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    RT 11

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    1. The attenuation of an x-ray beam is caused by several interaction events between the x-rays and matter, not a single interaction. The major interactions are the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. 2. For x-rays used in industrial radiography between 0.1-1.5 MeV, the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering account for most of the attenuation. The photoelectric effect dominates at lower energies below 500 keV and for high atomic number materials. 3. Compton scattering occurs when an x-ray photon collides with and ejects an electron from an atom, losing some energy and changing direction. Pair production only becomes significant above 10 MeV and produces

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    RT 11

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    kingston
    45 views4 pages
    1. The attenuation of an x-ray beam is caused by several interaction events between the x-rays and matter, not a single interaction. The major interactions are the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. 2. For x-rays used in industrial radiography between 0.1-1.5 MeV, the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering account for most of the attenuation. The photoelectric effect dominates at lower energies below 500 keV and for high atomic number materials. 3. Compton scattering occurs when an x-ray photon collides with and ejects an electron from an atom, losing some energy and changing direction. Pair production only becomes significant above 10 MeV and produces

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    1. The attenuation of an x-ray beam is caused by several interaction events between the x-rays and matter, not a single interaction. The major interactions are the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. 2. For x-rays used in industrial radiography between 0.1-1.5 MeV, the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering account for most of the attenuation. The photoelectric effect dominates at lower energies below 500 keV and for high atomic number materials. 3. Compton scattering occurs when an x-ray photon collides with and ejects an electron from an atom, losing some energy and changing direction. Pair production only becomes significant above 10 MeV and produces

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views4 pages

    RT 11

    Uploaded by

    kingston
    1. The attenuation of an x-ray beam is caused by several interaction events between the x-rays and matter, not a single interaction. The major interactions are the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. 2. For x-rays used in industrial radiography between 0.1-1.5 MeV, the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering account for most of the attenuation. The photoelectric effect dominates at lower energies below 500 keV and for high atomic number materials. 3. Compton scattering occurs when an x-ray photon collides with and ejects an electron from an atom, losing some energy and changing direction. Pair production only becomes significant above 10 MeV and produces

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    of 4

    1/28/13 Sources of Attenuation

    Home - Education Resources - NDT Course Material - Radiography


    -
    Radiography

    Introduction
    Sources of Attenuation History
    Pre se nt State
    Future Dire ction
    The attenuation that results due to the interaction between penetrating radiation and matter is not
    a simple process. A single interaction event between a primary x-ray photon and a particle of Physics of Radiography
    Nature of Pe ne trating
    matter does not usually result in the photon changing to some other form of energy and R adiation
    effectively disappearing. Several interaction events are usually involved and the total attenuation X-rays
    Gam m a R ays
    is the sum of the attenuation due to different types of interactions. These interactions include the Activity
    De cay R ate
    photoelectric effect, scattering, and pair production. The figure below shows an approximation -C arbon 14 Dating
    of the total absorption coefficient, (µ), in red, for iron plotted as a function of radiation energy. Ionization
    Inve rse Square Law
    The four radiation-matter interactions that contribute to the total absorption are shown in black. Inte raction of R T/Matte r
    Atte nuation C oe fficie nt
    The four types of interactions are: photoelectric (PE), Compton scattering (C), pair production Half-Value Laye r
    (PP), and Thomson or Rayleigh scattering (R). Since most industrial radiography is done in the Source s of Atte nuation
    -C om pton Scatte ring
    0.1 to 1.5 MeV range, it can be seen from the plot that photoelectric and Compton scattering Ge om e tric Unsharpne ss
    Filte rs in R adiography
    account for the majority of attenuation encountered. Scatte r/R adiation C ontrol
    R adiation Safe ty

    Equipment & Materials


    X-ray Ge ne rators
    R adio Isotope Source s
    R adiographic Film
    Ex posure Vaults

    Techniques & Calibrations


    Im aging C onside ration
    C ontrast
    De finition
    R adiographic De nsity
    C haracte ristic C urve s
    Ex posure C alculations
    C ontrolling Q uality
    Film Proce ssing
    Vie wing R adiographs
    R adiograph Inte rp-W e lds
    R adiograph Inte rp -
    C astings

    A dvanced Techniques
    R e al-tim e R adiography
    C om pute d Tom ography
    XR SIM

    Summary of different mechanisms that cause attenuation of an incident x-ray beam R e fe re nce s

    Quizzes
    -

    Photoelectric (PE) absorption of x-rays occurs when


    the x-ray photon is absorbed, resulting in the ejection of
    electrons from the outer shell of the atom, and hence the
    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/attenuation.htm 1/4
    1/28/13 Sources of Attenuation

    ionization of the atom. Subsequently, the ionized atom


    returns to the neutral state with the emission of an x-ray
    characteristic of the atom. This subsequent emission of
    lower energy photons is generally absorbed and does
    not contribute to (or hinder) the image making process. Photoelectron absorption is the
    dominant process for x-ray absorption up to energies of about 500 KeV. Photoelectron
    absorption is also dominant for atoms of high atomic numbers.

    Compton scattering (C) occurs when the incident x-


    ray photon is deflected from its original path by an
    interaction with an electron. The electron gains energy
    and is ejected from its orbital position. The x-ray
    photon loses energy due to the interaction but continues
    to travel through the material along an altered path.
    Since the scattered x-ray photon has less energy, it,
    therefore, has a longer wavelength than the incident photon. The event is also known as
    incoherent scattering because the photon energy change resulting from an interaction is not
    always orderly and consistent. The energy shift depends on the angle of scattering and not on
    the nature of the scattering medium. Click here for more information on Compton scattering
    and the relationship between the scatter angle and photon energy.

    Pair production (PP) can occur when the x-ray


    photon energy is greater than 1.02 MeV, but
    really only becomes significant at energies around
    10 MeV. Pair production occurs when an
    electron and positron are created with the
    annihilation of the x-ray photon. Positrons are
    very short lived and disappear (positron
    annihilation) with the formation of two photons of 0.51 MeV energy. Pair production is of
    particular importance when high-energy photons pass through materials of a high atomic
    number.

    Below are other interaction phenomenon that can occur. Under special circumstances these
    may need to be considered, but are generally negligible.

    Thomson scattering (R), also known as


    Rayleigh, coherent, or classical scattering,
    occurs when the x-ray photon interacts with the
    whole atom so that the photon is scattered with
    no change in internal energy to the scattering
    atom, nor to the x-ray photon. Thomson
    scattering is never more than a minor contributor to the absorption coefficient. The scattering
    occurs without the loss of energy. Scattering is mainly in the forward direction.

    Photodisintegration (PD) is the process


    by which the x-ray photon is captured by
    the nucleus of the atom with the ejection of
    a particle from the nucleus when all the
    energy of the x-ray is given to the nucleus.
    Because of the enormously high energies
    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/attenuation.htm 2/4
    1/28/13
    Because of the enormously high energies Sources of Attenuation

    involved, this process may be neglected for the energies of x-rays used in radiography.

    Effect of Photon Energy on Attenuation


    Absorption characteristics will increase or decrease as the energy of the x-ray is increased or
    decreased. Since attenuation characteristics of materials are important in the development of
    contrast in a radiograph, an understanding of the relationship between material thickness,
    absorption properties, and photon energy is fundamental to producing a quality radiograph. A
    radiograph with higher contrast will provide greater probability of detection of a given
    discontinuity. An understanding of absorption is also necessary when designing x-ray and
    gamma ray shielding, cabinets, or exposure vaults.

    The applet below can be used to investigate the effect that photon energy has on the type of
    interaction that the photon is likely to have with a particle of the material (shown in gray).
    Various materials and material thicknesses may be selected and the x-ray energy can be set to
    produce a range from 1 to 199 KeV. Notice as various experiments are run with the applets
    that low energy radiation produces predominately photoelectric events and higher energy x-rays
    produce predominately Compton scattering events. Also notice that if the energy is too low,
    none of the radiation penetrates the material.

    This second applet is similar to the one above except that the voltage (KVp) for a typical
    generic x-ray tube source can be selected. The applet displays the spectrum of photon energies
    (without any filtering) that the x-ray source produces at the selected voltage. Pressing the "Emit
    X-ray" button will show the interaction that will occur from one photon with an energy within the
    spectrum. Pressing the "Auto" button will show the interactions from a large number of photos
    with energies within the spectrum.

    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/attenuation.htm 3/4
    1/28/13 Sources of Attenuation

    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/attenuation.htm 4/4

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