Database : Application of Databases

Database;
is a collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by

storing and managing data so that they appear to be in one location.
Application of Databases
• Banking;
For customer information, accounts, and loans, and banking transactions.
• Airlines;
For reservations and schedule information.
• Universities;
For student information, course registrations, and grades.
• Credit card transactions;

For purchases on credit cards and generation of monthly
statements.
• Telecommunications;
For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills,
maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards, and storing information about the communication
networks.
• Finance;
For storing information about holdings, sales, and purchases of financial instrument
such as stocks and bonds.
• Sales;
For customers, product, and purchase information.
• Manufacturing;
For management of supply chain and for tracking production of items in
factories, inventories of items in warehouses/stores, and orders for items.
• Human resources;
For information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes and benefits,
and for generation of paychecks.
Data Hierarchy;
The data hierarchy comprises: bits, bytes, fields, records, files, and database.
Bit;
Smallest unit of data represented by 1 or 0.
Byte;
A group of 8 bits.
Field;
Unit of data consisting of one or more characters. For example id, name, address.
Record;
A collection of related fields.
File;
A collection of related records.
Database;
A collection of related files.
Disadvantages of traditional file system
• Data redundancy;
Same information may be duplicated in several places.
• Inconsistency;
The various copies of same data may no longer agree.
• Difficulty in accessing data;

Conventional file processing environments do not allow
needed data to be retrieved in a convenient and efficient manner.
• Data isolation;
Data are scattered in various files, and files may be in different formats.
• Integrity problems;
Data values stored in the database must satisfy certain types of
consistency constraints. It is difficult to satisfy these constraints in traditional file system.
• Atomicity problems;
It must happen in its entirety or not at all. It is difficult to ensure
atomicity in a conventional file processing system.
• Security problems ;
Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data.
Database-Management System;
• A database-management system (DBMS);

is a collection of interrelated data and a
set of programs to access those data.
Three Components • Data-Definition Language (DDL) • Data Manipulation Language

(DML) • Data Dictionary
DDL;
• We specify a database schema by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called a
data-definition language (DDL). For instance, the following statement in the SQL language
defines the account table:
Create table account (account-number char(10), balance integer).
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. In addition, it updates a
special set of tables called data dictionary or data directory. A data dictionary contains metadata-
that is, data about data.
DML;
Data manipulation is
• The retrieval of information stored in the database
• The insertion of new information into the database
•The deletion of information from the database
•The modification of information stored in the database
A data-manipulation language (DML);

is a language that enables users to access or
manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model.
•Example: SQL (Structured Query Language) QBE (Query By Example).
Example of an SQL
SELECT id, name FROM student WHERE id=10
Execution of the above SQL statement display the student information with id value equal to 10.
Data Dictionary;
Data dictionary is an automated or manual tool for storing and organizing
information about the data maintained in a database.
View of Data;
• Data Abstraction:
A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an
abstract view of the data. That is, the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and
maintained.

Database : Application of Databases

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Database : Application of Databases

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Database;

is a collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by

• Credit card transactions;

Disadvantages of traditional file system

• Difficulty in accessing data;

• A database-management system (DBMS);

Three Components • Data-Definition Language (DDL) • Data Manipulation Language

Create table account (account-number char(10), balance integer).

• The retrieval of information stored in the database

• The insertion of new information into the database

•The deletion of information from the database

•The modification of information stored in the database

A data-manipulation language (DML);

•Example: SQL (Structured Query Language) QBE (Query By Example).

SELECT id, name FROM student WHERE id=10

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