its presence in
ambient air is severally impacting
• Human Health
a) It aggravates respiratory symptoms
b) Decrease lung function
c) Causes alterations in lung tissue and structure.
d) Reduces respiratory tract defense mechanism
• Vegetation and Eco System
• Visibility
• Radiative transfer of energy leading to consequences on climate change

• It is present in low concentration, in non uniform sizes and get

attached to moisture in the ambient air.
 TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS PM2.5
BIO Indicators Samplers Online Systems
•Generally conform to A) Opacity Monitors
a) Most Simple Techniques reference manual methods B) Light Scattering Systems
•Provides direct measurement i) Nephlometer
of the mass of ambient PM2.5 ii) Orthogonal Light Scattering
b) Gives qualitative iii) Laser (light detection and ranging)
assessment only •These are electrically powered
C) Beta Gauges
Reliable quantitative air samplers that draw air at
assessment not possible constant rate through a cyclone
or an impactor, which acts like D) TEOM Tapered Element Oscillating
a particle separator where Microbalance
c) Used for long term suspended PM2.5 is separated * The online monitors do not make
exposures for collection on a filter. Filter is direct measurement of mass but
then removed from sampler, instead measure secondary
d) They get affected by brought back to lab, property of particles from which
total dust. Thus it is equilibrated and weighed to the mass must be inferred.
difficult to single out determine ambient mass * These technologies are sensitive
presence of PM2.5 concentration of PM2.5 to change in flow, temp, particle
•Costly, Time Consuming and size density and colour.
Laborious * These require calibration against
Example Lichens/Plants manual reference methods.
•Prone to Errors during
* TEOM does measure mass but is
sampling, transportation to lab,
equilibrium, weighment loss of sensitive to humidity and temp
semivolatile component (like and requires periodic filter change that result in
organic and nitrate through downtimes of one half hour to two hrs after
evaporation) during variable each filter change.
temp. and humidity conditions. * However they provide a real time
data.
Figure 1--Sampling Time Line for the FRM. The sampling time line for the FRM
illustrates the minimum and maximum time from sampling to measurement of
PM2.5 mass. Chemical analysis of PM2.5 composition would require additional time
and is not depicted in this figure.
Figure 2--Sources of Error. The EPA's precision goal for PM2.5 measurements is ±15 percent. However,
collocated samplers have shown errors of 50 percent due to sample, transport and/or laboratory error.
US EPA Standards
• Size Cut-Off
depends upon
1. Inlet Velocity
(1m2/min)
2. Specific gravity of
particles.
EXPLODED CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW OF A PM10
SAMPLER INLET HEAD
PM 2.5 WINS
Impactor
 Exploded
Cross-sectional
view wins
impactor well
and filter holder
 Light- Scattering Technolgies

– Provide an indirect measurement of fine PM concentration by

utilizing the relationship between particle concentration and light
scattering. Light scattering technologies, employ forward, back
and 90-degree (side) scattering technologies, to monitor particle
loading by measuring the scattering of light in addition to the
transmitted intensity. The measurement is related to volume of
PM present particle density has to be assumed. It is also
assumed that relation between measured response and PM
mass loading does not change with time. Side scattering
technologies have excellent sensitivity and are capable of
detecting particles as small as 0.1 um but these are sensitive to
particle size distribution and particle characteristic and may
require calibration in each individual case.
 PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION
• Orthogonal Light Scattering (900) • Laser Measuring Chamber

• The dust particles are measured by the physical principle of orthogonal light
scattering. Here particles are illuminated by a laser light in an angle of 90
degree. The scattered signal from the particle passing through the laser
beam is collected at approximately 90° by a mirror and transferred to a
recipient diode. These counts of each channel are converted every 6
seconds in a mass distribution from which the different PM values derive.
 Light- Scattering Technolgies
i) Nephelometers measure the visual quality of local
ambient air by measuring the scattering of light due to
particles in continuous air samples.
ii) Light detection and ranging (lidar) is used for
remote detection of the presence, velocity, and
chemical makeup of “particles” ranging from aircraft
and missiles to smoke, dust, and “invisible” gases by
measuring backscattered light.
iii) Side-scattering technologies, have been approved
by the German equivalent of the EPA.
 The Beta Gauge

– Uses a radio active source and measures the

attenuation of radiation through an exposed filter. The
sample is collected on a fitler, which, at the end of
sampling period is moved, using a continuous filter
tape machanisum to a measurement location
between carbon-14 beta particle source and detector.
The beta gauge uses C-14 radioactive source to
measures the attenuation of radiation through filter
containing the sample. The beta transmission through
each blank filter is determined before sampling begins
 BETA GAUGE
CONTINUOUS PARTICULATE MONITORING DEVICE

• Principles: The analyzer collects suspended particles on its filter and measures the weight of those particles by
the absorbance of a beta-ray. The absorption coefficient depends upon the source of the beta-ray only, not upon
materials, or the materials size or color. So the particles weight is determined only by the absorbance of the beta-
ray
 TEOM
TAPERED ELEMENT OSCILLATING MICROBALANCE

– TEOM directly measures PM mass by measuring the changing

frequency of oscillation of a filter as it accumulates particles. It
acts a tuning fork so if the mass of the tapered element is
increased its resonant frequency decreases. Conversely, if the
mass of the element decrees, the system measures a
corresponding increase in frequency. Attached to the free end of
the element is a disposable filter cartridge. As particulate laden
air passes through the filter, the particle become trapped causing
the mass of the tapered element filter combination to increase.
The clean air stream pass down the hollow element and out to
an electronic flow control system and vacuum pump. A frequency
sensor associated with the tapered element sends information to
a microprocessor where the instrument converts raw signals to a
mass measurement.
– TEOM is a direct measurement of mass.
The Tapered Element Oscillating
Microbalance (TEOM), the particle
mass is determined by continuous
weighing of particles deposited
onto a filter. The filter is attached
to a vibrating hollow tapered glass
element. The frequency of
mechanical oscillation of this
element is a function of its mass.
Deposition of particles on the filter
leads to changes in the mass of
the element and results in
changes of its frequency of
oscillation. A microprocessor
directly converts the vibration
frequency to mass concentrations.
 OPACITY MONITORS
– Measure the degree to which PM reduces the transmission of light. These are least sensitive
as small changes in the transmission of light is being measured in large quantity of air.
– Aethalometer TM is a type of opacity monitor used for ambient monitoring of suspended
particles, such as black carbon from combustion of fossil fuels (industrial, vehicle).
a) Mechanism of Action: The AethalometerTM was developed as a real-time analyzer for
measuring black carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, which can be related to the light-
absorption coefficient. The AethalometerTM measures the attenuation of a light beam transmitted
through a quartz fiber filter on which black carbon is collected as a sample is drawn through. The
system automatically advances the quartz fiber tape to a new position after a specified attenuation
or time period is reached. The rate of accumulation of black carbon is proportional to both the
black carbon concentration in the air stream and to the flow rate. A separate portion of the filter
tape outside of the sample stream is used as an optical reference. The two parts of the filter,
exposed and referenced, are illuminated by a stabilized lamp that provides diffused lighting. The
light passing through the exposed and referenced portions of the filter is captured by two matched
photodiodes, compared, and converted to optical attenuation values that are proportional to the
quantity of light-absorbing particles collected on the filter.
b) Its sampling port may be preceded by a size-selective inlet (e.g., cyclone, impactor) to measure
particles in a specified aerodynamic size fraction. The AethalometerTM is especially well suited for
measuring light absorption from burning diesel, oil, and coal. It was used in the Gulf War to
monitor the effects of various smokes on health, visibility, and weapon systems. AethalometersTM
have also been installed at remote sites, including the Arctic, remote islands, wind-swept ocean
coasts, the periphery of the Antarctic, and the South Pole, to measure the presence of black
carbon in the atmosphere as an indicator of the long-range distribution of combustion-derived
pollution. Aethal-ometersTM are in operation at the South Pole, in the deserts of Iraq and Iran, and
across Europe and have been flown to the North Pole and all places in between.
c) The AethalometerTM can also be fitted with a special inlet to measure the amount of black carbon
incorporated in fog or cloud droplets. In this way, the interaction between pollution and clouds or
fogs can be studied in real time.
d) Disadvantages: The AethalometerTM does not make direct measurements of PM mass, but
instead responds to the optically absorbing carbonaceous component of suspended particles from
which the mass must be inferred. Therefore, the AethalometerTM must be calibrated against the
EPA's FRM. In addition, the AethalometerTM only measures PM containing a carbonaceous
component and cannot measure total PM, which can be made up of several different chemical
species, including organics, sulfates, and nitrates.
 TISCH
Hi-Vol PM 2.5 Sampler

• The Hi-Vol PM 2.5 ambient air sampler is

designed to provide owners of Tisch
• Environmental model TE-6001 PM-10
samplers with the option of retro-fitting
• existing equipment rather than procuring a new
family of apparatus. An adapter
• is placed into the model TE-6001 sampler in
lieu of the existing PM-10
• fractonator. The adapter has a new plate that
contains multiple impactor jets,
• which collect particles larger than PM 2.5
aerosol on a oil-wetted surface. The
• PM 2.5 aerosol is transmitted through the
impactor and collected on a hi-vol filter.
 TISCH
Hi-Vol PM 2.5 Sampler
Technical Discussion
• Ambient air enters the Hi-Vol PM 2.5 unit
at a flow rate of 40 CFM (1.13 m3/min)
through an opening under the weather
proof hood. The air then flows into a
stilling chamber and through a screen that
is designed to prevent the entry of insects
and large sized air-borne debris into the
fractioning system. The air then flows
through a set of 40 impactor jets that direct
the air towards a wetted collection surface.
Impaction of particles with sizes larger that
2.5 micron AD (i.e. non-PM 2.5 aerosol)
takes place on a porous disc that is wetted
with oil. Particles smaller than 2.5 micron
aerodynamic diameter are vented from the
impaction zone and flow downward to the
sampling filter. The filter is standard 8 inch
x 10 inch (203mm x 254mm) hivol
collector.
 TISCH Hi-Vol PM 2.5 Sampler

Advantages of the PM 2.5 Retrofit Approach

• Tisch Environmental offers this retrofit kit
because it allows characterization of PM 2.5
with existing methodologies. Neither extensive
additional training is required nor isextensive
additional apparatus needed. * No need to
procure expensive electronic balances for
weighing filters.* Sample flow measurement and
control with the Tisch critical flow venturi. Flow
rate determined directly in actual m3/min, which
are the units that EPA requires for PM 2.5 data
reporting.* Existing quality assurance
procedures that are used for PM-10 sampling
are virtually unchanged for PM 2.5 sampling. *
Sampling methodology is essentially
unchanged, so technical personnel will not need
to be retrained. * The cost of retrofit to a hi-vol is
only a fraction of the cost of a sampler specially
designed for PM 2.5
 PQ200 AMBIENT FINE PARTICULATE SAMPLER

• First EPA PM2.5 sampler designated

(Designation No. RFPS-0498-116)
• First sampler approved by EPA for use as a
portable audit sampler (Designation No. RFPS-
0498-116)
• Modified design approved for PM10 sampling
(Designation No. RFPS-1298-125)
• Only designated reference sampler capable of a
24 hour run on internal batteries
• Manufactured in ISO 9001 registered facility
• Ordered by EPA under contract for reference
samplers
• Only designated reference sampler with solar
power augmentation
• Convertible to designated PM10 reference
sampler
 PQ200 AMBIENT FINE PARTICULATE
SAMPLER

• Applications
– PM2.5 sampling to U.S. EPA specifications
– Useful for daily, intermediate, or audit sampling
– Meets or exceeds specifications for Federal Reference Method (FRM) per 40 CFR Part 50,
Appendix L
– Easily reconfigurable for PM10 or TSP
• Features
– Single channel design for maximum reliability and portability
– Friendly operator interface and easy data collection and downloading
– Includes built-in 12-volt DC battery power system charger (U.L. approved)
– Advanced flow control system
– Download software included
– BGI Incorporated produces the PQ200 Ambient PM2.5 Federal Reference Method (FRM)
and FRM "Portable Audit" Sampling Systems. The PQ200 is designed to meet exacting
criteria for collecting 24-hour samples of ambient "Fine Particulate," according to the U.S.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), published July 18, 1997.
– PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter) is collected on 47 mm
PTFE membrane media at a volumetric sample rate of 16.67 Lpm after being size
discriminated through two U.S. EPA designed inertial separators. Ambient temperature and
barometric pressure measurements are made at actual sample conditions. A microprocessor
and sophisticated volumetric flow control system are integrated to maintain precise sampling
parameters while sampling data are continuously logged into the processor memory. Five
minute actual ambient temperature and pressure conditions with volumetric sample flow rate,
filter temperature, and pressure are recorded. Measured values and identification of flags
indicating any anomalies are recovered by the operator by downloading a sample summary
to a laptop computer or a BGI Datatrans Data Communicator.
 PQ200 AMBIENT FINE PARTICULATE
SAMPLER
• Datatrans
• The BGI Datatrans Data Communicator eliminates the
need to carry a notebook computer to a field site, also
eliminating the need for the field technician to be computer
literate. With a mere press of a button, the Datatrans will
collect up to 20 PQ100 and/or PQ200 runs from a sampler
network. The progress of the download is apparent from
the light-emitting diodes. The field technician knows when
the download begins, sees a flashing yellow light while the
download occurs, and knows when the download is
finished. Data capture is therefore completely assured.
Upon return to base, data may be loaded into whatever
computer is running the PQ100 or PQ200 software.
•
• Additional features:
• No expensive notebook computer necessary
• Download information from either the PQ100 or PQ200
• Store up to 20 PQ100 and PQ200 runs
• Each downloaded run is automatically "stamped" with the
instrument's serial number
• Low cost
 PQ200 AMBIENT FINE PARTICULATE
SAMPLER

• Solar Panel
• The BGI Solar Panel accessory
for the PQ200 will extend its
operational time range from 24
hours to an indefinite period,
depending upon the amount of
ambient sunlight available in the
region of use. As a practical
matter the panel with the
reconnected ballast battery will
provide a minimum of 10-14
days of operation with only
minimum ambient light. When
interval sampling on three or six
day cycles is contemplated
operations far from a source of
power are achievable.
 PARTISOL 2000 FRM SAMPLER Fine Particulate Sampler Envirotech
• USEPA approved Model APM 550
• PM10/PM2.5/PM1.0 can be monitored one As Per US EPA Designs
parameter at one time.
• 8-24 hrs sample can be collected on PTFE.
Operator has to collect sample after sampling •For determining the mass of fine particulate matter
• Data logging is existing and data can be having an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to
transferred to computer. 2.5 mm (PM2.5) is a manual method that provides a
• Remote data access is not available. direct measurement of the mass of ambient PM2.5
• Automatic Temperature Pressure are recorded over a 24-hour period.
to give standard volume •The Instrument utilizes an electrically powered air
• Constant sampling flow rate 1m3/hr is sampler to draw air at a constant rate through an
maintained by mass flow controller impactor, which is a particle size separator, where
• Flow calibrator is available. suspended PM2.5 is separated for collection on a filter.
• Power Consumption is only 2.5 amp •The filter is then removed from the sampler, brought
• Battery operation is not possible due to high back to the laboratory, equilibrated, and weighed to
power consumption
determine the ambient mass concentration of PM2.5.
• Very precise balance accurate up to 1mg is
required •Operable for 8 Hrs on 12V battery/Invertor System
 Grimm Dust Monitor
• The Grimm 107 monitor performs particulate size measurements by 90-degree laser
light scattering. Air with multiple particle sizes passes through a flat laser beam
produced by an ultra low maintenance laser diode. A 15-channel pulse height
analyzer for size classification detects the scattering signals. Due to the lack of a
sample heater inlet even aerosols and semi volatile liquid particles can be identified.
These counts from each precisely sized pulse channel are converted to mass using a
well-established equation and the data is then formatted for USA EPA categories of
PM10 and PM2.5. The user can also program several averaging functions.
• The Environmental Weather Housing, Model 165, consists of a fiberglass frame that
supports the optical instrument (# 107) on a central mounting plate. All the electronic
and mechanical components, such as the moisture absorbent container, the
ventilation system, the heating and control system, the temperature and humidity
sensor, and the DC power supply, are mounted on the same frame to minimize
vibration.
• The Sampling System of Model 170M consists of our proven omni-directional
sampling head inside a rain and 2 mm particle eliminator as well as a dry air mixture
and a heater system, all built into a 50cm inlet tube.
• GRAVIMETRIC OPERATION
Inside the 107 unit is a removable PTFE 47mm filter (in accordance to PM2.5). All
sampled dust is collected on the filter and a gravimetric and/or chemical analysis may
be made later. This unique combination ensures a perfect site-specific field
calibration and monthly revalidation.
 Grimm Dust Monitor
Installed 165 Systems in Operation

The photo shows a 165

unit installed in a
shipping harbor. In the
photo to the immediate
right you will see a unit
which is used at a truck
stop control point (photos
courtesy from Spain).
 Grimm Dust Monitor
Stand-Alone Model 165

The above photo shows the System 165 with the front panel
open. Visible is the dust monitor (in green), on the left (in blue) the
dryer, above (in black and white) is the electronic control
system. Located on top of the housing is on the left the environmental
sensor and on the right the sampling tube inlet shown.
 Grimm Dust Monitor
• In accordance to the final rule of the United Stated federal regulation for 40 CFR,
section 53, this automated system is being evaluated as an EQUIVALENT method for
PM10
• Product Specifications
• Data Presentation
USA EPA Simultaneous PM10 and PM2.5 convention -
even ready for PM-1
Size Range 0.3 to 25 microns Dae
Size Channel error +/- 2% µg/m3
Concentration range 1 to 6,500 µg/m3
Accuracy +/- 1 µg for one minute averaging
Sample Flow 1.2 liters/min, flow controlled
Range Power supply 12V DC Battery or 110/220 VAC with
external power supply

Keyboard 10 key foil membrane

Display 2 x 16 character LCD
Meaurement Period 1 minute to constant
Data Logging System Memo card from 16KB - 1MB (1 day to 1 year)
Dust collection filter 47mm Ø PTFE, EPA filter for PM-2.5,
removable for gravimetric and/or chemical
analysis
 KEY FEATURES
• E P A - Under EPA for PM10 evaluation, also PM2.5 candidate, even capable
of sub micron (PM-1 ready) dust mass
• Real Time measured data are storable on data logger from one minute to one
day averages
• Temperature Controlled Housing - set for 22oC
• Moisture Compensation System - programmable by user
• External Temperature and Humidity Sensors - are standard items
• Auto Zero instrument software performs an optical system electronic and
pump check upon startup
• Data Logging System - removable memory card for storing data from one
day to one year, makes this an easy way to transport data to PC
• Corrosion Resistant Housing - made of polished stainless steel and also
available as fiberglass.
• Tamper Resistant Lock - mounted on a sturdy support base
• Portable - 40x40x20cm (15.5" x 15.5" x 8"), weight 15.9 kg (33 lbs.)
• Dual Technologies - both light scattering and regulatory-compliant gravimetric
methods are standard features
• Optional - can present the particle counts in 15 different size channels in real
time
• Software - GRIMM's WINDOWS 95™ compatible data presentation and
analysis program allows many viewing and organizing modes
• Low Maintenance - usually only three months for filter exchange
• Power Supply - 18V DC by battery , but also at 110/60 or 220/50
 GRIMM DUST MONITOR
165 WEATHER RESISTANT HOUSING

40 x 40 x 20 cm (15.5" x 15.5" x 8 ")

Dimensions
Stainless Steel or Fiberglass
Housing
15.9 kg (33 lbs.) complete with dust monitor. May be
Weight
used as stand-alone unit in the field-
20oC to +40oC ambient
Operating Temperature
Preset for +20oC
Automatic internal heater system
Progressive start above 22oC
Automatic air exchange ventilation system
Preset above 85% rH, complete with air drying tank for
Automatic moisture ompensation system
three months use
Temperature Sensor F -20o; C to + 40o; C (-20 to 100o; F)
Humidity Sensor Ranges from 0 to 100%
RS-232 Compatible 9-pin connection cable bi-directional for remote
operation from PC, even on a remote base.
Software package Numeric statistic graphic and analysis

Sampling head 170M permits proper ambient sampling and fits directly into the 165 housing.
Optional: GRIMM’s Poly-Aromatic-Hydrocarbon (PAH) Sensor which can be fitted into the 165 housing.
• The DUSTTRAK provides a
real-time measurement based
on 90° light scattering. A pump
draws the sample aerosol
through an optics chamber
where it is measured. A sheath
air system isolates the aerosol in
the chamber to keep the optics
clean for improved reliability and
low maintenance.
• Dust trak is suitable system for monitoring of PM10

•
or PM2.5 dust
Weather proof housing is provided to operate
DUST
system for long period in field without effecting its
performance. TRAK
• System is battery operated 24hrs sampling is
possible after full charge of batteries
• Data recording is available.
• Values can be reported in mg/m3.
• Suitable for Monitoring of PM2.5 in the range of
1 to 1500 mg/m3.
• Power consumption is only 15 mA.
• Logged data can be down loaded to PC.
• Remote data access is possible
• 1 Minutes values for 21 days can be stored in the
memory
• In setup starting time ending time, Alarm recording
interval can be user defined.
• Filter replacement is required after 140 hrs.
• Cyclone cleaning is required every day.
• Calibration is possible at site by operating it with
reference sampler.
• The DUSTTRAK. Aerosol Monitor measures
aerosols in a wide variety of environments, from
offices and industrial workplaces to outdoor
environmental and construction sites. TSI’s
DUSTTRAK provides reliable exposure
assessment by measuring particle
concentrations corresponding to PM10, PM2.5,
PM1.0 or respirable size fractions.
• The DUSTTRAK is a portable, battery-operated
laser photometer which gives you a real-time
digital readout with the added benefits of a built-
in data logger. Suitable for clean office settings
as well as harsh industrial workplaces and
outdoor applications, the DUSTTRAK detects
potential problems with airborne contaminants
such as dust, smokes, fumes and mists.
• The DUSTTRAK is easy to use, too. You can
perform quick spot checks or you can program the
advanced logging modes for long-term sampling.
You can program the start/stop times, recording
intervals and other parameters. You can even set up
the instrument for continuous unattended operation.
• The DUSTTRAK’s new continuous analog output
and adjustable alarm output allow remote access to
real-time particle concentration data. Applications
include site perimeter monitoring, ambient
monitoring, process area monitoring and other
remote uses. The alarm output with user-defined set
point alerts you when upset or changing conditions
occur. This feature allows you to program a switch
closure at a concentration value of your choosing.
 Met One EBAM

Beta gauge, which uses a radioactive source and measures the attenuation of
radiation through an exposed filter.
 Met One EBAM
Positives
– Easy to install and use
– Tripod mount
– Portable/lightweight
– Heater and PM2.5 cutoff
– Environmentally enclosed
– Can add other met instruments
– Mains or Solar power consumption
– Temp and Pressure compensated
– Simple mass calibration using “foils” filter for calibration
– Low Cost of ownership

Negatives
– Low levels tend to read zero
– Reliability DC pump only operates for 12 months
 Met One EBAM
SPECIFICATIONS:
Range 0 -100 mg per m3
Accuracy 2.5 μg in 24 hour period
Measurement Cycle Standard @ 60 Minutes, actual sampling time 59 Minutes
Beta Source C14, less than 75 microcurie, Half life of 5730 years
Detector Scintillation probe
Analog Output 0-1V, 0-5V, 0-10V selectable, 12 bit accuracy
Filter Tape Continuous glass fiber filter
Inlet PM10 impactor type
Flow Rate 16.7 liters per minute, adjustable
Flow accuracy +/- 3% of reading, volumetric flow controlled
Sample Pump Dual diaphragm type, internally mounted
Alarm Signals Filter, flow, power and operation failure
Input Power 12 Volts DC @ 36 Watts , 25°C
Alarm Contact Closure 2 Amp @ 240 VAC
Operating Temperature -30 to 40° C
 BAM OPERATION
The BAM1020 monitor has certain limitations or interferences. In high-
humidity or rainy climates, water may collect on the filter tape and
cause artificially high mass readings. In these same climates where
the instrument is housed in an air-conditioned environment, the
ambient air inlet tube should be insulated to avoid condensation or
the inlet tube should be heated to ensure that any water drawn into
the unit is vaporized. ( Same as TEOM installations).
The MetOne monitor can measure ambient mass concentration with a
resolution of about 3 μg/m3 for a 1-h sampling period. A constant
volumetric flow rate for the PM10 inlet of 13.67 L/min is used.
A major difference between some monitors is the beta source. The
BAM1020 monitor uses a carbon-14 beta source compared to
Krypton-85 gas for the Andersen monitor. The carbon-14 source
does not require a license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
whereas the Krypton-85 does.
 ONLINE: TEOM AMBIENT PARTICULATE MONITOR

• Tapered Element Oscillating

Microbalance Technology
• Features
– USEPA approved
– PM2.5 values are generated for desired
period of time 30min to 24hrs
– Choice of sampling inlet is available TSP,
PM10, PM2.5 PM1 etc.
– Collected dust can be analyzed for
various constituents
– Constant volumetric flow rate, Temp,
Pressure sensor are attached for online
standardization of flow rates
– Data logging available collected can be
transferred to PC as per requirements
 COMPARATIVE OF FOUR MANUAL SAMPLERS
S. Feature TISCH PARTISOL BGI PQ200 Envirotech APM 550
No.
1. Approvals USEPA USEPA USEPA As per design
standardized by
USEPA
2. Flow Rate 1130 lpm 1000 lpm 16.67 lpm 16.67 lpm

3. Flow Control Flow Flow Control through Advance Flow Control through
Controller MFC Flow Control MFC
available
4. Portable Bulky Portable Portable Portable

5. Battery Operable No USES low current Uses internal Uses low current
2.5AMP (Option batteries that 2.5AMP option
through invertor/ run for 24 hrs through invertor
battery possible) battery possible
6. Calibration in field Yes Yes Yes Yes

7. Data logging of No No Yes No

temp., pressure,
flow, filter temp and
pressure
8. Sample Collection 8’’ x10’’ PTFE PTFE PTFE
GFA
9. Precision Balance Not Required Required Required
required upto 1mg upto 1mg upto 1mg
10. Cost (Approx) 7,000 US$ 15,000 US$ 20,000 US$ 5,000 US$
 COMPARATIVE OF FOUR ONLINE MONITORS
S. No. Feature Aero Qual Grimm Dust Trak Metone- EBAM
1. Approvals NIST USEPA None USEPA
Traceable Equivalent Equivalent
Certification
2. Principle Forward light 90O light 90O light Beta ray
scattering scattering as scattering attenuation
Nephelometer well as
gravimetric
method
3. Flow rate and Flow ? 1.2LPM 1.7LPM 16.7LPM
Control
4. Portable Compact and Portable Portable Portable tripod
light weight 15.9Kg 1.5Kg mountable
15Kg. Poll
mountable
5. Power AC Power DC power on DC power on DC power on
supply but low 12v battery or 12V batteries 12V batteries
Amp 110/220V AC
6. Solar Power Available NA NA Available
Augmentable
7. Data logging and YES >10Years Memory Card Available 1 Available
software for data 10KB-10MB min value for
presentation and (1day -1Year) 21 days
analysis
8. Temp and Humidity Available Available - Available
Control
 COMPARATIVE OF FOUR ONLINE MONITORS
S. Feature Aero Qual Grimm Dust Trak Metone- EBAM
No.
9. Range 0-2 mg/m3 0.001- 6.5 0.001 to 100 0-100mg/m3
mg/m3 mg/m3
10 Sensitivity 1mg/m3 1mg/m3 1mg/m3 2.5 mg/m3

11. Unattended Operation YES YES YES YES

12. Weather Proof Housing YES YES YES YES

13. Calibration Programmable Monthly site With any At site with “foil”
0 cal and span calibration reference filter
cal through sampler
software
14. Possibility of Assessment NO YES NO NO
of Chemical Composition
15. Additional Features Sensors for NA NA NA
O3, NO2, CO,
VOC, SO2,
CO2, NMHC,
WS, WD can
be added
16. Cost
 COMPARATIVE OF TWO MOST APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS
S. No. Features Required E- BAM PGI PQ 200

1. Low Concentrations YES YES

2. Operable on Rechargeable YES YES
Batteries
3. Low Maintenance YES YES

4. Un attended Operation YES YES

5. Weather Proof Housing YES YES

6. Calibration in field YES YES

7. Same Instrument for YES YES
PM10/PM2.5
8. Portable YES YES
9. Assessment of Chemical Not Possible Possible
Composition
 Features required in the PM2.5 Monitor for its
successful operation at sites in various SAARC
Countries
1. Capable of monitoring low concentrations
2. Should be operable on rechargeable batteries which
can be charged with solar panel.
3. Should require low maintenance
4. Unattended operation for long periods.
5. Should have weather Proof housing with ventilation to
withstand variable climate conditions.
6. Capable of calibration in field itself
7. Assessment of chemical composition of particle is also
essential for source identification
 RECOMMENDATIONS

• Air quality is a serious topic and measuring pollutants is

like making the unseen visible. It requires selection of
right technique and good instrument beside competent,
trained motivated man with dedication and zeal.
• Under Male programme, looking at the remoteness of
locations, non-availability of round the clock power,
difficulties of constant recalibration, the most suitable
equipment could be one of the following.
i) E-BAM – Online Monitor based on beta gauge technique
ii) BGI PQ200 – Manual Sampler
 Role of Envirotech
• Arrange procurement of Equipment with all requisite
accessories and consumables from manufacturers so
that equipment starts per forming straight away.
• Arrange proper installation and commissioning at site in
each country.
• Train operators in each country on operation,
maintenance and periodic calibration
• Provide maintenance support (during warranty and after
warranty)
• Carryout audit or validation of data generation by the
equipment.
Thanks