Conic Section: 1.1 General Equation
Conic Section: 1.1 General Equation
Conic Section: 1.1 General Equation
ConicSection
Section
Conic Section
Note : Again that h2 – ab 0 is the necessary condition for the equation representing real lines.
2 h2 ab
tan 1
ab
y m1x y m2 x
1 m12
1 m2
1 m22 y m1x 2 1 m12 y m2 x 2 0
2
On simplification we get :
– y2 (m1 + m2) + x2 (m1 + m2) – 2xy (1 – m1m2) = 0
2 xy (1 m1m2 )
x2 y 2
m1 m2
2 xy (1 a / b)
x2 y 2
2h / b
x 2 b 2 xy
The equation of Bisectors is .
a b h
Illustration - 2 Find the area formed by the triangle whose sides are y2 – 9xy + 18x2 = 0 and y = 9.
SOLUTION :
y2 – 9xy + 18x2 = 0
(y – 3x) (y – 6x) = 0
The sides of the triangle are : y – 3x = 0 and y – 6x = 0 and y – 9 = 0.
By solving these simultaneousy, we get the vertices as :
A (0, 0) ; B (3/2, 9) ; C (3, 9)
0 0 1
1 3 27
Area 9 1 sq. units.
2 2 4
3 9 1
Illustration - 4 Find the equation of pair of lines through origin which form an equilateral triangle with
the lines Ax + By + C = 0. Also find the area of this equilateral triangle.
SOLUTION :
Let PQ be the side of the equilateral triangle lying on the line Ax + By + C = 0. Let m be the slope of the
line through origin and making an angle of 60° with Ax + By + C = 0.
m is the slopes of OP or OQ.
As the triangle is equilateral, the line Ax + By + C = 0 makes an angle 60° with OP and OQ.
m ( A / B ) Y
tan 60
A
1 m P
B Q
2
mB A
3 . . . (i) O
X
B mA
This quadratic will give two values of m which are slope of OP and OQ. As OP and OQ pass through origin,
their equations can be taken as :
y = mx . . . (ii)
As we have to find the equation of OP and OQ, we will not find values of m but we will eliminate m between
(i) and (ii) to directly get the equation of the pairs of lines : OP and OQ.
2 2
By / x A By Ax
3
B yA / x Bx yA
3 (B2x2 + y2A2 – 2ABxy) = (B2x2 + A2x2 + 2ABxy)
(A2 – 3B2) x2 + 8ABxy + (B2 – 3A2) y2 = 0 is the pair of lines through origin making an equilateral
triangle (OPQ) with Ax + By + C = 0.
2
3 3 P
Area of OPQ (side) 2 [where P = altitude]
4 4 sin 60
2
3 4 2 12 2 1 | C | C2
area P P
4 3 3 3 A2 B 2
3 ( A2 B 2 )
Illustration - 5 If a pair of lines x2 – 2pxy – y2 = 0 and x2 – 2qxy – y2 = 0 is such that each pair bisects the
angle between the other pair, prove that pq = – 1.
SOLUTION :
The pair of bisectors for x2 – 2pxy – y2 = 0 is
x 2 y 2 xy
1 (1) p
2xy 2
x2 y 2 x2 xy y 2 0
p p
2
As x 2 xy y 2 0 and x2 – 2qxy – y2 = 0 coincide,
p
we have :
1 2 / p 1 2
2q
1 2q 1 p
pq = – 1.
Illustration - 6 Prove that the angle between one of the lines given by ax2 +2hxy + by2 = 0 and one of the
lines ax + 2hxy + by2 + (x2 + y2) = 0 is equal to the angle between the other two lines of the system.
2
SOLUTION :
Let L1L2 be one pair and P1P2 be other, if the angle between L1P1 is equal to the angle between L2P2, the
pair of bisectors of L1L2 is same as that of P1P2.
Y
Pair of bisectors of P1P2 is : L 1
2 2 2 2
x y xy x y xy P1
(a ) (b ) h a b h
X
This is same as the bisector pair of L1L2. O
P2
Hence the statement is proved. L2
Illustration - 7 Show that the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and lx + my
x y ab
= 1 is given by .
l m am 2hlm bl 2
2
SOLUTION :
Let the triangle be OBC where O is origin and BC is the line lx + my = 1.
Y
OB, OC are ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
m
The altitude from O to BC is y – 0 = ( x 0) mx – ly = 0 B
l
Let OB : y – m1x = 0 and OC : y – m2x = 0.
C
1 m1 X
B , O
l mm1 l mm1
m1 1 1
y x
l mm1 m2 l mm1
(l + mm1) x + m2 (l + mm1) y – (1 + m1m2) = 0 . . . (i)
mx – ly + 0 = 0 . . . (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get orthcentre :
x y 1
l (1 mm1 ) m (1 m1m2 ) l (l mm1) mm2 (l mm1)
x y (1 a / b)
l m l 2 m2 m1m2 lm (m1 m2 )
x y ab
[using values of m1m2 and m1 + m2]
l m bl am 2 2hlm
2
a h g
h b f 0
or in determinant form, [and h2 – ab 0]
g f c
Illustration - 8 Prove that the equation 6x2 – xy – 12y2 – 8x + 29y – 14 = 0 represent a pair of lines. Find
the equations of each line.
SOLUTION :
Using the condition given above in (i), we have : 6x2 – xy – 12y2 = 6x2 – 9xy + 8xy – 12y2
6 1/ 2 4 = (3x + 4y) (2x – 3y).
a h g Let the factors be 3x + 4y + c1 and 2x – 3y + c2.
29
h b f 1/ 2 12 0 6x2 – xy – 12y2 – 8x + 29y – 14
2 = (3x + 4y + c1) (2x – 3y + c2).
g f c
29 Comparing the coefficients of x and y, we get :
4 14
2 – 8 = 3c2 + 2c1 and 29 = 4c2 – 3c1
Hence the given equation represents a pair of On solving for c1 and c2, we get c2 = 2 and c1 = – 7
The lines are 3x + 4y – 7 = 0 and 2x – 3y + 2
lines. To find the equation of each line, we have
= 0.
to factories the LHS we first factories the second
degree term.
2
1 2 h ab
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is = tan .
ab
2.3 Point of intersection of lines
bg hf af gh
ax2 = 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2 , .
2
h ab h ab
Illustration - 9 Find the equation of the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the line 4x –
3y = 10 with the circle x2 + y2 + 3x – 6y – 20 = 0 and show that they are perpendicular.
SOLUTION :
4x 3y
We will make the equation of circle homogeneous by using 1 = .
10
2
2 2 4x 3 y 4x 3 y
The pair of lines is x y (3x 6 y ) 20 0.
10 10
10x2 + 15xy – 10y2 = 0.
Since the coefficient x2 + coeff. of y2 = 10 – 10 = 0.
They are perpendicular.
The equation can also be asked as :
[Show that the chord 4x – 3y = 10 of the circle x2 + y2 + 3x – 6y – 20 = 0 subtends a right angle at origin.]
Illustration - 10 A variable chord of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 always subtends a right angle at
origin. Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from origin to this chord.
SOLUTION :
Let the variable chord be lx + my = 1 [where l, m are changing quantities]
[i.e. parameters that change with the moving chord]
Let P (x1, y1) be the foot of the perpendicular from origin to the chord.
If AB is the chord, the equation of OA and OB is x2 + y2 + (2gx + 2fy) (lx + my) + C (lx + my)2 = 0.
x2 (1 + 2gl + cl2) + y2 (1 + 2fm + cm2) + (2gm + 2f l + 2clm) xy = 0
As OA perpendicular OB, (1 + 2gl + cl2) + (1 + 2fm + cm2) = 0 . . . (i)
P lies on AB. lx1 + my1 = 1 . . . (ii)
y1 l
OP AB 1 . . . (iii)
x1 m
We have to eliminate l, m using (i), (ii), (iii).
From (ii) and (iii), we get :
y1 x1
m and l
x12 y12 x12 y12
Now from (i), we get :
PARABOLA Section - 3
Plane
P A O Q
B
(ii) Section of a right circular cone by a plane which parallel to its base is a circle.
Plane
Circle
P O Q
(iii) Section of a right circular cone by a plane which is parallel to a generator of the cone is a parabola.
Generator Plane
Parabola
P O Q
(iv) Section of a right circular cone by a plane which is not parallel to any generator and not parallel or
perpendicular to the axis of the cone is an ellipse.
V
Plane
Parabola
P O Q
(v) Section of a right circular cone by a plane which is parallel to the axis of the cone is a hyperbola.
Hyperbola
Axis
Ah Bk C
(h x1)2 (k y1 )2 e
A2 B 2
( Ah Bk C ) 2
( h x1) 2 ( k y1 ) 2 e 2
A2 B 2
Hence, locus of moving point P (h, k), i.e. equation of conic is given by
(A2 + B2) {(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2} = e2 (Ax + By + C)2
Eccentricity and Shape of Conic Section
e = 1 : Parabola
e < 1 : Ellipse
e > 1 : Hyperbola
e = 0 : Circle (special case of ellipse)
Illustration - 11 Find the locus of a point, which moves such that its distance from the point (0, –1) is twice
its distance from the line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0.
SOLUTION :
Let P (x1, y1) be the point, whose locus is Squaring and simplifying, we have
required. 25 ( x12 y12 2 y1 1)
Its distance from (0, –1) = 2 × Its distance from = 4 (9x12 + 16 y12 + 1 +24x1y1 + 6x1 + 8y1)
the line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0,
11x12 39 y12 96 x1 y1 24 x1 18 y
2 2
( x1 0) ( y1 1)
21 0
|3 x1 4 y1 1|
2 Hence the locus of (x1, y1) is
2 2
(3 4 )
11x2 + 39y2 + 96xy + 24x1 – 18y – 21 = 0.
5 x12 ( y12 1) 2 | 3x1 4 y1 1|
Illustration - 12 What conic does the equation 25 [x2 + y2 – 2x + 1] = (4x – 3y + 1)2 represent?
SOLUTION :
The given equation is 2
2 2
4x 3 y 1
25 [x2 + y2 – 2x + 1] = (4x – 3y + 1)2 . . . (i) 25[( x 1) ( y 0) ] 25
2 2
4 3
Write the right hand side of this equation, so that
| 4 x 3 y 1|
it appears in perpendicular distance form to get : ( x 1)2 ( y 0)2
2 42 32
4x 3 y 1
R.H.S. = (4 x 3 y 1)2 25 Here e = 1.
(42 32 )
Thus the given equation represents a parabola. It
then equation (i) can be re-written as may noted that (1, 0) is the focus and 4x – 3y + 1
= 0 is the directrix of the parabola.
3.3 Conditions for Second Degree Equation to Represent Various Conic Section
The equation of conic represented by the general equation of second degree in two variables is given by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
The discriminant of the above equation is represtned by
a h g
2 2 2
abc 2 fgh af bg ch h b f
g f c
Case I : When = 0
In this case above equation represents the Degenerate conic. The nature of conic is given below :
Condition Shape
= 0 and h2 = ab A pair of coincident straight lines
= 0 and h2 > ab A pair of real straight lines
= 0 and h2 < ab A pair of Imaginary straight line
Condition Shape
0, h = 0, a = b a circle
0, h2 = ab a parabola
0, h2 < ab an Ellipse
0, h2 > ab a Hyperbola
0, h2 > ab and a + b = 0 a rectangular hyperbola
Illustration - 13
What conic does 13x2 – 18xy + 37y2 + 2x + 14y – 2 = 0 represent?
SOLUTION :
Compare the given equation with
= – 962 – 126 – 637 – 37 + 162
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 = – 1600 0
a = 13, h = – 9, b = 37, g = 1, f = 7, and also
c=–2 h2 = (–9)2 = 81 and ab = 13 × 37 = 481
then = abc + 2f gh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 Here ab – h2 = 400 > 0
= (13) (37) (–2) + 2 (7) (1) (–9) – 13 So we have h2 < ab and 0. Hence the given
(7)2– 37 (1)2 + 2 (–9)2 equation represents an ellipse.
Illustration - 14 If the equation of conic 2x2 + xy + 3y2 – 3x + 5y + = 0 represent a single point, then find
the value of .
SOLUTION :
For single point Given conic represents a single point if = 0.
2
h < ab and = 0 and = abc + 2f gh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2
Comparing the given equation with 5 3 1 25
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (2) (3) ( ) 2 2
2 2 2 4
1 3 5 9 1
then a 2, h , b 3, g , f , c 3 0
2 2 2 4 4
Here h2 ab 1 6 23 0 6
15 25 27
0
4 4 4 2 4 4
23
23 0 = 4.
4
Q
M P
L
–a O X
S (a, 0) N axis
x+a=0
P
L
y2 = 4ax Q
x=–a
(ii) The point which bisects every chord of the conic passing through it, is called the Centre of the
Parabola.
(iii) The points of intersection of the conic section and the axis is (are) called Vertex. Veretex is point A
(0, 0) i.e. the origin is the vertex of the parabola
(iv) The fixed point is known as Focus (denoted by S).
(v) The fixed line is known as Directrix.
(vi) A chord passing through the focus is known as Focal Chord.
(vii) The straight line through focus and perpendicular to directrix is known as Axis.
(viii) The focal chord which is perpendicular to the axis is known as Latus Recturm. As double ordinate
LL passes through the foucs. Since focus S (a, 0) the equation of the latus rectum of the parabola is
x=a
then solving x = a and y2 = 4ax
then we get y = ± 2a
Hence the co-ordinates of the extremities of the latus rectum are L (a, 2a) and L (a, – 2a) respec-
tively.
Since LS = LS = 2a
Length of latus rectum LL = 2 (LS) = 2 (LS) = 4a.
(ix) If Q be the point of the parabola, draw QN perpendicular to the axis of parabola and produced to
meet the curve again at Q, then QQ is called a double ordinate.
If abscissa of Q is h then ordinate of Q, y2 = 4ah
or y 2 ah (for first quadrant)
(x) The Parametric Equations : From the equation of the parabola y2 = 4ax, we can write
y 2x
t where ‘t’ is a parameter. Then
2a y
y = 2at and x = at2
The equations x = at2 and y = 2at are called parametric equations :
Note : Co-ordinates of any point on the parabola y2 = 4ax, may be taken as (at2, 2at).
y2 = 4 ax y2 = – 4ax x2 = 4 ay x2 = – 4 ay
Parabola Parabola Parabola Parabola
towards right towards left opening upwards opening downwards
Vertex (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Focus (a, 0) (– a, 0) (0, a) (0, – a)
Equation of axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0
Equation of directrix x+a=0 x–a=0 y+a=0 y–a=0
Length of latus rectum 4a 4a 4a 4a
Extremities of Latus rectum (a, ± 2a) (–a, ± 2a) (± 2a, a) (± 2a, –a)
Equation of latus rectum x–a=0 x+a=0 y–a=0 y+a
Equation of tangent at vertex x = 0 x =0 y=0 y=0
Parametric co-ordinates (at2, 2at) (–at2, 2at) 2
(2at, at ) (2at, –at2 )
Y Y
Y Y
M L P L Z M
P S
M L L
Figure X X X X
P X A X
Z A S S A Z X X
A P
L L L L
S
Y Y Z M
Y Y
Illustration - 15 Find the coordinates of focus, vertex, equation of directrix, tangent at vertex, axis and
length of latus of rectuum for the following parabolas.
(i) y2 = 6x (ii) x2 = 8y (iii) y2 = – 16x (iv) x2 = – 12y
SOLUTION :
3 3
(i) y2 4 · ·x a
2 2
3
Focus : (a, 0) , 0 Vertex : (0, 0)
2
3
Directrix : x = – a x = Tangent at vertex x = 0
2
Axis : y = 0 Length of latus recturm = 4a = 6
(ii) x2 = 8y = 4.2 . y a=2
Focus : (0, a) (0, 2) Vertex : (0, 0)
Directrix : y = – a y = – 2 Tangent at vertex y = 0
Axis : x = 0 Length of latus recturm = 8
Note : The second degree terms in the general equation of parabola forms a perfect square.
Illustration - 16 Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is at (–1, –2) and the directrix is the straight
line x – 2y + 3 = 0.
SOLUTION :
Let P (x, y) be any point on the parabola whose focus is
S (–1, –2) and the directrix x – 2y + 3 = 0.
Draw PM perpendicular from P (x, y) on the directrix M P (x, y)
x – 2y + 3 = 0. Then by definition
x – 2y + 3 = 0
SP = PM
(SP)2 = (PM)2
S (–1, –2)
2
2 2 | x 2y 3|
( x 1) ( y 2)
(1)2 (2) 2
5 (x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y + 5) = (x2 + 4y2 – 4xy+ 6x – 12y + 9)
4x2 + y2 + 4xy + 4x + 32y + 16 = 0.
SOLUTION :
Y
Comparing y2 = 8x with y2 = 4ax
4a = 8 M P (x1, y1)
Directrix
a=2 Focal
We know focal distance of (at2, 2at) distance = 8
X
= a (1 + t2) = 8 Z A S
x+2=0
1 + t2 = 4
t 3
Points on the parabola are (at2, 2at) where t 3 .
The required points are ( 6, 4 3 ) and ( 6, 4 3 ).
Illustration - 18 Find the length of the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the parabola y2 = 4ax so
that one angular point is at the vertex.
SOLUTION :
Let ABC be the inscribed equilateral triangle, 2
l l 3
with one angular point at the vertex V of the 4a l 8a 3
2 2
parabola.
y2 = 4ax . . . (i)
Y
Let the length of the side of equilateral triangle
B
=l
AB = BC = CA = l l
The co-ordinates of B is X 30°
X
A 30°
(l cos 30°, l sin 30°) l
l 3 l
C
i.e., 2 , 2 . As B lies on (i), then we get :
Y
Illustration - 19 Find the vertex, focus, latus rectum, axis and the directrix of the parabola x2 + 8x + 12y +
4 = 0.
SOLUTION :
The equation of parabols is Vertex of (i) is (–4, 1).
x2 + 8x + 12y + 4 = 0 . . . (i) Focus of (iii) is (0, – 3)
(x + 4)2 – 16 + 12y + 4 = 0 i.e., X = 0, Y = – 3
(x + 4)2 = 12 – 12y Using (ii), x + 4 = 0, y – 1 = – 3
(x + 4)2 = – 12 (y – 1) x = – 4, y = – 2
Let x + 4 = X, y – 1 = Y . . . (ii) focus of (i) is (–4, –2) and
X2 = – 12Y . . . (iii) latus rectum = 4a = 12.
Comparing it with X 2 = – 4aY, we get : Equation of axis of (iii) is X = 0
a=3 Equation of axis of (i) is x + 4 = 0
Also Vertex of (iii) is (0, 0) Equation of directrix of (iii) is
i.e. X = 0, Y = 0 Y=3
Using (ii) y–1=3 y–4=0
x + 4 = 0, y – 1 = 0 Equation of directrix of (i) is y – 4 = 0.
x = – 4, y = 1
SOLUTION :
V is mid-point of N and F. 64x2 + 240x + 225 + 64y2 – 192y + 144
15 = 64x2 + 112x + 49
7
11
2
8 y – 3y + 2x + 5 = 0
8 2 8
Axis is perpendicular to directrix and passing through
3
3 3
and 3 2 focus and hence equation of axis is given by y .
2 2 2 2
Directrix is line passing through N and perpendicu- Length of latus rectum = 2 × Distance of focus from
lar to VF.
15 7
7 directrix 2 2.
Equation of directrix is x 8 8
8 Y
Equation of parabola becomes _3
y=
2
2 2 X
15 3 7 N (, ) V F
x y x –11, _3 –15, _3
8 2 8 8 2 8 2
Illustration - 21 If a double ordinate y2 = 4ax is of length 8a, then prove that triangle formed by double
ordinate and lines joining vertex with end points of double ordinate is a right-angled triangle.
SOLUTION :
(, 4a) lies on y2 = 4ax Hence, OAA is right-angled triangle.
16a2 = 4a = 4a
Y
4a 0
Slope of OA 1 m1 A (, 4a)
4a 0
4a 0 4a
Slope of OA 1 m2
4a 0
X
O (, 0)
m1 m3 = – 1 OA OA ' 4a
A (, – 4a)
Illustration - 22 Find the equation of the parabola with its vertex at (3, 2) and its focus at (5, 2).
SOLUTION :
Let Vertex A (3, 2) and focus is S (5, 2). Y
22
Slope of AS 0 (3, 2)
53
A S (5, 2)
(which is parallel to x-axis)
The equation is of the form
(y – k)2 = 4a (x – h) X
O
(y – 2)2 = 4a (x – 3)
as (h, k) is the vertex (3, 2) Hence the required equation is
a = distance between the focus and the vertex
(y – 2)2 = 8 (x – 3)
= (5 3)2 (2 2) 2 = 2 y2 – 8x – 4y + 28 = 0
Illustration - 23 Show that the focal chord of parabola y 2 = 4ax makes an angle with the x-axis
is of length 4a cosec2 .
SOLUTION :
Let P (at12, 2at1) and Q (at22, 2at2) be the end tan = slope of PQ
points of a focal chord PQ which makes an angle 2at2 2at1 2
with the axis of the parabola. Then = tan
at22 at12 t2 t1
PQ = a (t2 – t1)2
t2 + t1 = 2 cot . . . (ii)
= a ((t2 + t1)2 – 4 t1t2)
Substituting the value of t2 + t1 from (ii) in (i) then
= a ((t2 + t1)2 + 4) . . . (i)
PQ = a (4 cot2 + 4)
[as t1t2 = – 1]
= 4a cosec2 .
a 2a
Hence, the point of contact is 2 , .
m m
c2
Note : If m = 0 then equation (iii) gives – 4ax + c = 0 = x
2
which gives only one value of x and so every line
4a
parallel to X-axis cuts the parabola only in one real point.
Y
4.4 Position of point (x1, y1) with respect to a parabola
y2 = 4ax
(on)
Let P (x1, y1) P
Now P will lie outside, on or inside the parabola (Outside) P P (Inside)
X
2
y = 4ax according as
(y12 – 4ax1) >, = , < 0
4.5 Parametric Relation between the co-ordinates of the ends of a focal chord
Let y2 = 4ax be parabola, if PQ be a focal chord.
If P (at12, 2at1) and Q (at12, 2at2)
Since PQ passes through the focus S (a, 0)
Q, S, P are collinear Slope of PS = Slope of QS
at1 0 0 2at2 t1 0 2t2
at12 a a at22 t12 1 t22 1
a 2a
Note : If one extremity of a focal chord is (at , 2at1) then the other extremity (at , 2at2) becomes 2
2 2 ,
1 2 t t1
1
by virtue of relation (1).
Illustration - 24 Prove that the straight line lx + my + n = 0 touches the parabola y2 = 4ax if ln = am2.
SOLUTION :
Alternative Method :
The given line is lx + my + n = 0
The given line lx + my + n = 0 . . . (i)
l n and the parabola y2 = 4ax . . . (ii)
y x
m m Substituting the value of x from (i) i.e.,
Comparing this line with
n my
y = Mx + c . . . (i) x in (ii) then
l
l n
M and c (We should not substituting the value of y from (i) in
m m (ii) since y is quadratic substituting the value of x
The line (i) will touch the parabola since x is linear)
y2 = 4ax, if
n my
a y 2 4a
c cM = a l
M
ly2 + 4amy + 4an = 0 . . . (iii)
n l Since equation (i) touches the parabola (ii) then roots
a
m m of equation (iii) must be coincident and condition for
ln = am2. the same is “B2 = 4AC”.
i.e. (4am)2 = 4. l. 4an
am2 = ln ln = am2
Illustration - 25 Show that the line x cos + y sin = p touches the parabola y2 = 4ax if p cos + a sin2
= 0 and that the point of contact is (a tan2 , – 2a tan ).
SOLUTION :
The given line is (p cosec ) (– cot ) = a
x cos + y sin = p a sin2 + p cos = 0
y = – x cot + p cosec a 2a
Comparing this line with y = mx + c and point of contant is 2 , i.e.
m m
m = – cot and c = p cosec
since the given line touches the parabola a 2a
2 , (a tan2 , – 2a tan ).
a cot cot
c cm = a
m
Illustration - 26 x y
Prove that the line 1 touches the parabola y2 = 4a (x + b) if m2 (l + b) + al2 = 0.
l m
SOLUTION :
The given parabola is Alternative Method :
y2 = 4a (x + b) . . . (i) The given line and parabola are
Vertex of this parabola is (– b, 0). x y
Now shifting (0, 0) at (–b, 0) then 1 . . . (i)
l m
x = X + (– b) and y = Y + 0 and y2 = 4a (x + b) . . . (ii)
x + b = X and y = Y . . . (ii) respectively.
2
from (i), Y = 4aX . . . (iii) Substituting the value of x from (i),
x y X b Y y
and the line 1 reduces to 1
l m l m i.e., x l 1 in (ii)
m
X b
Y m 1 y
l then y 2 4a l 1 b
m
Y m X m 1 b . . . (iv) 2 4al
l l y y 4a (l b) 0 . . . (iii)
m
The line (iv) will touch the parabola (iii), if Since the line (i), touches the parabola (ii) then the
roots of equation (iii) are equal
b a m2 b
m 1 l a 2
l m l l 4al
4.1{ 4a (l b)} 0
l m
m2 (l + b) + al2 = 0
al 2
(l b ) 0 al2 + m2 (l + b) = 0
m2
m2 (l + b) + al2 = 0.
Illustration - 27 Prove that the semi-latus rectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax is the harmonic mean between
the segments of any focal chord of the parabola.
SOLUTION :
Let parabola be y2 = 4ax 2
If PQ be the focal chord then if P (at2, 2at) 2 2 2a
= = = 1
1 1 t2 1
a 2a a
then Q , k2 k1
t2 t a (1 t 2 ) a (1 t 2 )
= Semi latus rectum.
Length of latus rectum LL = 4a
Y
1
Semi latus rectum = (4a ) = 2a 2, 2at)
2 M P (at
L
If sections of focal chord are k1 and k2
x+a=0
k1
then k1 = SP = PM = a + at2 = a (1 + t2)
Z A S (a, 0) X
a a (1 t 2 )
and k2 SQ QN a N k2
t2 t2 Q a L
,–
t 2 22a
2k k t
Harmonic Mean of k1 and k2 1 2
k1 k2
x x1
Note : The equation of tangent at (x1, y1) can also be obtained by replacing x2 by xx1, y2 by yy1, x by ,
2
y y1
y by .
2
Note :
(i) The condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent to the parabola t1
a
y2 = 4ax is : c = = 1/t 1
m pe
slo
(ii) The point of intersection of tangents drawn at two different points
P
of contact ( at12, 2at) and (at22, 2at2) is : slope =
1/t
P [at1t2, a (t1 + t2)]. 2
t2
(iii) The angle between tangents drawn at two different points of
contacts (at12, 2at) and (at22, 2at2) is :
t2 t1
tan1
1 t1 t2 .
(iv) The length of focal chord having parameters t1 and t2 for its end points is a (t2 – t1)2.
4l1l2
(v) If l1 and l2 are the length of segments of a focal chord of a parabola, then its latus recturm is l l .
1 2
Note :
P(t)
2
(i) If the normal drawn at ponit P (at , 2at) intersects parabola again in
Q (at12, 2at1), then
2
t1 t . Q(t1)
t
(Note the PQ is normal to the curve at P and not at Q). P
A
(ii) The point of intersection of normals drawn at P (t1) and Q (t2) is :
A [2a + a (t12 + t22 + t1t2), – at1t2 (t1 + t2)]. Q
Illustration - 28 (a) Find the equation of the tangents drawn to y2 + 12x = 0 from the point (3, 8).
(b) Find the equation of tangents to the parabola y2 = 4x + 5 which is parallel to the
line y = x + 7.
SOLUTION :
(a) y2 + 12x = 0 y2 = – 12x.
a = –3. (b) Any line || to given is y = 2x +.
3 If it is tangent to the parabola then it will meet it
Let tangent be = y = mx – .
m in two coincident points.
3 Eliminating x, we get : y2 – 5 = 2 (y – )
Since tangent passes through (3, 8), 8 = 3m – y2 – 2y + 2 – 5 = 0. Roots are equal.
m
3m2 – 8m – 3 = 0 b2 – 4ac = 0 4 – 4 (2 – 5) = 0
(m – 3) (3m + 1) = 0 =3 y = 2x + 3
1
m = 3, m = –
3
x
Tangent is are y = 3x – 1 andy = – + 9.
3
Illustration - 29 Prove that the two parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4by intersect at an angle
3a1/3 b1/3
tan 1 .
2 ( a 2/3 b 2/3 )
SOLUTION :
Angle between two curves is equal to the angle 2a a1/3
between the tangents at their common point. Slope m1 = y = 1/3 .
1 2b
x2
Solving the two curves, i.e. y =
4b
and y2 = 4ax.
2
x1 2a1/3
for x = 4by, slope = m2 = = 1/3 .
We get (0, 0) and (4a1/3 b1/3 4a2/3 b1/3). 2b b
At (0, 0), two tangents are x axis and y-axis Angle between tangents
Angle is 90°. m1 m2
= tan–1 1 m m
At (4a1/3 b2/3, 4a2/3 b1/3), for y2 = 4ax, 1 2
3a1/3 b1/3
–1
= tan .
2 ( a 2/3 b2/3 )
Illustration - 30 Show that the locus of a point, such that two of the three normals drawn from it to the
parabola y2 = 4ax are perpendicular is y2 = a (x – 3a).
SOLUTION :
Let P (x1, y1) be the point from where normals y
m1m2 m3 1
AP, BP, CP are drawn to y2 = 4ax. a
Let y = mx – 2am – am3 be one of these normals. As two of the three normals are perpendicular, we
P lies on it y1 = mx1 – 2am – am3. take m1m2 = – 1. (i.e. we assume AP perpendicu-
Slopes m1, m2, m3 of AP, BP, CP are roots of the lar BP).
cubic To get the locus, we have to eliminate m1, m2, m3.
y1 = mx1 – 2am – am2. 2a x1
m1m2 m2 m3 m3m1
am3 + (2a – x1) m + y1 = 0 a
m1 + m2 + m3 = 0
2a x1
2a x1 1 m3 ( m3 )
m1m2 m2 m3 m3m1 a
a
2
y 2a x1
A 1 1
a a
[using m1m2m3 = – y1/a and m1m2 = – 1]
B P (x1, y1)
a + y12 = – 2a2 + ax1
2
Illustration - 31 Suppose that the normals drawn at three different points on the parabola y 2 = 4x pass
through the point (h, k). Show that h > 2.
SOLUTION :
Let the normal(s) be y = mx – 2am – am3. They m1m2 + m2m3 + m3m1 = 2 – h
pass through (h, k). m1m2m3 = – k.
k = mh – 2am – am3. [as m1, m2, m3 are real, m12 + m22 + m23 > 0]
The three roots m1, m2, m3 of this cubic are the (and not all are zero)
2
slope of the three normals. Taking a = 1, we get : (m1 + m2 + m3)
m3 + (2 – h) m + k = 0 – 2 (m1m2 + m2m3 + m3m1) > 0
m1 + m2 + m3 = 0 0 – 2 (2 – h) > 0 h > 2.
Illustration - 32 If the normals to the parabola y2 = 4ax at three points P, Q and R meet at A and S be the
focus, prove that SP.SQ.SR = a (SA)2.
SOLUTION :
Since the slopes of normals are not involved but the coordinates of P, Q, R are important,
we take the normal as :
tx + y = 2at + at3. P(t1)
Let A (h, k)
t1, t2, t3 are roots of : t (h) + (k) = 2at + at3 Q(t2) A
3
i.e. at + (2a – h) t – k = 0.
R(t3)
2a h
t1 + t2 + t3 = 0. t1t2 t2t3 t3t1
a
t1t2t3 = k/a
Remember that distace of point P(t) from focus and from directrix is SP = a (1 + t2).
SP = a (1 + t12), SQ = a (1 + t2), SR = a (1 + t3)2
SP.SQ.SR = a3 {t12 + t22 + t32 + (t12 t22 + t22 t32 + t32 t12) + (t12 + t22 + t32) + 1}
2 2 2 2 (2a h)
We can see that : t1 t2 t3 (t1 t2 t3 ) 2 t1t2 0 2
a
2 2
and also t12 t22 t1 t2 2 (t1t2 ) (t2 t3 ) using : a 2
a 2 ab
2
2a h
t12 t22 a 2t1t2t3 t2
(2a h) 2 (2a h) 2
= 2t1t2t3 (0)
a2 a2
k 2 (2a h)2 2h 4a
3
SP.SQ.SR a 1
2
a a2 a
= a {(h – a)2 + k2} = a SA2
Illustration - 33 Show that the tangent and the normal at a point P on the parabola y 2 = 4ax are the
bisectors of the angle between the focal radius SPand the perpendicular from P on the directrix.
SOLUTION :
Let P (at2, 2at), S (a, 0).
Equation of SP is :
2at 0
y 0 ( x a)
at 2 a
SP (a at )2 (0 2at )2 a (1 t 2 )
–a X
O S
Y
M P
–a X
Equation of PM is : Q O S
y – 2at = 0 . . . (ii)
Angle bisectors of (i) and (ii) are :
y 2at 2tx (1 t 2 ) y 2at x=–a
0 1 4t 2 (1 t 2 )2
Equation of PQ is ty = x + at2
2tx (1 t 2 ) y 2at
y 2at Q (–at2, 0)
1 t2
SQ (a at 2 ) 0 a (1 t 2 )
ty = x + at2 and tx + y = 2at + at3
tangent and normal at P are bisectors of SP SP = SQ
and PM. SPQ = SQP = MPQ.
Hence PQ bisects SPM.
It obviously follows that normal bisects exterior
angle.
Illustration - 34 In the parabola y2 = 4ax, the tangent at the point P, whose abscissa is equal to the latus
rectum meets the axis in T and the normal at P cuts the parabola again in Q. Prove that PT : PQ = 4 : 5.
SOLUTION :
Latus rectum = xp = 4a. PT (8a) 2 (4a ) 2 4a 5
Let P (at2, 2at) at2 = 4a t = ± 2.
Let us now find PQ.
We can do the problem by taking only one of the
If normal at P(t) cuts parabola again at Q(t1), then
values.
t1 = – t – 2/t
Let t = 2
t1 = – 2 – 2/2 = – 3 Q (9a, – 6a)
P (4a, 4a)
tangent at P is 2y = x + 4a PQ 25a 2 100a 2 5a 5
T lies on X-axis, T (– 4a, 0)
PT : PQ = 4 : 5.
Illustration - 35 A variable chord PQ of y2 = 4ax subtends a right angle at vertex. Prove that the locus of
the point of intersection of normals at P, Q is y2 = 16a (x – 6a).
SOLUTION :
Let the coordinates of P and Q be (at12, 2at1) Using the result of point of intersection of normal
and (at22, 2at2) respectively. we get :
As OP and OQ are perpendicular, we can have : x1 = 2a + a (t12 + t22 + t1t2) . . . (ii)
2at1 0 2at2 0 and y1 = – a t1t2 (t1 + t2) . . . (iii)
2 2 1 Eliminating t1 and t2 from (i), (ii) and (iii), we get :
at1 0 at2 0
y12 = 16a (x1 – 6a)
t1t2 = – 4 . . . (i)
The required locus is y2 = 16a (x – 6a).
Let the point of intersection of normals drawn at P
and Q be (x1, y1).
Illustration - 36 The normal at a point P to the parabola y2 = 4ax meets the X axis in G. Show that P and
G are equidistant from focus.
SOLUTION :
Let the coordinates of the point P be (at2, 2at)
The equation of normal at P is : tx + y = 2at + at3
The point of intersection of the normal with X-axis is G (2a + at2, 0).
SP = a (1 + t2) and SG (a at 2 )2 O 2 a (1 t 2 ).
SP = SG
Hence P and G are equidistant from focus.
Illustration - 37 Tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax drawn at points whose abscissas are in the ratio 2 : 1.
Prove that the locus of their point of intersection is y2 = [1/2 + –1/2]2 ax.
SOLUTION :
Let the coordinates of the two points on which the
M (x1, y1) [at1 t2, a (t1 + t2)]
tangents are drawn be (at12, 2at1) and (at22, 2at2).
x1 = at1 t2 . . . (ii)
As the abscissas are in the ratio 2 : 1, we get :
and y1 = a (t1 + t2) . . . (iii)
at12 Eliminate t1 and t2 from equations (i), (ii) and (iii) to
2 t1 = t2. . . . (i)
at22 get :
Let the point of intersection of two tangents be y12 = [1/2 + –1/2]2 ax1
M (x1, y1). The required locus of M is :
Using the result of intersection of Tangents, we get : y2 = [1/2 + –1/2]2 ax.
Illustration - 38 Find the equation of common tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 8 and parabola y2 = 16x.
SOLUTION :
Let ty = x + at2 (where a = 4) be a tangent to pa- (1 + t2) y2 – 8t3y + 16t4 – 8 = 0 has equal
rabola which also touches circle. roots.
ty = x + 4at2 and x2 + y2 = 8 64t 6 = 64t 6 + 64t 4 – 32 – 32t 2
have only one common solution.
t 2 + 1 – 2t 4 = 0 t 2 = 1, – 1/2
(ty – 4t2)2 + y2 = 8
t=±1
has equal roots as a quadratic in y.
the common tangents are
y = x + 4 and y = – x – 4.
Illustration - 39 Through the vertex O of the parabola y2 = 4ax, a perpendicular is drawn to any tangent
meeting it at P and the parabola at Q. Show that OP . OQ = constant.
SOLUTION :
Let ty = x + at2 be the equation of the tangent. Solving y = – tx and y2 = 4ax, we get
OP = perpendicular distance of tangent from
origin 4a 4a
Q ,
t2 t
at 2
OP
16a 2 16a 2
1 t2 2
OQ
t4 t2
Equation of OP is y – 0 = – t (x – 0)
OP.OQ = 4a2.
y = – tx
Illustration - 40 Prove that the circle drawn on any focal chord as diameter touches the directrix.
SOLUTION :
Let P (t1) and Q (t2) be the ends of a focal chord.
Using the result of chord of contact of P (t1) and Q (t2) passes through focus if t1t2 = – 1, we get :
Equation of circle with PQ as diameter is :
(x – at12) (x – at22) + (y – 2at1) (y – 2at2) = 0 [using diametric form of equation of circle]
For the directrix to touch the above circle, equation of circle and directrix must have a unique solution i.e.
Solving x = – a and circle simultaneously, we get
a2 (1 + t12) (1 + t22) + y2 – 2ay (t1 + t2) + 4a2 t1t2 = 0
This quadratic in y has discriminant = D = B2 – 4AC
D = 4a2 (t + t2)2 – 4a2 [(1 + t12) (1 + t12) + 4t1t2] = 0 [using t1t2 = – 1]
circle touches x = – a.
circle touches the directrix.
Illustration - 41 Find the equation of the common tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4by.
SOLUTION :
The equation of any tangent in terms of slope (m) The roots of this quadratic are equal provided
to the parabola y2 = 4ax is “B2 = 4AC”
a
y mx
m
. . . (i) i.e., ( 4bm) 2 4.1. 4ab
If this line is also tangent to the parabola x2 = 4ay m
then (i) meets x2 = 4by in two coincident points. 16b2m3 + 16ab = 0, m 0
Substituting the value of y from (i) in x2 = 4by m3 = – a/b m = – a1/3 / b1/3
we get Substituting the value of m is (i) the required
equatuion is
a
x 2 4b mx
m a1/3 ab1/3 a1/32/3 1/3
y x y 1/3 x a b
1/3 1/3
4ab b a b
x 2 4bmx 0 a1/3 x + b1/3 y + a2/3 b2/3 = 0
m
Illustration - 42 The tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax make angle and with x-axis. Find the locus of
1 2
their point of intersection if cot 1 + cot 2 = c.
SOLUTION :
Let the equation of any tangent to the parabola tan 1 + tan 2 = y1/x1 and
y2 = 4ax is tan 1 tan 2 = a/x1 . . . (ii)
y = mx + (a/m). Now cot 1 + cot 2 = c (given)
Let (x1, y1) be the point of intersection of the
1 1
tangents to y2 = 4ax then (i) passes through x1, y1). c
tan 1 tan 2
y1 = mx1 + (a/m)
m2x1 – my1 + a = 0 tan 1 tan 2
c [From (ii)]
Let m1 and m2 be the roots of this quadratic equa- tan 1 tan 2
tion then y1 / x1
c y1 = ac
m1 + m2 = y1/x1 and m1m2 = a/x1 a / x1
The required locus is y = ac (which is a line parallel
to x-axis)
Illustration - 43 Find the centre and radius of the smaller of the two circles that touch the parabola 75y2
= 64 (5x – 3) at (6/5, 8/5) and the x-axis.
SOLUTION :
Equation of tangent at
As required circle touches x-axis,
6 8 8 64 5 6
, y– = x 2
5 5 5 150 y1 y 8 5 6 6
g = c 2k = 4 + 2k = 2
2
1
5 3 5
3y – 4x = 0.
2 8
Equation of family of circles touches 3y – 4x at k= and k = –
5 5
6 8 8
2
6
2 required circle x + y2 – 4x – 2y + 4 = 0 and
2
, is y x + k [3y – 4x] x2 + y2 + 4x – 8y + 4 = 0.
5 5 5 5
required circle having smaller radius
=0 x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y + 4 = 0.
12 16
x2 + y2 – 4k x + 3k
5 5
64 36
y+ =0
25 25
Illustration - 44 Find the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents to the parabola y 2 = 4ax which
include an 45°.
SOLUTION :
P (at12, 2 at1) and Q (at22, 2at2). T (x1, y1) Y
x1 = a t1t2 . . . (i) and y1 = a (t1 + t2). P
T
m1 m2
As PTQ = 45°, tan 45° = 1 m m X
1 2
1 1 Q
t1 t2 t2 t1
= 1 = 1 t t Replace values of t1 + t2 and t1 t2 from (i) and (ii) in
1 1 2
t1 t2 (iii) to get
(t2 – t1)2 = (1 + t1 t2)2
y12 x x
2
(t2 + t1)2 – 4 t1t2 = (1 + t1t2) . . . (iii) 4 1 = 1 1
a2 a a
Required locus y – 4ax = (x + a)2
2
yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
Note : The above result is same as equation of tangent drawn to parabola at (x1, y1).
SS1 = T2
[where S = y2 – 4ax, S1 = y12 – 4ax1 and T = yy1 – 2a (x + x1)].
6.7 Diameter
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of a parabola is called a diameter and in case
of a parabola this diameter is shown to be a straight line which is parallel to the axis of the parabola.
It can be easily derived that the locus is a line parallel to the axis of the parabola.
Illustration - 45 Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the tangents drawn from (x1, y1) to y2 = 4ax
and their chord of contact is (y12 – 4ax1)3/2/2a.
SOLUTION :
Equation of QR (chord contact is)
yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
yy1 – 2a (x + x1) = 0 [as PM = Length of perpendicular from P (x1, y1) on QR]
| y1 y1 2a ( x1 x1 ) |
PM =
( y12 4a 2 )
( y12 4ax1)
= [Since P (x1, y1) lies outside the parabola y12 – 4ax1 > 0]
( y12 2
4a )
1
Now Area of PQR = · QR · PM Q
2
2
1 1 2 2 2 ( y1 4ax1)
= · · ( y1 4 ax1 ) ( y1 4 a ) P (x
2 |a| 1, y1 )
( y12 4a 2 )
= (y12 – 4ax1)3/2 / 2a , if a > 0. R
Illustration - 46 Find the locus of the mid points of the chords of the parabola y2 = 4ax which subtend a
right angle at the vertex of the parabola.
SOLUTION :
Let P (h, k) be the mid point of a chord QR of the If A is the vertex of the parabola. For combined
2
parabola y = 4ax, then equation of chord QR is equation of AQ and AR, Making homogenous of y2
T = S1 yk – 2a (x + h) = k2 – 4ah = 4ax with the help of (i)
2
yk – 2ax = k – 2ah . . . (i) y2 = 4 ax . 1
Q 2
yk 2ax
y 4 ax 2
(0, 0) A 90°
k 2ah
P (h, k) y2 (k2 – 2ah) – 4akxy + 8a2x2 = 0
Since QAR = 90°.
R
Co-efficient of x2 + Co-efficient of y2 = 0
k2 = 2ah + 8a2 = 0
Hence the locus is P (h, k) is y2 – 2ax + 8a2 = 0.
Illustration - 47 Show that the locus of the middle points of normal chords of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
y4 – 2a (x – 2a) y2 + 8a4 = 0.
SOLUTION :
Equation of the normal chord at any point (at2, at) From last two relations
of the parabola y2 = 4ax is t 2at at 3
y + tx = 2at + at3 . . . (i)
2a y12 2ax1
But if M (x1, y1) be its middle point, its equation
must be also y12 2ax1
T = S1 2a at 2
2a
yy1 – 2a (x + x1) = y12 – 4ax1
2
yy1 – 2ax = y12 – 2ax1 . . . (ii) y12 2ax1 2a
2a a
As Equations (i) and (ii) are identical. Comparing 2a y1
them [from equation (iii)]
1 t 2at at 3 y12 2ax1 2ay12 4a 3
y1 2a y12 2ax1 2a y12
M (x1, y1)
Illustration - 48 Show that the locus of the poles of normal chords of y2 = 4ax is (x + 2a) y2 + 4a3 = 0.
SOLUTION :
Given parabola y2 = 4ax . . . (i) Comparing (ii) and (iii) we get
Equatoin of normal of (i) is y1 2a 2ax1
y = mx – 2am – am3 . . . (ii)
1 m 2am am3
Let (x1, y1) be the pole of (ii) with respect to (i),
then (ii) is the polar of (x1, y1) with respect to (i) Then we get y1 = 2a/m . . . (iv)
2
i.e., and x1 = 2a – am . . . (v)
yy1 = 2a (x + x1) Eliminating m between (iv) and (v) we get
yy1 = 2ax + 2ax1 . . . (iii) 2
2a
x1 = – 2a – a
y1
(x1 + 2a) y12 + 4a3 = 0
Required locus of (x1, y1) is (x + 2a) y2 + 4a3
= 0.
Illustration - 49 The polar of a point with respect to y2 = 4bx touch x2 = 4ay; show that the locus of this
point is rectangular hyperbola.
SOLUTION :
Let the point be (h, k) then the polar of (h, k) with Since equation (i) touch the parabola x2 = 4ay
respect to y2 = 4bx is ky = 2b (x + h) 2
2bh 2b
2b 2bh 2
c + am = 0 a 0
y x . . . (i) k k
k k
Comparing (i) with y = mx + c hk + 2ab = 0
2b 2bh Locus of (h, k) is xy = – 2ab
m and c
k k which is rectangular hyperbola.
Illustration - 50 In the parabola y2 = 4ax, prove that the locus of the poles of all chords of constant length
2c is (y2 – 4ax) (y2 + 4a2) = 4a2c2.
SOLUTION :
Let PQ be the chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax. Given | PQ | = 2c (PQ)2 = 4c2
If (h, k) be the pole of line PQ, then (h, k) be the (at12 – at22)2 + (2at1 – 2at2)2 = 4c2
point of intersection of tangents at P and Q to the a2 (t1 – t2)2 {(t1 + t2)2 + 4} = 4c2
parabola y2 = 4ax we have a2 {(t1 + t2)2 – 4t1t2} [t1 + t2)2 + 4] = 4c2
h = at1t2 and k = a (t1 + t2)
k 2 4h k 2
h k a 2 4 4c 2
t1 t2 and t1 t2 . . . (i) 2 a a 2
a a a
Y (k2 – 4ah) (k2 + 4a2) = 4a2c2
)
t , 2a t 1
2
P (a 1
Hence locus of (h, k) is
(y2 – 4ax) (y2 + 4a2) = 4a2c2.
X X
R
{at1t2, a (t1 + t2)} Q
(at22 , 2at2)
Y
Illustration - 51 Prove that the locus of the poles of the chords of the parabola which are at a constant
distance b from the vertex is y2 + 4a2 (1 – x2/b2) = 0.
SOLUTION : | 2ax1 |
Let pole be (x1, y1). Equation of chord Equation =b
4a 2 y12
of polar of (x1, y1) is yy1 = 2a (x + x1).
yy1 – 2ax – 2ax1 = 0. 4a2 x12 = b2 (4a2 + y12).
Its distance from (0, 0) is b. Locus of (x1, y1) is 4a2x2 = b2 (4a2 + y2)
Illustration - 52 Prove that the locus of the mid-point of the portion of the normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax
intercepted between the curve and the axis is another parabola. Find its vertex and length of latus rectum.
SOLUTION :
y
Normal to the parabola y2 4ax at P (at2, 2at) Replace t = 1 in (1) to get y12 = a (x1 – a).
a
is y + tx = 2at + at3
required lows is y2 = a (x – a).
Intercept with x-axis a (2a + at2, 0)
Vertex (a, 0). (also rectum of y2 = a (x – a)
Let (x1, y1) be the mid-point of PG.
2x1 = at2 + 2a + at2 and 2y1 = 2at. 4a
= Latus rectum of y2 = ax = = a.
4
Illustration - 53 Tangents are drawn to the parabola y2 =4ax from a point P such that its chord of contact
subtends an angle of 60° at the vertex. Prove that the locus of the point P is 4 (y2 4ax) = 3 (x + 4a)2.
SOLUTION :
Let P (x1, y1), A (at12, 2at1)
and B (at22, 2at2) x1 = at1t2 . . . (i) 2 2
and y1 = a (t1 + t2) . . . (ii) 2 2 t1 t2
S (OA) = , S (OB) = tan 60° = 2.2
t1 t2 1
Y t1 t2
A
3 (t1t2 + 4)2 = 4 (t1 – t2)2
P 3 (t1t2 + 4)2 = 4 [(t1 + t2)2 – 4t1t2] . . . (iii)
60°
X Replace values of t1 + t2 and t1t2 from (i) and (ii)
O
in (iii) to get
B 4 (y12 – 4ax1) = 3 (x1 + 4a)2
Required locus is 4 (y2 – 4ax) = 3 (x + 4a)2
Illustration - 54 Through the vertex O of a parabola y2 = 4ax chords OP and OQ are drawn at right angles
to one another. Show that for all positions of P, PQ cuts the axis of the parabola at a fixed point. Also find the
locus of the mid-point of PQ.
SOLUTION :
Let P (at12, 2at) and Q (at22, 2at2). Y
t1t2 = – 4 . . . (i) O X
2
Equation of chord PQ y = (x + at1t2) Q
t1 t2
Illustration - 55 If from the vertex of the parabola y2 = 4ax a pair of chords be drawn to perpendicular to
each other and with these chords as adjacent sides a rectangle is completed, then prove that the locus of the
vertex of the father end of the rectangle is the parabola y2 = 4a (x – 8a).
SOLUTION :
Mid-point of OR mid point of PQ
Let P (at12, 2at1) and Q (at22, 2at2)
As OP OQ, t1t2 = –4 . . . (i) at12 at22
x1 y1 , a (t1 t2 )
Y , 2
2 2
P
x1 = a (t12 + t22) = a [(t1 + t2)2 – 2t1t2]
andy1 = 2a (t1 + t2) . . . (iii)
O X
R (x1 , y1 ) Replace values of t1 t2 and t1 + t2 from (i) and (iii)
in (ii) to get y12 = 4a (x1 – 8a)
Q Required lows y2 = 4a (x – 8a)
ELLIPSE Section - 7
7.1 Definition
Ellipse is the locus of a point which moves such that its distance from a fixed point called focus is in a
constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line called directrix. This ratio is called eccentricity and is denoted
by e. For an ellipse, eccentricity is less than unity (e < 1).
7.2 Equation of Ellipse in standard form
To find equation of Ellipse is standard form, take axis of Ellipse along x-axis as shown in the figure.
Y
–a a
X
A S C S A
Let y-axis intersect axis of Ellipse at C such that C is known as centre of the Ellipse.
Let A (a, 0) and A (–a, 0) be two points on the ellipse. These are points where ellipse meets its axis. A
and A are known as vertices of the ellipse. The directrix is a line that is to the axis. So directrix is parallel
to y-axis. Let equation of directrix be x = k. Let S be the focus of the Ellipse. As S lies on axis, its y-
coordinate is zero.
Let its x-coordinate be b. i.e. S (b, 0).
It is necessary to find S and equation of directrix before we can find equation of ellipse in standard form.
Find S and Directrix :
As A lies on ellipse, ratio of distance of A from S and distance of A from directrix is e.
SA ab
i.e. e e a – b = ke – ae . . . (i)
KA k a
As A lies on ellipse, ratio of distance of A from S and distance of A from directrix is e.
SA
i.e. e SA = e KA b + a = ea + ek . . . (ii)
KA
a
Add (i) and (ii) to get k
e
Subtract (ii) from (i) to get, b = ae.
a
Equation of directrix is x and focus of standard ellipse is S (ae, 0).
e
Equation of Standard Ellipse :
Ellipse is locus of a point that moves in such a way that ratio of its distance from focus and directrix is e.
Let moving point be P (x, y). Focus of the standard ellipse is S (ae, 0) and equation of directrix is
a
x .
e
Using definition of ellipse, we get
PS Y
e PS = e PT
PT
a P
( x ae) 2 ( y 0) 2 e x
e
X
Take square of both sides to get : A C S A
_a
2 e
a
( x ae)2 y 2 e2 x k
e
x2 + a2 e2 – 2aex + y2 = e2 x2 + a2 – 2aex.
(1 – e2) x2 + y2 = a2 (1 – e2)
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 1 [where b2 = a2 (1 – e2)]
a2 a 2 (1 e 2 ) a 2
b 2
x2 y2
1 [where b2 = a2 (1 – e2)].
a2 b2
Note : If e = 0 then b2 = a2 (1 – 0) b2 = a2
x2 y2
then equation of ellipse 1 changes in circle i.e., x2 + y2 = a2.
2 2
a b
(ae, 0)
X
A S C S A
a
x = _e
From figure, we can observe that ellipse possesses mirror symmetry about y-axis.
So there exists another point on left of y-axis whose properties are similar to that of focus. This is called
as second focus of the ellipse. Its coordinates are (– ae, 0).
a
Similarly, ellipse has a second directrix in left half whose equation is half whose equation is x . This
e
a a
second directrix is mirror image of the first in y-axis hence its equation is x i.e. x ..
e e
Equation of ellipse using second focus and second directrix
Let P be a general point on ellipse. The second focus is S (– ae, 0) and equation of second directrix is
a
x .
e
x2 y2
1 [where b2 = a2 (1 – e2).]
a 2 b2
Same equation of ellipse in standard form.
This shows that a standard ellipse has two focii and two directrix as we get same equation using both of
them.
Y
(–ae, 0) (ae, 0)
X
A S C S A
a a
x=– _ x = _e
e
Hence, ellipse has 2 focii i.e. S (ae, 0) and S = (– ae, 0) and their corresponding directrix are
a a
x and x .
e e
Y
L1 B P L
M
Z
X
Z A S C N S A
L1 L
B P
x2 y2
AA = 2a is the major axes and BB = 2b is the minor axes of the standard ellipse 2 2 1 .
a b
(ii) Vertices :
x2 y2
The vertices of the standard ellipse 1 are points where line joining two focii S and S
a 2 b2
meets the ellipse. In the figure, A and A are two vertices of the ellipse where coordinates
of A and A are (a, 0) and (– a, 0) respectively.
x2 y2
A (a, 0) and A (– a, 0) are two vertices of the ellipse 2 1.
a b2
(iii) Centre :
The mid point of the major axes AA is called as the centre of the ellipse. It is generally denoted as
C. All chords of the ellipse passing through C and they are bisected at C.
x2 y2
C (0, 0) is the centre of the ellipse 2 2 1 . It is mid point of the major axes AA.
a b
(iv) Foci :
x2 y2
The two foci of the standard ellipse 1 are S and S where their coordinates are (ae, 0)
a2 b2
and (– ae, 0) respectively.
x2 y2
S (ae, 0) and S (– ae, 0) are two focii of the ellipse 2 2 1 .
a b
(v) Directrix :
x2 y2
The directries of the standard ellipse 2 1 are two lines whose equations are
a b2
a a
x and x .
e e
a a x2 y2
x and x are two directrices of the ellipse 1.
e e a2 b2
(vi) Eccentricity :
From definition of ellipse, eccentricity e of the ellipse is the ratio of the distance of any piont P on the
ellipse from focus and distance of P from the directrix. It is a real number that is less than 1.
x2 y2
We know, for standard ellipse 2 2 1 , b2 = a2 (1 – e2)
a b
b2 b2 (2b)2
i.e. 1–e = 2
e2 1 e 1
a2 a2 (2a )2
2
minor axis
e 1
major axis
x2 y2 b2 (minor axes)2
For ellipse 1, 2 2
b = a (1 – e ) 2
e 1 1
a2 b2 a2 (major axes) 2
(minor axes)2
e 1 is the eccentricity of the ellipse.
(major axes)2
2b2
Length of latus rectum LL = L1L1 = and end points of latus-rectum are
a
b2 b2 b2 b2
L ae,
; L ae, ;
L1 ae, ; L1 ae,
a a a a
(viii) Focal distance of a point :
Let P be a point on the ellipse whose coordinates are (x, y).
The distances of point P from two focii S and S are called as focal distances.
PS = e PM and PS = e PM
a a
where PM and PM are distances of point from directrices x and x respectively..
e e
[refer figure]
a
PS e x a ex . . . (i)
e
and a . . . (ii)
PS e x a ex
e
a – ex and a + ex are focal distances of point P from S (ae, 0) and (– ae, 0) respectively.
Add (i) and (ii) to get :
PS + PS = 2a = Major axis.
Thus, the sum of the focal distances of a point on the ellipse is constant and is equal to the length of
its major axis.
Another definition of ellipse :
Ellipse is also defined as the locus of a point that moves in such a way that sum of the distances of
point P from focii S and two S is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis.
(ix) Parametric Equation of the Ellipse :
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as Q
diameter is called the Auxiliary Circle of the ellipse. P
Let the equation of ellipse be X A A X
C N S
(–a, 0) (a, 0)
x2 y2
1
a 2 b2
Equation of its auxiliary circle is
x2 + y2 = a2 [as AA is diameter of the circle]
Let Q be a point on the auxiliary circle x2 + y2 = a2 such that QP produced is perpendicular to the
x-axis.
Then P and Q are the Corresponding Points on the ellipse and the auxiliary circle respectively.
Let QCA = [0 < 2]
i.e., the Eccentric Angle of P on an ellipse is the angle which the radius (or Radius Vector) through
the corresponding point on the auxiliary circle makes with the major axis.
Q (a cos , a sin ) Now x-co-ordinate of P is a cos
x2 y2
Let y-coordinate of P is y. As (a cos , y) lies on the ellipse 2 2 1 , we get
a b
a 2 cos 2 y2 y2 = b2 sin2
1
2 2
a b
| lx my n |2
i.e.
PS
e ( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 e
PT l 2 m2
Squaring both sides, we get
e2 (lx my n)2
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 which is the general equation of the ellipse.
l 2 m2
2 2
7.5 The shape of Ellipse x 2 + y 2 = 1 , when b > a
a b Y
y = b/e
AA = minor-axis
BB = major-axis B (0, b)
Directrices are = y = ± b/e
S
Foci are S (0, be) and S (0, – be)
and a2 = b2 (1 – e2)
X
Latus Rectum = LL = 2a2/b A O A (a, 0)
(We take a < b only if it is particularly mentioned in any problem.
S
Usually all problems involve a > b).
B
y = –b/e
x2 ( mx c) 2
1
a2 b2
(a2m2 + b2) x2 + 2mca2x + c2a2 – a2b2 = 0 . . . (iii)
Above equation being a quadratic in x, gives two values of x. If shows that every straight line will cut the
ellipse in two points, may be real, coincident or imaginary according to
Discriminant of (iii) >, =, < 0
i.e., 4m2 c2a4 – 4 (a2m2 + b2) (c2a2 – a2b2) >, =, < 0
– a2b2c2 + a4b2m2 + a2b4 >, = , < 0
a2m2 + b2 > , =, < c2 . . . (iv)
8.2 Condition of Tangency
If the line (ii) touches the ellipse (i), then equation (iii) has equal roots.
Discriminant of (iii) = 0
c2 = a2m2 + b2 or c a 2 m2 b2 . . . (v)
2
y2
So, the line y = mx + c touches the ellipse x 1 if c2 = a2m2 + b2
a2 b 2
y mx a 2 m 2 b 2
2 2 2
Hence the line y mx (a m b ) will always be tangents to the ellipse.
2m ca 2 1m a 2 a 2 m2 b2
= . . . [using (v)]
2 (a 2 m 2 b2 ) a 2 m2 b2
a2m a 2m
x
a2 m2 b2 c
Replace x in (i) to get :
a4m2 1 y2
· 1
c2 a2 b2
y2 a 2 m2 (c 2 a 2 m 2 ) b2
1
b2 c2 c2 c2
b2
y
c
a2m b2
Hence the point of contact is c , c .
Illustration - 56 1
Find the equation of an ellipse whose focus is (–1, 1), ecentricity is and the directrix is
2
x – y + 3 = 0.
SOLUTION :
Let P (x, y) be any point on the ellipse whose focus Draw PM perpendicular from P (x, y) on
is S (– 1, 1) and the directrix is x – y + 3 = 0. the directrix x – y + 3 = 0. Then by definition
SP = ePM
(SP)2 = e2 (PM)2
P (x, y)
M 2
1 x y 3
( x 1) 2 ( y 1) 2
4 2
x–y+3=0
8 (x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y + 2)
= x2 + y2 + 9 – 2xy + 6x – 6y
S (–1, 1)
7x2 + 7y2 + 2xy + 10x – 10y + 7
=0
which is the required equation of the ellipse.
Illustration - 57 If the angle between the straight lines joining foci and the end of minor axis of the ellipse
x2 y2
1 is 90°, find its eccentricity..
a2 b2
SOLUTION :
x2 y2 b0 b
The equation of the ellipse is 1. Slope of BS is m1
2 2 0 ae ae
a b
The ends of minor axis are B (0, b) and B (0, – b). b0 b
and slope of BS is m2
If the eccentricity of the ellipse is e, then the foci are 0 ae ae
S (ae, 0) and S (– ae, 0). The angle between BS and BS is 90°,
B (0, b) b b
m1m2 = – 1 1
ae ae
°
90
A A b2 = a2e2
S(–ae, o) C (ae, o) S a2 (1 – e2) = a2e2 1 – e2 = e2
1
B (0, –b) 2e2 = 1 e .
2
Illustration - 58
x2 y2
Prove that the straight line lx + my + n = 0 touches the ellipse 1 if a2l2 + b2m2 =
a2 b2
n2 .
SOLUTION :
The given lines is lx + my + n = 0 The line (i) will touch the ellipse
l n x2 y2 2 2 2 2
y x 1 if c = a M + b
m m 2 2
a b
Comparing this line with
n2 a 2l 2
y = Mx + c . . . (i) b2
2 2
m m
l n
M and c a l + b2m2 = n2
2 2
m m
Illustration - 59 For what value of does the line y = x + touches the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144.
SOLUTION :
Equation of ellipse is 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 m = 1 and c =
If the line y = x + touches the ellipse
x2 y 2
1 9x2 + 16y2 = 144, then
16 9
c2 = a2m2 + b2
x2 y2
Comparing this with 2
1 2 = 16 × 12 + 9 2 = 25
a b2 =±5
then we get a2 = 16 and b2 = 9 and comparing the
line y = x + with y = mx + c
Illustration - 60 The following represents an ellipse, 25 (x2 – 6x + 9) + 16y2 = 400. Find the centre and the
foci of the ellipse. How should the axes be transformed so that the ellipse is represented by the equation
x2 y 2
1.
25 16
SOLUTION :
We can write the given ellipse as : 3
e=
5
( x 3) 2 y2 X2 Y2 Foci are X = 0, Y = ± a e = (3, ± 3)
= 1. = 1.
42 52 a2 b2 In order to transform the given equation to the form
As a2 < b2, major axis is y-axis.
x2 y 2
a 2
16 = 1, the origin should be shifted to the
Centre is (3, 0). e2 = 1 – 2 = 1 – 25 16
b 25 point (3, 0) and then the axis be turned through a
right angle.
Illustration - 61 If S and S are the foci of an ellipse and P a point on it, if e is the eccentricity of the ellipse,
1
prove that :
1 1 1 e
tan PSS1 tan PS1S .
2 2 1 e
SOLUTION :
Apply sine rule in PSS1 to get : sin ( )
SP S1P S S1 sin sin = e
= =
sin sin sin [ ( )]
SP S1P 2ae 2 sin cos
= 2 2
sin sin sin ( ) =e
2 sin cos
2 2
cos Apply compendo-dividedo, to get
e= 2 .
1 e
= tan tan . Hence proved.
cos 1 e 2 2
2
Y
P
X
S C S1
Illustration - 62 Find the eccentricity, foci, latus rectum and directrices of the ellipse 2x2 + 3y2 = 6.
SOLUTION :
The equation of the ellipse can be written as : 2 = 3 (1 – e2) e = 1/3
Using the standard results, foci are
x2 y 2
1 (ae, 0) and (– ae, 0)
3 2
foci are (1, 0) and (– 1, 0)
On comparing the above equation of ellipse with
Latus rectum = 2b2/a = 4/3.
the standard equation of ellipse, we get :
Directrices are x = ± a/e
a 3 and b 2 x = ± 3.
We know that : b2 = a2 (1 – e2)
a 2m b2
,
y mx a 2 m 2 b 2 , where point of contact is 2 2 2
a m b a 2m 2 b 2
a 2m b2
, .
c c
m1
k mh a 2 m 2 b 2
m2
m2 (h2 – a2) – 2 hkm + k2 – b2 = 0
This quadratic in m will give slopes m1, m2 of two tangents
Note : The equation of the tangents to the ellipse at point P (a cos 1, b sin 1) and Q (a cos 2, b sin 2) are
x y x y
cos 1 sin 1 1 and cos 2 sin 2 1
a b a b
and these two tangents intersect at the point
a cos 1 2 b sin 1 2
2 2
,
cos 1 2 cos 1 2
2 2
a2 x b2 y
a 2 b2
x1 y1
(ii) Parametric form : The equation of normal drawn to the ellipse at the point (a cos, b sin ) is :
ax by
a 2 b2
cos sin
m (a 2 b2 )
(iii) Slope form : The equation of normal of slope m can be takes as : y mx .
2 2 2
(a b m )
x2 y2
Note : The point of intersection of normals to the ellipse 1 at the points
a 2 b2
( a cos 1, b sin 1) and (a cos 2, b sin 2) are
2 2
(a 2 b 2 ) cos 1 2 2 sin 1
cos 1 cos 2 2 , (a b ) sin sin 2
1 2
a 1 2 b 2
cos 2 cos 1
2
Note : The above result is same as equation of tangent drawn to ellipse at (x1, y1).
Y
Now P will lie outside, on or inside the ellipse P (outside)
B P (on)
x2 y2 2
k2
1 according as h 1 , , 0 .
a2 b2 a2 b 2 X
P (inside)
X
A C A
B
Y
9.7 Director Circle
2
The locus of the point of intersection of the tangents to an ellipse x y2
1 which are perpendicular to
a2 b2
each other is called Director circle.
x2 y2
Let any tangent in terms of slope of ellipse 1 is : P
a2 b2 90°
B
y mx (a 2 m b 2 )
A A
It is passes through (x1, y1) C
B
y1 mx1 (a 2 m 2 b 2 )
(y1 – mx1)2 = a2m2 + b2
y12 + m2 x12 – 2mx1 y1 = a2m2 + b2
m2 ( x12 – a2 ) – 2y1 x1m + y12 – b2 = 0
it is quadratic equation in m let slope of two tangents are m1 and m2
y 2 b2
m1 m2 1 1 [as tangents are perpendicular]
x12 a 2
– x12 + a2 = y12 – b2 x12 + y12 = a2 + b2
Illustration - 63 x2 y 2
If the normal at a point P () to the ellipse 1 intersect it again at Q (2). Show
14 5
that cos = – 2/3.
SOLUTION :
The equation of normal at P () is : 2 (2 cos 2 1)
a 2b 2 cos a 2 b2
ax by cos
a 2 b2
cos sin Put a = 14, b2 = 5 in the above equation to get :
2
As Q (a cos 2, b sin 2) lies on it, we can have : 14 (2 cos2 – 1) – 10 cos2 = 9 cos
a b 18cos2 – 9cos – 14 = 0
(a cos 2) (b sin 2) a 2 b 2
cos sin (6 cos – 7) (3 cos + 2) = 0
Illustration - 64 If the normal at end of latus rectum passes through the opposite end of minor axis, find
eccentricity.
SOLUTION :
The equation of the normal at L (ae, b2/a) is a2 – b2 – ab = 0
given by : Using b2 = a2 (1 – e2), we get
a2 e2 – ab = 0 (0, b) satisfies (i)
a 2 x b2 y
a 2 b2 b = ae2
2
ae b / a
a2 e4 = a2 (1 – e2)
x a2 b2 [using : b2 = a2 (1 – e2)]
y . . . (i)
e a 5 1
According to the question, normal passes through e4 = 1 – e2 e2
2
opposite end of latus reaction i.e. it passes through
(0, –b) 5 1
e
0/e + b = (a2 – b2)/a 2
Illustration - 65 Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the centre of the ellipse
x2 y2
1 on any tangent is (x2 + y2)2 = a2 x2 + b2 y2.
2 2
a b
SOLUTION :
2 2 2 Y
Let the tangent be y mx a m b .
Draw CM perpendicular to tangent and let M (x1, y1)
M (x1, y1).
M lies on tangent, X
A C A
2 2 2
y1 mx1 a m b . . . (i)
Slope (CM) = – 1/m
y1 1 (x12 + y12)2 = a2x12 + b2 y12
x
x m m 1 . . . (ii) Hence the required locus is :
1 y 1 (x2 + y2)2 = a2 x2 + b2 y2.
Replace the value of m from (ii) into (i) and take
square to get :
Illustration - 66
x2 y2
The tangent at a point P on ellipse 1 cuts the directrix in F. Show that PF
a2 b2
subtends a right angle at the corresponding focus.
SOLUTION :
Let P (x1, y1) and S (ae, 0)
(ae x1 ) b 2
xx1 yy1 y
The equation of tangent at P is : 1 aey1
a 2 b2
To find F, we put x = a/e in the equation of the a ( ae x ) b 2
F 1
tangent. ,
e aey1
Y
(ae x1) b 2 1
x = a/e slope (SF ) . . . (i)
aey1 a
P (x1, y1) ae
F
e
C S X y 0
slope (SP ) 1 . . . (ii)
x1 ae
From (i) and (ii) :
slope (SF) × slope (SP) = – 1
ax1 yy1
1 SF and SP are perpendicular.
2
a e b2 Hence PF subtends a right at the focus.
Note : You can also solve this question by assuming P in terms of parametric coordinates i.e. P (a cos , b sin )
Illustration - 67 x2 y2
Show that the normal of ellipse 1 at any point P bisects the angle between
a2 b2
focal radii SP and S P.
SOLUTION :
Let PM be the normal and P (x1, y1) S P MS
equation of normal PM is We will try to show that :
SP MS
xa 2 yb 2 M is the point of intersection of normal PM with
a2 b2 X-axis.
x1 y1 Y Put y = 0 is normal PM to get
P (x1, y1) (a 2 b 2 ) x
M 1 , 0 e 2 x , 0
1
a2
X
S M S MS = ae – e2 x1 and MS = e2 x1 + ae
Note : You can also solve this question by assuming P in terms of parametric coordinates i.e. P (a cos , b sin )
Illustration - 68 x2 y2
A tangent to an ellipse
1 touches it at a point P in the first quadrant and meets
a 2 b2
the axes in A and B respectively. If P divides AB is 3 : 1, find the equation of tangent.
SOLUTION :
Let the coordinates of the point By section formula, the coordinates of P are
P (a cos, b sin)
a 3b
the equation of the tangent at P is : 4 cos , 4 sin (a cos , b sin )
x cos y sin
1 . . . (i)
a b a 3b
The coordinates of the points A and B are : a cos and b sin
4 cos 4 sin
a b
A , 0 and B 0, 1 3
cos sin cos and sin
2 2
Y
= 60°
B
For equation of tangent, replace the value of in
P (a cos , b sin )
(i).
X x 2y
A The equation of tangent is : 2.
a b
Illustration - 69 If the chord through the points P and Q whose eccentric angles are and on the ellipse
x2 y2
1 passes through a focus S and S is the other focus, prove that
2 2
a b
(i) SP.S P = a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 (ii) the perimeter of S PQ = 4a
1 1 1 1 (1 e)
(iii) ( a 2 b 2 ) cos 2 ( ) a 2 cos 2 ( ) (iv) tan tan 0
2 2 2 2 (1 e)
SOLUTION :
(i) (a + aex) (a – ex) = a2 – e2x2 = a2 – e2a2 (iii) Equation of chord
cos2
= a2 – (a2 – b2) cos2 = a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 x y
cos sin cos
a 2 b 2 2
Y
As it passes through (ae, 0)
P
cos e 1
S
X 2
S e= e 1
cos
Q 2
(ii) Perimeter (S PQ)
cos cos
2 2
= SP + SQ + PQ =
= SP + (PS + SQ) + QS cos cos
2 2
= (SP + PS) + (SQ + SQ)
= 2a + 2a = 4a. e 1
e 1 = tan tan
2 2
1 e
tan tan + 1 e = 0
2 2
Illustration - 70 x2 y2
If the normal at point P of ellipse 1 with centre C meets major and minor axes
2 2
a b
at G and g respectively, and if CF be perpendicular to normal, Prove that PF. PG = b2 and PF.Pg = a2.
SOLUTION : The equation of normal at P is :
If PM is tangent to the ellipse at point P, ax by
then CMPF is a rectangle. a 2 b
cos sin
CM = PF . . . (i) The point of intersection of the normal at P with
Let the coordinates of point P be (a cos, b sin). X-axis is
Y (a 2 b 2 ) cos
G , 0
M a
P (acos , bsin) The point of intersection of the normal at P with Y-
X axis is
C G
F (b2 a 2 ) sin
g 0,
b
g Using distance formula,
b
PG b2 cos 2 a 2 sin 2 . . . (ii)
a
a 1 ab
and Pg b 2 cos 2 a 2 sin 2 . . . (iii)
b
cos 2 sin 2 b 2 cos 2 a 2 sin 2 . . .(iv)
From (i),
a2 b2
PF = CM = distance of centre of the ellipse
from the tangent at P Multiplying (ii) and (iv), we get :
PF . PG = b2 [Hence proved]
Multiplying (iii) and (iv), we get :
PF . Pg = a2 [Hence proved]
Illustration - 71 Prove that the chord of contact of tangents drawn from the point (h, k) to the ellipse
x2 y2 h2 k 2 1 1
1 will subtend a right angle at the centre, if . Also, find the locus of (h, k).
4 4 2
a 2 b2 a b a b2
SOLUTION :
The equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn but given ACB = 90°
x2 y2 Co-efficient of x2 + co-efficient of y2 = 0
from P (h, k) to the ellipse 1 is
a2 b2 A
hx ky 90° (0, 0)
1 . . . (i) P C
a 2 b2 (h, k)
B
The equation of the straight lines CA and CB is
obtained by making homogeneous ellipse h2 1 k2 1
0
x 2
y 2 a4 a2 b4 b2
1 with the help of (i),
2 2
a b h2 k2 1 1
4
4 2
2 a b a b2
x2 hx ky y2
2 2 2 2 1 1 x2 y2
a b a b Hence locus of (h, k) is 4 4 2 2 .
a b a b
h2 1 k2 1 2hk
4 2 x 2 4 2 y 2 2 2 xy 0
a a b b a b
. . . (ii)
Illustration - 72 x2 y2
Prove that the locus of the middle points of normal chords of the ellipse 1 is
a2 b2
the curve
2
x2 y 2 a 6 b6
2 2 2 2 (a 2 b 2 )2 .
a b x y
SOLUTION :
Let (h, k) be the middle point of any chord of an Thus the equations (i) and (ii) represent the same
ellipse. Then its equation is normal chord of the ellipse with its middle point
T = S1 (h, k).
Hence they are identical and comparing their co-
xh yk h2 k2
1 1 efficients, we get
a2 b2 a2 b2
h2
k2
2 2
xh yk h k h / a2 k / b2 2
b2
2
2
2
. . . (i) a
a b a b2 a sec b cosec (a 2 b 2 )
If (i) is a normal chord, then it must be of the form
h2 k 2
P (a cos , b sin ) 2 2
a 3 a b
(h, k) cos . . . (iii)
h (a 2 b2 )
ax sec – by cosec = a2 – b2 h2 h 2
2 2
b3 a b
and sin
k (a 2 b 2 )
Illustration - 73 Show that the locus of the middle points of chords of an ellipse. Which pass through a fixed
point, is another ellipse.
SOLUTION :
xx1 yy1 x12 y12
Let P (x1, y1) be the middle point of any chord AB 2 . . . (i)
a b2 a2 b2
x2 y2 But it passes through a fixed point Q (h, k) its co-
of the ellipse 1 then equation of chord
a2 b2 ordinates must satisfy equation (i),
AB is A
T = S1 P (x1, y1)
xx1 yy1 x2 y 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 B
a b a b
Q (h, k)
hx1 x2 y 2
ky1 Hence locus of P (x1, y1) is
1 1
2 2
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 h k
this can be re-written as x y 1 h2 k 2
2 2
2 2 a2 b2 4 a 2 b 2
h h
x1 y1 1 h2 k 2
2 2
h k
Its obviously an ellipse with centre at , and
a2 b2 4 a 2 b 2 2 2
axes parallel to co-ordinates axes.
Illustration - 74 Find the locus of the point the chord of contact of tangents from which to the ellipse
x2 y2
1.
a2 b2
(i) Subtends a right angle at the centre of the ellipse. (ii) Touches the circle x2 + y2 = c2.
SOLUTION :
(i) Let the point from which tangents are drawn be (x1, y1)
xx1 yy1
Equation of chord of contact
= 1. It subtands a right at the centre of the ellipse.
2
a b2
Homogenising the equation of ellipse, we get equation of pair of lines,
2
x2 y2 xx1 yy1 1 x12 2xy x1y1
2
2 1 y12
= 2 2 x y =0
a2 b2 a b a2 a 4 a 2 2
b b2 b4
1 x2 1 y2
Since the lines are , coeff. of x2 + coeff. of y2 = 0 1 1 =0
a 2 a 4 b 2 b4
xx1 yy1
(ii) Chord of contact = 1 touches x2 + y2 = c2.
2 2
a b
1 x12 y2 1 x2 y2 1
=c 1 = 2 Locus is 4 4 2
x12 y12 a 4 b4 c a b c
a 4 b4
Illustration - 75 x2 y2
Two sides of a triangle inscribed in the ellipse 1 are parallel to two given
a2 b2
straight lines. Prove that its third side touches a certain ellipse.
SOLUTION :
Let vertices of the ABC be points on the ellipse whose eccentric angles are 1, 2, 3 resp.
x (1 2 ) y ( 2 ) (1 2 )
Chord AB is cos sin 1 = cos
a 2 b 2 2
b ( 2 )
cot 1 = constant 1 + 2 = 2 (assume)
a 2
Similarly 2 + 3 = 2 1 – 3 = 2 ( – )
x (1 3 ) y ( 3 ) (1 3 )
Chord CA is cos sin 1 = cos
a 2 b 2 2
x y
cos sin cos( )
a b
x y x2 y2
cos sin = 1 tangent to ellipse : 2 2 =1
a b a b 2 2
Illustration - 76 Find the locus of the mid-points of chords of ellipse, the tangents at the extremities of
which intersect at right angles.
SOLUTION :
Let point of Int. of tangents be P (x1, y1)
As tangents are , (x1, y1) lies on x2 + y2 = a2 [director circle]
x12 + y12 = a2 . . . (i)
xx1 yy1
Equation of chord of contact is =1 . . . (ii)
2
a b2
Equation of chord whose mid-point is (h, k) is
hx ky h2 k2
= 2 + 2 . . . (iii)
a 2 b2 a b
From (ii) and (iii) on comparing, we get (x1, y1)
x2 y 2
Replace (x1, y1) in (i) to get Locus 2 2 (a2 + b2) = x2 + y2
a b
Illustration - 77 A tangent to the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 4 meets the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 6 at P and Q. Prove that
the tangents at P and Q of the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 6 are at right angles.
SOLUTION :
Chord of contact of
x2 y 2 hx ky
= 1 is =1 . . (i)
6 3 6 3
Equation of any tangent to
x2 y 2 x
= 1 is cos + y sin = 1. . . . (ii)
4 1 2
Compare (i) and (ii), eliminate and get locus of (h, k)
i.e. x2 + y2 = 9 (i.e. a2 + b2)
i.e. director circle of 2nd ellipse.
Illustration - 78
x2 y 2
If (1/2, 2/5) be the middle-point of the chord of the ellipse 1 , then prove that its
25 16
7
length is 41 .
5
SOLUTION :
1 2
Equation of chord with , as midpoint is T1 = S1 i.e. 4x + 5y = 4
2 5
12 16
Solve chord and ellipse to get 4, , 3,
5 5
7
Length = 41 .
5
Illustration - 79 Any tangent to an ellipse is cut by the tangents at the ends of the major axis in T and T .
Prove that circle on TT as diameter passes through foci.
SOLUTION :
Consider a point P on the ellipse whose coordinates are (a cos, b sin)
The equation of tangent drawn at P is :
x cos y sin
1 . . . (i)
a b
The two tangents drawn at the ends of the major axis are x = a and x = – a.
Solving tangent (i) and x = a we get :
Y
b (1 cos )
T a, a, b tan T
sin 2 P
T
Solving tangent (i) and x = – a we get :
b (1 cos ) X
A O A
T ' a, a, b cot
sin 2
Illustration - 80 x2 y2
A normal inclined at 45° to the x-axis is drawn to the ellipse 1 . It cuts major
a2 b2
(a 2 b 2 )2
and minor axes in P and Q. IF C is centre of ellipse, show that are (CPQ) = .
2 (a 2 b 2 )
SOLUTION :
Consider a point M on the ellipse whose coordinates are (a cos, b sin)
The equation of normal drawn at M is :
ax by
a 2 b2
cos sin
As the normal makes an angle 45° with X-axis, slope of normal = tan 45°.
Y
X
C P
a sin b
tan 45 tan
b cos a
b
sin and
a 2 b2
a
cos
. . . (i)
a 2 b2
a 2 b2
The point of intersection of the normal with X-axis is P cos , 0
a
a 2 b2
CP cos . . . (ii)
a
b2 a2
The point of intersection of the normal with Y-axis is Q 0, sin
b
b2 a2
CQ sin . . . (iii)
b
1
Ar ( CPQ) CP CQ
2
Using (ii) and (iii),
1 (a 2 b 2 )2
Ar ( CPQ ) sin cos
2 ab
Using (i), 1 (a 2 b 2 )2 .
Ar ( CPQ )
2 a 2 b2
Illustration - 81
x2 y2
If the portion of the line x cosa + y sina = p intercepted by the ellipse 1 sub-
a2 b2
ab
tends a right angle at the centre of the ellipse, prove that the line touches a circle of radius
a 2 b2
Illustration - 82 A circle of radius r is concentric with the standard ellipse. Prove that the common tangent
1 r 2 b2
is inclined to the major axis at an angle tan .
a2 r 2
SOLUTION :
General Tangent to ellipse : a2m2 + b2 = r2 (1 + m2)
y = mx + a 2 m2 b2 . r 2 b2
2 2
m = tan =
As this is also tangent to the circle, apply condition a2 r2
of tangency.
r 2 b2
–1
Y = ± tan
a2 r 2
1 r 2 b2
tan and
a 2 b2
X
1 r 2 b2
tan
a2 r 2
[where is inclination of common tangent with x-
axis]
Negative value of means angle measured in
a 2 m2 b 2 clockwise direction.
i.e. =r
1 m2
Illustration - 83 x2 y 2
P and Q are two point on the ellipse 1 such that the sum of their ordinates is 3.
25 9
Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of tangents at P and Q is 9x2 + 25y2 = 150y.
SOLUTION :
x2 y 2
Elipse is = 1. Let point of intersection of tangents at P and be R (x1, y1).
25 9
Let P (5 cos , 3 sin ) and Q (5 cos , 3 sin ) be two points on ellipse.
x y x y
Tangents at these points be cos + sin = 1 and cos + sin = 1
5 3 5 3
These tangents intersect at R (x1, y1) R (x1, y1) will satisfy both of them.
x1 y
cos 1 sin 1 . . . (i)
5 3
x1 y
and cos 1 sin 1 . . . (ii)
5 3
Multiply (i) by sin and (ii) by sin and subtract,
x1
sin ( – ) = sin – sin
5
x1
2 cos sin = 2 sin cos
5 2 2 2 2
x1
cos = cos . . . (iii)
5 2 2
y1
Similarly cos = sin . . . (iv)
3 2 2
Also, we are given that :
3 sin + 3 sin = 3 2 sin cos =1 . . . (v)
2 2
y1
On dividing (iv) by (v), = sin2 . . . (vi)
6 2
From (iii) and (v) on dividing, we get :
x1 x12 2
= sin cos = sin2 1 sin
10 2 2 100 2 2
x12 y1 y1
= 1 9x12 + 25y12 = 150 y1
100 6 6
Replacing x1 by x, y1 by y1, we get locus as 9x2 + 25y2 = 150y.
Illustration - 84 x2 y2
Let d be the perpendicular distance from the centre of the ellipse 1 to the
a2 b2
tangent drawn at a point P on the ellipse, if F 1 and F2 are two foci of the ellipse then show that:
b2
( PF1 PF2 )2 4a 2 1 .
d 2
SOLUTION :
x y
Tangent at P () is cos + sin = 1.
a b
1 1 cos 2 sin 2
d= =
cos 2 sin 2 d2 a2 b2
a2 b2
b2 b2 2 2
2 = 2 cos + sin
d a
b2 b2 2
b2
1– = cos2
– cos2
= cos 1 = cos2e2.
d2 a2 2
a
b2
4a
2 1 = 4a2 cos2 e2 . . . (i)
d 2
PF1 = a + ex , PF2 = a – ex
PF1 – PF2 = 2ex = 2 ea cos
(PF1 – PF2)2 = 4a2e2 cos2 . . . (ii)
b2
2 2 1 . Hence proved.
Combining (i) and (ii), (PF1 – PF2) = 4a
d 2
Illustration - 85 x2 y2
PA and PB are tangents drawn from a point P to the ellipse 1 . The area of the
a 2 b2
triangle formed by the chord of contact AB and axes of co-ordinates is constant. Prove that locus of P is a
hyperbola.
SOLUTION :
Let P (x1, y1). Chord of contact w.r.t. P is a2 b2
It meets the axes in A , 0 and B 0, .
xx1 yy1 x1 y1
= 1.
a2 b2
Illustration - 86 Any ordinate NP of an ellipse meets the auxiliary circle in Q. Prove that the locus of the
intersection of the normals at P and Q is circle x2 + y2 = (a + b)2.
SOLUTION :
Let P (a cos , b sin ) Q (a cos , a sin ), where P lies on ellipse and Q on auxillary
ax by
Normal at P = a2 – b2 . . . (i)
cos sin
Normal at Q to the circle = y = x tan . . . (ii)
Solve (i) and (ii) to get x = (a + b) cos and y = (a + b) sin .
Square and add to get x2 + y2 = (a + b)2 as the required locus.
Illustration - 87
x2 y 2
Prove that the tangents drawn to the ellipse a b at the points where it is cut
a b
x2 y2
by any tangent to the ellipse 1 intersect at right angles.
a2 b2
SOLUTION :
P
2 2
x y
Let PQ be any tangent to ellipse 2 2 = 1.
a b A (h, k)
Q
2 2
x b
which cuts the ellipse = 1 at Let A (h, k) be point of intersection of tangents
a (a b) b (a b)
P and Q. x2 y2
drawn to = 1 at P and Q.
a (a b) b (a b)
x2 y2
As tangents at P and Q are at right angle, (h, k) will It is tangent to =1
a 2 b2
lie on director circle
c2 = a2 m2 + b2
i.e. (h, k) satisfies x2 + y2 = a (a + b) + b (a + b)
= (a + b)2 . . . (i) b 2 (a b)2 b2 h2
PQ is also chord of contact w.r.t. (h, k) = a 2 2 + b2 .
2
k2 a k
Equation of PQ is h + k = (a + b)2
2 2
. . . (ii)
hx ky From (i) and (ii) tangents at P and Q are at right
a ( a b ) b ( a b) = 1 angle.
Illustration - 88 x2 y2
Prove that the portion of the normal at any point of the ellipse 1 intercepted
a2 b2
b
between the curve and major axis is ( rr ) where r and r are the focal distances of the point at which the
a
normal is drawn.
SOLUTION :
Equation of Norrmal at
2
ax by a2 b2
P –
cos sin
= a2 – b2 , PG = cos a cos (b sin )2
a
a 2 b2
G a cos , 0 b 2 2 2 2
PG = . . . (i)
a b cos a sin
Y rr = SP . SP = (a – ex) (a + ex) = a2 – e2 x2
= a2 – e2 a cos2 = a2 + (b2 – a2) cos2
P
= a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 . . . (ii)
X From (i) and (ii)
G
b
PG = rr .
a
Illustration - 89 Find the locus of a point from which the two tangents to the ellipse are inclined at an angle
.
SOLUTION :
Equation of tangent of slope m is
y12 b2
y = mx + a 2 m 2 b 2 . . . (i) and m1 m2 = 2
x a2 1
Y
Px (x1, y) m1 m2
tan = 1 m m
1 2
tan2 (1 + m1 m2)2
X = (m1 + m2)2 – 4 m1 m2 . . . (ii)
Using (ii),
2
y12 b 2
Point P (x1, y1) lies on (i) tan2 1
x12 a 2
y1 = mx1 + a2m2 b2
m2 (x12 – a2) – 2x1y1 m + (y12 – b2) = 0 4 x12 y12 y 2 b2
= 4 1
2
Let roots be m1 and m2 x12 a 2 x12 a 2
2x1 y1
m1 + m2 = Locus is tan2 (x2 + y2 – a2 – b2)2
x12 a 2
= 4 [x2b2 + a2y2 – a2b2]
Illustration - 90 The tangent at a point P on an ellipse intersects the major axis is T, and N is the foot of the
perpendicular from P to same axis. Show that the circle drawn on NT as diameter intersects the auxiliary
circle orthogonally.
SOLUTION :
Y
Let P (a cos , b sin ) ; N (a cos , 0),
a P
T , 0
cos
Circle on NT as diameter is X
N A T
a
(x – a cos ) x cos + y2 = 0 . . . (i)
Auxillary circle is x + y = a2
2 2
. . . (ii) i.e. 0 = a2 – a2 = 0
For circles (i) and (ii) to intersect orthogonally, Hence two circles intersect orthogonally
2 (g)1(g2) + 2f1 f2 = c1 + c2
Illustration - 91 2 2
If P is any point on the ellipse x y 1 where ordinate is y, prove that the angle
a 2 b2
between the tangent at P and the focal distance of P is tan–1 (b2/aey).
SOLUTION :
xx yy x2 y 2
Tangent at P (x, y) is =1 where = 1. . . . (i)
a2 b2 a2 b2
x b 2
Slope of tangent is = – , 2
y a
y
Slope of SP is = where S (–ae, 0)
x ae
y x b2
x ae y a 2 a 2 y2 b 2 x2 b2 x ae
tan = = Using b 2 = a 2 (1- e 2 )
y x b 2 xy (a 2 b 2 ) a3 ey
1
x ae y a 2
a 2b 2 b2 x ae b 2 a (a ex) b2
= = = [using (i)]
xy a 2e 2 a3ey a 2ey (a ex) aey
Illustration - 92 Prove that in general four normals can be drawn to an ellipse from any point and the sum
of the eccentric angles of the feet of these normal is equal to an odd multiple of two right angles.
SOLUTION :
ax by
Equation of Normal = a2 – b2
cos sin
ah bk
As it passes through (h, k) = a2 – b2
cos sin
1 t2 2t
Replace cos = , sin = , where t = tan
1 t2 1 t2 2
bk t 4 2(ah a 2 b 2 )t 3 2(ah a 2 b2 )t bk 0
t – bk = 0
r
Its roots are tan , r = 1, 2, 3, 4
2
1 2 3 4 S1 S3 bk
tan = = = tan as S2 0, S4 1
2 2 2 2 1 S 2 S4 2 bk
1 2 3 4
= n +
2 2
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = (2n + 1)
Illustration - 93 x2 y2
Let P be a point on the ellipse
1 , a > b > 0. Let the line parallel to y-axis
a 2 b2
passing through P meet the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at the point Q such that P and Q are on the same side of the x-
axis. For two positive real numbers r and s, find the locus of the point R on PQ such that PR : RQ = r : s and
P varies over the ellipse.
SOLUTION :
r (a cos ) s (a cos )
x1 = rs
x
x1 = a cos cos 1 . . . (i)
a
r (a sin ) s (b sin )
y1 = rs
(r + s) y1 = (ar + bs) sin
(r s ) y1
sin . . . (ii)
ar bs
Q (a cos , a sin )
S
R (x1, y1)
r
P (a cos , b sin )
2 2
x1 y1 (r s )
From (i) and (ii), = 1.
a ar bs
2
x2 2
rs
Hence required locus is 2 y 1.
a ar bs