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LECT04 - Basic Ladder Logic Programming PDF

This document provides an overview of basic ladder logic programming concepts including Boolean logic, logical AND, OR and NOT functions, commonly used start-stop-seal circuits and interlocks. It emphasizes the importance of properly formatting ladder logic diagrams for readability, with recommendations such as grouping related signals and ensuring each output is energized only once.

Uploaded by

Elisha Mbise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
221 views

LECT04 - Basic Ladder Logic Programming PDF

This document provides an overview of basic ladder logic programming concepts including Boolean logic, logical AND, OR and NOT functions, commonly used start-stop-seal circuits and interlocks. It emphasizes the importance of properly formatting ladder logic diagrams for readability, with recommendations such as grouping related signals and ensuring each output is energized only once.

Uploaded by

Elisha Mbise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programmable Logic

Controllers

Basic Ladder Logic Programming

Lecture 4-1

Outline
• Boolean statements and ladder logic
equivalents
– Logical AND
– Logical OR
– Logical NOT
• Commonly used ladder logic sequences
– Start-stop-seal circuits
– Basic interlocks
• Properly formatted outputs

Lecture 4-2

4-1
Boolean logic control programs
• Boolean logic control programs examine and control
on and off states
– Boolean here is used interchangeably with the word
“discrete”
• Each control program (ladder diagram sequence) can
contain one or more conditionals
• Example
– If (a part is on the conveyor) AND (there is not a
box in the chute) THEN (turn the conveyor motor on)
• In terms of sensors and actuators this becomes
– If (sensor_A is ON) AND (sensor_B is NOT ON) THEN
(turn actuator_C ON)

Lecture 4-3

Conveyor motor control system


sensor_A

actuator_C

sensor_B

Lecture 4-4

4-2
Logical AND ladder diagram
• The logical AND function is constructed by series
combinations of digital (discrete) inputs
– Two (or more) seriescomponents

I:1/0 AND I:1/1

I:1/0 AND I:1/1 AND I:1/2

Lecture 4-5

Logical OR ladder diagram


• The logical OR function is constructed by parallel
combinations of digital (discrete) inputs
– Two (or more) parallel components

I:1/0 OR I:1/1

I:1/0 OR I:1/1 OR I:1/2

Lecture 4-6

4-3
Logical NOT
• The logical NOT function is constructed by
referencing the input signal with a normally closed
contact (XIO instruction)

Lecture 4-7

Complex Boolean expressions


• More complex Boolean expressions can be
formulated with various serial-parallel combinations
of XIC and XIO instructions
– NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR

Lecture 4-8

4-4
Start-stop-seal circuits
• For PLC systems without latch and unlatch
instructions, a circuit is needed that will allow
a process to start, continue to run after a
start button is released, and stop under
control of another button
– A circuit that implements this functionality is
commonly referred to as a start-stop-seal circuit
• A feedback path (i.e. a contact) that
references the output is normally used to
seal around the start contact

Lecture 4-9

Start-stop-seal ladder diagram

Initial state START pushbutton pressed

START pushbutton released STOP pushbutton pressed

Lecture 4-10

4-5
Start-stop-seal variations
• In practice several start and/or several stop
buttons can be used in a process
• Start buttons (with XIC instructions) can be
used
– In series if it is required that ALL be pressed
before a process starts
– In parallel if pressing ANY start button is to start a
process
• Stop buttons (with XIO instructions) are
normally used in series if pressing ANY stop
button is to stop a process
Lecture 4-11

Start-stop-seal circuit example

Lecture 4-12

4-6
Interlock circuits
• Interlocks can prohibit output(s) from energizing
under a certain condition
• Example: O:2/0 should not energize if O:2/1 is
energized (and vice versa)

Lecture 4-13

Formatting considerations
• Ladder logic rungs should be formatted so the reader
can easily infer the meaning of the intended logic
• One mechanism to help this is the grouping of
related signals within an area on a given rung of
logic
• For example:
– Group signals together that have some common intent
• Start signals
• Stop signals
• Emergency stop signals (E-stop)
• Interlocks
– Controls that might have greater importance (i.e. E-stop)
might be located on the left hand side of the rung if possible

Lecture 4-14

4-7
Formatting considerations

E-stop Normal
conditions Stop Start Interlocks (if any) Outputs

This is also a good example of instruction and rung documentation.

Lecture 4-15

Properly formatted outputs


• An output energize instruction (OTE) referencing a
specific output bit should appear only once in a
ladder logic program

Lecture 4-16

4-8
Properly formatted outputs
• Only one output energize instruction (OTE) should
appear in a rung of ladder logic

Lecture 4-17

Properly formatted outputs


• If more than one output is to be controlled by a
certain rung of ladder logic, the output energize
(OTE) instructions can be placed in parallel

Lecture 4-18

4-9

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