0

International Standard (!@ I 772412

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INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATION

FOR STANDARDIZATION*MEIAY~APOA~Afl

OPrAHMJAUW4

IlO CTAHI?.APTM~AUII~WORGAN~SAT~ON

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Paints and varnishes

- Colorimetry
Part 2 : Colour measurement
Peintures

et vernis -

First edition

ColorimBtrie

Partie 2 : Mesurage

Descriptors

: paints,

DE NORMALISATION

de la couleur

1964-10-01

UDC 667.6 : 535.65

t-4

INTERNATIONALE

varnishes,

Ref. No.
calorimetry,

tests, apparatus,

spectrophotometers,

IS0 7724/2-1964 (E)

calorimeters.

3
I=
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Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International
Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Every member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to
the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the IS0 Council. They are approved in accordance with IS0 procedures requiring at
least 75 % approval by the member bodies voting.
International Standard IS0 7724/2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35,
Paints and varnishes.

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International

Organization for Standardization,

1994 0

Printed in Switzerland

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Contents
Page

........................................................

Introduction

Scope and field of application .........................................

References .........................................................

Principle ...........................................................

Choice of illumination and viewing conditions

...........................

4.1

Smooth non-textured paint films. ..................................

4.2

Paint films with surface texture ....................................

Choice of standard calorimetric observer and standard illuminant ...........

Apparatus

.........................................................

6.1

Spectrophotometer ..............................................

6.2

Abridged spectrophotometer ......................................

6.3

Integrator..

6.4

Tristimulus calorimeter ...........................................

....................................................

Sampling and preparation of test specimens. ............................

Reflectance standards

3
3

...............................................

6.1

Primary standard ................................................

6.2

Secondarystandard

.............................................

8.3

Working standards

..............................................

4
4

Procedure ..........................................................
................................

9.1

Method using a spectrophotometer

9.2

Method using an abridged spectrophotometer

or tristimulus calorimeter .

4
6

10

Testreport

.........................................................

11

Bibliography ........................................................

iii
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INTERNATIONAL

IS0 7724/2-1994(E)

STANDARD

Paints and varnishes

- Colorimetry
Part 2 : Colour measurement

Introduction

Luminescent paint films, transparent paint films and translucent paint films (for example for displays or lamp glass),
retroreflecting paint films (for example for traffic signs), and
metallic paint films are outside the scope of this part of
IS0 7724.

This International Standard, IS0 7724, comprises the following

parts :
Part 1 : Principles.

Part 2 : Colour measurement.

References

IS0 1512, Paints and varnishes -

Sampling.

Part 3 : Calculation of colour differences.

Parts 1, 2 and 3 of IS0 7724 describe methods for the instrumental determination of the colour co-ordinates and colour
differences of paint films, as required for such purposes as
a) the objective description of colour differences between
a test specimen (a test panel coated with a paint, or a
specimen from a painted article) and a reference specimen;

I S 0 15 13, Paints and varnishes - Examination and prepara tion

of samples for testing.
I SO 1514, Paints and varnishes - Standard panels for testing.
IS0 2808, Paints and varnishes
thickness. 1)
IS0 3534, Statistics

b) determining colour deviations in the production of

painted articles so that the results may be used for the control or regulation of the process;
c) the objective description of changes in colour caused
by weathering and other chemical or physical influences;
d)

the objective supervision of colour reference standards.

NOTE - Colour reference standards are subject to ageing, which may

lead in the course of time to pronounced changes in colour. High accuracy calorimetry is required for the timely detection of these
changes. This is of particular importance when ordering against such
reference standards.

This part of IS0 7724 describes the method for determining the
colour co-ordinates of paint films. The method is only applicable to paint films that appear to be uniformly of one colour,
i.e. monochromatic, when examined with normal vision. Paint
films that do not completely hide a non-transparent substrate
represent an opaque system and may be measured by using the
procedure described in this part of IS0 7724.

Determination

of film

Vocabulary and symbols.

IS0 5725, Precision of test methods - Determination

repeatability and reproducibility by inter-laboratory tests.

of

IS0 772411, Paints and varnishes Principles.

Colorimetry

Part I :

IS0 772413, Paints and varnishes Calculation of colour differences.

Colorimetry

Part 3 :

No. 1,

Special

CIE Publication
No. 15, Supplement
metamerism index : Change in illuminant.

Principle

Measurement of the tristimulus

the following methods

Scope and field of application

values Xtc, Yts, Zlo by one of

measurement of thespectral photometric characteristics

(spectral reflectances or spectral reflectance factors) of the
paint film with a spectrophotometer and calculation of the
tristimulus values;
measurement
of
tristimulus calorimeter.

the

tristimulus

values

with

1) At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of IS0 2808-1974.)

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IS0 7724/2-1984 (El

Calculation of the chromaticity

co-ordinates xlo, yIo or the colour co-ordinates
in the approximately
uniform
CIE 1976
(L*a*b*)
colour space from the tristimulus values, as described
in IS0 772411.

4 Choice
conditions

of illumination

and viewing

One of the measuring conditions for illumination

and viewing
specified in IS0 7724/l should be chosen taking into account
the surface texture,
the reflection
properties
of the paint
film tested and the information
that is to be obtained by the
measurement.

4.1

Smooth

non-textured

4.2.2

Measurement

excluding

reflection

For matt or low gloss specimens use the measuring conditions

8/d or d/8 (with gloss trap for both). Alternatively,
use the
measuring condition 45/O or O/45 if the specimen is turned during the measurement,
or the measuring condition 45/O if the
specimen is illuminated
toroidally or by two beams at 90 to
each other.
NOTE - For paint films with surfaces that have high gloss and are textured, the measuring condition 8/d or d/8 (with gloss trap) and 45/O or
O/45 should not be used because random specularly reflected light may
reach the detector.

5 Choice of standard
and standard
illuminant

paint films

the specular

calorimetric

observer

All the measuring conditions

specified in IS0 772411 are suitable for determining
the colour co-ordinates
of smooth nontextured paint films.

The CIE 1964 supplementary

standard calorimetric
observer
and standard illuminant D65 should preferably be used.

With
high gloss specimens,
results obtained
under
all
measuring conditions
are comparable
if the tristimulus values
determined
with an integrating
sphere without gloss trap are
corrected for the surface reflection.

For the calorimetric

determination
of a special metamerism
index (change in colour difference
between two specimens
caused by substituting
a test illuminant for the reference illuminant, preferably D651)) standard illuminant A should be used as
the test illuminant.

NOTE - The surface reflection is the part of the light failing on a

specimen
that is reflected
(diffusely
and specularly)
at the surface;
another part is back-scattered
by the pigments (volume reflection).
The
surface reflectance
(Fresnel reflectance)
for illumination
at incidence
between O and 8O on paint films is approximately
0,04.

For all other specimens the choice of measuring conditions

depends on whether the specular reflection is to be included in
or excluded from the measurement
(see IS0 7724/3).
4.1.1

Measurement

Use the measuring

both).

including
condition

the specular

8/d or d/8 (withour

reflection
gloss trap for

NOTE - If the gloss changes without a visually perceptible

change in
colour, for example after weathering,
the tristimulus
values measured
including the specular reflection will generally not be influenced.

4.1.2

Measurement

excluding

Use the measuring condition

both) or 45/O or O/45.
NOTE - If the gloss changes,
will change and consequently

8/d

the specular

reflection

or d/8

gloss trap for

(with

the diffuse part of the surface reflection

the tristimulus
values measured
ex-

cluding the specular reflection change too.

4.2

Paint films with

4.2.1

Measurement

surface

including

see CIE Publication

6
6.1

Apparatus
Spectrophotometer

For high precision

calorimetry,
a single- or preferably
a
double-beam
reflection
spectrophotometer
equipped
with a
prism or grating monochromator
and a photometer
head that
satisfies the illumination
and viewing conditions
chosen as
described in clause 4 shall be used.
Using these instruments,
the repeatability with which spectral
reflectances
or spectral reflectance factors can be measured
should be better than the larger of the following
two values :
0,2 % of the reading or 0,001 (absolute).
The repeatability
over long time intervals
these values by a factor of more than 3.

the specular

No. 15, Supplement

reflection

not exceed

NOTE - For the purpose of this part of IS0 7724, the repeatability
of
the measuring method is the value below which the absolute difference
between two single test results obtained for the same paint film under
the same conditions
(same operator,
same spectrophotometer,
at a
short time interval) may be expected to lie with a 95 % probability.
The
repeatability
is obtained
by multiplying
the standard deviation
of the
measuring
method by the appropriate
factor (see IS0 5725).

No. 1.

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should

texture

For the spectral characterization

of paint films with surface texture (for example textured finishes) use the measuring condition 8/d or d/8 (without gloss trap for both).

I)

Tristimulus calorimeters of early design are provided with filters

that are only suitable for determining tristimulus values with the
CIE 1931 standardcolorimetricsystemforstandardilluminant
C.
If the calorimetric
determination
is based on the tristimulus
method, the use of this combination
of standard calorimetric
observer and standard illuminant should be allowed, but its use
should be reported.

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IS0 7724/2-19&I (E)

The accuracy should be better than the larger of the following

two values : 0,5 % of the reading or 0,002 (absolute).
NOTE - For the purpose of this part of IS0 7724, accuracy is the
closeness of agreement between the true value and the mean result
which would be obtained by applying the same method of calorimetry
a very large number of times (see IS0 3534).

If the calorimetric measurements are for the objective supervision of colour reference standards [clause 0, d)l, a spectrophotometer of the type described above should be used in
preference to the abridged type (6.2) or a tristimulus colorimeter (6.4).

6.2

Abridged

For the short- and long-term repeatability, the same conditions

as those defined for spectrophotometers in 6.1 apply.

Sampling

and preparation

on the

of test specimens

For the applications described in clause 0 a) and c) take a

representative sample of the paint to be tested as described in
IS0 1512.

Prepare the test panels in accordance with IS0 1514. Apply the
coating, dry and, if necessary, condition the paint film as
directed in the manufacturers instructions or as otherwise
agreed.

Integrator

For weighting the measured spectral photometric characteristics

with the relative spectral power distribution of the standard
illuminant S, and the colour-matching
functions Y,,-,(,I),
y,c,,(L), &c(A) and the summation as described in IS0 7724/l,
a computer facility with adequate storage may be used.
Abridged spectrophotometers
and some automatic spectrophotometers embody electronic or mechanical integrators.
Tristimulus

The accuracy can be worse than 1 %, depending

lightness, and the shape of the reflectance curve.

Examine and prepare the sample for testing as described in

IS0 1513.

The accuracy should be better than the larger of the following

two values : 1 % of the reading or 0,004 (absolute).

6.4

Because of the difficulties in fitting filters to the required

parameters, tristimulus calorimeters are generally unsuitable
for measuring colour per se and should be restricted to measuring colour difference. Even in the latter use, however, there
may be difficulties in establishing compliance with a reference
colour if the standard and the specimen are metameric. Consequently, tristimulus calorimeters are best restricted to applications b) and c) described in clause 0.
The repeatability with which tristimulus
values can be
measured should be better than the higher of the following two
values : 0,2 % of the reading or 0,001 (absolute).

spectrophotometer

For the applications described in clause 0, a) to cl, an abridged

spectrophotometer
equipped with a photometer head that
satisfies the illumination and viewing conditions chosen as
described in clause 4 is sufficient,
except when highly
chromatic paint films with steep spectral reflectance curves are
to be measured. Such an instrument is a photometer containing at least 16 interference filters distributed uniformly over the
wavelength range 400 to 700 nm and having a half-bandwidth
of 20 nm or less.

6.3

in the wavelength range below 500 nm. The tristimulus value

Xte is therefore formed by weighting the reflectance factors
measured with rX and tz filters with various constants followed
by addition.

calorimeter

The integration can also be performed optically with three

tristimulus filters which shall be constituted so that the
measurements appear in a simple linear relationship with the
tristimulus values. Instruments of this category, which are
termed tristimulus calorimeters, have to be equipped with a
photometer head that satisfies the illumination and viewing
conditions chosen as described in clause 4.
The three filters have to be fitted with respect to their spectral
transmittance r,(,I 1, t,,(d 1, r,(A 1 to the colour-matching functions, to the relative spectral power distribution of the standard
illuminant and of the light source of the instrument, and to the
sensitivities of the photoelectric detectors. With few exceptions the manufacturers of tristimulus calorimeters make no
provision for close fitting. The rX filter completely absorbs light

NOTE - If the paint film is of reversible temperature-dependent

colour, the temperature of the test specimen should be maintained at
23 f 2 OC by appropriate measures (for example by the use of a
thermostatically controlled specimen holder). Paint films of irreversible
temperature-dependent
colour should be postconditioned, until the
colour does not change any more. In the case of paint films that do not
completely hide the substrate, the colour depends on the colour of the
substrate and the film thickness, which should be determined by one of
the procedures described in IS0 2808.

From painted articles [application described in clause 0, b)l take

test specimens that are representative of the surfaces to be
measured. If necessary, the number of specimens should be
agreed upon between the parties.
The paint film specimen shall be plane and clean. The dimensions of the test specimen should be adequate to permit
measurement with the size dimensions of the sample port of
the instrument in use with the sample port being not less than
10 mm in diameter.

8
8.1

Reflectance
Primary

standards
standard

The primary standard for measuring the reflectance or reflectance factor of the specimen is the perfect reflecting diffuser as

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IS0 772412-1994

(E)

recommended by CIE and defined as an ideal uniform diffuser

with a spectral reflectance equal to unity for all wavelengths.

8.2

Secondary

standard

Because the primary standard cannot be realized in practice, a

secondary standard is needed with known spectral reflectances
that are as close as possible to those of the primary standard.

8.2.1

Source

Compressed barium sulfate powder in tablet form is normally

used as the secondary standard. The manufacturer of the
barium sulfate powder used to prepare the tablets should state
the spectral reflectances es/,, (I ) or spectral reflectance factors
R,,,(I)
of the powder for various wavelengths. These
wavelengths shall be chosen so as to allow interpolation of
reflectances or reflectance factors to within an accuracy of
+ 0,001. The stated values shall refer to barium sulfate tablets
prepared by the described method and measured using an absolute measuring technique, i.e. related indirectly to the
primary standard (see clause 1 I).
The powder shall be free of contaminants
for compressing.

and shall be suitable

NOTE - The spectral reflectance @a/c (1) and spectral reflectance factor &/g(k)
of tablets made of barium sulfate powder almost coincide.
The extent to which the spectral reflectance factors R~,n(A) and

A metal ring which will later serve as a frame for the tablets is
first closed at the bottom by a clean matt-ground glass plate
[see the note and the figure all. The ring and glass plate are
held together by a clamp (not shown). A weighed amount of
powder (I,65 g/cm3 tablet volume) is poured into the cylinder
inserted in the ring and the two sections of the powder press
are united so that the plunger enters the cylinder. Both sections
are now screwed together. To increase the density of the
tablets, the top section should be tapped gently several times
with a rubber hammer. The top section can then be screwed in
further. Tapping and screwing should be repeated two or three
times until the powder fills only the conical portion of the ring.
The top section with the plunger and cylinder should then be
removed and replaced by a lid. The press should now be turned
over [figure b)l and the clamp opened to allow the removal of
the bottom section with the glass plate. The exposed surface of
the tablet should come level with the front side of the ring,
which abuts with the port of the photometer. The powder has
now been compressed so tightly that the surface of the tablet
can even be used in the perpendicular position or suspended
without losing any grains of powder.
NOTE - The surface of the glass plate that faces the powder is ground
matt with abrasive (grain size about 0,3 l.tm) and afterwards etched
with dilute hydrofluoric acid.
The glass plate should be thoroughly cleaned in chromosulfuric acid
followed by rinsing first in distilled water and then in ethanol and
allowed to dry. For interim cleaning a wad of cotton wool impregnated
with ethanol is sufficient.

8.3

Working

standards

Rc/~U. 1 of tablets made of barium sulfate powder agree has yet to be

determined.

8.2.2

Preparation

and checking

With a mechanical powder press used solely for this purpose,

mould constant amounts of barium sulfate powder into tablets
having a minimum thickness of 5 mm and a density of I,6 to
1.7 g/ems. The tablets shall exhibit a textureless, plane and
matt surface. Clean the powder press carefully after each pressing operation as traces of residual powder may degrade the surface quality of tablets. Tablets shall not be reprepared from the
same powder sample.
The repeatability of the reflectance of the secondary standard
prepared according to this part of IS0 7724 shall be better than
0,2 % with a given batch of barium sulfate powder.
Reflectance standards prepared in this way, if carefully handled
and stored in a desiccator, can be used for 1 week. Care should
be taken to ensure that they are not exposed to ultraviolet
radiation (I ~270 nm) because this could induce a change in
the spectral reflectances in the wavelength range below 450 nm
(see clause 11).

For routine measurements with an individual instrument it is

possible to use working standards with spectral reflectances
that remain stable over a long period. These working standards
need not be uniform diffusers but shall be calibrated with the
aid of the barium sulfate standard and the instrument with
which they are used. They should be made from stable and
durable materials such as opal glasses, vitrolite or ceramic tiles.
The surface shall be polished to ease removal of surface contamination and for ease in cleaning.
Neutral grey working standards should be used to check the
linearity of the photometric
scale and to extend the
photometric range of the instrument, so that dark specimens
may be measured more reliably than would otherwise be
possible.
Checking the repeatability and the accuracy of the test method
can be carried out by using a number of spectrally selective
working standards.

9
9.1

The following apparatus and procedure have proved suitable

for preparing barium sulfate standards. A schematic representation of the powder press is shown in the figure.

Procedure
Method

using

a spectrophotometer

The instrument shall be operated

manufacturers instructions.

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in accordance

with

the

IS0 7724/2-1984 (E)

material)

Cylinder
(of non-abrasive

a)

Ring

Mat&ground
glass plate

b)

Ring

I
Figure -

Powder

press for preparing

barium

Adjust the photometric scale or the intensity measuring unit

and the integrator, if provided. Set the zero point by use of a
highly efficient light trap at the sample port. Do not set the zero
point by blocking the light beam. Set the upper end-point of
the scale by an appropriate reflectance standard over the entire
visible wavelength range.

or mercury

NOTE - Further instrumental errors can be avoided by the exclusion

of diffused light (for example by using the appropriate stray light filter)
and by cleaning contaminated optical surfaces.

Check whether the repeatability corresponds to the value given

by the manufacturer of the instrument by using suitable spectrally selective working standards.
Periodically check again the linearity of the photometer scale,
the calibration of the wavelength scale, and repeatability,
dependent on the time and intensity of use of the instrument.

sulfate

(BaS04) reflectance

Adjust the slit width or the slit-width programme to a desirable

balance between spectral resolution and sensitivity with
respect to the chosen wavelength interval (see next paragraph)
and the lightness of the paint film that is to be measured. Select
an appropriate recording speed.

Dependent on the chosen measuring conditions, determine the

spectral reflectances or the spectral reflectance factors, or
when using an integrator,
the tristimulus
values and
chromaticity co-ordinates of the specimen in relation to the
reflectance standard.
To detect the introduction of an error into any measurement,
repeat each measurement. In the case of discrepancies larger
than the characteristic repeatability given by the instruments
manufacturer, repeat the measurement several times and, if
necessary, eliminate the cause of the discrepancies.

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standards

Measure in wavelength intervals AA = 10 nm over the spectral

range 380 to 770 nm using monochromatic light with a halfintensity width of less than 10 nm. In special cases, such as
highly chromatic paint films with steep spectral reflectance
curves, measure in 5 nm wavelength intervals using monochromatic light with a half-intensity width of less than 5 nm.

Check the linearity of the photometric scale by using grey

working standards with known spectral reflectances.
Calibrate the wavelength scale using cadmium
discharge lamps with sharp emission lines.

-Lid

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IS0 7724/2-1964 (E)

NOTE sample.

Discrepancies may be caused by either the instrument or the

10

Test report

The test report shall contain at least the following

If the spectral characteristics
integrating
spectrophotometers,
values and the chromaticity
ISO772411.

are determined with noncalculate the tristimulus

co-ordinates
according
to

9.2 Method
or tristimulus

using an abridged
calorimeter

The instrument shall be operated

manufacturers instructions.

spectrophotometer
in accordance

with

f)

interval used, if any;

(for example non-hiding

the results of the test recorded, as appropriate,

- the psychometric
a*, b

paint

as either

lightness L* and the co-ordinates

together with identification of the illumination

conditions and, if used, the gloss trap;
g) any deviation, by agreement
procedure specified;

Check the ageing of each filter and the repeatability using

suitable spectral working standards. When using a tristimulus
calorimeter,
check the measuring unit consisting of light
source, filters and detectors.

h)

11

and viewing

or otherwise,

from the

the date of the test.

Bibliography

Requirements
for reflection
standards
and
ERB, W.
the measurement of the reflection values, Applied Optics 14
1975: 493.

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Standard (IS0 7724/2);

- the mean value of tristimulus value Ytc and the

chromaticity co-ordinates x10, ytc or

Check the linearity of the intensity measuring unit by using

neutral grey working standards with known spectral reflectances.

Determine the tristimulus value YIo and the chromaticity coordinates xlo, yto or the colour co-ordinates L*,o*, b in relation to the reflectance standard as appropriate. Repeat the
measurement and calculate the mean values.

the wavelength

e) any special observations

film; film thickness);

Adjust the intensity measuring unit and, when using an

abridged spectrophotometer,
the integrator also. Set the zero
point by use of a highly efficient light trap at the sample port.
Do not set the zero point by blocking the light beam. Set the
upper end-point by an appropriate reflectance standard for
each filter in turn.

Periodically check again the linearity, repeatability and the

ageing of the filters, when a tristimulus calorimeter is used;
check again the condition of the measuring unit, dependent on
the time and intensity of use of the instrument.

a reference to this International

c) the type of instrument (spectrophotometer,

tristimulus
calorimeter, etc.) and its designation (manufacturer and
type);
d)

the

a) the type and identification of the paint film tested,

including a description of the method of preparation;
b)

Calculate the mean values of the tristimulus value Ytc and the
chromaticity coordinates x,c, y,e or the colour co-ordinates
Lx, a*, b* as appropriate.

information

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