1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February

1962

An Easy-To-Build VFO
By Lewis G. McCoy, W1ICP
A VFO can he substituted in place of crystals and will permit
the amateur to change his frequency to any point in the 80 or
40-meter bands. In other words, the VFO can be substituted in
place of an 80- or 40-meter crystal.
There are three general rules that should be followed when
constructing a VFO.
 First, the mechanical or physical construction must be
very rigid, at least in those parts of the circuit that
make up the frequency-determining elements. Any component
that is not mounted securely, particularly the VFO coil
(L1 in Fig. 1), can vibrate or move, which will cause the
oscillator signal to vary in frequency.
 Second, the plate and screen (if the tube has a screen)
voltages of the VFO tube should be regulated. Otherwise,
an unregulated voltage on the plate of the oscillator
could change under changing load conditions and cause the
frequency to be unstable.
 Third, if possible, the power supply for the VFO should
be mounted on a separate chassis. More often than not,
you will get hum vibration from the power transformer,
which in turn will cause mechanical vibration of the
entire chassis. Any vibration of the frequency
determining elements will cause the oscillator signal to
change frequency. In the case of a power transformer it
usually vibrates at a 60-cycle rate, and this can cause
the oscillator tube elements to move at this same rate,
putting a 60-cycle hum on the signal.

Another point that should he followed in constructing a VFO is

that all fixed capacitors in the frequency-determining elements
should have good temperature-compensation ratings. If the value
of a capacitor changes when it becomes hotter or colder, it can
make the frequency change in an oscillator. The result is a
“drift” in frequency. The unit described here uses silver mica
capacitors, which have good temperature stability.
Because of the heat problem, it is always good procedure to
mount any heat-producing components, such as tubes, away from
frequency-determining elements. The unit described in this
article meets all these rules and the result is a very stable
VFO.

Page 1 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

Circuit Information
The circuit of the VFO is shown in Fig 1, and is an updated
copy of one described by George Hanchett, W2YM.
The VFO is a Colpitts-type oscillator, high C, with basic
coverage of the 3.5 to 4.0 MHz frequency range. Practically the
entire tuning range of C1 is required to cover the 80-meter hand.
C3 serves as the band-set capacitor. The tube capacitances are
practically swamped out by the use of large (0.00l-f) silver
micas as a capacitive voltage divider from grid to cathode to
plate of the oscillator tube, which is one section of a 12AU7.
The second half of the l2AU7 is used as a cathode follower to
isolate the VFO from succeeding stages.
Consider that RFC1 is in parallel with C6, a
0.001uf (1nf, or 1000pf) capacitor.
On 80m the capacitor will have a reactance of
roughly 50 ohms. By contrast, a 750uH choke will
be about 20000 ohms (which is why it is close to
self-resonant.)
So, yes, the choke inductance will affect the exact
resonant frequency of the circuit, but probably not
enough to worry about. If you have some 675uH or
2.5mH chokes they'll probably work, maybe even down
to 100uH. (WB6BYU)
The output from the cathode follower is used to drive a
buffer/multiplier 6AU6. The output of the 6AU6 can be tuned to
the 80-meter band, and also to 40 by shorting turns on L2 with S2.

Page 2 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

C1 is at the far left

associated with the
Millen Dial.
C7 is next.

Page 3 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

NOTE: V5 is a 0C2 75V VR

The switch, S1 is a three-pole job, one portion of which is

used to turn on the plate voltages for the oscillator and
cathode follower. This provides enough VFO output for “spotting”
your own frequency. In another position the switch puts the VFO
unit on standby, and the last, or “operate,” position turns on
the multiplier.

Page 4 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

The power supply consists of T1, V3, and a capacitor-input

filter, C8 and L3. A 0A2 and 0C2 (note the error on the
schematic) provide the regulated voltages for the oscillator,
cathode follower, and multiplier. Regulated voltage is 225 volts
for the multiplier and cathode follower and 75 volts for the
plate of the oscillator.
S4 is used to turn off the voltages of the unit by opening the
center tap of the power transformer. In addition, a pair of
terminals connected across S4 permits using an external switch,
which may be mounted at a convenient location at the operating
position. This same external switch, if DPDT can be used to
control the antenna changeover relay if one is used in the
station.

It is also true that S1 can be used to put the VFO on standby,

but an external switch, as mentioned above, will probably be
more convenient.
There is no provision for keying the VFO as
all keying should be done at the
transmitter, as it was with crystal

Page 5 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

control. Keying a VFO along with the rest

of the transmitter can cause some problems.
It would be a simple matter to key the
cathode of the VFO, but the first problem
you would likely encounter would be clicks
on your signal. When you attempt to do
shaping of the signal to get rid of the
clicks you get chirps, so the easiest way
around the problem is not to key the VFO.
It is true that you can key a VFO and get a
good clean signal with no clicks or chirps.
However, this usually requires elaborate
circuitry. Details on this type of keying
can be found in the keying chapter of the
ARRL Handbook.

Construction Details
A 3 x 5 x 9.5 inch aluminum chassis is used to house the
complete VFO unit. In order to obtain mechanical strength, the
aluminum chassis is mounted on top of a steel chassis which is
1.5 by 5 by 9.5 inches, and secured with several screws and
nuts. This system prevents any flexing of the aluminum chassis.
Note from the top view photographs that V1 and V2 are mounted on
the back side of the chassis. This keeps the heat from the tubes
from reaching any of the frequency-determining components
mounted inside the chassis.
~The VFO coil L1 is mounted on two isolantite standoffs, one
inch high. Two poly bars, 1/8 inch thick, 1/2 inch wide and 2
inches long, sandwich the coil between the two bars, which are
screwed down on the standoffs. It is important that this
procedure be followed as the coil must be held rigidly in place.
~C1 is mounted to the base of the chassis with two screws and,
in addition, is held to the front of the chassis with the
mounting nut that comes with the type capacitor used.
I actually built the "Easy to Build" VFO back in the late 1970s. It
worked very well. It is probably the best of the simple designs - and
believe me, its simple compared to some others.

The trick to the dial resolution issue is to not use the original dial and
capacitor combination. Instead, get the PA tuning capacitor from an
ARC-5 transmitter and mount it upside-down in the aluminum chassis
part. You will need to cut a small slot so the dial gear will clear but
that's easy.

Page 6 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

Do not use switches and fixed caps, they just cause trouble and drift.

Do not pull plates from a variable capacitor to reduce the value; instead,
use a series capacitor.

The RF chokes are not critical. They need to be good air-core ones,
however.

With an ARC-5 variable you will get the whole 80 meter band and then
some with 50 turns of the knob. That's about 10 kHz per turn on 80, 20
kHz per turn on 40, and 40 kHz per turn on 20. If you put about 150 pF
fixed capacitance in series, you'll get even better bandspread.

There's also the W2EWP VFO, if you have a junker ARC-5 transmitter
to hack up. (N2EY)

~Just to the rear of the L1 installation is a terminal strip

which is used to mount C2, C4, C5 and C6.
~C3 is mounted on the back wall of the chassis. It is a set and
forget device.
~The tank circuit for V2 is mounted at the right-hand side of
the chassis as viewed from the front.
~C7, S1, and S2 are installed on the front of the chassis to the
right of the VFO dial. The dial for the VFO is a Millen type
10039. C1 is mounted to the Millen dial.
~An octal plug, J1 (Amphenol type 86-CP8), is mounted on the
back wall of the chassis.

The power supply is mounted on a 2 X 5 X 7—inch aluminum

chassis with T1, L3, V3, V4 and V5 mounted on top of the chassis.
The remaining components are placed below deck. A three-foot
length of four-conductor cable terminating in P1 (Amphenol 78RS8
socket and type 3-24 cap) is used to connect the power supply
and VFO together.

Adjustment Procedure
The first adjustment to be made is to find the right value for
R1. Insert a 0-50 mA meter between R1 and Pins 1 and 5 of V4. The
slider on R1 should be adjusted for a reading of about 30 mA. Be
sure to turn the supply off when making adjustments as the
voltage can be dangerous.

Page 7 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

When R1 is correctly adjusted, tune your receiver to 3500 KHz

and adjust C3, to bring the VFO signal to this point. You’ll find
that nearly complete rotation of the VFO tuning knob is required
to cover the 80 meter band. There is enough range in the VFO
circuit so that you shouldn’t have any problem in setting C3. If
you find for some reason that the circuit does not quite cover
3.5 to 4.0 MHz, check all component values carefully,
particularly the number of turns on L1.
The first position of S1 should give you enough output from the
unit for zero-beating. Never change the VFO frequency with the
transmitter on the air. Nobody likes to hear signals swishing up
and down the band causing unnecessary interference. That’s why
you have a spotting switch on your VFO.

Connecting the VFO to Your Transmitter

There are some general rules that can be followed for
connecting the VFO. You’ll need about two feet of coax cable to
connect the VFO output (from J1) to your crystal socket. The
length of coax is important because it is part of the tuned
plate circuit of the 6AU6 amplifier. Two feet of RG-58U has
about 50 pF capacitance, and this amount is across the tuned
circuit C7L2.
The circuit will still tune to 80 and 40 with three feet of
coax, which is the most you should use. If you use more than
three feet there will be too much capacitance across the tuned
circuit C7L2 and the circuit won’t tune to 80 or 40. In this case
you would have to remove turns from L2, the number depending on
how long the coax is. The circuit should be checked with a grid-
dip meter and altered accordingly.
Many commercial rigs have two inputs, one for crystal and the
other for VFO. In such cases all you need do is connect the VFO
to the transmitter’s VFO input. When a rig has only crystal
input you may have to make a slight modification in the crystal
stage in order for the rig to work with the VFO. However, before
making any modifications try the VFO and see if you get grid
drive to the crystal stage. Also, when connecting the cable to
the crystal input the inner conductor of the coax should go to
the terminal on the crystal socket connected to the grid of the
oscillator stage. In other words, you may have to reverse the
VFO plug in the crystal socket in order to get excitation to the
crystal oscillator.
If your transmitter is one designed only for crystal input and
won’t work with the VFO, you will have to make one slight change

Page 8 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

in the crystal oscillator stage. Most transmitters of this type

use the oscillator circuit shown in Fig. 2A.

The only modification required to make it work with VFO input

is shown at Fig 2B. This consists of adding a 0.01 disk ceramic
capacitor between the cathode terminal on the oscillator tube
and chassis ground. If you want to operate with either crystal
or VFO, it will be necessary to install a switching arrangement
to switch the 0.0l µF capacitor in or out of the circuit as
needed. Otherwise, you’ll have to unsolder the capacitor if you
want to use crystals.

The transmitter is keyed in the normal

manner and the VFO is put on standby during
listening periods. The two terminals on the
power supply connected in parallel with S4
can be connected to a switch at the
operating position. If the switch is double
pole, it can be the same one that controls
your antenna changeover relay. If you are
interested in break-in keying, it is
suggested that the keying chapter of the
ARRL Handbook be studied for suggestions.

In using the VFO you have the option of using 80 or 40-meter

output. However, when possible, operate the setup so that the
ex-crystal stage is working as a doubler. This will reduce any
chances of the crystal stage “taking off”, oscillating on its
own.
You can check to see if the setup is stable by turning off the
VFO, but leaving the transmitter on. If you get output from the

Page 9 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

final stage then the rig is taking off on its own. The only band
where you are likely to run into this trouble is on 80 when the
ex-crystal stage operates as a straight-through amplifier. If it
does take off, it might be possible to stabilize the circuit by
putting a resistor in series with the grid of the ex-crystal
stage tube directly at the grid. You might have to try different
values of resistors, starting off with a low value, say 25 to 50
ohms.
You’ll also probably find that you have more drive to the
crystal stage than when using a crystal. This can be taken care
of by tuning C7 to give approximately the same amount of final-
amplifier grid current as with a crystal.

Larger Schematic and Parts List in separate documents.

-30-

If there is enough positive feedback in an amplifier circuit,

self-sustaining oscillations will be set up. When an amplifier
is arranged so that this condition exists it is called an
oscillator.
Oscillations normally take place at only one frequency, and a
desired frequency of oscillation can be obtained by using a
resonant circuit tuned to that frequency. For example, in Fig.
3-21A the circuit LC is tuned to the desired frequency of
oscillation.

The cathode of the tube is connected to a tap on coil L and

the grid and plate are connected to opposite ends of the tuned
circuit. When an RF current flows in the tuned circuit there is
a voltage drop across L that increases progressively along the
turns. Thus the point at which the tap is connected will be at
an intermediate potential with respect to the two ends of the
coil. The amplified current in the plate circuit, which flows

Page 10 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

through the bottom section of L, is in phase with the current

already flowing in the circuit and thus in the proper
relationship for positive feedback.
The amount of feedback depends on the position of the tap. If
the tap is too near the grid end this voltage drop between grid
and cathode is too small to give enough feedback to sustain
oscillation, and if it is too near the plate end the impedance
between the cathode and plate is too small to permit good
amplification. Maximum feedback usually is obtained when the tap
is somewhere near the center of the coil.
The circuit of Fig. 3-21A is parallel-fed, CB being the
blocking capacitor. The value of CB is not critical so long as
its reactance is low (not more than a few hundred ohms) at the
operating frequency.

Capacitor Cg is the grid capacitor. It and Rg (the grid leak)

are used for the purpose of obtaining grid bias for the tube. In
most oscillator circuits the tube generates its own bias. During
the part of the cycle when the grid is positive with respect to
the cathode, it attracts electrons. These electrons cannot flow
through L back to the cathode because Cg “blocks” direct
current. They therefore have to flow or “leak” through Rg to
cathode and in doing so cause a voltage drop in Rg that places a
negative bias on the grid. The amount of bias so developed is
equal to the grid current multiplied by the resistance of Rg
(Ohm’s Law). The value of grid-leak resistance required depends
upon the kind of tube used and the purpose for which the
oscillator is intended. Values range all the way from a few
thousand to several hundred thousand ohms. The capacitance of Cg
should be large enough to have low reactance (a few hundred
ohms) at the operating frequency.

The circuit shown at B in Fig. 3-21 uses the voltage drops

across two capacitors in series in the tuned circuit to supply
the feedback. Other than this, the operation is the same as just
described. The feedback can be varied by varying the ratio of
the reactance of C1 and C2 (that is, by varying the ratio of
their capacitances).
There are many oscillator circuits but the basic feature of
all of them is that there is positive feedback in the proper
amplitude and phase to sustain oscillation.

Oscillator Operating Characteristics

Page 11 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

When an oscillator is delivering power to a load, the

adjustment for proper feedback will depend on how heavily the
oscillator is loaded — that is, how much power is being taken
from the circuit. If the feedback is not large enough — grid
excitation too small — a small increase in load may tend to
throw the circuit out of oscillation. On the other hand, too
much feedback will make the grid current excessively high, with
the result that the power loss in the grid circuit becomes
larger than necessary. Since the oscillator itself supplies this
grid power, excessive feedback lowers the over-all efficiency
because whatever power is used in the grid circuit is not
available as useful output.
One of the most important considerations in oscillator design
is frequency stability. The principal factors that cause a
change in frequency are
1) temperature,
2) plate voltage,
3) loading,
4) mechanical variations of circuit elements.

Temperature changes will cause vacuum-tube elements to expand

or contract slightly, thus causing variations in the
interelectrode capacitances. Since these are unavoidably part of
the tuned circuit, the frequency will change correspondingly.
Temperature changes in the coil or the tuning capacitor will
alter the inductance or capacitance slightly, again causing a
shift in the resonant frequency. These effects are relatively
slow in operation, and the frequency change caused by them is
called drift.
A change in plate voltage usually will cause the frequency to
change a small amount, an effect called dynamic instability.
Dynamic instability can be reduced by using a tuned circuit of
high effective Q. The energy taken from the circuit to supply
grid losses, as well as energy supplied to a load, represent an
increase in the effective resistance of the tuned circuit and
thus lower its Q. For highest stability, therefore, the coupling
between the tuned circuit and the tube and load must be kept as
loose as possible. Preferably, the oscillator should not be
required to deliver power to an external circuit, and a high
value of grid leak resistance should be used since this helps to
raise the tube grid and plate resistances as seen by the tuned
circuit. Loose coupling can be effected in a variety of ways —
one, for example, is by ‘tapping down” on the tank for the
connections to the grid and plate. This is done in the “series-

Page 12 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

tuned” Colpitts circuit widely used in variable-frequency

oscillators for amateur transmitters.
Alternatively, the L/C ratio may be made as small as possible
while sustaining stable oscillation (high C) with the grid and
plate connected to the ends of the circuit as shown in Fig. 3-
21. Using relatively high plate voltage and low plate current
also is desirable.
In general, dynamic stability will be at maximum when the
feedback is adjusted to the least value that permits reliable
oscillation. The use of a tube having a high value of
transconductance is desirable, since the higher the
transconductance the looser the permissible coupling to the
tuned circuit and the smaller the feedback required.
Load variations act in much the same way as plate-voltage
variations. A temperature change in the load may also result in
drift.
Mechanical variations, usually caused by vibration, will cause
changes in inductance and/or capacitance that in turn cause the
frequency to “wobble” in step with the vibration.

VARIABLE-FREQUENCY OSCILLATORS

The frequency of a VFO depends entirely on the values of

inductance and capacitance in the circuit. Therefore, it is
necessary to take careful steps to minimize changes in these
values not under the control of the operator. As examples, even
the minute changes of dimensions with temperature, particularly
those of the coil, may result in a slow but noticeable change in
frequency called drift. The effective input capacitance of the
oscillator tube, which must be connected across the circuit,
changes with variations in electrode voltages. This, in turn,
causes a change in the frequency of the oscillator. To make use
of the power from the oscillator, a load, usually in the form of
an amplifier, must he coupled to the oscillator, and variations
in the load may reflect on the frequency. Very slight mechanical
movement of the components may result in a shift in frequency,
and vibration can cause modulation.

V.F.O. Circuits
Component Functions

Page 13 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

This article gives credit to a design by Hanchett that

appeared in the October 1960 QST. It is referred to as a VFO
with cathode follower with the oscillator being of the hot-
cathode Colpitts type.
The 3.5 to 4 MHz range is spread over practically the entire
tuning dial. The effect of changing tube capacitance is
minimized by use of a voltage divider consisting of three
capacitors, C4, C5 and C6 with the tube connected across two of
them. The use of fairly large capacitors (0.001 pf.) at C5 and
C6 almost completely swamps out the effect of the tube
capacitances. The radio-frequency choke, RFC1 is used to obtain
a DC path for the cathode current of the 12AU7A oscillator. The
output of this VFO is obtained from a cathode follower (second
triode unit of the 12AU7A) to minimize the effect on the
oscillator of changing output-circuit conditions. The liberal
use of silver-mica capacitors assures fairly stable temperature
characteristics.
The output from the cathode follower is only 1.5 to 2 volts,
and it is necessary to amplify this output to a level of 10 to
30 volts, depending upon the transmitter to be used. Almost any
receiving-type pentode can he used for the amplifier tube. The
article describes keying the transmitter at this stage.
Experiments indicated that the medium-, medium gm tube worked
best in all cases. Other tubes that can be used for the
oscillator-cathode follower are 6SN7-GT, 6CG7, 5692, and 6189.
The last two are, of course, premium tubes, and are intended
primarily for critical industrial applications.
The performance of the VFO, as mentioned before, is
exceedingly good. With the coil and capacitors used, the tuning
range is nearly linear from 3495 to 4005 kilocycles. The

Page 14 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

frequency-set capacitor, C3 will shift the oscillator frequency

about 35 KHz. The measured frequency drift after about 30
minutes warm up was less than 20 cycles in 2.5 hours.

From Dave WA4QAL

C2: Functions to limit the maximum frequency swing of the
oscillator. Without that shunting element, when C1 goes to zero
(well, approaches zero), the frequency will shoot up to a very
high value.
Plate: The plate is at zero potential for RF via the 0.01 µF
bypass capacitor and, ground, by definition, is ground.
C3, C4, C5, and C6: You need to factor in their capacitances
using the appropriate series/parallel formulas. Just because C4
is there to decouple the tank from the DC bias of the grid
doesn't mean that it and the capacitors beyond it don't affect
the resonance of the tank circuit. If you do this, you'll find
the oscillator varies between about 2.6 MHz and 4.5 MHz, which
easily spans the 80 meter band.
Figure the total capacitance across the coil. Doing some
quick and dirty back of the envelope calculations, I came up
with a capacitance that varies between 335 and 980 pF (depending
upon how the various variable capacitors are adjusted, from 0 pF
[1] to their maximum value) [2].
[1] We all know that they won't really go to zero, but I
didn't want to have to factor in a minimum capacitance,
since this varies with the style of capacitor.
[2] And, ignoring the grid to other electrode capacitance of
the tube, which should be only a few pF.

From Ian K3IMW

The frequency-determining components are C1 through C6 and L1.
The tube input capacitance is shunted by C5+C6 and can be
neglected.

Working from right to left:

C5 & C6 are in series: effective capacitance 500pF.
0.001  0.001
C 5,6   500 pF
0.001  0.001
C3 is in parallel with this. Assume C3 can be varied between
10-100pF.
Then the C3C5C6 capacitance is between 510-600pF.
C 3,5, 6  10 pF  500 pF  510 pF and 100 pF  500 pF  600 pF

Page 15 of 17
McCoy VFO QST February 1962

C4 is in series with the C3C5C6 combination. The resulting

capacitance varies between 291-319pF. That's a capacitance
variation of 28pF.
680 pF  510 pF 680 pF  600 pf
C 3, 5, 6  4   291 pF and  318.75 pF
680 pF  510 pF 680 pF  600 pF
CVARIATION  319 pF  291 pF  28 pF

The capacitance of the C4C3C5C6 combination appears in parallel

with C1 and C2 across L1.
Assume C1 can be varied between 10-140pF.
So C1 operates as a 'bandset' control and C3 operates as a
'bandspread' control because the effective change in capacitance
across L1 is 130pF for C1, but only 28pF for C3.

Imagine C1 is set to halfway (assuming it has a linear law);

then its capacitance will be 75pF. This is shunted by C2 and the
C4C3C5C6 value of between 291-319pF, depending on C3 setting.
At the low frequency end, the total capacitance will be
75 + 47 + 319 = 441pF.
At the high frequency end, the total capacitance will be
75 + 47 + 291 = 413pF.

Calculating the resonant frequency in each case with L1 =

3.69µH:
f low = 3.945MHz
f high= 4.077MHz

You can repeat these calculations for various values of C1

between the maximum and minimum capacitance to see what the
centre frequency and tuning range of the VFO will be.

C6 is shunted by a resistance equal to 1/gm of the tube.

At 3.5MHz, the reactance of C6 is about 45 ohm. The
transconductance, gm, for a 12AU7 is no more than about 3 mmho
(3000 µmho for those of an American persuasion).
So 1/gm = 333 ohm
This is effectively swamped by the much smaller, 45 reactance
of C6.
However, the change in gm with operating point is more likely
to affect the frequency of oscillation than any change in tube
capacitances with operating point.

From Jim, N2EY

Page 16 of 17
1/9/2014 11:00:29 a1/p1 McCoy VFO QST February
1962

Another way to look at it is that the plate is grounded for RF

but the cathode isn't.
The capacitive voltage divider (the two 1000 pF caps) actually
performs two functions:
 First, they create the feedback path, and
 Second, they establish the resonant circuit as being very
high C.
End result is that changes in the tube capacitances due to
heat, etc., have very little effect on the tank circuit
frequency.

10K resistor is the grid leak. C3 serves to keep the coil L1,
from being a DC short across this resistor, and it is part of
the feedback voltage divider.

Colpitts Oscillator Calculations

Radio and Television Mathematics

Frequency of Oscillation (Colpitts):

1
f 
C1C 2
2 L
C1  C 2

6.02 An inductor of 28.3 micro henries is used for a Colpitts

oscillator. A fixed capacitor of 25 pF is available. What is
the value of the other capacitor required to tune the circuit
to 7500 kilocycles?
Solution:
1. Frequency of resonance depends upon the values of L and C
(total).
1 1 1
f  solve for C  2 2
  15.96 pF
2 LC 4 Lf 4  28.3H  (7500 KHz ) 2
2

2. Since the capacitors are in series and CTOTAL is equal to

15.96 micro microfarads, and C1 was set as 25 pF.

1 1 1 25  15.96
  solve for C 2   44.2F
CTOTAL C1 C 2 25  15.96

Page 17 of 17