Crime Module 6-22-2020

Concise Introduction to Criminology: A Modular Approach
JOSELITO B. RELATIVO
Printed by Polytecnic College of Davao Del Sur Inc. 2020
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to God through our Lord Jesus Christ for giving us an opportunity to live in
this generation. He has given us a gift to serve the younger generation through education. It is
such a blessing to be part of his mission all praises and glory belong to him alone.
With heartfelt gratitude, I sincerely express my thank to Dr. Jose J. Adlawan for the
encouragement and valuable support in the development of this module; Vice President for
Finance Sir Christiaan Dave Ramos for facilitating and managing the printing of this module. To
most especially, to the board of trustees of Polytecnic College of Davao Del Sur headed by the
chairperson Dr. Marina Ledesma for inspiring and encourage me in formulating this very
challenging task.
Equally important my family, my dear colleagues for supporting me morally and

spiritually, in the quest of teaching-learning and indeed indubitable. Indeed, none of us as smart
as all of us.
Foreword
Teachers, students, and thinking enthusiasts are invited to explore this academic work.
Conceptual and practical contents of this module are expressed concisely, but with high degree
of prudence. They are based on the existing introduction of criminology syllabus which is
redesigned to fit the demand of distance or online learning. Though, it is equally considered that
this module can be used in self-learning activity even without the use of internet. The concepts,
teaching methodologies, and assessments are readily available to significantly capture the
learning dynamics and absorption of the learner. This module is also suitable for teachers’ use in
introduction to criminology course both in direct teaching and in distance learning.
The variety of activities provided for in this module is sufficient to assess and evaluate
the understanding of the students about criminology as an academic course. Their ability to
complete the open-ended tests or self-help activities shall serve as demonstrative aspect of the
learners’ ability to apply the concepts that are discussed in this module, as well as, meeting the
aims and learning outcomes of each sub-topic.
Nonetheless, the author gladly encourages the readers of this module to use supplemental
references that may be relevant in further understanding and developing profound ideas in the
process of reasoning.
Table of Contents
Module Objectives
PRELIMINARY TOPIC
CHAPTER I:
1-14
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..
A. Etymology of the word criminology
B. Purposes of criminology
C. Criminology in the Philippines
D. Criminology, Criminal Justice and Criminalistics
E. Schools of thoughts
CHAPTER II: SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

15-28
…………………………………………….
A. Sociology of Law
B. Crime and Criminal Law
C. Felony as a Crime
D. Crime Sin and Morality
E. Criminals
PRE-MID AND MIDTERM TOPIC
CHAPTER III: CRIMINAL

29-42
ETIOLOGY…………………………………………...
A. Criminal Etiology
B. Crime Theories
C. Psychoanalytic and Psychiatry Theories and Studies
D. Sociological Theories and Studies
PRE-FINAL AND FINAL TOPIC
CHAPTER IV:
43-56
PENOLOGY…………………………………………………………
A. Penology
B. Development of Prison as a Punishment
C. Bureau of Corrections in the Philippines
D. Psychological Effect of Imprisonment
E. Executive Clemency and Suspension of Sentence
Module Objectives
1. To design a concept pertaining to theory and principles that could be help the students in
understanding issue in the society.
2. To apply these idea as a guides especially students taking BS Criminology Program.
3. To be effective and efficient in evaluating the performance of the students with the basic
foundation of criminology.
Chapter I: Introduction
Aims and Learning Outcomes
That students can:
1. Explain the importance, purposes, nature and scope of criminology as a field of

interest.
2. Define criminology, crime, criminal law, and other concepts in understanding
criminology.
3. Recognize the development of criminology by discussing the theories of crime
causation.
4. Recognize the contribution of the pioneers of criminology regarding the
explanation of crime causation.
5. Explain and show the formula of birth crime.
6. Survey the background in the forensic science useful in criminal investigation.
7. Research the means of treating criminal’s of fencers through the correctional
field.
8. Explain the basic of the criminal law.
9. Develop knowledge of the essential of law enforcement or policy.
10. Produce the specific objectives of the course.
A. Etymology of the word criminology

Aims and learning outcomes
That students can:
1. Discuss the etymology of the word criminology
2. Define the word criminology
3. Explain criminology of Edwind Sutherland
4. Discuss and explain the definition of terms
The word criminology itself tells us that if is essentially the study of crime criminology is
derived from latin word Crimen, which means “accusation” and the translated Greek logia,
which has come to denote “the study of”.
Criminology is refers to the study of crime and criminals, especially their behavior; the
scientific study and investigation of crime and criminals. According to Edward Sutherland
criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes its
three principal division such as: Sociology of law, Criminal etiology and lastly Penology.
Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals and criminal behavior.

Criminologists scientifically study the following:
a. Nature and extent of crime;

b. Patterns of criminality;
c. Explanations on the cause of crime and criminal behavior; and
d. The control of crime and criminal behavior
1
Definition of terms:
1. Criminologist- a person who studies criminology while criminalist who reconstructs a

crime scene or works with crime scene evidence for forensic purpose.
2. Applied Criminology- the art creating typologies, classifications predications and especially
profiles of criminal offenders, their personalities and behavior patterns.
3. Theory Construction- an informed creative endeavor which connects something know with
something unknown, usually in a measurable way.
4. Theory Building- efforts to come up with formal systematic, logical and mathematical ways
in which theories are constructed.
5. Theoretical integration- efforts to come up with grand, overarching theories which apply to
all types of crime and deviance.
6. Variables- the buildings blocks of theories; things that vary; things you can have more or
less of ex: crime rates, being more or less inclined.
Exercise 1: Multiple Choice

Select the best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice that corresponds to the given questions.
1. A body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon is referring to___.

a. Crime c. Criminal
b. Criminology d. Law
2. Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a ____.

a. Phenomenon c. El Niño Phenomenon
b. Social Phenomena d. Social Phenomenon
3. The latin word crimen means_____.

a. Accusation c. Crime
b. Study of d. Criminal
4. This word is came from the latin word crimen and greek and logia is_____.
a. Crime c. Criminology
b. Crimen d. Criminal
5. Criminology is refers to the study of ______ and________.

a. Crime and law c. Crime and criminal law
b. Crime and society d. Crime and criminals
6. He was a person and a contributor in the field of criminology that emphasize the three
principal division of criminology. This person is referring to ____.
a. Cesare Lombroso c. Enrico Ferri
b. Edwind Sutherland d. Cesare Beccaria
7. All of these, except; one are the scientific study of criminology.

a. Nature and extent of crime c. Explanations on the causes of crime
b. Patterns of criminality d. Prevalent of crime and criminal behavior
8. What do we called a person who studies criminology?

a. Criminologist c. Police
b. Criminalist d. Scientist
9. A person who reconstructs a crime scene or works with the crime scene for forensic
purpose is____.
a. Criminal c. Soco Personnel
b. Arsonist d. Criminalist
2
10. According to this terms things are vary (ex: the increasing and decreasing of the crime
rates). The terms is____.
a. Theory c. Facts
b. Variable d. Evidence
Exercise 1a: Identification

Read the statement carefully and identify what is being described. Write your answer on the
blank provided before each number.
____________1. This word which comprises three principal division.

____________2. Essentially, this word is the study of crime and criminals.
____________3. This contributor in the field of criminology classify criminology into three
principal division.
____________4. The three principal division of criminology classify into three namely;
sociology of law, criminal etiology and______.
____________5. The word criminology is derived from the greek word. This is referring to.
____________6. The latin word crimen which means____.
____________7. What is the meaning of greek word logia?
____________8. The latin word crimen means_____.
____________9. Derived from the latin word crimen and greek word logia.
____________10. A body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
Exercise 1b: Self-help Task
1. Write down atleast 10 different crimes in the Philippines?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2. Think and write down atleast 10 did you considered notorious criminals in the country.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
B. Purposes of Criminology
That students can:
1. Discuss the purpose of criminology
2. Explain the goals of criminology
3. State the nature of criminology
3
The purpose of criminology are to offer well-researched and objective answer to four
basic questions namely: why do crime rates vary? Why do individuals differ as too criminality,
why is there variation in reactions to crime? And what are the possible means of controlling
criminality? Also the goals in the study of criminology seeks to achieve the following goals: To
describe criminal behavior, to understand criminal behavior, the predict criminal behavior and
lastly to control criminal behavior. Moreover, the nature of criminology that criminology cannot
be considered as a science because it has not yet acquired universal validity and acceptance.
However, considering that science is the systematic and objective study of social
phenomenon and other body’s knowledge criminology can become a science under the following
nature such as: applied science, social science, dynamic and lastly nationalistic. In the applied
science it includes the study of crimes, anthropology, and sociology. While crime detection
included chemistry, medicine, ballistics, polygraphy and legal medicine. This is called
instrumentation. Social science-in as, such as crime is a social creation that exits in a society
being a social phenomenon. Dynamic-criminology changes as condition changes. Nationalistic
the study of crimes must be in relation with the existing criminal law within a territory or
country. Then, also included areas related to criminology such as: study of law, science,
medicine, chemistry, psychology, religion and lastly education.

Select the best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice that corresponds for the given questions.
1. In the study of the causes of crimes, anthropology, psychology, sociology is referring to

what nature of criminology.
a. Applied linguistic c. Nationalistic
b. Applied science d. Social science
2. Criminology changes as social condition changes. It is concomitant with the

advancement of other science that has been applied to it. Thus because criminology is
changing along with the transformation of the community, it is right to say that
criminology is____.
a. Dynamic c. A science
b. Social science d. A four year program
3. Which of the following goals in the study of criminology is not related?

a. To describe criminal behavior c. To control criminal behavior
b. To predict criminal behavior d. To identify criminal behavior
4. In the study of crime detection such as chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics,

ballistics, polygraphy, legal medicine & questioned document examination is referring
to_____.
a. Instrumentation c. Criminology
b. Forensic d. Applied science
5. The study of crimes must be in relation with the existing criminal law within the territory
or country is called ____.
a. Dynamic c. Social Science
b. Nationalistic d. All of these
6. In as much as crime as a social creation that exist in the society being a social
phenomenon must be considered as part of _____.
a. Dynamic c. Criminology
b. Social science d. Nationalistic
4
7. Among the areas related to criminology, which of the following is not related?
a. Religion c. Education
b. Study of firearms d. Study of law
8. In the four basic questions related to the purposes of criminology which of those is come
first?
a. What are the possible means of controlling criminality?
b. Why individual differ as to criminality?
c. Why do crime rates vary?
d. None of these.
9. All of these, except one are the example of crime detection.

a. Chemistry c. Ballistics
b. Medicine d. Filipino
10. In one of the nature of criminology is absence shall we considered that criminology can
become a science?
a. Yes c. Wholly Yes
b. No d. Wholly No
The essay will be graded based on the following criteria:

1. Grammar – 1 point 3. Concepts/Thoughts – 2 points
2. Coherence – 1 point 4. Neatness/Clarity – 1 point
Exercise 2a: Essay (5 point each)
Present clear and relevant ideas/opinions in answering each question. Write the paragraph with at
least 5 sentences for your answer.
1. Why you choose criminology as your chosen profession?

__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
2. Why we need to study about criminology? Is it relevant in our society today?

__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. Discuss and give four reasons that criminology can become a science?
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
1. Paste or indicate a photograph of a Polygraph machine.
5
2. Paste or indicate a photograph of showing the Ballistic division in the field of
criminology.
3. Write down atleast five necessary things which is in connection in the study of
criminology.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
C. Criminology in the Philippines

That students can:
1. Relate criminology in the Philippines
2. Explain the acronym of Peace in the field of criminology
3. Discuss PCAP in the field of criminology
In the Philippine the first ever educational institution that offered criminology course was
the Philippines College of Criminology (PCCr) at Sta. Cruz Manila. Formerly known as
Plaridel College established in 1950 for scientific detection in the Southeast Asia. In the
succeeding years. Criminology course was offered by the university of Manila, Abad Santos
College, University of Visayas at Cebu City, University of Mindanao at Davao City and lastly
University of Baguio at Baguio City. However at present, most Colleges and Universities in the
Country offer a Criminology course or properly known as College of Criminal Justice
Education Course by Virtue of CHED Memo order 21 series of 2005.
The Philippine College Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE)

was organized and funded primarily to professionalize criminology education in the context of
National Development. It was created on January 13 to 15, 1983. Two of its notable achievement
is the implementation of the first Criminologist License Examination. Secondly recognition of
the National Police Commission Examination by the Civil Service Commission as eligibility for
employment in all other government service positions. Moreover the PCAP also stands for
Professional Criminologist Association of the Philippines. It is a legitimate organization of
Criminologist recognized by Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).

Select the best answer. Encircle the Letter of your choice that correspond to the given questions.
1. What College was established by CMO 21 s. of 2005?

a. Criminology c. Nursing
b. College of Criminal Justice Education d. Philippine College of Criminal
2. This educational institution was first offered criminology course in the whole Southeast
Asia in 1950.
a. PCCr c. UB
b. UM d. CdK
6
3. The former name of PCCr is Plaridel College and was established in what year?
a. 1960 c. 1940
b. 1970 d. 1950
4. How many Colleges or School in the Philippines were offer Criminology Course in the
Succeeding year after PCCr was offered?
a. 4 c. 6
b. 5 d. 9
5. The College of Criminal Justice Education was established through what CMO no?
a. CMO 21 S. of 2005 c. CMO 5 S. of 2001
b. CMO 18 S. of 2018 d. CMO 6 S. of 2002
6. This educational institution was included in the first five schools offered Criminology
Course in the succeeding year aside PCCr. Its notable for tis achievement and Center of
Excellence in Mindanao Awarded by the Chedro XI. This School is .
a. UM c. CdK
b. UB d. CMC
7. PEACE stands for Philippine Educators Association for Criminology .

a. Educator c. Excellence
b. Educated d. Education
8. Through the PEACE it was implemented the first Criminologist Licensure ___.
a. Exam c. Examination
b. Exempted d. Exercises
9. CLE means.
a. Criminologist Licensure Exam c. Criminologist Licensure Examination
b. Criminologist License Examination d. All of the these is correct.
10. A legitimate and primarily recognized organization intended for criminologist in the
Philippines. This is _____.
a. PCAP c. NAPOLCOM
b. PEACE d. PMA
11. PCAP stands for Professional _____ Association of the Philippines.

a. Criminologist c. Criminal
b. Criminalist d. Police
12. The only government Agencies that recognized PCAP in the Philippines. The agency
referring to _______.
a. PRC c. PEACE
b. PCAP d. PNP
13. PRC is stands for _____ Regulation Commission.

a. Professional c. Professor
b. Profession d. Philippines
14. The PCCr was located at ______.

a. Sta. Cruz Manila c. Davao City
b. Cebu City d. Sta. Cruz, Davao Del Sur
15. NAPOLCOM stands for National Police __________.

a. Commissioner c. Commission
b. Commissioned d. Commutation
7
Exercise 3a: Self-help Task
1. Write down atleast 10 higher educational institution offering BS Criminology program in

the country.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2. Research and write down 10 higher educational institution which got the higher
percentage on the previous and recent criminologist License Examination.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
3. In Region 12, write down atleast 10 higher educational institution which are members of
the professional criminologist association of the Philippines
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
D. Criminology, Criminal Justice and Criminalistics

That students can:
1. Define Criminology
2. Identify and explain the Principal Division of Criminology
3. Compare Philippines Criminal Justice System from American Criminal Justice
System.
4. Explain the concept of the Philippine Justice System.
5. Discuss what is criminalistics is all about.
A Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and Social Phenomenon.

It includes its three Principal Division namely: Sociology of Law, Criminal Etiology and lastly
Penology. Sociology of Law is a division of criminology attempts to offer scientific analysis of
8
the conditions under which penal law or criminal law are being developed as a process of formal
social control. Criminal Etiology this division of criminology attempts provide a scientific
analysis of the causes of crimes. Penology is the division of criminology concerned with the
control and prevention of crimes and the treatment of youthful offenders.
Criminal Justice refers to the system used by the government to maintain social control,
prevent crime, Enforce Laws and Administer Justice. In the Philippines PCJS consist of the
following Law Enforcement, Prosecution, Court, Correction and Community while in
American Justice System consist only three namely: Law Enforcement, Court and
Corrections. Hence the concept of the Philippine Criminal Justice System is an a idea of
systematic criminal justice planning could serve as an a venue for development of under agency
coordination in the area of prevention and control of crime and delinquency. Moreover
criminalistics focused on the study of criminal things of the application of science in crime
detection. Criminalistics also comprises its 6 principal division namely: Chemistry, Physics and
Biology which belong to scientific and remaining three were belong to technical such as:
Firearms identification, Questioned Document Examination and Fingerprint Identification.
Firearms Identification deals with the study regarding comparison and identification of
weapons alleged to have been used in the commission of crime. Questioned Document
Examination if they are genial or not. Fingerprint Identification is a way in identifying and
locate the perpetrator by means of examining and comparing every minute detail of the
fingerprint lifted or developed from the crime scene to that’s of the suspect fingerprint.

Select the best answer. Encircle the Letter of your choice that correspond to the given questions.
1. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and ____.

a. Criminals c. Nursing
b. College of Criminal Justice Education d. Philippine College of Criminal
2. All of these are the principal division of criminology except one:

a. Penology c. Criminal Etiology
b. Sociology d. Divine law
3. Principal division of criminology consists of three namely; Penology, Criminal Etiology

and Sociology of law. This statement is _______.
a. True c. Wholly true
b. False d. Wholly false
4. The system used by the government to maintain social control prevent crime and
administer justice is referring to ____.
a. Criminal law c. Criminal justice
b. Special law d. American justice
5. This division of criminology is more concerned with the control and prevention of crimes
and treatment of convicted offenders.
a. Penology c. Correction
b. Jail d. Prison
6. In the Philippine criminal justice system consists the five pillars namely: law
enforcement, prosecution, court, correction and ______.
a. Communist c. Community
b. Communion d. Commuter
7. The study of criminal things or the sum total of application of all science in crime
detection is _______.
a. Criminalist c. Criminalists
b. Criminology d. Forensic
9
8. A division of criminalistics deals with the study regarding comparison and identification
of weapon alleged to have been used in the commission of crime.
a. Firearms identification c. Fingerprint identification
b. Questioned document examinationd. d. Polygraphy
9. The division of criminology attempts to offer scientific analysis of the condition under
which penal or criminal law are being developed as a process of formal social control.
a. Sociology law c. Penology
b. Criminal etiology d. Divine law
10. This technical division of criminalistics concerned with the examination of forged,
altered, or suspected papers, in order to determine if they are genuine or not what
technical division of criminalistics is this?
a. Fingerprint identification c. Questioned document examination
b. Chemistry division d. Biology

__________1. It attempts to offer scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or
criminal laws are being developed as a process of social control is referring to
what division of criminology?
__________2. This word is referring to the scientific study of crime.
__________3. The study of criminology has three principal divisions namely: Sociology of law,
criminal etiology and ______.
__________4. This division is more concerned with the control and treatment of convicted
offenders.
__________5. The Philippine Criminal Justice System consists of five pillars while the
American Justice System is how many pillars?
__________6. What is the first pillar in the Philippines Criminal Justices System?
__________7. Law enforcement, prosecution, court, correction and community are belong to
what system in the government.
__________8. The division of criminalistics are consists of how many divisions?
__________9. This six division of criminalistics categorized into two groups one is the scientific
and another one is _______.
__________10. It is the way in identifying and locating perpetrator by means of examining and
comparing every minute detail lifted from the crime scene of the suspect
fingerprint.
1. Give atleast five different special laws in the Philippines.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Enumerate atleast 10 different law enforcement agencies in the Philippines.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
10
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
3. Write down atleast five different prison and penal farms in the country.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
E. Schools of thoughts
The students can:
1. Distinguish classical school from positivists schools of thought.
2. Identify and describe the significant contributors in the field of criminology.
The classical school was developed in the mid-18th century and who based on
utilitarianism. The classical theorist are Cesare Beccaria an Italian philosopher and politician. He
was known on his essay entitled: Essay on crimes and punishment which condemned torture
and death penalty and was founding work in the field of criminology. Essay on Crimes and
Punishment is a seminal treatise on legal reform and considered the most influential treaty wrote
by Beccaria which this treat is the source of legal reform or the foundation law in the world. The
classical school is more on concerned in the crime or criminal act rather than the man or the
criminal. Another classical theorist was Jeremy Bentham, he was an English jurist, philosopher
and legal reformer. He was very popular in his theory entitled: Utilitarianism Hedonism. He
first also invented panopticon prison design also the principle of general and specific deterrence.
Another schools of thought is the positivist school. Positivist school presumed that
criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors. He was also introduced positivism
which classify into three segments which included biological, psychological and Social
Positivism. Positivist theorists are Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo.
These three theorists considered today the holy three or trio of criminology. Positivist school is
more concerned in the criminal not the criminal act or crime. Cesare Lombroso was an Italian
criminologist and founder of positivist school. He was very popular on his theory about
Criminal Anthropology that explain criminality is inherited and that someone become a “Born
Criminal”. Also, he was a medical prison doctor in Turin, Italy. Today, Lombroso considered as
the father of modern criminology. He categorized the types of criminal into three: Atavistic-
these criminal are those considered as born criminals, Insane criminal refers to people become
criminals due to alcoholism, Kleptomaniacs and nymphomaniacs, this insane criminal became
criminal as a result of an a alteration of the bran, which completely upsets their moral nature.
Criminaloid these criminal refers to those categorized as habitual who become so by contact
with other criminals, the abuse of alcohol or other distressing circumstances.
In the field of criminology there were also a significant contributors in the field of
criminology namely; Adolphe Quetelet, he made use of data and statistical analysis to gain
insight into the relationship between crime and sociological factors. Rawson W. Rawson,
utilized crime statistics to suggests a link between population density and crime rates with
crowded cities creating an environment conducive to crime. David Emile Durkheim, viewed
crime as an inevitable aspect of society, Alphonse Bertillon a French law enforcement officer
who created anthropometry. Sir Alec John Jeffreys a British Geneticists who developed DNA
and fingerprinting profiling. DNA means Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Willem Adrian Bonger, a
11
criminologist who believed in a causal link between crime and economic social conditions and
lastly, Abrahamsen-he explained the criminal formula.
Exercise 5. Multiple Choice

Selected the best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice that correspond to the given
questions.
1. He was an Italian philosopher and politician that was known on his essay entitled.
Crimes and Punishment. This politician and philosopher referring to _____.
a. Enrico Ferri c. Cesare Beccaria
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Jeremy Bentham
2. An English jurist and philosopher that was invented the panopticon prison design
which means all seeing eye. This philosopher is ______.
a. Cesare Lombroso c. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria d. Enrico Ferri
3. A seminal treatise on legal reform and this was considered the most powerful treatise
wrote by Cesare Beccaria is______.
a. Essay on Crimes c. Essay to kill
b. Essay on punishment d. Essay on crimes and punishment
4. This school of thought that was more concerned on the crime or criminal act rather
than the man or criminal is referring to what school?
a. Classical school c. Neo-classical school
b. Positivist school d. Modern school
5. Another school of thought explained that criminal behavior is caused by both internal
and external factors. The school is referring to _____.
a. Positive school c. Darwinism
b. Determinism d. Positivist school
6. He introduced theory about criminal anthropology. This person was____.

a. Cesare Lombroso c. Charles Darwin
b. Cesare Beccaria d. Cesare Montano
7. Which of the following is not considered the holy three of criminology?

a. Enrico Ferri c. Cesare Beccaria
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Raffale Garofalo
8. He was an Italian Prison Doctor and considered today the father of modern of
criminology.
a. Cesare Montano c. Cesare Beccaria
b. Cesare Gacasan d. Cesare Lombroso
9. Of these three, except one is not related to the types of criminal according to
Lombroso.
a. Atavism c. Insane Criminal
b. Criminaloid d. Mongoloid
10. This school of thought that was more concerned about the criminal not the crime
committed. The school is ______.
a. Positivist c. Modern positivist
b. Classical d. New-classical
12
11. A French law enforcement officer and biometric researcher who created
anthropometry is referring to ______.
a. Alphonse Bertillon c. Abrahamsen
b. Adolphe Quetelet d. Emile Durkheim
12. He made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into the relationship
between crime and sociological factors. The person involved is ____.
a. Abrahamsen c. Sir Alec John Jeffreys
b. Willem Adrian Bonger d. Henry Maghew
13. Who develop the techniques for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and DNA profiling?
a. Willem A. Bonger c. Henry Mayhew
b. Emile Durkheim d. Sir Alec John Jeffreys
14. This person explained about the criminal formula also he is one of the significant
contributors in the field of criminology.
a. Abrahamsen c. Emile Durkheim
b. Willem Adrian Bonger d. Alphonse Bertillon
15. DNA Stands for Deoxyribonucleic ______.

a. Axe c. Emile Durkheim
b. Acid d. Alphonse Bertillon
16. This type of criminal considered by Lombroso as born criminal.

a. Insane Criminal c. Atavistic
b. Atavism d. Criminaloid
17. Which of the three theorist of positivist school considered as the most important?
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Questioned document examination
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Raffaele Garofalo
18. The classical school was developed in the mid _______century.

a. 18th c. 14th
th
b. 16 d. 19th
19. This treaty condemned torture and death penalty and was a founding work in the field
of criminology. The treaty is ______.
a. Essay writing c. Poetry
b. Poem d. Treaty on crimes and punishment
20. All of the foregoing, except one; are the significant contributors in the field of
criminology.
a. Rawson W. Rawson c. Willem Adrian Bonger
b. Henry Mayhew d. Abrahamsen
1. Paste or indicate a photograph of Cesare Lombroso.
2. Paste or Indicate a photograph of Cesare Beccaria.
13
3. Paste or indicate a photograph showing the physical characteristic of an Atavistic man
that is according to Lombroso.
References:
Adler, F.(2007). criminology.6thed. the mc graw-hill companies.
De leon, H.S (2014). Textbook on the Philippine Constitution. Rex Bookstore Inc.
Eduard,J.P. (2018). Essential of criminology. Wiseman books trading Inc.
Eduardo, J.P & Panganoron, C.P. (2015). Fundamentals of criminology. Wiseman Publishing
house.
Maguire, B & Radosh, P.F.(1999). Intro. To criminology. Wadwarth Publishing Company.
Manwong, R.M.K. (2008). Fundamentals of criminology 3rd ed. Wiseman Publishing House.
The Revised Penal Code (2011). Rex Bookstore Inc.
14
CHAPTER II: SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
A. Sociology of Law
That students can:
1. Define Sociology of Law
2. Identify and discuss general types of law
3. Identify and discuss general types of crime
Sociology of law is the first division of criminology which attempts to offer scientific
analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws are developed as a process of
social control. It is also refers to both a sub-disciplined of sociology and can approach within the
field of legal studies. Sociology of law is or diverse field of study which examines the interaction
of law with other aspects of society. In general there are three types of law and they are as
follows: Natural Law and Rooted in Core Values shared by many cultures. Natural laws
protect against harm to person (e.g. murder, rape, assault) or property (theft, larceny, robbery),
and form the basis of common law system. In the Philippine setting, Natural Law, therefore are
those crimes contained in the Revised Penal Code. Moreover, the ex. of crime Mala Inse are
murder, rape, theft, larceny, robbery and this Crime Mala Inse is punishable by the Revised
Penal Code. Statutory Laws are enacted by legislative and reflect current cultural moves, Albert
some law may be controversial (Ex. of Statutory Laws are R.A. 6195, R.A. 10591, R.A. 8350)
any violation of this statutory laws will be called crime Mala Prohibited) this crime Mala
Prohibita is punishable by the statutory laws. Lastly the Divine Laws are those rules enshrined in
the holy book for the Christian they called it Bible.
Aside from the general types of laws, we have also the general types of crime: these are
as follows: Blue Collar Crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower social
class. Corporate crime refers to crime committed either by a corporation or by individuals that
may be identified with corporation or other business entity. Organized crime are groups or
operations run by the criminals involving commonly for the purpose of generating monetary
profit. Political crime is one or political system. Public order crime involves acts that interfere
with the operation of society and the ability of people to function efficiently. In the public order
crime there should be a secondary victim while victimless crime may be one in which the victim
is the accused. State crime – is the activity or failure to act that breaks the states our criminal
law or public international law. State corporate crime refers to crime that resulted from
relationship between policies of the state and the policies and practices of commercial
corporations. White collar crime a crime committed by a person of respectability and high
social status in the course of his occupation.

Select the best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice that correspond to the given question.
1. A rooted core values shared by many cultures that protects against harm to person and
come from the form of common law system. This is______.
a. Divine Law c. Statutory Law
b. Natural Law d. Criminal Law
2. Which of this is not a crime mala inse?

a. Murder c. Theft
b. Parricide d. Selling of illegal drugs
3. The crime mala inse will be punishable by the Revised Penal Code because Murder,
Homicide, Parricide are the example of _________.
a. Crime Mala Inse c. Crime in the Barangay
b. Crime Mala Prohibita d. Crime in the City
15
4. RPC stands for Revised __________ Code.
a. Felony c. Penology
b. Penal d. Fenal
5. What division of criminology is wanted to offer scientific analysis of the conditions

under which penal or criminal law are developed as a process of social control?
a. Penoloy c. Criminal law
b. Society of law d. Sociology of law
6. In the Philippines, statutory laws were enacted by ____________.

a. Mayor c. Legislatures
b. President d. Governor
7. The word legislatures referring to both __________, __________.

a. Senate and House of Representatives c. Senate and the office of the President
b. Senate and Congress d. Inter Agency Task Force
8. This law enshrined in the holy book, in Christian they called it bible. This is ______.
a. Holy Scriptures c. Divine Law
b. Statutory Law d. Natural Law
9. The type of crime is one involving overt acts or omission which prejudice the interests of
the state is ______.
a. Victimless crime c. Political crime
b. Public order crime d. Corporate crime
10. Blue Collar crime is a crime committed by an individual from a lower ______.
a. Social Students c. Social Citizen
b. Social Class d. Social Individual
11. It is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course
of his occupation. The crime is ______.
a. White Collar crime c. State crime
b. Blue Collar crime d. Organized crime
12. A crime committed either by a corporation or other business entity is _____.

a. Corporate crime c. Public order
b. Political crime d. Victimless crime
13. The activity or failure to act that breaks the states own criminal law or public
international law.
a. White Collar crime c. Political crime
b. State corporate crime d. Corporate crime
14. Refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology and an approach within the field of legal
studies is __________.
a. Criminal Law c. Criminal Etiology
b. Penology d. Sociology of Law
15. The unlawful activities of highly organized disciplined association is referring to:
a. Political crime c. Victimless crime
b. Organized crime d. Corporate crime
16
Exercise 1a: Enumeration
List down necessary details to complete what are asked in each number. Write your answers on
the blank provided.
1. Write down at least 10 examples of crimes which can be found in the Revised Penal
Code.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2. Another 10 examples for special law or statutory law.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
B. Crime and Criminal Law

That students can:
1. Distinguish crime from criminal law
2. Identify the sources of criminal law
3. Explain the characteristics of criminal law
Crime is an act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or

commanding it. Crime could be form: 1.) Felonies – a crime in which violation of the Revised
Penal Code. 2.) Offense – a crime in violation of any Municipal City or Provincial ordinances.
Then, Criminal Law is that branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats of their
nature, and provides for their punishment.
In addition we have sources of our criminal law these are: a.) The Revised Penal Code,
which is creating through R.A. 3815 and it was took effect on January 1, 1932. Special Penal
Laws passed by the Philippines Commission, Philippine Assembly, Philippines Legislature ,
National Assembly the congress of the Philippines and the Batasang Pambansa. Penal
Presidential Decrees (P.D.) issued during Martial Law. Moreover, there were also characteristic
of criminal law such as: Generality it provides that criminal law is binding on all person who
live or sojourn in the Philippine territory. Territoriality it states that criminal laws undertake to
punish crimes committed with the Philippine territory with the exceptions provided Art. 2 of the
Revised Penal Code and lastly Prospectivity it states that the penal law cannot make an act
punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when committed. This crime are punished
under the laws in force at the time of their commission.
17
Select the best answer by encircling the letter corresponds to the given question.
1. Pedro killed Ana intentionally. What do we called the act committed by Pedro?
a. Crime c. Offense
b. Felony d. Infraction
2. It is an act committed or omitted in violation of our Public is ______.

a. Crime c. Offense
b. Felony d. Infraction
3. An Act committed against our public law is _______.

a. Felony c. Misdemeanor
b. Offense d. Crime
4. All of these, except one: are the form crime.

a. Felony c. Misdemeanor
b. Offense d. Crime
5. A crime in violation of special penal law is______.

a. Felony c. Crime
b. Offense d. Infraction
6. Municipal, City and Provincial Ordinance are the example of what form of crime?
a. Infraction c. Offense
b. Crime d. Felony
7. No to Jaywalking and implementation of curfew hours are the best, example of______.
a. Ordinances c. Law
b. Crime d. Policy
8. Based on the current information the acronym of the word IATF means Inter Agency
Task ______.
a. Forcing c. Force
b. Forces d. Form
9. A branch or division law which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for
their punishment is referring to______.
a. Law c. Criminal Law
b. Divine Law d. Areglaw
10. These characteristics of criminal law is binding on all person who are sojourn in the
Philippines territory is ______.
a. Generality c. Prospectivity
b. Territoriality d. Criminal Law

________________1. The Revised Penal Code was created on what law?

________________2. The revised penal code was took effect on what day, month and year?
________________3. When R.A 3815 was created it was the birth of what sources of our
criminal law?
________________4. What is the proper acronym of Presidential Decree?
________________5. On what particular era, the presidential decree was enacted?
18
________________6. According to this characteristics of criminal law. All person who live or
sojourn in the Philippines Territory are covered to this law.
________________7. Felonies, offense and ______ are form or legal kinds of crimes.
________________8. The sources of criminal laws are the Revised Penal Code, Presidential
Decrees and _____.
________________9. A division of law which defines crimes.
________________10. It is an act or omission punishable by law.
1. Write down atleast 10 examples of crimes.

a. f.
b. g.
c. h.
d. i.
e. j.
2. Give atleast five example of Infraction or Misdemeanors.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Enumerate atleast five example of Presidential Decrees in the Philippines.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
C. Felony as a Crime
That students can:
1. Define Felony
2. Identify and describe classification of felony
3. Identify and Explain Criminological classification of crime
Felony is act or omission punishable by law especially the Revised Penal Code. Felony
committed not only by means of fault (culpa) but also by means of deceit (dolo) based on Art. 3
of the Revised Penal Code. Then it should be followed by the classification of felony:
1. As to the manner of commission:

 By means of dolo or deceit – when the act was done with deliberate intent.
 By means of culpa or fault – wen the wrongful resulted from imprudence.
Negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill.
2. As to the stages of commission:
 Attempted crime – when the offender commenced the commission of the felony
directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution, which could
produce the felony by reason of some causes or accident other than this our
spontaneous desistance.
 Frustrated crime – when the offender has performed all the acts of execution
which will produce felony as a consequence, but which nevertheless, do not
produce the felony by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.
19
 Consummated crime – when the elements necessary for its execution and
accomplishment are all present.
3. As to the plurality of crime:
 Simple crime – when single act constituted only one offense.
 Complex crime – when single act constituted two or more grave felonies or when
an offense is a necessary means of committing the other.
4. As to the gravity of penalty:
 Grave felonies – those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or
affective penalties.
 Less grave felonies – those which the law punishes with penalties which are set
initializes in nature.
 Light felonies – those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty
of arresto menor of fine not exceeding 200 pesos are imposed.
5. As to the category:
 Crimes against national security and the law of nations.
Ex: Treason, Espionage, Piracy
 Crimes against fundamental law of the state.
Ex: Arbitrary detention, expulsion, violation of domicile, prohibition, interruption
and dissolution of Peaceful Meeting.
 Crimes against public order.
Ex: Rebellion, Coup de etat, sedition and disloyalty
 Crimes against public interest
Ex: Forgery, fraud
 Crimes relative to opium and other prohibited drugs
Ex: Possession, preparation, and use of prohibited drugs and maintenance of
opium dens.
 Crimes against public morals
Ex: Gambling and Betting, offense against decency and good customs
 Crimes committed by public officers
Ex: Malfeasance, Misfeasance in Public Office, Bribery, Malversation of Public
funds, Infidelity of Public officers.
 Crimes against liberty and security
Ex: Illegal detention, kidnapping of minors, slaying and servitude
 Crimes against chastity
Ex: adultery and canabinage, abduction.
 Crimes against the civil status of persons
Ex: Simulation of births and usurpation of civil status, illegal marriage
 Crime against honor
Ex: libel, slander incriminatory machinations
 Crime against property
Ex: robbery, theft, arson, swindling, chatted mortgage, malicious mischief
 Quasi – Offenses
Ex: Criminal negligence
Criminological classifications of crime are as follows:
1. As to the result:
a. Acquisitive crime – when the offender acquires something as a consequence of
his criminal act.
Ex: Shoplifting, burglary, theft and robbery
b. Extinctive Crime – when the end result of a criminal act is destructive

Ex: Murder, Homicide, Rape, Assault.
2. As to the time or period of commission
a. Seasonal crime – those committed only during a certain period of the year like
violation of tax law.
20
Ex: Tax Evasion
b. Situational crime – those committed only when given the situation conducive to
its commission.
Ex: Theft, Robbery, Carnapping, motorcycle theft.
3. As to the length of time commission:
a. Instant crime – those committed in the shortest possible time.
Ex: Murder, Arson
b. Episodic crime – those committed by a series of acts in a lengthly space of time.
Ex: Malfeasance and Misfeasance
4. As to the place or location of the commission:
a. Static crime – those committed only in one place
b. Continuing crime – those can be committed in several places.
Ex: Robbery, kidnapping, theft
5. As to the use of mental faculty:
a. Rational crime – those committed with intent offenders are in full possession of
their sanity.
Ex: tax evasion, traffic violations, drinking & driving under the influence of
liquor.
b. Irrational crime – those committed by persons who do not know the nature and
quality of their act on account of the disease of their mind.
Ex: Use of illegal drugs
6. As to the standard of living of the criminals:
a. Crime of the upperworld – those committed with high degree of skill.
Ex: theft, fraud, bribery
b. Crime of the underworld – those committed through limited ability.
Ex: drug dealing, prostitution, gambling

Select the best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice that correspond to the given questions.
1. As to the manner of commission, when the act was done with deliberate intent this is
referring to ________.
a. dolo c. Culpa
b. Fault d. crime
2. If the wrongful act resulted from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of
skills is referring to what manner of commission?
a. dolo c. fault
b. deceit d. felony
3. Based on the stages of commission on the classification of felony, which of this is not
related?
a. Attempted crime c. Consummated crime
b. frustrated crime d. Complex crime
4. In consummated crime, the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are
all _______.
a. Presented c. Complete
b. done d. Present
5. An act or omission punishable by law specifically the Revised Penal Code is ______.
a. Felony c. Crime
b. Offense d. Culpa
6. Felony is committed not only by means of fault (______) but also by means deceit
(______).
a. Culpa and dolo c. Crime and felony
b. Deceit and Culpa d. Wrongful and Intentional
21
7. Based on the plurality of crime, when the single act constituted only one offense. This is
_____.
a. Complex c. Compound
b. Simple d. Compound Complex
8. When the single act constituted two or more grave felonies. This is ________.
a. Complex c. Simple
b. Compound d. Basic
9. As to the gravity of penalty, the following are stated, except one:

a. Grave c. Light Felonies
b. Less grave d. Slight Felonies
10. When the penalty of arresto menor or fine not exceeding 200 pesos is referring to what
gravity of penalty ________.
a. Light felony c. Grave felony
b. Less grave felony d. Slight felony
11. All of this, except one are the category of crime.

a. Crimes Against Public order c. Crimes Against Person
b. Crime Against Public Interest d. Crimes Against the law
12. When the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act. This
criminological classifications of crime is ______.
a. Extinctive crime c. Situational crime
b. Acquisitive crime d. Seasonal crime
13. Which of the following is not a stages in the commission of crime?

a. Attempted c. Frustrated
b. Consummated d. Situational crime
14. Ms. Ana was obliged to pay her tax to the government every month of May. However she
evaded her obligation as a tax payer. What was the crime she committed base on the
period of commission?
a. Consummated crime c. Episodic crime
b. Seasonal crime d. Situational crime
15. Based on the mental faculty of the offender, what is the crime committed by Jefferson, an
insane, if he killed his friend Daniel?
a. Homicide c. Crime of the under world
b. Irrational crime d. Blue Collar Crime

________________1. Based on the Social status of the offender, what crime committed of an
ordinary professional criminals in order to maintain their livelihood?
________________2. As to the standard of living of the criminals. This crime committed with a
high degree of skills.
________________3. When the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal
act. This crime is __________.
________________4. This crime committed in several places.
________________5. When the end result of a criminal act is destructive. The crime referring to
______.
________________6. Libel, oral defamation and slander are the example of ______.
________________7. Felony is committed not only by means of C _______.
22
________________8. But also by means of D _________.
________________9. Felony is an act or omissions punishable by the ______.
________________10. In what article of the Revised Penal Code Stated on how the felony is
being committed?
Exercise 3b: Self – Help Task
1. Paste or indicate an individual crimes in the box showing the crimes, against person,
crimes against property, crimes against public order and crimes against public interest
and crimes against national security and law of nation.
2. Paste or attached a photograph of the Revised Penal Code in the Philippines.
D. Crime, Sin and Immorality

That students can:
1. Distinguish Crime based on legal print view and based on scientific point of view.
2. Identify and discuss the elements of crime
3. Discuss why does the crime exist?
4. Differentiate crime, sin and Immorality
5. Explain why members of society must be concerned with the study of crime?
When does the crime exist? In legal point of view crime exist upon the moment a person
has been proven guilty. While in the scientific point of view crime exist upon the moment it is
reported. Moreover, the elements of crime will be presented through criminological concept such
as: 1.) Motive-refers to the moving power which impels one to act for a definite result. Intent on
the other hand refers to purpose in using a particular means to affect such result. Intent is an
element of an intentional felony while motive is not. Opportunity refers to the chance or time
given to the offender in committing the crime. Instrumentality or capability – instrumentality
refers to the use of materials or other means in the commission of crime while capability speaks
of the physical of a person to perpetrate a crime.
23
Why does the crime exist? There is a crime because of the existence of law. The principle
of logomacy states that “there is no crime if there is no law punishing it.” Similarly the Spanish
text states, “Nullum Crimen nulla poena sine lege.” This in order to eliminate crime in a
certain area it also requires the abolition of law. However, law is a form of social control and the
absence of regulation in the community leads to the chaos between people within that area.
Crime is an act or omission punishable by law while sin is an or omission punishable by the
divine law. Why members of society must be concerned with the study of crime? Because crime
is pervasive, pervasive because almost all members of society were once upon a time a victim or
offender in a criminal act. Crime is expensive, expensive because the government private sector
spend and enormous amount of money for crime detection prosecution, correction and
prevention. Crime is destructive. Destructive because many lives have effectiveness of the social
defenses employed by the people primarily of the police system. Crime is progressive because
crime increases in volume on amount of the increasing population.

1. Based on the legal view point, it exist upon the person has been proven guilty by the
court. This is ________.
a. Felony c. Offense
b. Crime d. Criminal
2. In the scientific point of view, crime exists when it is _________.

a. Reporting c. Reported
b. Reporter d. Report
3. Which of the following are not the elements of crime?

a. Motive c. Instrumentality
b. Opportunity d. Capability
4. What is the symbol of motive in the elements of crime?

a. M c. MT
b. MO d. MOT
5. Define as the moving power which impels one to act for a definite result.
a. Intent c. Opportunity
b. Motive d. Capability
6. Based on the elements or triangle of crime, crime will not occur if one elements is not
present. This statement is __________.
a. Probably c. True
b. Probably false d. False
7. An or omission against the penal law is _________.

a. Crime c. Felony
b. Sin d. Criminal Act
8. The sin is act or omission against the __________.

a. Divine law c. Holy Bible
b. Ten Commandments d. God
9. Immorality is committed against the unwritten social norms in a certain________.

a. Location c. Locate
b. Locator d. Locality
24
10. Why members of the society must be concerned with the study of crime? Which of this is
not related?
a. Crime is pervasive c. Crime is reflective
b. Crime is expensive d. Crime is inevitable

Read the statement carefully and identify what is being describe. Write your answer on the blank
provided before each number.
________________1. Crime exist upon the moment a person has been proven guilty by the court
is referring to what particular viewpoint?
________________2. In the scientific point of view crime exist upon the moment it is ________.
________________3. This act will not occur if one of the elements is not present.
________________4. What principle states that “there is no crime if there is no law punishing
it”?
________________5. This elements of crime may refer to the chance or the given to the offender
in committing the crime.
________________6. It is committed against the unwritten social norms in the locality.
________________7. An act or omission against the penal law of the state is:
________________8. It refers to the purpose in using a particular means to affect such result.
________________9. The triangle or elements of crime consist of motive opportunity and
______.
________________10. Motive opportunity and instrumentality are called:
1. Paste or indicate atleast 5 pictures showing a different kinds of crimes.
2. Draw a simple diagram showing the triangle of crime.
E. Criminals
That students can:
1. Define criminals
2. Distinguish criminals from delinquent
3. Identify and discuss the general classification of criminal
Criminal, in the legal sense refers to any person who has been found to have committed
a wrongful act in the course of the standard judicial process. These must be a final verdict of his
guilt. In the criminology point of view, a person is already considered as criminal the moment
he/she committed any anti-social act even without conviction. In terms of the distinction between
criminal and delinquent, the criminal refers to a person who has violated a penal law and has
25
been found guilty of the crime while delinquent is a person who merely committed an act not in
conformity with the norms of society. In addition, the general classification of criminal stated
below.
1. On the basis of Etiology:

a. Acute criminals – those who violate criminal law because of the impulse of the
moment, fit of passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
b. Chronic criminals – those criminals who act in consonance with deliberate
thinking.
2. On the basis of Behavioral System:

a. Ordinary criminals – the lowest form of criminal career. They engage only on
conventional crimes which require limited skill. They lack organization to avoid
arrest and convictions.
b. Organized criminal – they have a high degree of organization to enable them to
convict crimes without being detected and committed to specialized activities
which can be operated in large scale business.
c. Professional criminal – they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable
amount of money without being detected because they are organized and in intact
with other professional criminals.
3. On the basis Activities:

a. Professional criminals – those who earn their living through criminal activities
b. Accidental criminals – those who commit criminal acts as a result of
unanticipated circumstances.
c. Habitual criminals – those who continue to commit criminal act for such
diverse reason due deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control.
d. Situational criminals – those who are actually not criminals, but constantly in
trouble with legal authorities because they commit robberies, larcenies and
embezzlements, which are intermixed with legitimate economic activities.
4. On the basis of Mental Attitudes:

a. Active aggressive criminals – those who commit crime in an impulsive manner,
usually due to the aggressive behavior of the offender.
b. Passive inadequate criminals – those who commit crimes because they are
pushed to it by inducement, by reward or promise without considering its
consequence.
c. Socialized delinquent criminals – those who are normal in the behavior, but
merely defective in their socialization processes.

1. This refers to a person who has violated a penal law and has been found guilty of the
crime changed upon observance of the judicial procedure.
a. Criminal c. Delinquent
b. Suspect d. Accused
2. Delinquent is a person who merely committed an act not in conformity with the norms of
_______.
a. Sociology c. Territory
b. Community d. Society
3. What do we called those who violate criminal law because of the impulse of the moment,
fit of passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy?
a. Chronic criminal c. Criminal by passion
b. Acute criminal d. Ordinary criminal
26
4. This classification of criminals who act in consonance with deliberate thinking is
referring to _________.
a. Ordinary criminal c. Chronic criminal
b. Organized criminal d. Acute criminal
5. What criminal is considered the lowest form of criminal career?

a. Situational criminal c. Chronic criminal
b. Ordinary criminal d. All of these are correct
6. This classification of criminal which considered a high degree of organization to enable

them to commit crimes without being detected and committed to specialized activities
which can be operated in large scale business. What classification of criminal is this?
a. Organized criminal c. Chronic criminal
b. Acute criminal d. Ordinary criminal
7. In criminology point of view, when a person committed an anti-social act he/she

considered ______.
a. Criminalist c. Accused
b. Criminal d. Suspect
8. In legal point of view, the person who has been convicted final judgment by the court
called_________.
a. Convicted offender c. Defendant
b. Accused d. Criminal
9. A person who commit crime in an impulsive, usually due to aggressive behavior is

referring to what classification of criminals?
a. Passive inadequate criminal c. Socialized delinquent criminal
b. Active aggressive criminal d. Accidental criminal
10. This criminal, has specialized in crime such as: pick pocketing counterfeiting, theft,
shoplifting. The criminal is referring to__________.
a. Professional Criminal c. Passive inadequate criminals
b. Active aggressive criminal d. Socialized delinquent criminals

________________1. A person who merely committed an act not in conformity with the norms
of society is:
________________2. Based on its legal point of view, there must be a final verdict of his guilt
the so called:
________________3. When a person is already considered as criminal the moment he/she
committed any anti-social act is referring to what sense?
________________4. If a person committed a wrongful act and who has been found guilty based
on the standard judicial processes is referring to what sense?
________________5. This criminal engage only on conventional crimes which required limited
skills.
________________6. What is the best example of organized criminals.
________________7. This criminal commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
circumstances.
________________8. Hired killer is an example of what classification of classification of
criminals?
________________9. Mafia, Yakuza are the best example of what classification of criminals?
________________10. Pedro killed Coco by stabbing him in his chest. The judge found Pedro
guilty of his criminal act. Pedro is:
27
1. Write down atleast five you think are criminals

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Write down atleast five necessary examples which will be considered professional
criminals.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Write down atleast five examples that would be considered organized criminal.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
References:
Adler, F. (2007). Criminology 6th ed. The MC Graw-Hill companies

Eduardo, J.P (2015). Fundamentals of criminology-wisemen’s books trading Inc.
Eduardo, J.P (2018). Essential of criminology-wisemen’s books trading Inc. 2018
Manwong, R.M.K (2008). Fundamental of Criminology 3rd ed. Publishing Inc.
28
CHAPTER III: CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
F. Criminal Etiology
That students can:
4. Define criminal etiology

5. Identify and discuss approaches in criminal etiology
6. Explain crime in the Philippines
Criminal Etiology is the second division of criminology which attempts to provide

scientific analysis on the causes of crimes. Causes of crimes refer to the factor or circumstances
that apply significantly more to offenders than to non-offend and that potentially a direct but not
necessarily immediate link to crime. A regards any attempt to scientific studies of the cause of
crimes. Tow thing or objects to be considered these are man and his criminal behavior in relation
to criminal or penal law.
In the approaches in criminal etiology, these were three, 1.) Single or unitary approach
- This approach views that criminal behavior is caused only by one factor or variable which is
any of the following: social, biological or mental 2.) Multiple theory approach – This approach
view that criminal conduct is not a product of a single cause of factor but a combination of
several factors. 3.) Eclectic theory approach – this approach views that criminal behavior at one
instance may be caused by one or more factors, while in other instances, it is caused by another
set of factors. Moreover, crime in the Philippines was prevalent many criminologist have
accepted that criminality tendencies and behavior could be influenced by social conditions. This
contributing factors seems to account largely for the crime rate in the Philippines. These factors
namely: Economic, cultural influences, environment, social conditions and individual person
temperament. Geographically speaking the Philippines is the tropic zone and theoretically the
Filipinos are hot blooded people with very volatile temperament. The criminal behavior of the
people is greatly affected by poor economic and social conditions. This considering crime is a
social Phenomenon.
EXERCISE 1: Multiple Choice

1. Why Filipinos considered a hot blooded people?

a. Because Philippines is a controversial country
b. Because Philippines is a great warrior
c. Because Philippines is a near to pacific rim of fire
d. Because Philippines is a tropical country
2. The criminal Behavior of the people is greatly affected by poor economic and social
conditions, this considering crime as ___________.
a. Social Conditions c. Social Phenomena
b. Social Impact d. Social Phenomenon
3. A division of criminology which attempts to provide scientific analysis on the cause of

crime is ___________.
a. Penology c. Crime
b. Criminology d. Criminal Etiology
4. Criminal etiology is a division of criminology which attempt to offer scientific analysis

on the _______.
a. Cause of murder c. Cause of poor
b. Cause of robbery d. Cause of crimes
29
5. In the study of criminal etiology, two things or object must be considered and these are
_____ and _______.
a. Man and Woman c. Man and his criminal act
b. Man and Wife d. Man and his criminal behavior
6. All of these are approaches in criminal etiology, except:

a. Single approach c. Eclectic Theory approach
b. Multiple factor theory approach d. Uniformity approach
7. A factors or circumstances that apply significantly move to offenders than to non-

offenders that potentially direct but not necessarily immediate link to crime is ________.
a. Theories of crimes c. Crime causation
b. Cause of crimes d. Prime suspect
8. This approach views that criminal behavior at one instance may be caused by one or
more factors is referring to ___________.
a. Single approach c. Theory approach
b. Eclectic theory approach d. All of these are correct
9. Which of these is not considered contributing factors to crime?

a. Economic c. Environment
b. Cultural influences d. Social conditions
10. In the abovementioned question, which of those is the most common factors to crime.
a. Economic c. Social conditions
b. Environment d. Cultural influences
1. Write down atleast 10 provinces in the Philippines that are considered by the PNP as the
Hot Spot of crime.
A. F.
B. G.
C. H.
D. I.
E. J.
2. Indicate atleast 5 city map in Metro manila that are considered by the PNP as Hot Spot
area.
30
G. Crime Theories
That students can:
1. Define crime theories

2. Discuss biochemistry or biological theories and studies
3. Identify and discuss criminal anthropology theories
Theory is an idea that is suggested as presented as possibly true, but that is not known or
proven to be true. The function of this theory is to provide puzzles for research. For this purpose,
the crime related theories are grouped as follows: Biochemistry or Biological Psychoanalytic and
Psychiatry lastly Sociological.
Biochemistry or Biological theory and studies include by many names such as:
Biological, Constitutional, genetic, and anthropological Criminology. The oldest field in criminal
anthropology, founded by the father of modern criminology in 1876. He was one of the first
exponents of the positive approach to crime. Then, biological theories resort that criminal
behavior is the result of some flaw in the biological make-up of the individual. The physical flaw
could be due to the following namely: heredity neurotransmitter dysfunction and brain
abnormalities. This man a living organism has been the object of several studies which has the
purpose of determining the cause of his crimes. Anthropological criminology, literally a
combination of the study of the human species and the personality and physical appearance of
the offender.
Criminal Anthropology theories are as follows:
1. Born Criminal or Atavism – according to Lambroso, criminal are born with some
physical characteristic which becomes the cause of crimes.
2. Physiognomy – it is the theory based upon the idea that the assessment of the person’s
outer appearances, primarily the face, may give insights into one’s personality or
character. This theory was proposed by Physiognomies Johanan Kasper Lavater (1741-
1801). Moreover, according to Lavater these were two types of Physiognomy a.) absolute
predictive Physiognomy – a disproven concept which poses that there are invariable
100% correlation between physical features and character traits. b.) Scientific correlation
physiognomy – in which there are belief to be rough statistical correlation between
physical features and character traits due to a person’s physical preference.
3. Phrenology – it is originated from Greek “mind and logos “Knowledge”. A theory which
claims to be able to determine character, personality traits and criminality on the basis of
the shape of the head. This theory, was developed by German physician Franz Joseph
Gall around 1800, the discipline was very popular in the 19 th century. Another theorist,
Francis Magendie referred phrenology as “a pseudo-science”
4. Physique theory – this proposed by Ernst Kretschmer it consist into four categories.
a. Pyknic type – those who are sort and with round bodies. They tend to commit
deception fraud and violence.
b. Athletic type – those who are muscular and strong. They are usually connected
with violence.
c. Asthenic type – those who are skinny and tender. They may commit petty theft
and fraud.
d. Dysplastic or Mixed type – those are less clear evident having predominant type
their offenses are gains decency and morality.
31
5. SOMATOTYPE theory – This theory was proposed by American Psychologist William
Sheldon – according to Sheldon, this theory associating body types with human
temperament. This body types categorize into three namely:
a. Ectomorphic – a body type is characterized by long arms and legs and a short
upper body and narrow shoulders.
b. Mosomorphic – a body type is characterized by a high rate of muscle growth and
a higher proportion of muscular tissue.
c. Endomorphic – a body type is characterized by an increase amount fat storages
due to having a larger number of fat cells than the average person.
In heredity studies, it explain in a legal parlance (it is in the blood, like father, like son)
these are three studies related to heredity. These are the study of Kallikak family tree, study of
Juke Family and Sir Jonathan Edward Family tree.
a. Study of Kallikak Family Tree – this study was conducted by Henry H. Goddard, a
prominent American Psychologist known on his work “The Kallikak Family: A
study in heredity of Feeble-Mindedness the word Kallikak combining the Greek root
meaning Kallos (Beauty) and Kakos (Bad). This study linked medical and moral
deviance and fused the new Mendelian laws in the old biblical injunction that “the
sins of the father shall be visited on the son”
b. Study of Juke family Tree – this is more concerned about bad heredity. This view
was expanded in the Juke: A study in crime, Pauperism, disease. And heredity by
(Richard Dugdale, 1875) a study of a rural clan that” over generations produced 1,200
beggars, murderers, prostitutes, thieves and syphilitics. The Jukes family produced
700 criminal, prostitutes and paupers descended from “Margaret Ada Jukes,” the
mother of all criminals.
c. Study of Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree – Sir Jonathan Edwards was a
famous preacher during the colonial period. His family trace and none of his
descendants was found to be criminal. Many of his descendants became President of
the United States, governor and member of the supreme court.

Select the best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice that correspond for the given questions.
1. Anthropological criminology is a field of offender profiling based on the perceived links

between the nature of a crime, the personality and _____________ of the offender.
a. Bones measurement c. Behavior
b. Alphonse Bertillon d. Physical Appearance
2. Kretschmer suggested that those people with skinny and tender type usually commit petty
theft and ______.
a. Murder c. Fraud
b. Homicide d. Rape
3. Henry Goddard invented the pseudonym Kallikak by combining a Greek word meaning
“beauty” (kallos) with another meaning “__________” (kakos)
a. Bad c. Ugly
b. Beautiful d. Handsome Kallikak
4. He introduced moron and conducted study of Kalliak Family tree in the field of
criminology.
a. Henry H. Goddard c. Richard Dugdale
b. William Sheldon d. Franz Joseph Gall
32
5. A theory is an idea that is suggested a presented as possibly true, but that is not known or
proven to be ______.
a. False c. Yes
b. True d. All of these
6. Cesare Lombroso todays considered the father of modern __________.

a. Criminology c. Behavior
b. Crime d. Physical Appearance
7. According to this theory, criminals are born with some physical characteristic which
become causes of crime. This theory is referring to _____________.
a. Somatotype c. Atavism
b. Phrenology d. Physiognomy
8. This theory, based upon the idea that the assessment of the persons outer appearance,
primarily the face is _______.
a. Phrenology c. Atavism
b. Physiognomy d. Born criminal
9. This theorist is the one proposed the theory about physiognomy. This person is______.
a. Magendie c. Lavater
b. Goddard d. Sheldon
10. He was a German Physician that introduced the theory about Phrenology, this physician
is __________.
a. Francis Magendie c. Johann Kasper Lavater
b. Franz Joseph Gall d. Cesare Lambroso
11. A theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits and criminality
on the basic of the shape of the head. What theory is this?
a. Physiognomy c. Atavism
b. Phrenology d. Born criminal
12. Which of this is not a physique theory?

a. Pyknic Type c. Asthenic Type
b. Athletic Type d. Mixing type
13. A body type characterized by long arms and legs is referring to ___________.
a. Ectomorphic c. Endomorphic
b. Mesomorphic d. Pyknic type
14. All of these, exept one are the categories of body types.
a. Endomorphic c. Mesomorphic
b. Ectomorphic d. Hemorphic
15. A body type is characterized by an increased amount of fat storage. This type of body is
_____.
a. Endomorphic c. Mesomorphic
b. Ectomorphic d. None of these
16. This type of body is characterized by a high rate of muscle growth and higher proportion
of ___________.
a. Muscular c. Muscular tissue
b. Bones d. Bone tissue
33
17. In Kallikak family tree, kakos means:
a. Bad c. Beautiful
b. Beauty d. Ugly
18. And Kallos means:

a. Beauty c. Ugly
b. Bad d. Beautiful
19. She was considered the mother of all criminals. This woman is _________.
a. Juke family tree c. Cesare Lombroso
b. Margaret Ada Juke d. Richard Dugdale
20. This family tree is considered the famous preacher during the colonial period none of his
family was traced and none of his descendants was found to be criminal. What family is
this?
a. Kallikak family tree c. Juke family tree
b. Sir Jonathan Edward family tree d. Relativo family tree
1. Paste or indicate 5 photograph showing the Physical characteristics of a born criminal or

atavism.
2. Paste or indicate a photograph showing the theory of physiognomy and theory of

phrenology.
H. Psychoanalytic and Psychiatry Theories and studies

That students can:
1. Discuss of Psychology of Crime Psychoanalytic theories

2. Identify level of awareness by Freud.
3. Discuss Lewis Goldberg’s trait theory.
4. Define Psychiatry
34
In psychology of crime psychoanalytic theories, the criminal behavior is a multifaceted
issue that result from diverse cause. As a development process, crime and violence are likely to
begin during childhood. Proceed to adolescence and even into adulthood. The Psychoanalytic
Theory was formed by Sigmund Freud concerning human personality and crimes, this,
psychoanalytic is reefers to the analysis of human behavior. Freud, identify the structure of
personality into those major systems namely: Id, ego, Superego. 1.) Id-allows us to get over
basic needs met. Freud believed that the Id based on the (pleasure principle). 3.) Superego –
internalizes societal and parental standards of good and bad right and wrong “behavior. In
addition, Freud identify the three levels of awareness which names: conscious level,
preconscious level and conscious level.
a. Conscious level – it consist of whatever sensations an experiences a person is aware of at

a given time.
b. Preconscious level – this domain is sometimes called available memory. That encompass
all experiences that are not conscious at the moment, but which can easily be retrieved
into awareness either spontaneously or with a minimum of effort.
c. Unconscious level – it is the deepest and major stratum of the human mind.
Trait theory explain that when a person might lie along a continue of various personality
characteristics. Trait refers to the characteristic of an individual describing a habitual way of
thinking, behaving and feelings.
Kinds of trait:
The following are the kinds of traits according to allport and these are:
a. Common traits – these are personality traits that are shared by most members of a
particular culture.
b. Individual traits – these are personality traits that are so basic that all person’s activities
relate to it.
c. Central traits – these are the core traits that characterize and individual’s personality.
d. Secondary traits – these are traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial.
Lewis Goldberg’s trait theory
Goldberg proposed a five dimension personality model with a nickname of big five or
five factor theory and they are as follows:
a) Extraversion – this dimension contrast such traits as sociable, outgoing, talkative,

assertive, persuasive and decisive.
b) Neuroticism – people high on neuroticism are prone to emotional inability.
c) Conscientiousness – this factor differentiate individual who are dependable,
organized, reliable, responsible and through.
d) Agreeableness – this factor is composed of a collection of traits that range from
compassion to antagonism towards others.
e) Openness to experience – this factor contract individual who are imaginative,
curious, broadminded and cultured. Another personality traits are classified into
extrovert, introvert and emotionally unstable. The extrovert is a person who is
sociable, outgoing and active introvert a person who is withdraw, quit and
introspective emotionally unstable – signifies being guxiors, excitable easily
disturbed. In addition, the person’s character personality consist of four namely:
Melandiolic – sad, gloomy
Choleric – not tempered irritable
Phlegmatic – sluggish, clam
Sanguine – cheerful, hopeful
35
Psychiatry refers to the study of human mind. It is the branch of medicine which exists to
study. Prevent treat mental disorders in humans. Moreover, mental deficiency is a condition of
arrested or incomplete development of the mind existing before the age of 18, whether arising
from the inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. The kind of mental deficiency related to
crimes are:
a) Idiots – person with mental defectiveness of such degree that are unable to guard
themselves against common physical dangers. The mentality is compared to a 2 years
old person.
b) Imbeciles – persons with mental defectiveness which, though not amounting to
idiocy is yet pronounced that they are incapable managing themselves on their affairs.
Their mentality is like a child 2 to 7 years old.
c) Feeble-Minded – those who case there exist mental defectiveness which, though not
amounting to imbecility, is yet pronounced that they require care, supervision and
control.
d) Schizophrenia – this is a form of psychosis characterized thinking disturbance and
regression to a move relatively impaired intellectual functions are well preserved.
e) Compulsive neurosis – this is uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do something.
f) Psychopathic personality – this is the most common cause of criminality among
youthful offenders and habitual criminals.
Many contributors in the field of Psychiatry are existing to name they are:
a. August Aichorn – in his book entitled wayward youth (1925) said that the cause of
crime and delinquency is the faulty development of the child during the first few
years of his life.
b. Cyril Burt (Young and delinquent, 1925) gave the general theory of emotionality.
c. William Healy (Individual delinquency, 1916) claimed that crime is an expression of
the mental content of the individual.
d. Walter Bromberg (Crime and the Mind, 1946) claimed that criminality is the result
of emotional immaturity.
EXERCISE 3: Multiple Choice

1. The structure of personality that is referring to reality principle is __________.

a. Id c. Superego
b. Ego d. Conscience
2. What structure of personality emphasize that the Id allows us to get our basic needs met?
a. Ego c. Id
b. Superego d. Trait
3. Psychoanalytic theory is a theory formed by _____ concerning human personality and

crimes.
a. Walter Brumberg c. August Aichorn
b. Sigmund Freud d. Cesare Lambroso
4. What personality internalizing the parental standards of good and bad, right and wrong?
a. Id c. Trait
b. Superego d. Ego
5. The characteristics of an individual describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking and

feelings is __________.
a. Humanistic c. Trait
b. Cognitive d. Personality
36
6. When a person is sociable, outgoing and active his/her personality according to Hans
Eysenk is ____________.
a. Introvert c. Unstable
b. Extrovert d. Mix personality
7. A person who is withdrawn, quit and introspective is referring to what personality?

a. Extrovert c. Unstable
b. Introvert d. Emotional disorder
8. Which of this is not the types of temperament?

a. Choleric c. Sanguine
b. Phlegmatic d. Melancholic
9. When a person is a melancholic usually his or her temperament are ______ and ______.
a. Sad and Gloomy c. Irritable and Absent Minded
b. Cheerful and Hopeful d. Sluggish and Calm
10. A branch of medicine exist to study, prevent and treat mental disorders in human
is______.
a. Psychiatry c. Medicine
b. Psychology d. Mental deficiency
11. Psychoanalytic approach argued that people’s unconscious minds are largely responsible
for important differences in their behavior styles. This theory was initiated by:
a. Cyril Burt c. Sigmund Freud
b. Hans Eysenk d. Gordon Allport
12. In his book entitled wayward youth (1925), he said that the cause of crime and
delinquency was faulty ego development of children during the first few years of their
life. The proponent was:
a. Aichorn c. Cyrill Burt
b. Bromberg d. Healy
13. According to him, many offense could be traced to either in excess or deficiency of
particular instinct for the tendency of many criminals to be waked willed or easily led.
This theory of general emotionality was given by:
a. Aichorn c. Cyrill Burt
b. Bromberg d. Healy
14. Mr. Arnold was diagnosed by a psychiatrist as idiot. This, Mr. Arnold has a mental
thinking similar.
a. 2 years old person c. 8 years old person
b. 4 years old person d. 2 to 7 years old person
15. This is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do something’s. This is referring to:
a. Schizophrenia c. Idiots
b. Feeble Minded d. Imbeciles
16. Idiots is a person with mental defectiveness of such degree that unable to guard
themselves against common physical dangers. The mentality is compared to a ____ year
old person.
a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 5
17. Their Mentality is like a child of 2 to 7 years old this mental deficiency is referring to
_________.
a. Idiot c. Neurosis
b. Imbeciles d. Psychopathic Personality
37
18. According to the level of awareness by Freud. The deepest and major stratum of human
mind is referring to:
a. Conscious level c. Preconscious level
b. Unconscious d. All of these
19. He proposed the five dimension of personality minded with a nickname of big five or five
factor theory. This person is _________.
a. Lewis Goldberg c. Aichorn
b. Gordon Allport d. Walter Bromberg
20. The study of human mind is referring to:

a. Psychiatry c. Behavior
b. Psychology d. Attitude
A. Enumerate atleast five showbiz personalities classifying their personality such as

introvert, extrovert and emotionally unstable.
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
c. ____________________
d. ____________________
B. Paste or indicate a five photograph categorizing mental deficiency such as idiots and
imbeciles.
C. Paste or indicate atleast four photograph and each photograph showing the individual
temperaments.
D. Sociological Theories and Studies.

That the students can:
1. Discuss sociological theories and studies

2. Determine other sociological cases of crime
3. Identify geography and crime
Sociological cases refers to things, place and people with whom man comes in contact
and which play a part in determining actions and conduct. The cases may bring about the
development of criminal behavior and author Sutherland briefly explains the process by which a
particular person comes to engage in criminal behavior.
Aside from his contribution sociological study, he is very popular with his title father of
American and Dean of Modern Criminology. He is the sociologist of the symbolic interactionism
school of thought. His brilliant idea leading the development of principles of differential
association in the third edition and renamed the book into the principles of criminology.
38
1. Differential Identification Theory. This theory was conceptualized by Daniel
Claser and suggested that a pursues criminal behavior to the extent the he/ she
identifies himself with real or imaginary person from whose perspective his/ her
criminal behavior seems acceptable.
Ex: A person committed theft through identifying his/ herself to his/ her thieve idol.
2. Imitation-Suggestion Theory. This theory was suggested by Gabriel Tarde, he

asserted that delinquency and crime are learned and adopted.
3. Social Disorganization Theory. Is resulting social change, conflict of values

between the new and old.
4. Containment Theory. Was formed by Reckless according to him, criminality is

brought by the inability of the group to contain its behavior.
5. Symbolic Interactionism. Was drawn from the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl

and George Herbert Mead. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that
people develop an rely upon in the process of social interaction.
6. Containment Theory. Accordingly, criminality is brought about by the inability of

the group to contain behavior and that effective containment of the individual into the
value of system and structure of society will minimize the crime.
7. Anomie Theory. The word comes Greek, namely the a “without, and nomos law. If
refers to anything or anyone against or outside the law, or a condition where the
correct laws were not applied resulting in a state of illegitimacy or lawlessness.
8. Strain Theory. In criminology, the strain theories state that social structures within
the society may encourage citizen to commit crime.
9. Routine Activity Theory. Was develop by Marcus Felson and Laurence Cohen,
drew upon the control theories and explained crime in terms of crime opportunities
that occur everyday life.
10. Labeling Theory. Labeling theory proposed that deviance is socially constructed
through reaction instead of action.
11. Control Theory. Developed by Travis Hirsdin, Hirchis control theory is significant
to crime prevention, this approach is called as social bond or social control theory.
Moreover, the other sociological causes of crime are lack of parental guidance, broken
homes, injuring status of the neighborhood, lack of recreational facilities for proper use of leisure
time and lack of employment that leads to poverty. Then, Geography and Crime are the
following are some of the explanations formulated by criminalist about geography and crime.
1. North and South Pole- According to Quetelet, crimes against person are more
common in hotter climates and seasons, whereas crimes against property are more
common in cooler climates and seasons.
2. Approach to the Equator- According Montesquieu, criminality increase in

proportion as one approaches the equator and drunkenness increase as one approach
the North and South Pole.
3. Season of the year - Crimes against a person is more in summer than in the rainy
season.
39
4. Soil Formation-More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in
hilly rugged terrain.
5. Month of the year- These are more incidence of violent crimes during the warms
months from April up to July having its peak in May.
6. Temperature-The number of arrest increase quite regular with the increase of

temperature because it affects the emotional state of the individual and leads to
fighting.
7. Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure- It was explained that low and high humidity
is both vital and emotionally depressing to the individual.
8. Wind Velocity- During the high wind, the number of arrests is less.

1. What is the correct acronym of the words Differential Association Theory?

a. DAT c. DET
b. DAET d. All of these are correct
2. What theory emphasize that through interaction with others, individuals team values,
attitudes, techniques and motive for criminal behavior?
a. Containment Theory c. Drift Theory
b. Imitation Suggestion d. Differential Association theory
3. Known sa the father of American and Dean of modern criminology. This person is
referring to __________.
a. Edwin H. Sutherland c. Cesare Lombroso
b. Raffale Garofalo d. Cesare Beccaria
4. This theory explain that a person with the propensities of becoming a their will
consider thieves as their ideal person to identify person. The theory is referring
to_______.
a. Anomie Theory c. Deferential Association Theory
b. Containment Theory d. Conflict of Culture Theory
5. What Theory emphasize that delinquency and crime are matters that are learned and
adopted.
a. Anomie Theory c. Conflict Theory
b. Containment Theory d. Imitation Suggestion Theory
6. It will emphasized that multiplicity of conflicting culture is the principal source of

social organization. The theory is ________.
a. Conflict of Culture Theory c. Anomie Theory
b. Containment Theory d. Labeling Theory
7. In the Anomie Theory the Greek word Anomos is referring to _____.

a. Without Law c. Law
b. With Law d. Without
8. He is considered the number one contributor in the Anome Theory. This person is
referring to _____.
a. Emile Durkheim c. Edwin Sutherland
b. Daniel Classer d. Cessare Lombroso
40
9. This theory was develop by Marcus Felson and Laurence Cohen. What theory is this?
a. Control Theory c. Routine Activity Theory
b. Labeling Theory d. Drift Theory
10. Hirschi’s control theory is significant to crime prevention; this approach is also
called ___________.
a. Social bond c. Socialization
b. Control d. Society
11. According to Quelelet crimes against person are more common in

a. Hotter Climate c. Dry Climate
b. Cooler Climate d. Wet Climate
12. During high wind, the number of arrest is less. This geography is referring to______.
a. Wind Velocity c. Soil Formation
b. Temperature d. Math of the year
13. Refers to things, place and people with whom man comes in contact and which play
in determining actions and conduct is __________.
a. Sociological c. Society factors
b. Sociological factors d. None of these
14. In Criminology ___________ state the social structures within society may encourage
citizens to commit crimes.
a. Drift Theory c. Strain Theory
b. Containment Theory d. Anomie Theory
15. Labeling theory proposed that deviance is socially constructed through reaction
instead of _____.
a. Action c. Act
b. Reaction d. Attention
1. Write down atleast five Hollywood movies that you can identify are the best example of
differential identification theory.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Write down atleast five areas (ex: squatter’s area) that you can think the best example of
differential association theory.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Paste or indicate the black and white or colored photograph of EdwindSutherland
41
References:
Adler, F. (2007). Criminology 6th ed. The MC Graw-Hill companies

Buger, J.M. (2000). Personality: 5Th ed.wadswordth Thompson Leaning,
Dakwal,K.,(2001). The Kallikak family.http://www.intelltheory.com/Kallikak.shtml-date
retrieved. May 30, 2020.
Eduardo, J.P (2015). Fundamentals of criminology-wisemen’s books trading Inc.
Eduardo, J.P (2018). Essential of criminology-wisemen’s books trading Inc. 2018
Manwong, R.M.K (2008). Fundamental of Criminology 3rd ed. Publishing Inc.
Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment, Newyork wiley.
Poe, E.A (2014). Life science.hhttp://poe4life:weebly.com/phrenology-and-physiognomy-html-
dateretrieved June 10, 2020.
Wade, C. (2003). Psychology. Canada.Canadiam Edition, Pearson prentice hall
Winship, A.E (2005). Jukes-Edwards: A Study in education and
heredity.http://achieve.org/Jonathan-Edwards-leaving-a-godly-legacy/6/04/12.retrieved
June 2, 2020.
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CHAPTER IV: PENOLOGY
I. Penology
That students can:
7. Define Penology
8. Identify the history of Punishment and Penology
9. Identify and discuss models of Penology
Penology is also referred to as penal science; it is the third division of criminology that
focused on the philosophy and practice of society in its efforts to repress criminal activities. The
word penology was derived from the latin word poena, which means pain or suffering. The term
penology was changed to correction due to its harsh connotation. Thus, penal management was
also changed with correctional administration mean the manner or practice of managing or
controlling place of confinement as in jails, prisons, including custody, treatment and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders. The term correction is a 20 th century social engineering term
for the ability to be technically proficient at the processing of incarcerated offenders.
In addition, the earliest societies, punishment had always been a collective responsibility.
Everyone in the social group was required to take part in atleast public condemnation of the
offender because the intent was to prevent whatever caused the crime to happen from spreading
throughout the social group. Punishment then became a formal responsibility to be carried out by
the professional specialist in the employ of governments.
Moreover, models of penology were also added, the model of penology will identified
and discuss in this form:
1. Retribution Model – many of the early professional specialist were experts at execution
further and mutilation. Infact, the code of Hammerabi did not specify much of the role of
judges, but did specify as substantial role for those whose job waste chip offhands or
impale somebody on a state. Under the code of Hammerabi, an attempt was made to
enact “Sympathetic” punishment or justice in the form of “Life for life”. Eye for eye,
tooth for tooth, hand for hand, stripe for stripe. A similar Philosophy is expressed in
the bible (Exodus 21:23-25) the punishment of this type follows the principle of lex
talinis (law and retaliation), and it is based notion of talion (equivalence between crime
and its punishment). Philosophy of retaliation are as follows:
a. Proportionality – the notion of proportionality is the idea that we can rank the
seriousness of the crime as well a standard progression in the penalties to
administer.
b. Just Deserts – that punishment is deserved by the wrongdoer simply because
he/she committed a transgression. In other words, these should be no other proper
for punishment other than it is deserved.
c. Equity – If we take consistency to the extreme and see to it that all offenders who
commit the same crime with the same degree of capability get exactly the same
punishment.
d. Reciprocity – if we look at the punishment as a natural part of the social order
and fed satisfied that the offender has been appropriately punished.
e. Retributive – if the offender happens to agree to the appropriateness of the
punishment or atleast accepts some blame or shows remorse or the upholding of
human dignity through the mutual acceptance of a fair and just punishment.
2. Justice Model – It was first introduced in 1979 by David Fogel in his book, we are the
living Proof: The justice model for corrections. This model also contains some strong
views on penology, and has been described as less concerned with the administration of
justice than with the justice of administration.
43
3. Utilitarianism Model – the Philosophy of utilitarianism developed at a time in history
when intellectual with the idea of social contract. The root word of utilitarianism is
“Utility” which means “useful”. Deterrence comes, not from trying to be harsh not from
punishment that is appropriate (Severity), prompt (Celerity) and inevitable (certainty).
Ako, kinds of deterrence are added namely.
a. Specific deterrence (Individual deterrence). It often takes the form of older

principle called incapacitation. The idea is to make it impossible for an individual
to commit another crime, while they are prison. In fact, Benthan proposed a type
of prison system known as the panopticon prison design (means all-seeing eye).
b. General Deterrence (Societal deterrence). The principle here is that others
potential criminal will want to avoid criminal behavior because of the example
provided by punishment.
4. Redemptive and Restorative Justice Model – is the broad field and current redemptive
philosophy in criminal justice tends to be about faith-based initiative and or religion
based correctional interventions.
Exercise 1: Multiple Choice:

21. The root word of utilitarianism is _____________ which means “useful”.

a. Utility c. Useful
b. Utilize d. Usuable
22. The word penology was derived from the latin word poena, which means:
a. Penalty and pain c. Penalty and suffering
b. Pain and suffering d. Pain and punishment
23. In the punishment of criminals, if everyone in the social group was required to take part
in atleast public condemnation of the offender because the intent was to prevent whatever
caused the crime to happen form spreading throughout the social group it means that
punishment is a:
a. Collective responsibility c. Personal responsibility
b. Formal responsibility d. Social concern
24. The act of embracing the “tooth for tooth” penalty refers to the concepts of:
a. Vengeance c. Strict Punishment
b. Retribution d. Harsh penalty
25. Our government could deter crimes if penalty is appropriate, prompt and inevitable the
word “prompt” refers to which of the following?
a. Severity c. Celerity
b. Certainty d. Accuracy
26. The third division of criminology that is focused on the philosophy and practice of
society in its efforts to repress criminal activities is _____.
a. Penal science c. Poena
b. Penology d. Correction
27. What do we mean by the latin lex talionis?

a. Law of gravity c. Law of vengeance
b. Law of defense d. Law of retaliation
44
28. The justice model was first introduced in what years by David Fogel in his book entitled
“we are the living proof”?
a. 1978 c. 1974
b. 1979 d. 1980
29. According to the Philosophy of retribution just desert is the right term if we consider the
culpability of each offender in addition of the ranked seriousness of their offense. This
statement is:
a. partially true c. True
b. Partially false d. False
30. What content in the bible emphasizing a similar philosophy is expressed in the form of
life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth and stripe for stripe?
a. Exodus 21: 23-24 c. Exodus 21: 23-25
b. Exodus 21: 23-23 d. Exodus 21: 22-25
31. In the history and Philosophy of punishment and penology, these are two forms of
responsibility were already mention these are _______ and _________.
a. Collective and formal c. Collection and formation
b. Form and collect d. Collective and formal
32. The philosophy of utilitarianism developed at a time in history when intellectuals were
concerned with the idea of ________.
a. Social condition c. Social contract
b. Social amelioration d. Social behavior
33. The idea is to make it impossible for an individual to commit another crime, atleast while
they are in prison is referring to what kinds of deterrence?
a. Specific deterrence c. Deterrence
b. General deterrence d. Societal
34. In fact, Bentham proposed a type prison system known as the panopticon prison design
which means _________.
a. All-seeing eye c. All-seeing form
b. All-seeing planet d. All-seeing sight
35. This principle is that others potential criminals will want to avoid criminal behavior
because example provided by punishment is the referring to what kinds of deterrence?
a. Social deterrence c. Specific
b. Prevention d. Social contract
Exercise 1A: Self-help Task
1. Enumerate atleast five example of punishment that is already written under the code of
Hammurabi.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Give atleast five verses in the bible that are referring to the law God especially in the
form of punishment (Ex: Exodus 21:23-25).
a.
b.
45
c.
d.
e.
3. Give Atleast five contributors in the field of Penology or correction.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
J. Development of Prison as a Punishment

That students can:
1. Identify the methods of executing death penalty

2. Explain death as a capital punishment
3. Discuss imprisonment as a modern form of Punishment
4. Discuss the development of Prison as a Punishment
Death as a capital punishment – In 1965, the judge could hand out the death penalty.
However, death sentences were not carried out through: benefit of clergy, use of pardons, respite
sentences due to pregnancy and perform military naval duty. The methods of executing death
penalty are as follows:
1. Death with Dissection and Hanging in Chains

2. Death by hanging
3. Boiling to death
4. Burning
5. Breaking wheel
6. Burial alive
7. Crucifixion
8. Beheading
9. Drowning
10. Electrocution
11. Lethal injection
12. Shooting
It’s done by sword, axe or guillotine
At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a growing disinclination in England of
imposing any public punishment such as whipping and the gallows. This led to growing use of
confinement as punishment. In 1808, Samuel Romily led the campaign to restructure the
criminal law system by radically decreasing the use of death penalty. However, capital
punishment was not only primary penalty that could be meted out. After the transportation act
1718, transportation was made as primary penalty rather than a means of escaping the death
penalty. Transportation was also used in many case to keep the numbers of confined prisoners
down to rid England of the problem of crime.
As prison, penal penitentiary or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are

physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are
the institution which form part of the criminal justice system of the country, such that
commission of a crime. In popular parlance of many countries, the terms jail or gaol are
considered synonymous with prison,, although legally these are often distinct institutions. The
first modern prisons of the early 19th century were sometimes know by the term “penitentiary”
46
1. The development of Prison as a punishment where growing use of _________ as

punishment.
a. Jail c. Confinement
b. Death Penalty d. Incarceration
2. What country that first developed prison as a punishment?

a. USA c. Italy
b. England d. France
3. He was a campaigned that led to Restruct the criminal law system by radically decreasing
the use of death Penalty. This person is referring to ___________.
a. Samuel Jackson c. Mitt Romney
b. Samuel Romily d. Bruce Willis
4. The Transportation was made as primary penalty rather than a means of escaping the
death penalty is referring to what particular law?
a. Transportation act of 1718 c. Transportation act of 1720
b. Transportation act of 1719 d. Transportation act of 1717
5. A place in which individual are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a
range of personal freedoms.
a. Prison c. Colony
b. Incarceration d. Penal
6. In popular parlance of many countries, the terms __________ are considered

synonymous with prison.
a. Jail c. Colony
b. Prison d. Penitentiary
7. In what year that the judge could hand out the death penalty?
a. 1718 c. 1765
b. 1719 d. 1763
8. These are the following exemptions in imposing death penalty, except:

a. Benefit of clergy c. Perform military or naval duty
b. se of pardons d. Respite sentences due to insanity
9. It is done by sword, axe or guillotine, this refers to:

a. Beheading c. Firing squad
b. Musketry d. Burial Alive
10. In the Roman Catholic belief, the form of death penalty was imposed to Jesus Christ by
the Romans is __________.
a. Crucifixion c. Burning
b. Drowning d. Firing Squad
Exercise 2A: Essay (10 points each)

Present clear and relevant ideas/opinions in answering each question. Write the paragraph with
atleast 5 sentences for your answer.
The easy will be graded based on the ff. criteria.
1. Grammar – 2
2. Coherence – 2
3. Concepts / thoughts – 4
4. Neatness / clarity – 2
5.
47
1. Distinguish Capital Punishment from Corporal Punishment.
2. Do you think that the redemption of the death penalty by the President Duterte through
over congress would really effective measure in preventing and controlling crime in the
country? Yes or No. defend your answer.
1. In your idea write atleast five early forms of death penalty which you prefer are
applicable in the Philippines.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Think and write five different jails in the Philippines.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
K. Bureau of Correction in the Philippines

That students can:
1. Explain the purpose of prison.

2. Identify and discuss Bureau of Correction in the Philippines.
3. Discuss R.A. no. 10175
According to some critics the purpose of todays is imprisonment which is no longer

simply intended as an acute form of Corporal Punishment, but a method by which to work on
person’s mind as well as his body, through three distinct areas which includes: a.) Punishment
b.) deterrence c.) rehabilitation. On the other hand, responsibilities of prison’s are 1.)
safekeeping of all inmate 2.) maintained and improving the welfare of all confined within it and
3.) performance of these objectives with the maximum efficiency and economy.
Bureau of Corrections in the Philippines starting during the pre-colonial times but it
was community based. It was only during the Spanish regime that an organized corrective
service was made operational. The following are the prisons and Penal forms in the Philippines:
48
1. Old Bilibid Prison – located at Oroquieta St. in Manila and was established in 1847 and
was formally opened on april 10, 1866 by a Royal Decree in Spain. This prison was
formerly known as “Carcel Y Presidio Correcional and could accommodate 1,127
prisoners.”
2. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm – this prison and penal form was located at
Zamboanga City. It was established by the Spanish on August 21, 1870 through Royal
Decree promulgated in 1869 that confined Muslim rebels and political prisoners opposed
to the Spanish rule. It was established by the tenure of Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco (whose
Patron Saint the Prison was name after).
3. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm – this prison and penal farm was located at Puerto
Princesa City, Palawan. It was established by the Americans in 1904 through act no. 1723
in 1907 classifying it as a penal institution. These are four sub-division namely:
a. Central Sub-Colony c. Moutible Sub-Colony
b. Sta Lucia Sub-Colony d. Inagawan Sub-Colony
4. Correctional Institution for women (CIW) – This prison was created in November 27,
1929 under act no. 3579. It is the only prison facility for women. It’s located at
Mandaluyong City Metro Manila.
5. Davao Prison and Penal Farm – this prison and penal farm were opened in January 21,
1932 under act no. 3732 it is located between Panabo and Tagum City Davao del Norte.
6. New Bilibid Prison – this prison facility was established in 1935 in Muntilupa City,
Metro Manila. Today, this prison is the called the National Penitentiary” The NBP were
divide into three division namely: Maximum Security Camp, Medium Security Camp,
Maximum Security Camp. The Maximum Security Compound was surrounded by three
layers of 300x300 meters or a total of 9 hectares. This camp houses not only death
convicts and person deprived of liberty (PDL) sentenced to life term, but those with
numerous pending cases. Multiple convictions and sentences of more than 20 years.
Another facility was constructed 2.5 km from the maximum security compound this is the
Camp Sampaguita or Medium Security Compound. Lastly another camp was established
the Minimum Security Camp or Comp Bukang Liwayway.
7. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm – this was located at Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.
T He prison was established under Proclamation No. 72 issued on September 26, 1954. It
was used by the national government as a relocation site for refuges after the eruption of
Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.
8. Leyte Regional Prison and Penal Farm – was established under proclamation no. 1101
issued on January 16, 1973 and presently located at Abuyog, Southern Leyte.
The Bureau of Prison was renamed into Bureau of Corrections under the new
administrative and not included in the prison penal farm in the Philippines Code of 1987 and
proclamation no. 495 issued on November 22, 1989. It is one of the attached agencies of the
Department of Justice (DOJ). Then, Republic of the Act no. 10175 was created and known as
the Bureau of Correction act of 2013 was signed into law on May 24, 2013. This act consolidated
with the House bill 6887 and Senate bill 3335. According, the state shall provide for the
modernization, professionalization and restricting of the Bureau of Corrections by upgrading its
facilities, increasing number of its personal, upgrading the level of qualifications of their
personnel and standardizing their base pay, retirement, and other benefits.

1. The Bureau of Prison was renamed into _________ under the new administrative code of
1987. This agency was attached to the Department of Justice.
a. Bureau of Correction c. Bureau of Correctness
b. Bureau of Corrected d. None of these
2. The Bureau of Correction was attached on what particular executive department in the
government?
a. DILG c. DOJ
b. DSWD d. DOST
49
3. This prison facility was called the National Penitentiary of the Philippines. It was located
at Muntilupa in Metro Manila. The prison facility was referring to ________.
a. New Bilibid Prison c. Old Bilibid Prison
b. Correctional Institution of Women d. Bonifacio Prison
4. What prison facility houses for convicted female offenders?

a. Correctional Institution for Women c. Bonifacio Prison
b. New Bilibid Prision d. Davao Prison and Penal Farm
5. All of these, except one; are the four division of Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm
a. Central c. Montible
b. Sta. Lucia d. Roxas
6. Based on the three divisions of the New Bilibid Prison. This division commonly known
as the camp Bukang Liwayway. This is ____________.
a. Maximum Security Camp c. Minimum Security Camp
b. Medium Security Camp d. Super maximum Security Camp
7. This prison facility was used by the national government as a relocation site for refuges
after the eruption of the Mt. Pinatubo. The prison facility was refers to:
a. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm c. Leyte Regional Prison
b. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm d. Old Bilibid Prison
8. Leyte Regional Prison was established under proclamation no. 1107 and presently located
at _________ Southern Leyte.
a. Abuyog c. Ormoc
b. St. Bernards d. Tacloban
9. The former name of the Bureau of Correction is ___________.

a. Bureau of Prisons c. Bureau of Jail
b. Bureau of Prisoners d. All of these are correct
10. What penal which located in between Panabo and Tagum, Del Norte?
a. Davao Prison and Penal Farm c. Davao City Jail
b. Davao Penal Colony d. Davao Prison
11. This prison was formerly known as Carcel Y. Presidio Corecional and could
accommodate 1,127 prisoner us __________.
a. Old Bilibid Prison c. Davao City Jail
b. New Bilibid Prison d. Leyte Regional Prison
12. What prison and penal farm was established during the tenure of Governor General
Ramon Blanco?
a. San Ramon Penal c. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm
b. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm d. Old Bilibid Prison
Exercise 3a: Self-help task
1. Research and write the Land Area of Seven Prison and Penal farm under the Bureau of
Corrections in the Philippines.
a. e.
b. f.
c. g.
d.
50
2. Based on the Seven Prison and Penal Farms, classify and write prison and penal farms
according to its location or place.
Luzon Visayas Mindanao

a. ____________________ a. ____________________ a. ____________________
a. ____________________ b. ____________________ b. ____________________
a. ____________________
L. Psychological Effect of Imprisonment

That students can:
1. Discuss responsibilities of prisons.

2. Explain pain of confinement
3. Distinguish physical and psychological victimization
4. Identify the four short term effects noted by prison psychologist
5. Discuss the process of classification
6. Define penalty
Responsibilities of Prison are as follows: a.) Safekeeping of Inmates. b.) Maintaining

and improving of the welfare of all confined within it. c.) Performance of those objectives
with maximum of efficiency and economy. Safekeeping is generally comprised of keeping
inmates to satisfy needs through recreation, education and counseling. The pain of confinement
is limited to certain psychological deprivations. This includes the loss of liberty where prisoners
experience a limitation of movement. Isolation is the term used when inmates are separated from
the general prison population.
In addition, physical victimization inches assault, homicide and homosexual rapes. They
include inadequate supervision by staff members as well as they easy viability of deadly
weapons. Another form of victimization, which is more common, involves psychological
victimization. It consists of verbal manipulation and other manipulations by changing their social
structure or physical environment. Moreover, the four short term effects noted by prison
psychologist include feelings of:
1. Guilt – Particularly in men who get an erection and feel as though they were active
participants.
2. Shame – at not being able to defend one’s self and their masculine in adequacies.
3. Suicidal tendencies – due to fear of continued victimization or the possibility of having
contracted disease.
4. Fear of becoming or having become homosexual.
Classification is a method by which diagnosis, treatment, planning and execution of

treatment programs are coordinated in the individual case for this purpose, the following are the
three (3) phases of the classification process namely:
1. Diagnosis
2. Treatment Planning
3. Execution of treatment program
Also included rehabilitation programs are as follows:
1. Employment of Prisoners
2. Religious Services
3. Educational Program
4. Recreational Program
51
5. Library Services
6. Health and Medical Services
7. Counseling
Penalty in its general sense signifies pain. It means the suffering undergone, because of
action of society, by one whom commits a crime. Hence, penalty is imposed only after
conviction.

1. The penalty is imposed only after ___________.

a. Convicted c. Trial
b. Conviction d. Judgment
2. Means the suffering undergone, because of action of society, by one who commit a
crimes is referring to _________.
a. Penalty c. Judgment
b. Punishment d. Award
3. Which of this are not the phases of the classification process?

a. Diagnosis c. Execution of treatment program
b. Treatment planning d. Detention
4. This short term effects of imprisonment emphasizing at not being able to defend one’s
self and their masculine inadequacies referring to:
a. Shame c. Fear
b. Guilt d. Phobia
5. Of this four short term effects noted by the psychologist. Which of this is having become
homosexual?
a. Fear c. Phobia
b. Guilt d. Suicidal tendencies
6. It consists of verbal manipulation and other manipulations by changing their social

structure or physical environment is ___________.
a. Psychological Victimization c. Victims
b. Physical Victimization d. Victimization
7. Physical victimization includes assault, homicide and __________.

a. Homosexual rape c. Bisexual Rape
b. Rape d. Heterosexual Rape
8. It may include rape, assault, homicide, this victimization is referring to what?

a. Physical c. Rape
b. Social d. Manipulation
9. Generally comprised of keeping inmates locked away, counted and controlled while
allowing for isolated moments welfare activities to satisfy needs through recreation,
education and counseling is referring to _____________.
a. Safe keeping c. Jailing
b. Prison d. Custody s
10. Due to fear or confined victimization or the possibility of having contracted diseases.
This short term effects noted by the psychologist is referring to:
a. Suicidal tendencies c. Fear
b. Shame d. Guilt
52
1. Aside the four short term effects noted by the psychologist write atleast five if you think
another effects experienced by the individual that is inside the prison or jail.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Write atleast five penalties shall be imposed upon a person is convicted by the court in
committing a crime.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Write down atleast five physical victimization that are not included in the discussion
about physical and psychological victimization.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
M. Executive Clemency and Suspension of Sentence

That students can:
1. Define executive clemency

2. Identify and discuss the four executive clemencies in the Philippines
3. Explain suspension of sentence
4. Discuss the history of probation in the Philippines
5. Explain probation conditions
6. Identify the programs and service of probation in the Philippines
Executive clemency is a term that means the lessening of the penalty of the crime
without forgiving the crime itself is vested to the president. In the Philippines these are four
executive clemencies namely:
1. Pardon – a pardon is the forgiveness of a crimes and the penalty associated with it.
It is granted by a sovereign power, such as president or chief of the state which is
either: absolute or conditional pardon.
a. Absolute pardon – is given without any condition attached.
b. Conditional pardon – refers to the exemption of an individual within a
certain limits or conditions.
2. Amnesty – it is an act of Justice by which the supreme power in a state restores who
may have been guilty of any offense against it to the position of innocent person.
3. Reprieve – a temporary delay in imposition of the death penalty by the executive
order or the state.
4. Commutation of sentence – it involves of reduction of legal penalties especially in
terms of imprisonment.
Moreover, suspended sentence is a legal term for a judge delaying of a defendant’s

serving of a sentence after he/she has been found guilty, in order to allow the defendants to
53
perform a period of probation. Probation is a disposition of case under which the defendant after
conviction and sentenced is released subject to the other hands, Parole is a procedure by which
prisoners are selected for released on the basis of individual to conventional facility and service
progress and by which they are provided with necessary control and guidance as they serve the
remainder of their sentence within the free community.
Based on the history of probation in the Philippines probation was first introduced in the
Philippines by the American colonial period with the enactment of act no. 4221 Justice. In 1972
House bill no. 393 who filed in congress, which could establish a probation system in the
Philippines.
In 1975, the National Police Commission Interdisciplinary drafted probation law. After
18 technical hearing over a period of Six Months, the draft decree was presented to a selected
369 Jurist, penologist and Civic Leaders. On July 24, 1976, Presidential Decree no. 968, also
known as the adult probation law of 1976 was signed by into law by the President of the
Philippines. In the Philippines, Congressman Teodulo Natividad authored the probation law in
the Philippines. Thus, he was considered the father of probation in the Philippines.
Probation conditions is accompanied by conditions imposed by the trial court:
1. Mandatory Conditions – require that the probationer shall:

a. Present himself to the probation officer designated to undertake his supervision at
each place as may be specified in the order with 72 hours from receipt of said
order.
b. Report to the probation officer atleast once a month at such time and place as
specified by said officer.
2. Special or Discretionary – conditions are those additional conditions imposed on the

probationer which are geared towards his correction and rehabilitation outside of prison
and right in the community to which he belongs.
Moreover, Programs and services of probation in the Philippines were added:
1. Post Sentence Investigation – after conviction and sentenced, a convicted offender or

his counsel files a petition for probation with the trial court, who in turn order probation
officer to conduct a post sentence investigation to determine whether a convicted
offender may be placed on probation or not.
2. Pre-Parole Investigation – The parole and probation administration conducts pre-parole
investigation of all sentenced prisoners confined in prisons and jails within their
jurisdictions.
3. Supervision of Offenders – the agency supervises two type of offenders under
conditional release: 1.) Probationers or person placed under probation by the court. 2.)
Parolees an Pardonees referred by the Board of Pardon and Parole (BOOA) to PPA.
4. Rehabilitation programs – the treatment process employed by the field focused on the
particular needs probationers, parolees and pardonees.

1. What do we called the power and authority that is grant only to the president upon a
person is convicted by the crime committed?
a. Executive grant c. Executive order
b. Emergency powers d. Executive clemency
2. It is granted by a sovereign power, such a president or chief of state is _______.

a. Pardon c. Parole
b. Amnesty d. Commutation of sentence
54
3. An act of Justice by which the supreme power in a state restores those where may have
been guilty of any offense against it to the position of innocent persons is refers to:
a. Parole c. Probation
b. Pardon d. Clemency
4. Reprieve refers to the temporary delay in the imposition of sentence particularly in the
executive of ________________.
a. Sentence c. Penalty
b. Judgment d. Death Penalty
5. What forms of executive clemencies that refers to the total reduction of legal penalties
especially in terms of imprisonment?
a. Amnesty c. Probation
b. Parole d. Commutation of sentence
6. What kinds of pardon that is given without any condition attached?

a. Absolute c. Parole
b. Conditional d. Amnesty
7. What law that first introduced probation in the Philippines?

a. Act no. 4221 c. Act no. 4220
b. Act no. 4222 d. Act no. 4223
8. In 1972 House bill no. __________ was filed in congress which would established a
probation system in the Philippines.
a. 393 c. 392
b. 394 d. 391
9. This law is the creation of adult probation in the Philippines the law is refers to:
a. P.D. no. 968 c. P.D. no. 965
b. P.D. no. 966 d. P.D. no. 964
10. How many technical hearings that the Napolcom Interdisciplinary drafted a probation
law?
a. 16 c. 18
b. 5 d. 20
11. Based on the history of probation, how many jurist were included in the said draft
decree?
a. 364 c. 500
b. 369 d. 400
12. This person and politician is the sole authored of the country’s probation law. The person
is referring to ____________.
a. Teodulo Relativo c. Teodulo Tugon
b. Teodulo Natividad d. Teodulo Catubig
13. Today he was considered as the father of probation in the Philippines. This personality is
referring to ___________.
a. Cesare Lambroso c. Teodolo Natividad
b. Cesare Beccaria d. Alam Peter Cayetano
14. Based on Probation Conditions, the probationer shall present himself to the probation
office designated to undertake his supervision at each place within ____ hours from
receipt the of said order.
a. 72 c. 70
b. 71 d. 73
55
15. Another conditions is the probation must be reported to the probation officer at least
________.
a. Once a year c. Once a day
b. Once a week d. Once a month
1. Write down atleast five individuals who had been already granting pardon by the
different President in the Philippines.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Based on the history of Death Penalty in the Philippines, write down atleast three
recorded Death Penalty exercised by the previous presidents.
a.
b.
c.
3. Paste or indicate a photograph of congressman Teodulo Natividad.
References:
Deleon, H.S (2014). Textbook on Philippines Constitution Quezon City, Rex Bookstore Inc.
Edwards, J.P and Panganoron, C.R. (2015) Fundamentals of Criminology. Tandang Sora,
Avenue Quezon City Jobal Publishing House.
Edwards, N.P. (2018). Essential of Criminology. Quezon City. Wiseman’s books trading Inc.
History of the Bureau of Correction in the Philippines. Posted June 1, 2020
http://www.bureau.gov.ph/history.html. Date retrieved. June 4, 2020
http://www.oldbailyonline.org/history/crime/punishment. Introduction.
http://www.smr.herefoundshine.gov.uk/postmedial/prisons/punishment.html. 6/06/20
Johnson, R. (1996). Hardfine: Understanding and reforming the Prison-California. wadSouth
publishing company.
Presidential Decree no. 968. Establishing a probation system, appropriating funds therefore and
for other purposes. July 24, 1976.
Tosh, J. (1982). The pains of imprisonment. California-sage Publications.
56

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Concise Introduction to Criminology: A Modular Approach

Equally important my family, my dear colleagues for supporting me morally and

CHAPTER II: SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

PRE-MID AND MIDTERM TOPIC

CHAPTER III: CRIMINAL

PRE-FINAL AND FINAL TOPIC

1. Explain the importance, purposes, nature and scope of criminology as a field of

A. Etymology of the word criminology

Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals and criminal behavior.

a. Nature and extent of crime;

1. Criminologist- a person who studies criminology while criminalist who reconstructs a

Exercise 1: Multiple Choice

1. A body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon is referring to___.

2. Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crime as a ____.

3. The latin word crimen means_____.

5. Criminology is refers to the study of ______ and________.

7. All of these, except; one are the scientific study of criminology.

8. What do we called a person who studies criminology?

Exercise 1a: Identification

____________1. This word which comprises three principal division.

Exercise 1b: Self-help Task

1. Write down atleast 10 different crimes in the Philippines?

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

1. In the study of the causes of crimes, anthropology, psychology, sociology is referring to

2. Criminology changes as social condition changes. It is concomitant with the

3. Which of the following goals in the study of criminology is not related?

4. In the study of crime detection such as chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics,

9. All of these, except one are the example of crime detection.

The essay will be graded based on the following criteria:

1. Why you choose criminology as your chosen profession?

2. Why we need to study about criminology? Is it relevant in our society today?

Exercise 2b: Self-help Task

1. Paste or indicate a photograph of a Polygraph machine.

C. Criminology in the Philippines

The Philippine College Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE)

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice

1. What College was established by CMO 21 s. of 2005?

7. PEACE stands for Philippine Educators Association for Criminology .

11. PCAP stands for Professional _____ Association of the Philippines.

13. PRC is stands for _____ Regulation Commission.

14. The PCCr was located at ______.

15. NAPOLCOM stands for National Police __________.

1. Write down atleast 10 higher educational institution offering BS Criminology program in

D. Criminology, Criminal Justice and Criminalistics

A Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and Social Phenomenon.

Exercise 4: Multiple Choice

1. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and ____.

2. All of these are the principal division of criminology except one:

3. Principal division of criminology consists of three namely; Penology, Criminal Etiology

Exercise 4a: Identification

Exercise 4b: Self-help Task

1. Give atleast five different special laws in the Philippines.

2. Enumerate atleast 10 different law enforcement agencies in the Philippines.

Exercise 5. Multiple Choice

6. He introduced theory about criminal anthropology. This person was____.

7. Which of the following is not considered the holy three of criminology?

15. DNA Stands for Deoxyribonucleic ______.

16. This type of criminal considered by Lombroso as born criminal.

18. The classical school was developed in the mid _______century.

5. Criminology is refers to the study of and__.

7. The word legislatures referring to both , .