The Magic Jewel of Intuition PDF

The Magic Jewel of Intuition
(The Tri Basic Method of Cognizing the Self)
By D.B. Gangolli
Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya

Holenars!pura
The Tri-Basic Method of Cognizing The Self
This is a free translation of Kannada book "Paramartha Chinthamani"
Nritten by Sri Sri Sachidanandendra Saraswathi Swamiji of Adhyatma
Prakash a Karya/aya.
By : O.B. Gangolli
Published by:
ADHYATMA PRAKASHA KARYALAYA
Holenarsipur - 573211
Ph : 08175-273820
http://www .adhyat~aprakasha. org
1986
THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION:
Written by Sri D.B.Gangolli
Published by:
ADHYATMA PRAKASHA KARYALAYA
Holenarsipur - 573211
Ph : 08175-273820
http://www.adhyatmaprakasha.org
I Edition •• 1986
Pages •• 18 + 476 + 84 =578
Copyrights : © Reserved by Adhyatma Prakasha Karya/aya
Price •• Rs: 300/·

FOREWORD
By Vldya.'ankaara Prof. S. K. RAMACHANDRA RAO
(Prof- S. K. Ramachtlndra BaD was formerly of the
National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-sc;ences,
and lhI"galore University. Pr~sently he is the Editor,
Encyclopaedia of Indian Mtdicine Project. Besides, he
"G~ Duthortd innumtrllble books on Q 'vide rant e Df
subjects, including tile· various $choo/s of phi/osDphy,
occult sciences like ..f)r; Chakrll Yidya e Ie., .Ayurveda,
A.estheticJ, and iJ regul",i, participating in big seminars
and confere"ces.)
My friend, Shri D. B. GangoUi, is a keen student

of Vedanta. He is not content with
pondering over
the philosophical problems raised in Vedanta; he
attempts to live Vedanta. He does not confine his
attention to what reason can ascertain, but seeks to
reinforce reason with Intuition. His analytical skill is
tempered with a synthetic approach. While being
thoroughly conversant with scientific discoveries afld
formulations relevant to philosophical discussi ons, he
is also an artiste (being a musician) who has an eye
for harmony, form and centrality. It is therefore that
the present book, which he has written, is at once
interesting, informative, wholesome and rewarding.
It reads like a philosophical treatise, a scientific
exposition and 8 literary testament, rolled into
one.
The advent of Shri Satchidanandendra Swamy

(of Adhyatma Praklsha KaryaJaya, Holenarasipur) marked
a revolution in Vedantic discussions. He focussed
attention on the original thought-structure of Shank.ra
.s diltinct from later elaborations and manipulation.,
...II
and dedicated his entire, long life with a mlssionarv
zeal to expound the essential teachings of Advaite
Vedanta as formulated by Shankara. He wrote extensive-
ly in Sanskrit, Kannada and English in order to vindicate
his viewpoint that Shankara has been misrepresented
by later commentators and glossators like the authors
of Bhallmatt and Panchapaadika, One of the works
from his pen was Paramaoflha - ChintQQmtlni in Kannada ,
a profound dissertatio'l emplovlng the Intuitive-analytic
methodology.
The present book by $hri Gangolli is a free

rendering of this Kannada work, containing the
contents but providing fresh dimension to the original
discussion. "The Magic Jewel of Intuition" is 8
follow·-up study of "Par(Jmaarlho - Chintaamanl". Shri
Gangolli has been in deep sympathy with the author
of PoramQartha - ChintDaman;, but has greatly augmented
the technique employed in that book. He has
discussed relevant conclusions reached by European
phiJosophers and modern scjentists. An important
aspect of the present publication is the elaborate and
interesting section entitled ·'Science and Spiritualitv· I,
given as the appendix. He has pointed out how the
discoveries of astrophysicists and modern biologists
have projected new cosmological speculations and have
modified evolutionary theories, and how this would
support amply the Vedantic position with regard to
th.! world around us a·nd man's status in it. He has
also underlined the significance of the present - day
work in the field of consciousness, done bv
psychologists, physiologists and neurologists.
Interesting is his discussion on the relationship
between brain .and mind. The Intuitive - analytic
•••
III
method that the author has employed to evaluate

the work done in the areas of astrophysics, nuclear
physics and biology is a significant one, inasmuch as
it Is a corrective to the pure dialectical method.
While reason has its role to play, an Intuitive and
experiential reinforcement would benefit th~ seeker
after Truth. Vedanta, specially the formulation of
Shanksra, rightly insists O~ "Anubhavaanga - TarkG"
in contradistinction to " Shushka - Tarka ", The
author has attempted to demonstrate that Vedanta.
can be lookad upon as the "Science of ScieJlJces", as
the Science par excellenre of Reality.
Th,e book provides answers to an earnest seeker

who wants to understand the nature of knowledge,
·Being, bliss, the three states. the contribution of
nescience, the significance of the method of
"AdhYQQropa-ApavQoda" and the true standpoint of
Shankara. Whi Ie firmly rooted in the Vedantic tradition,
the presentation here attempts to take the modern,
intelligent student along 1he inquiry as he is accustomed
to 1 he book reads more like an independent inquiry
than like a text· book of Vedanta, which in reality it is.
Shri Gangolll deserves the gratitude of all those

who are interested in understanding Shankara's Vedanta
aright, steering clear of later misrepresentations. The
la"guage here has throughout been engaging, the style
impeccable, and discussions loft\l. The book is D
model of philosophical writing, at once precise and
clear and comprehensive. The discerning reader wi II
recognize that the author carefully avoids needless
pedantry and irrelevant rambling.
•
IV
I am happy that the work started by Sri Satchi-

danandendra Saraswati Swami to focus the attention
of the students of Vedanta on the essentials is being
continued by Shri Gangolli. It is my earnest prayer that
he will be allowed by Providence to complete the
mission ~ndertaken by the late Swami.
8angalore
Date: 12-3-1986 s. K. RAMACHANDRA RAO
PREFACE
Vedanta is a spiritual science based on common
life and universe I experience. 'In these challenging
times of nuclear science and an insatiable "scientific
temper" among the intelligentsia, the highly 'scienti fic'
or rational methodology that the Vedantic phi IOlophy
adopts in propounding and delineating the Ultimate
Reality of Brahman or A.tman is sure to exercise an
enduring fascination on all thoughtful but dispassion-
ate minds. Modern students of Vedanta, many of
whom are befuddled by translations or adaptations of
Sanskrit works which are dressed up in sombre
dialectics replete with illustrations or analogies which
have little or no bearing on and relevance to modern
life, will find it a challenging task and trial in
reckoning the fool·proof approach of this spiritual
science. The critical and comparative discussions
about the opinions of modern physical scientists and
Western thinkers pertaining to phenomena like .creation,
the three states of consciousness, the psychic
processes, epistemology, eschatology etc. at varrous
places in this book, particularly in the Appendix,
are sure to render the study of Vedanfa more
inspiring and to create an abiding interest in pursuing
the Vedantic principles and teachings in one's life.
Although no particular scripture or Sanskrit

treatise has been singly or exclusively followed as the
•
basis for propounding the Vedantic truths in this book,
Sh,i Shankaraachaarya's original Bhashyas or conlmenta-
ries have been totally relied upon, and in the light of
those extant commentaries of that great "World
Teacher" the 'scientific' and traditional methodology
that was implicit in the Ul'an;shadic lore has been
eminently brought out in expounding the Ultimate
Pleality of Alina". It would be profitable to remind
VI•
ourselves how the highlV rational approach of Vedanta
brought out of the Upa"i~hQds bV the traditional
teachers of Advaita Vedanta, viz. S hri Gaudapaada,
Shri Shankara and Shri Sureshwara, differs from all
other systems both in the comprehensiveness of its
subject-matter and in tt,e exclusive rational method ;t
employs. Shri Shankara opines that the subject-matter
of Vedanta is BrahmQn or the Ultimate Reality, which
as the Witnessing Self of all of us can be immediatelv
and Intuitively experienced here and now. This
Universal Self is not onlv distinct from the objective
world, but also from the ego or the 'I' notion in all
of us, and consequently from the body, the senses
and the mind which are 'owned' by the ego. Therefore,
it is beyond the scope of the dogmas of theology
which rest on faith alone, as also beyond the
surmises of speculative philosophy inasmuch 8S it ;8
the most indubitable fact of human experience which
can be neither affirmed nor denied; neither proved
nor disproved by reason or dialectics and neither to
be believed nor rejected as an impossible fact. A,
an UpQnishadic text declares: The Ultimate Reality is
"the direct, most immediately or intimately Intuited
Brahman, our innermost Self.
II - BrihadQQfonyaka
(
Upanishad 3 - 5 - 1). The conviction about our own

reality is based on Intuition and even if the whole
world disputes it, that staunch conviction will not be
affected in the least. But when the reality of any-
thing other' than our self has to be determined, we
insist on unimpe3chabl e and unquestionable evidence.
Its subject-matter being quite unlike that of any

speculative phiiosophV, Vedanta does not set before
itself the ptoblem of explaining the universe by mean.
••
VII
of logical deduction, or the task of widening the

area of human knowledge by trying to harmonize the
naturul sciences as far as possible. Attempt to solve
such problems is of course quite in keeping Y/ith
the viewpoint of systems which restrict their idea
of the universe either to its subjective or objective
portion. Vedanta, however, is not satisfied with
partial views at all. Its view, therefore, is based on
Intuition and conscious experience, leaving out no
feature or aspect of life in its widest sense and
reaches. And what is more, Vedanta claims to
have 'discovered' the essence ( Atn1aIJ ) of the
universe in its entirety and assures us that - "Its
realization is possible here and now for everyone
that has t'he desire and capacity or qualifications
for it." It follows from this that its method
must be suitable for the purpose of 'exposing' or
'laying bare' the apparent unreaJity which the common-
sense view is apt to take for Reality Itself. This
method of '·Superimposition and Rescission" has been
briefly formulated and indicated in a half verse ·of
ancient teachers of the Advaita Vedanta tradition and
is quoted by Shri Shankara in these words: "And so
runs the saying of those versed in the traditional
method- 'That which is dovoid of all distinctive features
is explained through deliberate superimposition and
rescission" - (Geetlza Bhashya 12-13) The method it-
lelf consists in leading the seeker to the Ultimate
Reality or A.lman through a concessional or apparent
view taken up for the time being for the sole pur-
pose of weaning his extrovert mind flom a habitual
error and subsequently abrogating the ear1ier assumed
view also. It is illustrated in Shri Shankara:s Brihadaara-
nyaka Blrash}'Q by the pedagogical instances of employing
-..
VIII
written svmbols t n order to Inlti I the Ideal 0 f

articulate sounds and abstract number. into the
pupi I's mind.
Hera in t hi s treatise 'the Ir i·basic method' or the

method of the three states of consciousness is ·the
principal device or strategy which il used with utmost
ingenuity and wisdom by our forbears to pin-point the
aspirant's attention in arriving 8t the Ultimate Reality.
This is very eminently contrasted with the natural
but erroneous mono-basic method of all human beings
without exception adopted in all their empirical deal·
ings and deliberations, taking the waking state alone
as the basis of their speculations. Of the several
special varieties of propounding the Absolute Reality
employed in the Upa"ishads, the lo-called I' A.,QsthaQtfaYQ
PrQkriya" or "the Method of the Three States of
Consciousness" Is the most convincing and easilv
understood, for it assumes nothing that is not already
familiar or that is not in the experience of everyone in
life. In fact. this method is a sure clincher as it
takes the enquirer straight to the Intuition of the
Witnessing Consciousness or Pure Consciousness at the
back of, or as the substrate for. the ego, if onlv the
seeker is prepared to give up his usual or natural
predilection for the waking state viewpoint and has
acquired the capacity to introvert and analyse
Intuitively the nature of his experiences al he passes
through the three modes of consciousness, viz. waking,
dream and deep sleep. This is the device utilized in the
MQQ"dukya UpQnishQd, "the smallest among the ten
principal Upani5hads, and turned to account by Shri
Gaudapaada for explainig the most fundamental doctrin-
es of Vedanta in his famous KQQrikas on thlt
Upanishad. This book will be a 'companion volume' to
•
IX
Shri K. A. Krishnaswamy Iyer" monumental work-

·'Vedanta or the Science of Reality", put)Ushed by
Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya, Holenarasipur, Hassan
District, Karnataka State. A unique feature of this
book is the exquisite and exhaustive exposition of the
Ultimate Reality of Alman or the Self in its three
aspects as Pure Existance (Sadroopa). Pure Knowledge
of Consciousness (Chidroopa) and Pure Happiness or
Bliss (Ana"daroopa), devoting one chapter to each
aspect so as to bring out in full details all the
salient features and subtle truths implicit in the
Maandukya Kaarikas of Shri Gaudapaada and the
extant Bhashyas on them bV Shri Shankara. Many
pritna facie objections that are, or can be, raised by
scient.isls or rationalists, thinkers and philosophers are
taken up for elaborate consideration and are solved
convincingly with the help of the comprehensive or
plenary viewpoint of Intuition or the Witnessing Pure
Consciousness based on the tri-basic method. As the
subject-matler is very subtle and difficult to compre-
hend, in order to do away with ambiguity certOin
words, phrases or expressions are monotonously or
repeatedly used. Especially in the exposition of
Vedantic teachings repetition is more a virtue than a
vice. For the benefit of readers who are equa lIy
interested in the modern scientific developments vis-a-
vis ancient Vedantic teachings or truths, an Appendix
in which a brief comparative study of "Science and
Spirituality" is added at the end of this book which
will facilitate in its study.
This book is a free translation of the Kannada

book -- "Paramaarlha Chin/aanlon;" - bV Shri Shri
Satchidaanandendra Saraswati Swamiji, of revered
memory. who was the founder of tha Adhyatma
x
Prakasha Karyalaya early in this century, and perhaps for
the first time a re tentless and sincere attempt has been
made 10 demonstrate how this unique tri-basic method is
prolific of beneficial results in its application 10 the
discussion of most o~ the problems of modern
philosophy and has the potentia Ii ty of 'revolutionizing'
the approach of many thinkers and philosophers in
arriving at the Absolute or Ultimate Reality of Brahman
or Alman of the Upani,',ads. Vedanta as 8 positive
science founded on reason, Intuition and universal
experience steers clear of all difficulties incidental to
partial views whether of phYSical sciences, which have
committed themselves to an objective, extrovert view
of mind as well as matter, or of Realistic philosophies
which aim at a critical view of the universe and try
to generalize and harmonize the conclusions of the
special sciences, or again of Idealistic systems which
speculate on the basis of the laws of the intellect.
All system - builders, whether of the East or of the
West, have confined their attention to and have
invariably given predominance to the waking state to
the exclusion of the dream and the deep sleep states,
and to that extent their systems have been nccessari IV
defective. Furthermore, while the Highest or Ultimate
Reality is universally Intuited in our sleep to be
identical with our deepest and most· innate Self, Alman,
the Witnessing Pure Consciousness, these systems have
been treating It as though It were an external object
and are ingeniously trying to identify It either with some
logical category such as substance (Dravya), quality
(Guna). action (Kriyo), universality (SQanlQQnya) or
relation (Sambandha) or with some faculty of the
waking mind such as idea, will or feeling. It is
evident that no amount of generalization or criticism
can evar land them at the genuine Realitv. AI
XI•
Shri Krishnaswamy Iyer says - 'Thele thinkers have
traversed the whole gamut Qf human thought and
have failed to arrive at finality. -- No wonder that
the phi losophic area of the present day appears to be
an arena of unending conflicts. The absence of a
tri - basic comprehensive view of life in its entirety
has rendered each thinker's conclusions mere opinions.
theoretical thought positions which failed to produce
general conviction and which made it necessary 88
well as possible for every successive thinker to strike
out a new path for himself, which terminated again
in another wilderness. "
The benefits that accrue from adopting the

comprehensive and p-Ienary viewpoint of this tri-basic
method of Vedanta are: It .overcomes scepticism; it
rises above the charge of solipsism; it can solve the
problem of 'Appearance' and 'Reality' conclusivelv
and convincingly; it provides a sure basis of ethics
and a definite system of eschatology; it accounts for
the apparent di fficu Ity felt in the problem 'of
perception; it reconciles the conflict of Idealism and
Realism. and it support. and justifies the essential
dogmas of theology by offering satisfactory proofs or
consistent theories and explains the principles of
aesthetics by a reference to Reality in Its aspect as
Pure Bliss. If this book enables the genuine aspirants
and students of Vedanta to reckon and acquire even a
few of these benefits and helps them to adopt thele
unique Ve~antic teachings in their daily life, the
purpose for which it is published would be fulfilled.
As I had to look after, all by myself, the various
aspects in getting this book printed, like translation,
typing the rnanuscript, proof-reading etc., there is a
••
XII
likelihood of many error. creeping In inadvertently

for which lacuna I appeal to the readers to be
generous and 10 bear with me.
I have to express here my deep gratitude

and adoration to my spiritual guide, Shri Shrl
Satchidaanandendra S.raswati Swamiji, whose 170 and
odd books in Kannad., Sanskrit and English on all
Vedantlc topics have larvld as I baacon light and
hi'" Inspired me to propagate his unique methods of
teaching and presentation of the subtle Vedantlc truths
in the pristine pure traditional system, ever since I
came under his influence in 1970. As a mark of my
reverence I dedicate this book to his memory and
hereby make over all the publishing rights of this
book to Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya, Holenarasipur,
Haslan- District, Karnataka State. I am beholden to
the member. of the Subharam Trust, 23, Prashant
Nilayam, Serpentine Road, Kumara Park West,
Bangalore - 560 020, viz. Dr. Smt. Subhashinj
Ramamurlhy, Shri S. Ramamurthy, Shri Muniraja
Setty and Shri S. M. Swamv, for their munificent
donation towards the entire printing costs ot this
book. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to
Prof. S. K. Ramachandra Rao. an eminent and erudite
scholar and phi losopher of Banga lor e, for havi ng
readily agreed to write his kind Foreword at short
notice. I will be failing in my duty if I do not express
my indebtedness to Swami Bhagavatpaldaji, a direct
disciple of Shri Shri Satchidaanandendra Saraswati
Swamiji, who prompted and blessed me to write this
translation, and the authorities of Adhyatma Prakasha
KaryalaY8, Holenarasipur the publishers of this book,
l
particularly its dynamic and enterprising secretary,

·..
XIII
Adhyatn1Q Vidya Pravina Shri H. S. Lakshminarasimha

Murthy, for their fullest cooperation and patronage.
last, but not the least, I am thankful to the printers
of this book, The Chitra Printers, Link Road, BangaJore,
for their unstinted cooperation to me throughout and
to all my friends and well-wishers who have given
me moral support and encouragement in' bringing out
this book published without any profit-making motive.
o. B. GANGOL.L.I
B 1-5, Dattaprasad Co-op. Housing Society

10th Main Road, Malleswaram
BANGALORE-560 003.
March 23,1986.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD .... -- ... _. Page (i)
PREFACE _
-- .... - __ Page (vi)
CHAPTER J; INTRODUCTION
A) The Uniqueness of Vedanta Philosophv_.Pages 1 to 21
B) The Greatness of Vedantic Knowledge........ 21 to 30
C) Who are Th'ose Qualified or Fit for the
Vedantic Discrimination-- 31 to 35
CliAPTER II: DISCRIMINATION ABOUT THE

ULTIMATE REALITY
A) The Viewpoint of the Three States of

Consciousness-__ 35 to 42
8) The Need for Discrimination on All
the Three States of Consciousness - - 42 to 50
C) The Special features of the Discriminative
Method of the Three States of
Consciousness •••• - 50 to 63
OJ The Objections and SatisfactoFY Answers
regarding the Method of the Three
States .... - 63 to 87
E) An 0 uti i ne 0 f the 1\1 e tho d 0 f the
Three States -- 88 to 106
F) The Importan~ Verdicts that Become
Evident from the Discrimination about
the Three States-- 106 to 113
xv
CHAPTER III: THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF
EXISTENCE
A) Atman or the Self Himself is the Real

Existence-.-- 114 to 123
8) The Three Stages or Levels of
Existence ........ 124 to 14C
C) Pure or Absolute Existence ............ 141 to 153
D) The Varieties of or Different Forms
of Existence............ 1 54 to 162
E) The Divisions of Reality and Unreality.... 162 to 182
F) The Existence of the Waking and the
Dream is One Alone--_ .•.• 182 to 217
G) The Nature of Pure Existence -_-.. 217 to 231
CHAPTER IV: THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF

KNOWLEDGE OR CONSCIOUSNESS
A) Atman or the Self ~Jone is the Real
Knowledge or Consciousness ............ 231 to 260
B) The Three Levels of Knowledge or
Consciousness - __ 260 to 277
C) Pu(e or Absolute Consciousness or
Knowledge--- 277 to 294
D) Tne Oi fferent Forms of Knowledge
or Consciousness-- _ 294 to 298
E) The Divisions of ~orrect Knowledge
And Wrong Knowledge ____ 298 to 304
F) T he Consciousness of Waking and
Dream is One and the Same-.. _- 305 to 345
G) The Essentia I Nafure of Pure Knowledge
or Conaciousness_ .... _ 345 to 384
•
XVI
CHI\PTER V: THE ESSENTIAL N4TURE OF

HAPPINESS
A) Atman Alone is Pure Happine.I--- - - 384 to 399
B) Differences in Happiness--- ...... _ ........ 400 to 406
C) Pure or Absolute Happiness or Bliss-_ 406 to 412
0) The Different Forms of Happiness
or Bliss------- 413 to 415
E) The Divisions of Happiness and Grief.. 415 to 423
F) The Essential Nature of Pure 8Iils .... - 423 to 432
CHAPTER VI : CONCLUSION
A) The Gist of What hal been Stated
so 18r-.--_.. __ .... 432 to 453
8) Benefits of the Knowledge of the
Ultimate Reality-•• ---------•••• 453 to 465
C) Conclusive Remarks ...................... ___ ... __ 465 to 476
APPENDIX- A BRIEF COMPARATIVE STUDY OF

SCIENCE and SPIRITUALITY 83 'ag8s.
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
H is Holiness Shri Satchidaanandendra Saraswati
Swamiji, of revered memory, had written more than
15 books on Vedanta in English, besiCles editing the
book. "Vedanta or The Science of Realitv •• , by the
late Shri K. A Krishnaswamy Iyer. Swamiji has also
written masterly introduction in English to his own
two magnificent Sanskrit works, viz. Maandukya
Rahasya Vivrutihi and Vedanta Prakriyaa Pratyabhijna.
His presentation of Vedanta in a precise, classicar
style has earned the admiration of several Indian
scholars as well as critics from the West. Etre, a
quarterly French philosophical journal. published from
Paris, has serialized a couple of translations of
Swamiji's works.
Swamiji had confined himself mostly to writing in
Kannada to h,elp the common earnest seekers of Karnataka,
having been a Kannadiga. For more than 50 years he
had edited continuously the monthly Kannada magazine,
I' Adhyatma Prakasha". and for some time had 'devoted
four pages for articles on Vedantic topics in English.
It was hiS desire to present pristine pure Vedanta as
propounded by Shankara in his original, extapt
Bhashyas to the modern thinkers and earnest students
in English, and with this intention he had written
several thought-provoking English books.
We cherish that his desire should be fulfi I led by
publishing more and more useful books in English.
Shri D. B. Gangolli had previously written ·8 trans-
lation of one of Swamiji's Kannada works, entitled
lIThe Unique Teaching of Shankara'· (A Discussion on
his ~dhyaasa Bhaashya). This book now being
published is in continuation of that effort. We hope
that the discerning readers will appreciate our attempt
to present Swamiji's enlightening thoughts and teach-
ings to the English-knowing aspirants.
THANDAVESWAR ARKALGUD
Chairman
18-3-1986 Adhyatma Prakasha Karvalava,
Holenarasipur.
T~[ MAGIC J~l1J[l O~INTUITION
I INTRODUCTION
(A) The UDiqueaess of Vedanta Philosophy
1. What is meant by Vedanta 7

Man is yearning to know the reality. of his own being
as well as of ·the world around him from tim4 immemorial.
'Is there one and only one reality which is the essence of
this whole universe, or is it to be believed that this diverse
universe is real as it appears? What is the realitv of the-
exi"stence or being of 'all this? What is the reality of mv
consciousness and of the -consciousness appearing in
sentient creatures like me 7 What is the relation between
the being of the whole universe and the consciousness
which illumines it ? When I perceive t'he world, once I get
pleasure and onC9 I get grief. What is the substrate of
these pleasures and griefs? I and other creatures like me
live here and aspire to acquire happiness and to prevent
grief by adjusting our environmental conditions. What is
the secret of this aspiration 7"- In all such ways man is
think ing within himsel.t, is communicati ng to another what
is known or ~nderstood by hi.m. is listening to what others
say in this regard; and in this manner. what is said, heard
discussed and decided by many people he is systematizing
those decisions and writing them down. Thus this mass of
knowledge collected alone is the philosophical (spiritual)
science or the science of the Ultimate Realitv. The philo-
sophical science is a science which· undertakes, discovers
and then propounds or teaches the Ultimate Realitv or
Essence, i.e. that b3 sic stuft which has to" be recovered
after removi ng t.he extraneous, loose dross of the entire
universe.
2 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUTION
2. '''.re is no certainty among the philosophers

the subject-mattar of philosophical sciencI is :
I. to whit
There is no unanimity yet among people about the

question-What is the uncommon (special) subject-matter
of philosophical science '1 In our country, i.e. India. all
those who have believed to have found out the Ultimate
Reality have called that which they enunciate as their tenets
or teachings as 'Darshano'. The literary meaning of the
word 'Dtrrsl;QnG' is : IThe science which teaches what is
seen or perceived i'n experience' only; but it is to be said
that none of these schools of philosophical science has
taught its tenets keeping that thing which is in everyone·s
experience as their subject-matter. For, philosophers of
every school have faken their own opinion of the univer.e
got on analysing it from their own respective viewpoint,
and have propagated that alone as their teaching of the
Ultimate Reality, but neither any of the other schools of
philosophy nor the rest of the common run of people have
unanimously accepted any one philosophical teaching in the
manner-"This ;s the final vardict,". For that reason alone
there was room for raising such a question as: "If Kapila
is omniscient, what criterion is there to prove that Kanaada
is not" If both are omniscient, how could there arise a
difference in their respective opinidns 1". Just because
M~emaamJQk.s, who put this question, started off with the
main proposition that Vedas are of non-human origin, their
teaching also did not become final; philosophers belonging
to schools like lVaiv}'QtJylka, lair;" and BauddhtJ etc. imme-
diately contradicted it. Even today, there are many oppo-
nents to their contentions. Anyhow, the word D3,slta"a' or
·the science of teaching what is in one·s experience', in-
stead of .becoming a phi losophical treatise which states
what is experienced 6 has remained to mean that it is a
I INTRODUCTION 3
philosophy taught in keeping with their respective view-

poi nt.
It is the same state of affa'irs among the Western philo-

sophers too. Because they have incessantly used the word
philosophy' to mean any. one opinion found about the
subject-matter of the entire mass of objects, what is deci-
ded as the Ultimate Rea Ii tv according to their respective
viewpoint and consequ.ently reconciled with dialectics alone
has become for them the science of phifosophy. • Because
there is no restriction or regulation whatsoever 'that in dia-
lectics there shbuld be a finality reached at a particular
stage or point, in their countries too it has become very
easy for people to formulate their own 'phi losophy' by for-
warding or propounding, from a different viewpoint, a
stronger system of dialectics. Therefore, from very
anci·ent times to this day various schools of phifosophy have
continued to be born in these countries. Among them some
have made efforts to,.be in consonance with the religious
texts; some others have attempted to establish themselves
on the strength of their own independent dialectics. Anv-
way, because of the acceptance of the fact that everything
is to be established on dialectics alone' is a common' feature
among all of them, nt present many of those philosophies
have disappeared and have remained in the memor"ies of
historians only who study them out of curiosity. The
literary meaning of the word 'philosophy' is 'the love of
knowledge'; but it would not be wrong if it is said that
among the "estern philosophies the love of dialectics has
become greater than the love of knowledge. Let it
be. Of late, the Westerners have realized that for
dialectic, the support of experience is necessary
They are declaring that any philosophicar science
4 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
which does not take any subject-matter that is deter-

mined by physical science through the means of
examination, experimentation and synthesis as the basis is
not worth its name. They are saving that it is the duty of
the philosophical science to examine completely the univer-
se that is in front of us as well as the present-day socia I
life, and that to keep on discussing matters imagined with
the help of the human intellect alone can never be called a
philosophical science. Not only this; a couple of those
people have mentally realized that it is quite essential for
the philosophical science to analyse completely the objec-
tive realm. In spite of all this, it is not possible to say for
anyone that among the Westerners also there is unanimity
regarding the question -What is the special subject-matter
of the phi losophical science 7 It appears that some among
them have.fallen a' prey to the delusion that the totality of all
the empirical or physical sciences is itself the philosophical
science. What they say ;s : We do not know yet many parts
(aspects) of the world; it is not possible to say also that
we have completely analysed all the known parts or aspects
and have thereby come to a final conclusion about them.
Besides, is it possible at all to grasp completely the Ulti-
mate Reality and then explain it by means of the various
perceptu~1 detai Is which are conceived or constructed by the
limited human mind or intellect? How can the mind which
is itself one part of the Ultimate ·Reality be able to deter-
m~ne the whole of the Ultimate Reality Itself? There is a
belief that man gets not only the perceptual knowledge of
objects through the senses but also certain experiences
through meditation, Yogic practices etc. Only after all
those are taken into consideration it will be possible to
determine the Ultimate Reality. For all these reasons, to
say that 'the philosophical science regarding the Ultimate
Reali ty ends here' is an idiotic statement. The philosaphi-
I INTRODUCTION 5
cal scienci 01 the Ultimata Reality is one which denotes

the determination of the Ultimate Reality which we have
arrived at in consonance with dialectics for the time being;
in this sense, the philosophical science regarding the Ulti-
mate Reality means the totality of the physical sciences
and hence, like the empirical sciences, that CReality) will
keep on changing and will have to be established according
to t he times-this is t heir opinion. It is the opinion of
some Western~rs that, just as it is acknowledged by the
physical sciences that the common thought consrructs of
time, space and causation etc. are self-established, it is the
business of the phi losophical science to find out the truth
of those categories only; in addition 10 this, some others
opine that it must include the truth of religious and moral
feelings and then determine the whole Realit.V and this
alone is its duty. Anvway, it can only be said that just as in
our country (i.e.lndia) in the Western countries too the
question as to what the subject-matter of the philosophical
science ;s ;s yet un-established in a similar manner.
3. There is no wall-established method Dr system of reasoll-

ing among the philosophers:
Just as there are differences of opinion regarding the

subject - matter of the phi losophical science, there have
arisen difference~ of opinion regarding the method or sys-
tem of reasoning to be ado'pted in determining the subject-
matter of the philosophical science at all times and in all
countries. In the olden times among -the Westerners those
who said that ·to determine the Ultimate Reality it should be
argued out on the strength of the respective religious texts
alone' were very powerful; even today some people of that
opinion can be found. But in our country, just as there
arose a controversy with regard to the question of the omni-

science of our philosophers, many present-day philosopher.,
who found that there continues to be discussion with regard
to the question as to which among the many religious texts
is fit to occupy the highest position, have decided that for
the philosophical science, like the physical sciences, ex-
perience alone should be of prime i·mportance, as al80 that
dialectics which stands on the support of experience alone
should be the main means or instrument. It is prop.r, in-
deed. Because for dialectics and experience there are
no restrictions of nationality, times, caste, creed,
race etc. and because when considering the validity
of (scriptural) statements etc. these two alone
(i.e. dialectics and experience) are to be followed,
these two alone are the suitable means. But just as in our
country so also among the Westerners, even those who have
undertaken to use only reasoning and expereience, although
they have been profusely using these whi Ie" condemning
the tenets of other schools of philosophy, they have basn
squeezing in aspects which are agreeable to themselves, in
the name of religion, into their own philosophy (In this
regard more details can be known from the book, "The
Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy" bV Dr. S.
Radhakrishnan). For this reason, just as in our country so
also In the Western countries, among the thinker. there J.
no scope for unanimity with regard to the Ultimate Reality.
In addition to this. the Westerner. do not S8em to hive
made till now the proper analytical study regarding ques-
tions like -What is this phenomenon called 'experience' 1
What are these things called 'reason.s'" If one r.8son is
opposed to another, which of them is to be followed and
why? If one experience appears to be opposed to another
then what? Therefore, in their method or system of rea-
soning also there has arisen an important problem.
I INTRODUCTION 7
4. V,dantins have accepted only reasoning and experience:

The purpose of our having started now a text pertaining
to the philosophical science of the Ultimate Reality is : AI
it is possible to determine the Ultimate Reality on the
strength of reasoning and experience alone, there is a
school of phi losophy which has exclusively undertaken this
task and has fearlessly propagated the Reality. As a result
of ratiocinating on the teachings of that school of philoso-
phy. not only can ambiguities [or anomalies] in the
present-day system . of phi losophica I study be removed
, but
also the hope that the complete purpose or goal of the
philosophical science Qf the Ultimate Reality can be attai·
ned is created in us. Therefore, we are making an attempt
to acquaint th~ readers with that philosophical science.
The present philosophical science which we are
explaining becomes explicit on the strength of
the methodologV indicated in the UjJan i,J!ttlds;
because the Upanishads have another name of 'Veda-
n,as', thil school of philosophical science has acquired the
name of 'Vtdonla Darshand'. For this reaS9n only the folio:,
wers of this school of philosophy are called 'Vedantins'. 'ho-
ugh it is true that this schaal of phi losophy was born from
the teachings of the scriptural (UptJnishlldic) texts, the Ulti-
mate Reality enunciated by them is not to be realized taking
either the scriptures or the statements of any preceptor as
the valid means or eVidences [Naishkormya 5iddhl 4-19]. In
this school of philosophy both experience (universal and not
individual) and reasoning have been given prominence in
an extra-ordinary manner. The method of solving the
problem of contradiction, which is apparently seen among
the experiences as well as the essential nature of genuine
reasoning which stands out as extremelv powerful. has
been determined in a manner acceptable to all., In thi.
book. because we have explained in a lucid language the
supreme 'Intuitive experience' as well as the supr.ml 'intuitivi

reasoning' envisaged by the philosophical science of Vedan-
ta so as to be understood by even the common r·un of peo-
ple, there is a great benefit from this text to all those who
are enthusiastic about determining the Ultimate Reality by
means of dialectics alone. Because we have, at various
places, mentioned as to where the topics, which are pre-
dominantly logical or in keeping with Intuitive experience,
are to be found in the Sanskrit texts and have also all along
quoted the numbers of chapter, verse etc., even to those
who have a predi lection to depend upon the original Sans-
krit texts this book will be of great help to know the raal
purport of the original texts. But as we have not exempli-
fied any sentence as an authoritative quotation to be
believed perforce for the mere reason that it is a sentence,
the exa~t literary meaning of each sentence will not be found
here: the readers should keep it in mind that we have
accepted only the reasoning to be found in the original
text and have included it in our book.
5, Vadaotins lay that tbey follow. comprehensive view-

point and carryon their discrimination:
The Ultimate Reality can be compared to Chln/aoman; (8

magic jewel) of the celestial world. That (jewel) assumes
(according to some mythological texts) whichever form one
(i.e. the owner) imagines or wishes. Some say there is the
Ultimate Reality and some say It is not there at all ; some
say It is one and only one, while some say It
is manifold; some opine that It is endowed witt. various
qualities. whi Ie some say It is without any
qualities; some say It is with action, while some
say It is devoid of action; some say It is of the form of
I INTRODUCTION 9
knowledge, while some say It is of the form of meaning; some

say It is of the form of cause, while some say It is devoid
of both cause and effect; some are of the opinion that It is
of the nature of happiness, while some are of the opinion
that It is of the nature of grief or misery; some say It is in
the form of '1. 1 notion, whi Ie some say It is of the form devoid
of the notions oj 'I' and 'you' [Aitoreyo 8hDshy,. 2-1-1 ]-In
all such ways the disputants are variously describing Ii.
If an entity, which has given rise to so many types of ima-
ginations or surmises and' which in future also may give
room for many other varied imaginations, is compared to
the celestial jewel, i.e. Chintaam,n/, what is wrong? Even
so, all disputants agree that the Ultimate Reality should
exist with one distinct form only. It being so, we have to
imagine that in the me.thods of discrimination, adopted bV
the disputants with regard to the Ultimate R~ality with
utterly contrary descriptions, there must be some defect.
The Vedantins say that this defect is to ~e found in the
viewpoi nts of the respective disputant, and because none of
these disputants has followed or adopted I comprahaRsi1ta
viewpoint these different opinions regarding the Ultimate
Reality have arisen.
Among the Vedantins also there are different schools

of the types of Dv.;ta, Advaita, Dvaitaadvaita, Vishishthaad-
v.ita, Shuddlraodvaila etc. But the rest of the Vedantins
(other than Advaitins following Adi Shankara), believing the
Upanishads to be a uthoritative sources, are advocating
that even contradictory interpretations should be beHeved
on the authority of the Upanishads. Their opinion is that
just as in the case of topics like Ka,.ma (action), Jeeva (soul),
.~anJSUllI'Cl (tr~nsmigratory life), ,'"irishli (creation), 1011 111 (IQII-
lara (other births), Lokaalllilra (other worlds) etc., which
10 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF' INTUITION
Vedantins refer to, there has to be unanimity (among them)

with regard to the knowledge of the Ultimate Realitv on the
authority of the scriptural texts only. But as far al the
Advait. Vldantins who follaw Adi Shank.f•• charya are con-
cerned, they declare boldly: ·'The scriptural texts teach an
entity as it is, but do not create afresh what does not
exist", (Brihadaoranyaka Bhashya 2-'-20); "Even if 8 hundred
scriptures say that fire is cold, it does not illumine (is not
bright), they cannot be authoritative or va.lid." (Gila Bhas-
)'a 18-16). Thev have vociferously announced that: "Not
only there is knowledge of the form of meditations (Upaasa-
sana) taught in the Upanishads, but also there is knowledge of
the Ultimate Reality al it is. taught in the Upanishads" (Sulta
Bhash.'a 1-4-4). "Therefore with regard to this know-
ledge (of the Ultimate Reality) not only the
(scriptural) sentences are authorit~tive or vaJid but
Intuitivi Ixplrilnce also is authoritative. '. (S"tra Bhashya
1-1-2). In accordance with this, they have taught both
Intuitive reasoning and Intuitive experience and have for-
mulated their doctrines_ And because knowledge (of the
Ultimate Reality) has to be attained in keeping with Intuitive
reasoning and Intuitive experience, it.is proper if it is said
that only after the doctrines or teachings are formulated in
consonance with this (knowledge) the meanings or inter-
pretations of sentences pertaining to - exclusively 'nvisible
or extra-sensory topics like Karma, Samsaara etc. can be
.
made in full agreement with the Ultimate Realitv- There-
fore, now we propound only that knowledge of compre-
hensive viewpoint which the Advaita Vedantins (Even
before Shankaraacharya there were many brands of Advaita
Vedanta and even today there are several of them. But we
have called Shankara's ·Advait8 al taught in and through his
Bhashyas or commentaries only-as 'Vedanta· here) teach.
To all aspirants, whether they are followers of the rituali ...
I INTRODUCTION 11
Itic tenats of the Vedas, or followers of other creed. or

religions, or those who do not acknowledge any religious
school or path but are independent thinkers, the conclu-
sions of this portion are capable of being understood. In
fact. a dispassionate reader will be convinced that only
aftar the greatness of this portion is understood, it would
be possible to expound and justify, in accordance with the
teachings of this philosophical science of Vedanta, the
basil and need for topics like morals, religion, society,
politics, educltion etc.
6. The viewpoint·af thl thr•• stat.s of Consciousnl.1 of the

Vadantins :
Vedantins say that they carry out discriminative think-

ing following a comprehensive viewpoint or outlook, whlre
all the other. are not able to cognize the Ultimate Reality
because they carry out their deliberations adopting a defec-
tive non-comprehensive outlook, is it not? What they
IVedantins) refer as a comprehensive viewpoint is not at an
a queer, uncommon viewpoint~ 1t is of a kind which takes
up dispassionately or impartially the entire gamut of ex-
periences of all born creatures and examines or analyses
them incisively or intrinsically. All of us invariably or
without fail keep on experiencing the three states, viz.
waking, dream and deep sleep. Not a single human being
is to be found in any region whatsoever who does not haVe
the experience of these three types. It is not possible at all
for anyone to have his way even if he obstinately decides
in the manner-"I do nol want deep sleep, do not want
dream, enough if I have waking alone ': it becomes quite
contrary to one's nature to give up deep sleep itself. Even
10, for some reason or other. people have mora respect for
or faith in the waking statae lone. Though thi' attitude is
enough or valid for their empirical transactions or dealings,

no one can possibly say that waking alone is concerned to
his life. Man's sp~n of life can be measured by the series or
line of waking, dream and deep sleep alone. Although our
experience (Intuition) includes all these three states (of
Consciousness), the philosophers (who inquire into the
Ultimate Reality) are discriminatively considering only the
waking; neither in our country nor in other countries,
neither in the olden times nor in the present times do we
find any school of phi losophers other than Vedantins who
have given equal value (or status) to the three states of
Conciousness (viz. waking, dream and deep sleep) and ·have
carried out their discriminative deliber·ations. Not that there
are no thinkers at all who have used the narnes of dream
and deep sleep; there are those who have considered that,
because dream and deep sleep are needed for the waking,
they are inferior states which are appendages to it (i .e.
waking state) but not at all any (thinkers or philo-
sophers) who, having considered that these three
states are verily equal, have establishe,d their
teachings (or their phi losophy) and dialectics on a
comprehensive and complete Intuitive experience (If it is
clearlvanalysed, it can be discerned that the Vedantic
methodology, which is common to all the Upanishads, is
called the Adhyaaropa Apavaada Nyaaya or the method of the
form of negating or rescinding all misconceptions super-
imposed on the all-witnessing Almall alone. This alone is
the comprehensive viewpoint. The viewpoint of the three
states of Consciousness is merely one important kind in it. For
this topic refer to sub-section No. 168 as well as the intro-
duction to that Chapter) which has examined all th"se three
states· What the special feature of the viewpoint of the
three states of Consciousness is, we will explain in the next
Chapter. In· this Chapter, however, we will state first what
I ·INTRODUCTION 13
a profound phi losophical teachi ng wi II follow from this

easy analysis which is carried out in accordance with
everyone's experience alone and what a great benefit is
accruing to us from the .knowledge of that philosophical
teaching.
7. The essential nature of the Ultimata Reality taught in

Vedanta:
In Vedanta the essential nature of this universe is called

Brahnl0n. It is being called our Alman also because Brahman
is the essence of Being of the entire world as weJl as all of
us who exist within it. Because that Brahman exists indepen-
dently without being controlled by anything else what-
soever, as also everything else is controlled by it,
B,.ohman is given the name /s/awQro also. To indicate that
It is self-effulgent and everything is illumined by Its efful-
gence only, It is called also as Jyothi (Light), DevQ (Shining.
Entity) and DevoID (Deity). Because It can never be destro-
yed, It is called Akshara (Indestructible) and because It is
not perceptible to our senses It is called A"yalcIQ (Unmani.
fested' also. Similarly, other names like PrQol1Q (the cause
for everything to live), Akoosho (effulgent everywhere) are
a Iso there. It wi II have to be determi ned whether that
nature which we have mentioned here-does it exist in the
Ultimate Reality or not? Onlv at the end of the delibera-
tions mentioned in this text will it be possible to de1ermine
the answer to that question. But for the time being, we
ask the readers to observe this much: They should keep
in mind that, irrespective of whatever meanings being
adduced to these words usually, without taking all of them
into the reckoning it should be understood that these
various names are given .o'lly 10 the Ultimate Reality in
Vedanta.
If some 9f the statements in the Upanishads praising the

Ultimate Reality are listened to with rapt attention, the
essence of the teaching of Vedanta will be known to us
"Brahman is real (Satvam), knowledge (Jnaanam), eternal
CA."antam)"-(Talttireeya Upanishad 2-1), "Brahaman is Intui-
tive knowredge (Pijnaana),· bliss (Ananda)" -- (BrlltadQQra-
nlata 3-9 .. 28), "I am Brahma,,"- (Brihadaaranyaka 1-4-10),
"That Thou Art"- (Cllhaandog)"Q 6-8-7), "This Alman il
verily Brahman"-(Brlhadaaranyaka 2-5-19, 4-4-5), "AII this is
Br.hm." alone"-(Maandukya 2, Mundaka 2-2-11), I I Nothing
whatever that is varieg2ted here ex;sts"-(Kaths 2-1-11)-
Such sentences are as many as one can desire in the Upanl,ltlldJ
According to Vedantic philosophy, the entire unive'rse seen
in front of us is one and one Absolute Reality only, there
are ·no categories of the forms of sentient and insentient
things in It, all this is one and one Entity only wruch is Pure
Existence, Pure Consciousness, Pure Bliss. I f these state-
ments are measured from the level of our common beliefs,
they appear to be the ,amblings of mad men. Because
they are all contrary to percepts or perceptual knowledge,
the relt of the Vedantins are also saying that the •• are not
the interpretations of the Upon/shadle statement.. In spite.
of it, onlv the Advaita Vedantins ~r8 stating courageously
that "what is stated here (in the Upanishadic statements
mentioned above) is the Absolute Reality alone; this Realitv
can be cognized or realized by intuitivE» experience; all this
we can realize by an examination of the three states of
Consciousness". Therefore, it is proper for all those who
have a keen interest in the discriminative knowledge of the
Ultimate Reality to examiM8 their statements and then pro-
pagate their opinions among common people.
8. Th, Various fruits accruing from the knowlld.. af
Brahman:
Any person may ask the questions: What is the utility
or benefit accruing if it is understood that the Absolute
I INTRODUCTION 15
Reality or Brahman is of the essential nature of Pure Exis ..

tence, Pure Consciousness, Pure Bliss, as stated in the
Upanishads, as also that very Entity is the A.lman of all of us?
Vedantins' answer to this question is ~ By this fknowledge)
grief and delusion will be driven away, doubts will be
removed; the exhaustion or tiredness of people who are
withering away by constant labour will be removed; the
fear of people who are afraid of things in life wi II vanish
into thin air; the misery of grief-stricken people will be
driven away; the poor wi II feel as I'f they have attained
a fortune, the coward will feel as if they have been invigo-
rated by courage, there will be success in all endeavours,
and all desired things will be acquired. This;s no, at all
an exaggeration. It is enough if we see the history of the
Maharshis (grand sires or seers) who have compassionately
taught the Adhyaatma Vidya or the Knowledge of 'he Inner
Self to the world, we will immediately· realize the truth of
this (philosopical teachingl. Those were great people of
wisdom. Because kings and emperors were treating them
with reverence, if they wanted wealth, power or mundane
enjoyments it was not at all difficult for them to get their
ambitions fulfi lied. Even so. they had discarded citv-life,
had gone to forests ·and were spending their time in con·
ten1plation about the Ultimate Reality alone. observing con-
stant celibacy (and other austerities). It is mentioned in
our mythological texts that some among them were even fullV
satisfying the kings and thei,r retinues, who were visiting
their Ashrams or monasteries as guests, by ptov;ding all
suitable things of enjoyment bV creating -them through their
Yogic powers. To us who do not at all know the essential nat-
ure of those miraculous powers, all those look like imagined
tales now. let it be. Even though they were revered by the
whole world and were endowed with all kinds of powers
or means to get their desires fuffi"ed. if they had discarded
16 tHE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
or shunned all those things with utmost sense of renuncia-

tion and had merged themselves in the contemplation of the
Inner Sel" what a great value they might have had given to
the Knowledge of the Absolute Reality I
9. The 1(°nawledge of Brahman (the Absolute Reality) will

help avoid demoniac attitude and will mitigate grief or misery:
Those ancient holy men have propagated that the cause

for all the miseries suffered by people is the lack of Self-
knowledge alone, that all disasters or difficulties have
arisen because of not having viewed everything from the
standpoint of AlmOll or the Self bllt from the viewpoint of
the body alone and, therefore, the desire for attaining 5elf-
knowledge alone is supremely auspicious(or blis.\ful J. Those
who have not known AlmOIl or the Self and, as a result of
the ignorance of the Self, who are immersed in the delibe-
rations about the not-Seff alone are the great degeonerated
souls who have committed suicides o
As a result of this de-

•
generation or degradation they are born as devils only.

They canQot at all be considered as human beings: it makes
no difference at all whether they live or die. Their plight
is like that of those who have fallen into an unfathoma-
bly deep, forsaken well which is so covered with darkness
that eye-sight cannot perceive in the least and are going
down and down! - Thus is described in the Upanishads
(lsa-3j the fate of those who do not know Atman or the
Self. Out of compassion that people should not degene-
rate into this kind of a damned or sorry state, the real
nature of Atl1Jan as well as the essence of the world is
taught in those sacred (scriptural) texts. Therefore, over-
coming (the sin of) suicide or killing the Self, evading
I INTRODUCTION 17
demoniac attitude. ascending to the lev.al of a true

human being is the one great benefit or purpose of
(attaining) Self-knowledge. Without knowing how best
the various new inventions and appliances that the
physical sciences have discovered can be uti lized, people
are alwavs terrified with fear, thinking as to when and
which among the dangers like famine, epidemic and
war etc., which are the fruits of their own attachment
and hatred, wi II descend upon them. If one of them- visits
them. without being able to find out 8S to who is
responsible for this calamity they keep on putting the
blame on one another and aggravate or whip up their
attachments and hatreds By d;vine dispensation or
decree when people as well as nations are destroyed
they despair and yell out .in the manner - "l h God! Oh
Father I Help us God I ~n such a desperate situation
the physical sciences, without being able fO show any
way out. repeat the slogan of despondency or dis-
illusionment in the manner: "1 can know only this
much, her6fore let your intellect and wisdom be in
your control J" ~t that time, "if there is the protection
or benevolence of the Absolute Reality people will not
only give up demoniac attitude and attain the real
manhood but also may ascend to divinehood from man·
hood, hOisting aloft, as it were, the philosophical
banners of charity, religious duties kindness, service
of others etc. Is not this a great benefit?
1D. Our essential nltur.

mentioned in Vedanta is devoid
of Samsaar., the wheel of births and deaths;
The difference or disparity between our essential

nature of Being 8S it is praised in the llpanishads and
2
our essential nature as we have understood it now is

as much as that between the mountain Meru and a
.e.an-.um seed. What is our kno*ledge at present.s
regards ourselves"1 ·'In us there are many blemishes
and shortcomings; hunger, thirst, old age and death-
such things are shadowing us; disease and deficiencies do
not seem to leave us. Our desires and plans are in
thousands and among them deli res which cannot be ful-
filled are more. We a'e born in one particular place and
at a particular time and we are so non-independent that at
the end, one day or other, we become one with the sand"-
such an opinion is deep-rooted in us, is it not? But look
at the description of our innate, essential nature of Being
mentioned in the Shrutis (Upanishads): There is no defect
whatsoever in Atman or the Self; there is no old age, no
death, no misery, no delusion, no hunger. no thirst; there is
no desire which remians unfulfilled by Him, Almon, no plan
or proposal which He cannot achieve. He alone should be
discovered or found out. He alone should be known
flntuitively). One who clearly knows and attains this Alman,
for him all worlds and all desire. will be in his control or
grasp" (BrihadaaranyQka 3-5-1: Cllhaandogya 8-7-1).
'1 Though WI suff.r death from the empirical stlndpoint,

WI Ir. deathless from thl Absolute staodpoint :
Here a doubt may arise in the minds of some people
That is: If Qu.r essential nature of Being were as it is des-
cribed in the Upanishads, then we could have had belief in
this 'myth of castles in the air'. But how is the real state
of affairs? Some idiots m.ight have totally believed thai
we have no old age, no death; but whichsoever discrimi-
I INTft(D)UCTION 19
native thinker can say this Itatement to be true? Who

does not know that all creatures are born, are growing and
changing day by day, suffer flom hunger and thirst, wither
away from disease and deficiencies, become old and, like
the old trees toppling over to the ground, drop down their
bodies a•• d disappear? Let it be anybody - the weak, the
.trong, t he poor, the fortunate, the farmers, the ki ngs, the
materialists, the renunci ates or recluses, the dull-heads, the
wise, the theists, the atheists, the disciples, the preceptor.,
the ignorant, the knl)wledg9able - are there any of these
who are not caught in the jaws of the Lord of Death? It;s
neither poss;ble for any Rishi or sage, whos·oever he may
be, who has taught the world the manner of conquering
Death or for any Achar)'Q, or preceptor, whosoever he may
be, who has explained or expounded those Rish!s' opinions,
to evade the onslaught of the 'Demolisher', nor has anyone
ever subsisted having become immortal. It being so, what
should we call one who boasts that our essential ·nature of
Being does not experience old age, c'eath J If in our
philosophical texts there are only such grandmrl's stories to
be found. there is no other reason needed at all to say that
in 1he present times they are no( wanted.
Though such a sort of d"ubt flashes natural'y in the

minds of evpryone, solt,;tions or sati~factory answers to
such a dcubt also do not remain unprovided in our philoso-
phical texts. The fact that 'gefting born, growing, wither ..
ing away and dV' ng are a II n!tural to atl creatures·' is true.,
indeed, from one viewp int. But viewed from the stand ..
point of V-edanta it will be clearly known that birth and
death are merely empirical dbBlings and that these appear ..
anees of birth and death do not relate in the least to our
true, innate nature of Being. Anybody may ask - "Are
births and deaths merely an appearance? Have we not

perceived people reaJlv dying?" True. But this is asked
from a standpoint, without our having made any dilcrimi-
native thinking. If it is viewed from the Vedantic stand-
point, it can be reltized without doubt -that Atma" or the
Self of all of us is without any change whatsoever and
exilts eternally in His one and only one essential nature of
Being. The viewpoint which the philosophical science of
Vedanta depicts to us is callett the Param.a,tl,a Drishti or
the Absolute or Transcendental viewpoint. The essence of
this Absolute viewpoint as well as the manner in which we
can cognize the real, essential nature of our Alman by
means of that viewpoint will be stated in due course. For
the time being, it is enough if we understand this much,
viz : Para",aartha D,ishti or the Absolute viewpoint i"s not
Gn. of those queer viewpoints which is attained rarelv bV
anyone parson as 8 result of a certain holyman's grace.
There is no need whatsoever 'to believe sincerely' that this
kind of a viewpoint exists; there is no need either to discard
the universal or everybody's common experiences. When
we do not carry out any discriminative thinking, we consi-
der from the natural ve;wpoint and determine the essential
nature of objects to be correct in such and such a manner
alone, is it not" This natural or commonplace viewpoint
is called VyoQvahQaric Dr;shti (empirical viewpoint)
or Laukika Drishti (commonman's viewpoint). There
is no restriction at all that what is perceived through
the empirical viewpoint has to be perforce in that
same way. People had in the past known that water was
only one entity; but these days from the examination or
analysis made by the chemists it has been found out
that in that (water) two gases, viz oxygen and hydrogen.
'have combined. It hal become well-known that all the
I INTRODUCTION 21
discoveries of the physical sciences have kept on amending

or changing every now and then the decisions made from
the empirical viewpoint. But what we are referring to now
a. Shal.tr. Drishti (Icripturll vilwpoint) or Parlml.rtha
Drishti (Absolute viewpoint) is not of that ki nd; because
it teaches the Ultimate Realitv as It is only, there is no
possibility whatsoever of the decision made on the strength
of this viewpoint again being changed or amended. When
the Ultimate Reality is cognized according to this viewpoint,
It becomes indisputable that our Atman is truly. deathless.
It will become quite certain that statements made by the
scriptural texts regarding BralrmGIf, who is our Almon or Self,
like - "Afraid (of Him) Death keeps on running" (TaitlireeytJ
2-8), "To Him even Death is pickles" (Kalh2 1-2-25), (One
who cognizes that essential nature of Being) I I That mortal
being becomes immortal" (Brihadaaranyaka 4-4-1) etc.-
are not dry flatteries or praises but are the real statements
of facts.
(8) Tbe Greatness of Yedaotic laowledge
12. The benefits Iccruing froin the teaching that our Atmln
or S.II alone is the Atman or essence of Being of thl antir.
univlrse :
To those students who keep as their goal what we have

stated so far, viz, that the Ultimate Reality or Absolute
Euence of Being of this universe is Brahman alone and that

when viewed from the Absoh.lte standpoint our Alman is
Brahman alone; another special feature of the philosophical
science of Vedanta will flash in the mind. That i&~ Because
the fact that -Brahman is not only our Alma" or Self but also
is the AlmQn of the entire universe itself- is established in
this phi losophical science, it means the same whether it is
stated that one should know the esSential natura of Alman
or that one should know the eSlence of Being of the entire
universe. For this reason alone, it is propagated in the
scriptural texts that if after listening to the subject-mltter
of Alman one ratio·cinates or Intuitively reasons out and
cognizes, then ' 'what is not heard of also becomes that
which is heard of, what is not discriminated about also
becomes that which is discriminated about, what is not
cognized (or ·Intuitively known) also becomes that which is
cognized" (Brihadaara"yaka 2-4-5, Chaandogya 6-1-3); '-Just
as, if the reality of one lump of clay is cognized or known,
the essential nature of all those things like pitcher, a plate
and a pot etc. which a re made out of c·lay becomes known,
similarly if AlmQn or the essential nature of Being of this
universe is cognizeti, everything becomes known onlv"
(Choandcgya 6-1-4'. Thus, in order to indicate that the
(Intuitive) knowledge of the essential nature of our Being
is Itself the knowledge of the entire universe, this know-
ledge is being calJed variously bV names like "Brahm.
Jnlln.". I I Atma Jnaana", "Brahm.ltml Jnllna". To the
doubt as to how at all does it become possible that merely
knowing the essential nature of our Alman or Sell we come
to know the essence of Being of everything, a solution will
become clear. or evident bV itself in due course. From this,
it also becomes evident as to how insupportable
is the allegation that Vedantins are a group of selfish.
minded people who are concerned about their own Emanci-
I INTRODUCTION 23
pation, being unconcerned abo.ut others or having given up

the thought of others; because, in the discriminative think-
ing about Atman that the Vedantins carry out all the delibe-
rations about topics I:ke - the essential nature of the
phenomenon of Jeeva (soul) or Jeeva Tatlwa, the essential
nature of the phenomenon of the universe or Prapancha
Tattwa, the essential nature of tlie phenomenon of the
Creator or Lord or Ishwara Tattwa, thb essential nature of
the phenomenon of Self· knowledge or Jnaana Tattwa, the
essential nature of morals or ethics or Neet; Ta1twtJ, the
essential nature of meditations or UptJasana 'atIKQ, the
essential nature of the ultimate goal Dr purpose of. human
existence or PurllJ'haOrlha Tottwa - are included.
If it is ren1embered that Vedanta is a philosophical

science which determines the reality of everything, the
difference between the other schools of philosophy and this
philosophical science will stand out, as aJso the greatness
of this phi losophica I science wi II be seen budding out and
blooming forth. To wit. first of aU. Vedanta is not a faith;
even so, in it too are avai lable reasonings or dialectics
which are uti lized to establish its main teachings or tenets
which are like the suppor.ti ng pillars to a II other faiths.
Secondly. Vedanta is not a logical science or system of
dialectics; even so, in it also it is depicted or delineated,
after bringing home the (Intuitive) experience which ;s the
foundation for irrefutable logic, that the empirical dialec-
tics has limitations. Thirdly. the teachings of Vedanta do
not stand on the support of any e>ttra-ordinary experience
whatever or on the support of any regimen; even so, it
analytically clarifies all the secrets of things like the
experiences of Yogis, the emotional or menta I states of
contemplators or meditators, the mythologies of various
faiths apd religious rites etc. Fourthly, Vedanta does not

stand on the validity or evidence of the scriptures at all ;
even so, the scientific basis of common evidence or proofs
as well as the foundation of the scriptural testimony or
validity are explained like being pointed by.a finger. Fifthly,
Vedanta has not arranged or formulated its teachings in
accordance with the system of investigation of the phvsical
sciences; even so, it provides several special ways or exer-
cises of reasoning which will strengthen the very founda-
tion of the common discoveries or laws of the phvsical
sciences. Thus, the empirical benefits or utilities are many
as welJ as they are also desirable to all of us.
'3. lh' p.rmanent impact of effect an human lif. or living

brought ablut by V.dant. :
Hearing our statement that Vedanta is not only in

agreement with all empirical and Vedic (scriptural,
treatises but also is the life·giving source te all of them ,
it should never be assumed that this philosophical science
is beneficial only to those who have a knowledge of the
scriptural lexts. It is true that other schools of phiiosophV
which are predominantly based on logic or dialectics are
not accessible (intelligible) to the ordinary (common)
people; but the subject-matter of Vedanta is not like that.
For, the topics of Vedanta like Karma (religious acts or
duties), Punya Paapa (religious merits and demerits),
JanmaalltDra (other births or rebirth), Bandha Moksha
(human bondage and emancipation) etc. are being discussed
by present-day (modern) people; because, the V are indeed
deliberations pertaining to sUbject-matters which everyone
can adopt or observe in his living (as a way of :ife). The
wise can carry out any amou.nt of ratiocination on
I INfRODUCTION 26
arguments as regards these subject-matters and can

achieve satisfaction intellectually; the dull·headed can
thrive in this life with a sound moral outlook and hlppin'ess
by merely believing in these matters and can look forward
to I mar. prosperous condition in 'the other worlds'.
The philosophical or spiritual thinkers who founded the
schools of philosophy predominantlv based on logic or
dialectic. are thole who exhibited the excellence and calibre
of their intellect onlv, but it cannot be said that they have
brought about any beneficial effect whatsoever on human
life by their system of deliberation or discrimination; it
is difficult to say whether some among SUM spiritual
reformers themselves changed thejr lives towards righte-
OU5ness and perfection or not as 8 result of their own
teachings. Even the names of some reformers belonling
to the logic-oriented schools of philosophy are not to be
found in the memory of the common people. On the
other hand, there are enough of examples to show that the
great souls, who had steadfast faith in and respect for
Vedanta, had dedicated and sacrificed their entire life
itself for the lake of this system of teaching. The soothing
light and gr.aca of their devotion, knowledge and renun-
ciation used to fall on all those who were living in placel
around them and was providing happiness. If lome of the
mor.' sayings about holymen which are in vogue among the
common people of our country are memorized it can be
fully realized how in OUf country the scholars in the philo-
sophical science we,e revered: "The Ganges removes
demerit, the moon removes heat, the king removes poverty;
but those who- remove demerit, heat and poverty simultane-
ously are holymen only'l. "Sacred or holy place. means
not rivers, deities means not the idols of stone and clay,
in truth. holymen alona are holy or sacred place.
26 'HE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
holymen alone are ·deities. The holy places wtth river. and
the deities installed in the idol' purify people after the
latter serve them for a long time; but the holymen
liberate the people merelv bV their glimpse" Even today
the seekers of the Ultimate Realitv are remerrbering with
reverential gratitude the R;s";~' or seers, who bV Godls
grace visualized the Vedic hymns, as well as the names
of those holymen, who not only deliberated upon and
discussed the teachings of Vedanta and attained their
Intuitive experience but also put them down in the form of
treatises for the welfare of the world. What wonder is
there in the fact that Vedanta, which can produce such an
excellent effect on the behaviour and utterances of man,
has deserved people's admiration? The tenets of this school
of philosophy are replete in Sanskrit, the 8criptural texts,
the epics. the mythologies, poems, dramas etc., they
have also; spread everywhere having taken the forms of
poems, songs, folklore, spiritual teaching, holy praises,
proverbs in all Indian national languages. Wherever it
may be, it is given honour and respect only; it is acknow-
ledged by people of all ranks or levels, of all faiths or
Feligions, of all castes, of all races and of all ages. So
wonderful ;s its grsatnoess f
14. Thl nl.1I for living piaoci of recognition for Vedlnta

in the prls •• t-lIay Iducational sYltems :
The physical sciences had not been born in the days or

tim •• of the sages who had propounded the truths of
Vedanta phi losophy. There is no evidence whatsoever to
show that in those days there were mechanical devices
like motor cars, railways, ships, aeroplanes, telegraphic
systems, radio setl etc. as it is the case today, nor was
r INTRODUCTION 21
there any printing machinery which is the means for

preserving as well 8S spreading knowledge; nor was there
Iny other special device used for dissemination of know-
ledge. The wonderful machines, which could produce in
• wink's time commodities which were essential for
people', health and their happy and comfortable Jiving,
were not at all available in those days; there is no proof
to show that thare were internltional conventions which
brought together all the nations of the world, or agitational
devices which on the strength of party politics could very
quickly and efficiently perform acts of great magnitude in
the days of those sages. 'But there is no room for us to
become arrogar:tt and presumptuous to lay that because
those .ages did not know the way to enjoy the mundane
pleasures they had dabbled in spiritual deliberations or that
to us who belong to the modern civilization their delibera-
tions are of no utility whatsoever. Because, we have alreadv
stated that they sought solitude out of a sense of renun~ia
tion alone and not out of dissatisfaction. They have
composed, out of a desire that everyone in the world
should be happy, many types of scientific treatises, which
are like verit.ble mines of knowledge, pertaining
to the means of attaining happiness in this world and in
the other worlds too. Having measured the three-fold
aspects of Ii fe, viz. Dharma (religious duties), Artlta
(wealth), Kaama (worldly desires), from all standpoints,
they have shown their limitati ons. In addition to this,
those great men had sacrificed their entire span of life
for the sake of the great penance alone of the nature of
profound (or nable) deliberations like .. "What Is the secret
of this eternally appearing world of sentient and insentient
things? Wherefrom and how did this world originate?
What is the relationship between this world and ourselves ?
Is there In Ultimate Reality which is the lubs'r atum of all
28 THE MAGIC 'JEWEL OF INTUITION
this? If there is On8, how can it be known 1" The teachings

of these great men are not expounded keeping any particu-
lar time or period or any particular place, region or country
as the main basis; they are quite essential at all times to
each and every person in this universe. Though we are
admiring ourselves thinking that we who belong to the
modern times are highly intelligent and we are boasting, our
intelligence or wisdom is like that of little children, who
forgetting their self interests are loiteri ng about wherever
they like for pleasure or fun. Our scientific treltises
remain mum without giving any answer at all to very
important questions like: What is our essential nature of
Being 7 Wherefrom have we come? Where are we destined
to.? etc. None of the inventi.onl made through them (the
modern scientific treatises) has helped us even a wee bit
in attaining Self-knowledge. As and when these inventions
have increlsed, it hal become more and more convenient
for moneyed people to keep the poor under the pressure of
their feet by using these inventions, as also for strong
men having powers in their hands to persecute the innocent
and weak sections of the people. We, who feel proud that
we are establishing all types of educational insli tutions
spending crotes and crores of r~pees and are promoting
dissemination of knowledge, have not brought out or found-
ed even one single system of philosophical science which,
having fully tested the doctrines or teachings of those
sages of.old and innovating a more powerful system of
dialectics, can be firm IV established as well 8S which can
help bring peace to the common people. Let alone the fact
that we have not progressed in these matters; we are
looking upon the treasure itself, which those great men
had discovered for our sake, with indifference saving
that because tho.e deliberations made by the ancient
sages are extra-sensor V they are beyond the realm of
I INTRODUCTION 29
science and because they are n.ot concerned with human

living one should not go anywhere near them I What more
ignominy than this can come to our times to whic"h we have
given the title of a 'scientific era' ?
For several reasons the study of Upanishads and V.dlnta

has decreased of late. Some people of our country, who -
fascinated by the modern civiUzation or culture of the
Westerners • started off with the intention of following
that civi lization or culture alone in all respects, were
immersed in the examination of not only the food, attire,
games, ·transactions etc. of those people but also their
language, customs, systems of inquiry etc and forgot the
fact itself that there is a certain culture which is distinct
and special in our country only Under these circumstances,
the deep study of the scriptures, epics, mythologies, philo-
sophies etc. were denied to the higher strata of our
society ; it fell to the lot of those who learn tham merely
for thai r I ivel i hood a lone. Stage by stage even to these
small number of people there was no encouragement .or
patronage end a time came when they had to pursue this
kind of subject - matters in the same manner as a pelson
who.,.sustains his life by gulping down a few drops of
water Swindlers, who Jenticed women, old people, and
illiterate people, who were liable .or susceptible to cling
to old sentiments and emotions in blind faith, and who bv
assuming various names like 'Vedantins', 'ascetics',
'sages', 'mystics' etc. deceived and held complete sway
over them. increased.
But at the right time when we degenerated into this

kind of a sorry state which made one shed tears, by
divine dispensation there arose in our country .nother kind

of awareness. The shad·ow of some dilpassionate Western
scholars, who hiving carried out research as regards the
ancient glory and herit8ge of India presented its profundity
and nobility before the world at large, fell on us.
result of this our people were awakened and are showing
_5.
.n ambition to search once again every nook and corner
of the culture or heritage uf our country_ AI in the case
of other matters, so also in the case of the discr.minative
.tudyof Vedantic teachings many excellent books in foreign
languages, Sanskrit and regional languages have been
published in recent times. Several great men who feel
that Vedanta is nOI inferior to any Western school of philo ..
80phy as alia that it is their duty to study It thoroughly and
present its greatness before the people of the world are
arduously working for this purpose But this alone is not
enough The pride that '·,he spiritual or philosophical
science which is the treasure trove of the Indian nation is
ours" should manifest itself among all Hindus, nay all
Indians; it should be realized by all of u. that the teachings
of this spiritual science of Vedanta are needed now by
humanity in general, more then ever before: if we wish to
be called or addressed as educated intellectuals deserving
honour, the fact that we should all aspire to secure for
this philosophical science of Vedanta a place it deserves
in all the educational systems formulated in our coun~rv
should loom larGe before our eyes
I INTRODUCTION 31
(C) Who Are Those Qualified Or Fit For The

Vedaatic DiscriminatioD?
1 s. All .re fit persons indeed if they have the clpability of
discrimination and the desire to know Vedantic telchings or
philosophy :
It has already been stated that in the Vedantic philo-
sophy there is discrimination or deliberation about the
Ultimate or Absolute Reality It has also been stated that
as It is the Alman or Self of the entire universe .It ;s the
Atmon or S~/f of us also. It being so, it becomes self-
evident that whosoever has the ambition 10 know his Aln'Qn,
his essential true nature of Bei ng, III such people are the
qualified ones for this discrimi nation. Whosoe"er has the
desire to do the discriminative thinking about Alman or 'he
Self, whosoever has the necessary qU'alification or capabi-
lity of carrying out th9 discrimination - aft those people
are fit persons for this indeed. Even so, it is necessary
for us to know what special qualification ;s needed for the
discrimination about the Self or the Ultimate or Absolute
Reality. Some people keep on saying that because the
Upal1ishad.r alone are the main source for the Vedantic
ph; losophy, as the Upanishads are the scriptural texts (Shruli),
women, the heathens or menials and foreigners who are
not qualified to study the scriptural texts ale not fit for
this discrimination. This opinion of theirs seems to us as
not correct. AtlllQII or ,Ize . f)('!f means one's essentia I natu re
of Being; the statement that 'one does not have the
qualification or authority even 10 know one's own essential
nature of Being through discrirnination has no meaning
whatsoever. Even when seen from the siandpoint
of the classification of the four castes (VarIlQs) and four
stages of life (Ashramas). as stipulated in the .uthori-

tative texts, although onlv the twice-borns i.e. persons belo-
nging to the first three castes, are quaJied for the study of
the scriptural texts, i. 8. Vedas, all are qualified to
perform the duties or rites mentioned in the Vedas
according to their respective qualifications But what we
have taken up now for consideration is neither the study
of the Vetias or scriptures nor the observance or performance
of religious duties or rite" but the djscrimination about
the intrinsic nature of our Being mentioned in the Veda"t.
texts (Upa1;shads) Nowhere have the authors of our scrip-
tural texts stated that- -anyone who has the right qualifi-
cations has no authority for this discriminative conside-
ration'. If they state like that, then it will not be in
agreement at all with reason. Those who can study the
Upanishads and through them who can directly ratiocinate
can only do so; those that cannot do that can hear the
mythological texts etc. and through them can carry out the
discrimination; those who cannot do that even can acquire
the necessary knowledge through the texts in national or
regional languages themselves and can carry out the dis-
crimination. It need not be gainsaid at all that, because
for the discrimination about the essential nature of one's
own Being "Intuitive experience alone is the final stage to
be reached in the ultimate analvsis, the ability a. well 8S
the desire to carry out the discrimination in consonance
with Intuitive experience is most essential.
1&. The. four-fold disciplines which arl invariably Issintial

for the qualified protagonists of Vedanta:
Here we have not called those who read the scriptual

texts out of curiosity to find out as to what lubject-matter ia
1 INTRODUCTION 33
expounded by this philosophical science the qualified

people. The truly qualified people for this are only those
dilcriminating on.es who have the suprema dedication and
sincerity of knowing·, at all costs, this essential nature of
the Ultimate Reality mentioned here. Such people are
called lIullluk.hus (those who aspire to get rid of the
shackle. of ignorance or nescience) by Vedantins. It is
quite natural to say that only those, who have staunchly
believed that for all ills and miseries that are caused to us
in this world ignorance of the essential nature of Being or
'lie Se/falone is the cause and that the remedy for getting
released or liberated from them is to know (Intuitive IV
experience) the essential nature of the Ultimate- Realitv
or the Self alone, Ire the only people who can be said to
carry out the Vedantic discrimination with dedic·ation and
linceritV. VII,aaIY. or a sense of renunciation of the nature
of • "If there i. an entity called the Ultimate Realitv, I will
sacrifice ·or renounce anything whatsoever for Its sake" -
is necessary in the aspirants or seekers. To those who
have a strong attachment (or fascination) towards other
objects, an extra-ordinary desire to know the Ultimate
Realitv will not arise. Vivlka or discriminative thinkifllg
(or reasoning) of the nature of - "As the Ultimate Realitv
alone subsists at all times, it is not at all right or proper to
discard the discrimination about the Ultimate Reality for the
sake of the enjoyment of this life of mere three days" - is
complementary to Vairaagya. In add'ition to this, Vedantins
IIV that the following six disciplines are invariably
necessary for those who aspire to at.tain the knowledge
(Intuition) of the Ultimate Reality at all costs' Shall1 0
(keeping the mind in control), Dama (keeping the senses in
control), UI'Drali (avoiding to undertake any other dealing
or transactIon; making this discriminative thinking alone
3
about the Ultimate Realitv as one's main idea or

purpose), Titllcsha (tolerating or putting up with equipoise
the rise and fall of happiness and misery or pleasures and
pains and keeping the mind immersed in the discrimination
about the Ultimate Rftality), Shraddha (having no misunder-
standing or wrong opinion whatsoever about the teachings
or tenets mentioned in the Upanishads and looking upon that
subject-matter with 'reverence and respect), SamfladltoGlla
(attempting or endeavouring to establish the mind in the
con1empl,8tion about the Ultimate Realitv alone). It i's easy
for all of us to agree th·at it il necessary for the intellect to
be imbued with a power or facultv of d·iscr;mination if one
has to deliberate upon the Ultimate Reality. But the fact
that for this what necessity there is of disciplines like
Shama, Dama etc •. does not flash to us so fast or quickly.
Though this fact will be known only at· the end of aU
discriminative considerations, here at present this much can
be stated: Whatever be the deliberations we make. each
one of them pursues a direction in accordance with the
latent impressions (Jlaaranas) embedded in the mind. It is
the comrnon experience to see that even those, who are
adepts in dialectics or deliberations, as a result of the
pressure of the latent impressions in their mind adopt a
dubious or wrong path and draw their own .conclusions.
Therefore, disciplines like Sham4, Dalna elc. are quite
essential. It is the opinion of Vedantins that those who are
endowed with the four qualifications, which w.e have
explained so far, viz. J'iveka, J'airaagya, the six-fold discip-
lines like Shomo, Dama etc. and MumukshulWo, will certainly
attain directly and in this birth itself the essential nature of
the Ultimate Reality as delineated in VedantQ and can live
II DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 35
with Biisi. It has to be realized by the reader. as to how

much truth exists in this statement as they go through the
next portion of this book.
II. DISCRIMINATION ABOUT THE ULTIMATE REALITY
(A) The Viewp.ilt of the Three States of CODscioasDess
'7 Vedantlne do not ;.onsider the threl states from the

viewpoint of the means of knowledge :
We have delineated in the previous Chapter that among

all the attempts made to cognize the Ultimate Reality or Alma"
the Vedantic philosophy, which is based on the teachings
of the Upanishads, has earned its own unique position, and
for that highest posi.tion the reasen is the fact that that
philosophy has followed the complete or comprehensive
viewpoint alone. Because the viewpoint of the three states
of Consciousness alone (This has been stated because of
the opinion that in the methodology of Superimposition and
Rescission the viewpoint of the three states of Conscious-
ness alone is important, Refer to sub-section No.6) is the
comprehensive viewpoint the philosophic system that is
formulated on the basis of this viewpoint alone is in con-
lonance with Intuitive experi ence as well as dialectjca 1
logic, whereas the viewpoint of the remaining schools of

philosophy is non-comprehensive or partial, and for this
reason alone they (the various other philosophies) have
not found firm ground. This fact we ha.ve stated. We will
explain to soma extent in this Chapter questions like: What
•
is the 8ssenti~ nature of this viewpoint of the three states
of Consciousness? What is the unique feature to be found
in this viewpoint other than in the remaining viewpoints (of
the other schools of phiiosophV)? What is the justification
to say that this alone is the complete or comprehensive
viewpoint? What is that system of discrimination that is
formulated in this (Vedantic) philosophy by following this
viewpoint' (of the three states)? What are those important
conclusions that are skimmed out of this discrimination 7
In the first place. it is essential to state a couple of

facts reQar'ding the Issential nature of the viewpoint of the
three states of Consciousness. Whether it is the physical
sciences or the other schools of philosophy or religion, in
all of them the three states have not been given predomi-
nance; on the other hand, the perceptual instruments (i. 8.
senses) alone have been given greater value or importance.
'The physical scientists as well as the philosopher. or
thinkers are immersed only in the examination of the objects
perceivable by the senses. Both these classes of people
opine that the perceptual instruments alone are the important
means which provide the objects for discrimination. It will
not be wrong if it is said or taken that, because of the fact
that howsoever microscopic or subtle appliances or instru-
ments might be adopted they are aU subsidiary instrument.
alone to the main instruments of perception, in the physical
sciences perception or perceptual knowledge alone is the
II DISCRIMINATION A~OUT ULTIMATE REALITY 37
main means of knowledge. Whether in the case of the

physic·al scientists or in the case of the philosophers or
thinkers, for the purpose of examination they have not
taken into account anything whatsoever other than the
Objlctl which are ei ther perceived by the senses- or con-
ceived by the mind. Thevestablish or determine the truth
after thoroughly exam.ining, with the aid of microscopic or
subtle instruments or appliances etc., those objects which
are directly perceived by them through their senses and
thereafter reconciling alJ the facts with the help of reason-
ing so that there is no contradiction among them. The
physical scientists setaet objects section by section and
then consider their particular forms or features, while the
thinkers or philosophers take them (objects) all together
and then consider their general or common forms or
features. If this distinction is given up, both of rhem are
similar only. Perception (Pratyaksha) Ind Inference
(Anumalna)- using these means of knowledge is a common
feature of both. In the religious studies or pursuits their
respective devotion and faith as well as their particular
individual experiences are predominantly consideTed "by the
people in general; for that consideration, realigious texts
and their elders or well-wishers' statements (Aaplavaakya)-
these are also taken into account 8S authentic or authorita-
tive means. In Iny Clse, perception (Pratyaksha), inf.rane.
or deducing (Anumaana), elders· or wall-wishers' statements
(Aaptlvaakya or Shabda) - using such melns ar instruments
01 knewledge, (Pram.anas) examining the abjlcts of thosa
mlans of knowledge comprise thl methodology of all philoso-
phlrs or think.rs other than V.dlntina. This conclusion can
be drawn from the above facts. (Though the Idealists or
Vijnaanal'QQdins include everything in intellectual knowledge,
i .8. VijnaQIla, and carry out their deliberations on the
Realttv, they also somehow indirectly follow or adopt

empirical means or instruments of knowledge onlv ) But
this is not the methodology of Vedantins. TheV do not
consider the objects from the viewpoint of perceptual
means or instruments of knowledge; they undertake to
deliberate upon the total statls of Consciousness which
include or comprise both the means of knowledge
(PramQQnas) and their objects (Prameya). V.dlntins tlo nat
visualize the statls from the vilwpoint Df the mlans If know-
ledge; tlley cogniz. tbat the th re. stltl. af Con.c;oUlnl••• r.
their own stat.1 and carry out their daliberltianl. Thi. is the
essential natura of the viewpoint of the three states of
Consci cuaness.
18. Spacial features 01 the vilwpDint af the thr •• stltl. :
A special feature of the viewpoint of the three state8 is

that i.t gives the full value to IntuitiDn (Anullhlv.) thlt it
deserv.es and carries out its deUber.tion-s. Many people are
of the opinion that through the aid of means like percep-
tion (Pratyaksha), inference (AnumQana), elders· statement
(Shabda)-alone the examination of objects must be carried
out. But, "How can the 'validit)" of the valid melns be
determined 1"- if such a question is put to the~, a satis-
factory answer is not forthcoming from them. However,
they argue out saying that this kind of a question is a
meaningless (dialectical) question: besides, if the funda-
menta·1 rule of examining through valid means is not accep-
ted, no truth or reality whatsoever can be establish.d or
determined. This does not seem to be correct. Because,
what one has observed through valid means and hal deter-
mined, that same thing or truth itlelf is shown to be
wrong by another. In such a circumstance, the protagonist.

of valid means (Pramaanavaadins) may say that the logic or
reasoning (Tarka) used in arriving at the conclusion wiU not
be proper or correct; but in such circumstances the ques-
tion- "How can it be established whether th9 non-deter-
mination of the truth was due to the defect in the use of
valid means or due to the defect in the reasoning adopted?'·
- will still remain unanswered. But in the methodology of
the three states of Consciousness this difficultv ;s not there
at atl. For, even those who say that whatever is established
on the strength of the vaJid means·alone is the Ultimate
Reality have invariably to give value to the Intuitive
experience alone born out of the valid means. Hence, the
fact that one should undertake any inquiry by keeping this
Intuitive experience alone, which is the substratum for even
the valid means, as the most important factor is universally
acceptable. This Intuitive experience exists in arr th-e three
states of Consciousness, viz. waking, dream and deep
sleep. and hence tit is essential to, the comprehensive outlook
or viewpoint tu tlke into the reckoning, for deliberation, .11
tbl.e threl Itates in order to comprehend the truth of the
.bjlet tblt is knowR or objectified by the Intuition IS will .s
the truth of Intuition itsalf. Thus the fact that all the three
states have to b~ considered is one special feature of this
viewpoint. It is evident from this that when carrying out
the analvtical examination of the three states, if.1I the
things belonging to any particular state are not included in
that particular state. then the conclusion drawn will be
incomplete or partial. Vedantins have rea Hzed this fact
also. This is the second specia I feature of this viewpoint.
Further, if after examining all the three states still a state
cllfferent from these states remains or subsists, then arso
the system of philosophy will be incomplete or partial. But
as it is being shown in this Vedantic philosophy (Refer to

lub-section No. 40 towards the end of this Chlpter) that
there is no state which i8 not included or subsumed within
the three states of Consciousness, viz. waking, dream and
de'ep sleep, in this respect also this viewpoint i8 complete.
These three special flltur.. which have been briefly men-
tioned here will be fully discussed and determined in this
Chapter. Because these three special features are there
(in their phi IOlophical science) Vedantins say that thl vllw-
point of the three Itatls of Conlciousness Ilonl II thl
completl or comprehensive onl.
'9. The methodology of V,dlnt. :
'he methodology of the viewpoint of the three states of

Consciousness adopted or followed bV Vedanta is a unique
feature of this philosophy. Because, there are onlv three
state.. viz. waking, dream and deep sleep, and if we
examine these three states and reconcile all the Intuitive
experiences gained therefrom, then thl elmp,.te Dr co.p-
rehensive 'ruth or the Absolute R•• Iity will neclsslrily bl
knDwn as It is When th'e states are individuallv conside-
red, the que.tion whether the Intuitive knowledge gained
therefrom is right or wr.ong cannot be solved only from
such (partial) consideration; whether that Intuitive know-
ledge wi II sustain itself ti II the end or not 1 - if this ques-
tion is to be determined, then that partial Intuitive know-
ledge is to be combined with and compared to the
remaining Intuitive experiences or knowledge. (gained
from the examination of the other twa states) and have to
be sifted thoroughly. Thus aftlr sifting (all th •••
partial Intuitive Ixp.riences) th. conclullo.. drawn by
UI Ire Ilonl final, irrlvDcable and infallible. This

fact i. to be proved or established in accordance with
dialectical logic. The fact that in Vedantic philosophy all
these methods have been followed is "itself a unique
feature of its methodoloSW.
2.. lh, conclusion drawn fram the Vedlntic discrimination:
The important conclulion that emerges after carrying

out deliberations based on the viewpoint of the three slates
is : 'hi rl.1 ISllntiaI nitur. of our Self (Atman)
It.8lf il Brahman, which Is the a.senc. .1 the whole
IIniversl. This Brahman il the root caule of the existence,
knowledge and happiness seen in our universe. In this
(Brahman) alone the whole world of matter (Dravya) ,
qualities (Gunas) and actions (Karma) appears. Those who
cannot cognize this Reality take up that part of this
world which is comprehended by their intellect and having
examined that part they have prepared various physical
Icienc81. In aU the religion. which have come and gone
in this world till today, what is called objectively 'the
Lord' (/shwaraj is in truth this Brahman or the Ut'timate
Reality alone; in those religions" for all the benevolent
qualities assigned to the Lord, for whatever good virtues
I.an in the world as well as all good or virtuous deeds
this Brahnlait or A.lman, the Self alone Is the subltratum.
Even so. in Its essential nature this Bralunan is devoid of
anv kind of distinctions or differences, qualities, actions
or relationlhips whatsoever. The Intuitiv. knowledge of
this Ultimate Reality of Bra/""a" alone is the prime
purpose of human life, its fulfilment. Ther. is no human

purpose whatsoever that is not gained from this know--
ledge (of the Self or Atman).
(B) T~e Need FIr DiscrimiDltilD Oa All The Tbree States

Of CODsciousless
21. lit laturl all the three stltl. have b.en Ilvln rlcIgni...
tiln 2
Those who have started to determine the essential

nature of the Realitv of the entire universe should not
get satisfied bV examination of one part of that world only-
Similarly, it becomes self-established that it is not enough
if the experience of one state alone is deliberated upon in
order to determine the essential nature of the truth of all.
our eXlleriences. Even so, for some reason or other, we have
naturally a greater sense of identification in. or affinity
towards, the waking 8t8te alone. All of us naturallV~e81
that: "Th. world that is 8een by us in the waking state
elone is the one that we have to deliberate upon. Tha t
(world) is assuming new forms day by daVe Every moment
ion that world innumerable creatures are getting born as well
as many are dying; among such numerous creatures we are
also one group. Though the part of this world which i8
available (accessible) to us is too small, as. 'ong as we live
or exist to uti lize in our dai Iy transactions whatever is avail·

able to us and whatever is known to us will be beneficial to
us. But from the deliberation or discrimination on the
dream and deep sleep states how can the truth of this world
be known? What is deep sleep? Is it not a leisure or
respite that is attai ned because of the result of some strain
caused to the nervous system by any of the causes like
over-eating. over-drinking or over-working?"
But the fact that this opinion is formed by the lop-sided

view of the subject-matter will become clear 8S we delibe-
rate a little upon it. Because, all the three states of waking,
dream and deep sleep are experienced equally by all human
beings in the same manner as they are experienced by all
creature.s. If man needed only the waking, why did God create
dream 81 well as deep sleep at all 1 If deep sleep ~s mere
leisure, then one who has worked less should get less sleep,
one who has worked more should get more sleep; child-
ren who have not done any work at all should get the least
amount of sleep; old people who have slogged for many
days and who desire to have leisure or respite should get
more sleep than the other,. But what is the truth? Even
the lazy people get sleep, while the old people get 18S1
sleep at night. Children at birth mostly are sleeping only.
People, who had good sleep, when they wake up their
enthusiasm and enterprise increase; they are endowed with
health. Hanel. de.p sleep is not mer. leisure. It is evident
thlt in deep sleep aisl thar. i. soma special f ••tur. which
II vlry Ilslnti •• to us. Similarly, dream is not the mere
result of the unnatural change in "the nervous system;
because, even those who are very frugal in their eating and
enjoyments and who are in a healthy state get dreams.
Because both deep sleep and dream keep on coming to us

even if we do not want them also and because they come to
us quite naturally without being subject to our desire to
have them in a particular manner onlv, we will have to say
that they also, like the waking, are very essential to us.
Therefore, it will be prapl. to opine that de.p slaep and
dream Ira indlplndant statls crlatad for 80ml lood purpose
for lur s-'ke Ilona, instead of considering them as depen-
dent -states which cause or create faci-lilies or difficulties or
hard8hips required by the waking state.
2Z. All tbe thr •• Itat•• lIIust bl consid.red alike:
When the three states of waking, dream and deep sleep

are all experienced by us only, to consider that waking
alone is ours and to show a 'step-motherly love' towards
dream and deep sleep - these outlooks are not proper. It
is true that things seen in the waking are useful only in the
empirical trans-actions within the waking state, but are not
the appearances seen in the dream useful in the transac-
tion. within the dream? Just al thlt which is seen in
the dream is of no use whatsoever, in the same manner
what is seen in the waking is of no utility in the dream;
though this is a fact, to give greater value to waking and to
degrade the dream, the cause can be said to be only the
vain pride that one has about the waking. But it will not be
proper to say that it is befitting the pride of having known
the Ultimate Reality. One more thing. In deep Ileap we
remain without having any transactions, while in waking
we are- carrying out all sorts of transactions. In dream it
appears as if there are all sorts of tranlactions. It being
so, to carry out transactions is our nature and to remain
without any transaction. Is unnatural - such is our commOn

conception. For this, what cause can be mentioned other
than our greater affinity towards the waking? However-
much in our daity transac·tions we may be very highly bene-
fited by waking, but if there is an ambition to determine the
Ultimate Reality, then it is clear from this that we have to
practise, first of all, considoring the experiences of all the
three states which are our own with a common vision
(dispassionately), i.e. with equal importance given to all
the three states ~hich are universally everybody's experi-
ences.
23. Olflcts in the syste .. of discrimination at plopll who do

not adopt the vilwpoint of the three statls :
If the greatness of the path of the three states is to be

signified, it will be necessary to focus the attention on
some of the defects that are inherent in the system of
reasoning or discrimination of those who do not follow that
path. The physical scienells give predominance to the
waking state, observe the world from an objective view-
point and after dividing it into different parts they are
carrying' out their examination. For that reason alone, in
those sciences there is no hope for going beyond the nu-
clear atom or any other subtler objective part of the
materialistic external world or the ego of the internal
world. Similarly, the Western thinkers or philosophers
have given predominance to the waking and have begun
their deliberations about the Reality. The physical
scientists, as they have kept in view mainly the objects
alone, carry out their calculations in accordance with their
examinations and experiments and come to one particular,
tentative conclusion, at least, which is acceptable to the

majority of people. Although this conclusion may change
from time to time, because all the physical scientists have
one viewpoint only there is scope, at least, for their conclu-
sion to appear to be in conformity to a large number of
people. But because of the fact that for the thinkers or
philosophers dialecttcal logic alone is predominant and
because of the fact that among them each one adopts a
different viewpoint alone and then reasons or argues out,
it has not been possible for all of them to folloW only one
opinion . nor is it possible to say whether their science is
progrelsing or regressing (degenerating).
Barring this much difference, there il no other big or

small distinction between the sYltem of discrimination
adopted by the physical or material scientists and that of
the thinkers or philosophers. For both of them the waking
alone is predominant; that state alone is the one stlte
which indicates or signifies the truth or realitv. The essen-
tial nature of the other two states they do not consider at
all. or even i.f they consider, they will examine them from
the viewpoint of the waking alone and evaluate them.
Many thinkers opine that waking and dream are states of
different levels of existence or being; they think that while
dream Visions are mere appearances, deep sleep i. of no
consequence' and expound the truth of the waking world
according to their whims and fancies. There is no possibi-
lity whatsoever of the deliberation on the Reality ever
reaching finality in their -system or method. For this reason
only, many people have begun to say that it is not a thing
possible for the phi losophers or thinkers to find out the
Reality or essence of this universe and that philosophy or
spiritual science is the product of the vain or perverse

dialectics of idle people, and (further they say) th'at'from
that phi losophV there is no benefit whatsoever to the
world. Some among the thinkers and phi losophers have
acknowledged that in this science (of the Spirit or Essence
of Being) it is not possible to arrive at a final determination
or declaration, and are saying that just like the material
or physical sci.nc·es this spiritual science too grows as and
when the deliberations or reasoning grows. Really speak-
ing, there is no defect whatsoever in the spiritual science;
it is not proper to think that the defect of not following or
adopting a suitable system of discrimination required by
that science 8S the defect or short-coming o( that science.
The Ultimate Reality will emerge only when to the Intuitive
experiences of the waking the Intuitive experiences of the
remaining states of dream and deep sleep are conjoined or
correlated and viewing them with a dispassionate or
impartial outlook the Realitv ;s sifted out, but in the
deliberations on things known from a partial viewpoint the
people will never achieve unanimity.
Z4. Ther. Ir. topics to be deliberated upon in aU the three

stltlS :
To realize the fact that in the case of all the three

states, viz. waking, dream and deep sleep, deliberations
have to be carried out in the same manner is very essential
for the discrimination of the Ultimate Reality In the
waking we, the knowers, are there, objects- the known are
there, the instruments of knowledge are there; the agents
of action or doers - we, the means or instruments of
action, the objects- all these are there: we, the"experiencers
of pleasure and pain (or happiness and misery), the objects

or things which are instumental for our happlne.. or
grief, happiness and grief or misery which are the
results of experiencing or enjoying those object. -
all these are also there. Hence, in the waking
the objective world - full of the diversity of things
like .knowledge, existence (being), action, agent of action,
the fruit of action, enjoyment, -happiness, millry or grief
etc. - is visible to us; now what is the eSlenQ8 or reality of
this phenomenon? What is the reality or essential nature
of the' I' notion which" is the centre of all these things?
What is the reality of the differences among them as well 81
the reality of the natural relationships among them? We
have to deliberate upon the waking including all thase
aspects in it.
All the thinkers or philosophers have more or Jess

accepted these aspects. But people who question in the
'manner - What is there to deliberate upon or consider (in
detail) regarding dream and deep sleep 1 - and discard
them are manv- Jf we patientlv examine a little, we will
realize that there are many tfii ngs to be known in tfHtir call
also. Even as we are carrying out transactions in the
objective world, which we believe to be so wonderful in the
waking, suddenly or abruptly, at a particular moment of
time we get into deep sleep and all this;s erased out with-
out the least remnant, How strange I Then the wonderful
vision of our wo·rld, the enthusiastic interest that we were
taking in it and the desires etc. which are the caus. for all
our empirical transactions - where do all these go? Then
at that moment where and in what form do they exilt" At
that moment with what essential nature do we exist 1 What
is the essence of that magnificent force or power which

everyday deprives us of this world as well as its transac-
tions and produces a certain experience which I. extreme IV
queer, distinct from this and which cannot possibly be
described 1 Again, by which cause do we leave behrnd
that state and come back again? What is the relationship
between waking and deep sleep? These and such other
points are there to be deliberated upon in the case of deep
sleep.
Now if we turn our attention towards the dream, see

I
what type of a queer, diverse visi·on it is f Not a single

thing of this world, even the least bit, has entered it. Even
so, there, as if it is only a replica of this world, another
world itself having (within its fold) all things like time,
space, cause, effect, instrumental cause, result, knowledge,
happiness, misery etc. is created afresh in a flash, faster
than the time taken to bite a betel nut. What a great won-
der this is I It is ttue that all of us keep on saying that the
phenomenon of dream is all an illusion of the mind and that
there is no stuff in it; but vet, by the mere appearance of the
dream we are deluded and with·)ut being able to know or
understand that it is only a dream therein we feel that every
thing is real alone. What a wonder this 1 To which magician
does this magnificent excellence by which this hypnotic
spell is daily cast on everyone of us and such a wonderful
vision shown, belong., Who is it that projects such
visions before us in that dream which we can never imagine
or ever see in the waking? Why do we take part on that
'dramatic stage' even without our knowledge? How is it
that some objects seen in the dream are similar to those in
th6 waking alone; in fact, they seem to be of the waking
4
onlv? What il the relationship between the objects of the

waking and those things" Although every day when we
see the dream it appears to be true onlv, when we wake up
we determine it to be an illusion only - what is the reason
for this? Ther. is no rule or regularity regarding the
question that dreams are only so many (in number); even
80, when witnessing each and every dream it appear.
8S if 1hat its experience itself is with us always; how
strange' How is it possible 1 - These and such other
points are to be deliberated upon in the case of the
dream.
This fact. is clearlv evident now that 'on'v after delibe-

rating upon the above - mentioned experiences of the three
states and reconciling each one of them the all-pervasive
Ultimate Reality or that 'Entity' which manifests in all the
three forms of waking, dream and deep sleep can possibly
be found out, but if the waking alone is considered the
Ultimate Reality of the world can never be obtained'.
(C) The Special Features Of The Discriminative Melhod Of The

Three States Of ConscioDsness
2& The nled for this discriminative· method:
It is clear from the explanations or descriptions men-

tioned so far that the discrimination about the three states
is the unique or special feature of the Vedantic philosophi-

cel system. By the deliberation made so far it is realized,
to some extent, that there is a need for carrying out discr;·
mination on all the three states and that if the waking alona
is considered predominantly how the discrimination wou'ld
become incomplete or partial. Now it is essential to know
as to which are the special features of the discriminative
method of the three states, by boosting up the essential
nature of the method of the three states .8 little further.
For, even though all the three states are taken into the
reckoning, if they are not viewed from the proper stand·
point it amounts to taking recourse to a wrong path only
with regard to the examination of the object or the subject-
matter before us. To give an analogy - 8 judge might
have txamined all the people. who have been brought for
legal transactions or proceedings before him, as their wit-
nes~es by the plaintiff and 1he respondent, respectively; he
might have even read and examined all the Jetters. and legal
•
d!lcuments brought by both the parties: but if the judge has
not not ced the difference in the re lative merits of the
witnesses as well as the documents in a clear lucid manner
after a proper or thorough comparative studv; or even
though he has comparatively studied them, if he has not
utilized a more comprehensive reasoning to arrive at the
proper or true situation on the basis of ~hose documents.
his inquiry wi II not serve any purpose from the point of
view of the de!ermination of the truth, is it not" In the
same nlanner, if the aspirants have not examined all the
three states with the proper viewpoint, or after having
examined. if they have not utilized more comprehensive
reasoning methods of unifying the remaining strong Intui-
tive experiences, their discriminative method would not be
the proper means of determining thF) Ultimate Reality, and
thereby it would not be deserving the great or famous name

of 'the method of the three states of Consciousness,
(Avasthaatraya Prakriya). Although in other countries think-
ers do not bonsider the examination of the three stales 88
one important part or aspect of their discrim inative system,
several Indian philosophers have carried out the discrimina-
tion of these states. But they have not pa id Iny attention
to the special features of this method and have reasoned
out or deliberated according to their own respective ways
devised by themselves and have also added to them diffe-
rent dialectics which are not enough for a comprehensive
outlook. For that reason only the ultimate result (Truth)
which they should have attained from this discrimination
was denied to them. Hence, it is essential to deliberate
and decide first as to what are the special or important
features of this method, so that one does not lose the track
in this method of the three states and follow a digressive
route to fall into an abyss.
21. The expansiveness or pervasiveness 01 the statls :
To know the expansiveness or pervasiveness of the

states properly is the first special feature of the discrimina-
tive method of the three states. To observe the states and
discriminate about them means whatever is witnessed in the
states - all that is to be taken en masse (rolled up into one
mass) and is to be made an object to one's Intuition, i.e.
the essence of Being as the Witness or the Self, and then
discriminate. To do this is very difficult for people who
lack the habit of discrimination. Common people believe
that: IINo one knows when this world came into being and
when it will end its existence, its expansiveness is beyond
the grasp of an},body's imagination; its new changes are tak-

ing place all the time with such speed that they are beyond
the reach of the intellect of even the greatest adept in
predicting. Thus in this world, which is seen to be eternal
with space, time and changing things, J was born in a corner
several years ago, grew and am roaming about; after some
time I will die. wi II leave this world and go. In this beginn-
ingless. endless, eternal flow of the world mv span .of
life is like the life-span of an air-bubble which is born now
in a sea and bursts in another moment. To witness the
beginning or the end of this world, or to fathom its depth
and then determine its true nature and pronounce the final
judgment about it ~s a task never possible". This is the
belief of many people.
But if properly examined, what is this world? Is it not

the totality of the object8 alone seen in our waking?
When we are awake all this is seen spread out; the moment
we go to sleep it 'hides' itself somewhere. Such being the
situation, what reason is there to believe that this world
exists bV itself independently and we exist in it? It is
true that it appears to us that our body and the senses
embedded in it, the vital force or Praol1a and mind are all
existing within this world; but is it a fact that our waking. is
occurring in this world? Is it proper to say that the world,
which is seen when there is waking and which disappear,
when it (waking) is not there, itself exists within the
waking state, or is it proper to believe that when the
waking is not there, even then the world· exists by itself?
If these questions are deliberated upon paying a little atten-
tion, we get the following answers: The natural meaning
that we have given to the word, 'Iwaking", is limited as
THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
wall as opposed to actual fact. If properlv examined.

wlklng means not merely the state of my mind which is
within the world, but, on the other hand, it is a fact that all
that is objectified by my senses and mind is included within
this waking state alone- All that I, with my senses, hear,
see, smell, touch and taste; with my mind - all that I can
experience, all that I can imagine and all that I can
conceive - all these are included in this waking state.
Human beir.gs, animals, things, sun, moon, stars, deities,
evil spirits and dead souls, the conceptions in poems and
novels or the imaginary worlds with imaginary people,
animals aod things conceived bV mentally deranged people;
not only these, in addition to these our body vital force
(PraQIJa), mind, intellect, ego - all these are conjoined into
this state of waking - (Maanduk)ta Bhaashya 3,. So expan-
sive or pervasive is this viewpoint of the state I To take
all this into the reckoning is the first ,plcial f,·atur. of the
path or method of the discrimination of the three states '0'
e.nlciausnlss.
27. Th. wDrlds appelring in waking and dream alB confined

tD their respective statls alone:
As soon as we realize or discover this pervasive nature

of the waking. state our viewpoint based on our indiscrimi-
'natlve nature bleomes topsy turvy. Instead of realizing, al
we have generally or commonly understood It to be, that
our waking occurs in the world, the fact that "this thing
called 'the world' itself is of the nature of appearing in
our waking" flashes in our mind. The fact that our dreams
are many and the worlds, which appear in each of those
drelms. are confined to the respective dream alone is very
11 DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITV 55
clear, indeed. Thus the great teaching that the wor1,"

which appear in waking and dream are restricted by, or
confined to, their respective states alone is to be remembe-
red. This is the second special feature of the method of the
thr •• stites of Consciousness.
Generally among many of us even after the fact that

'the world is subordinate to the state' is enunciated, that
does not become trustworthy. Instead, we naturaUy believe
that the thing called the 'external world' is itself the subs-
tratum for all our states. To believe in the manner that -
"Whether I am awake or asleep, the phenomenon called
the 'e)(ternal world' always exists by itself; apart from
myself, in this world there are other human beings, animals,
birds, plants etc., and inanimate or insentient things
existing. The different states of childhood, youth,
adolescence and old age as well as the states of waking,
dream and deep sleep come to me one after the othe r
in this world alone" - seems itself to be true to each one
of us. Without discerning the essential natures· of the
three states in accordance with what we observe in them,
(our natural habit ~f) taking a predominant identification
with the waking state alone has become the cause for this
belief. But if it is examined dispassionately (i.e. without.
this predominant identification with the waking state view-
point alone), then the unsoundness or impropriety of this
belief will at once be observed or realized. For, in the first
place what we call 'the world' is not at all the world in its
entirety; that is only one part of the world reatric1ed to the
perception of the senses, but how are we knowing the
lenses "1 How are we knowing at all the mind which
experiences the happiness or grief occurring within us 7
Can the external part of the world which is perceived by the

senses ever engulf within itself the thing called 'the waking
stata' which has kept in its womb this part of the world
also that is within our body? Never. Similarly, we can
never perceive with our waking senses the dream and the
deep sleep; if it. is so, where is the justification for imagin-
ing that those two states occur in this waking world alone?
In each dream we perceive a different set of objects which
seem to us 8S a world. Do we ever believe that that world
hal engulfed within itself the world of this waking state or
this waking atate itself? No. Day to day we experience
many different dreams; do we ever believe that one among
the worlds of those dreams exists somewhere even when its
respective dream does not exist 1 Not at all. If it is so,
what evidence is there to imagine that the waking world
alone can exist independently apart from the waking
state .,
28. The greatness of Intuition:
Besides the testimonies or evidences of perception,

inference, examples and elders' statements etc.
(Pratyaksha, Anumaana, Upamaana and Aapta Vakya or
Shabda Pramaanas) we need for our knowledge
Intuitive experience also and to keep this fact in
mind is the third special feature of the method of thl
threl Itat.. of Consciousness. This fact has been made
known to some extent in the above sub-section. Even so,
it is essential to explain it further. For, common people are
using in common parlance phrasel like 'experience of the
senses', 'experience of happiness and grief' to imply, bV the
term 'experience', other meanings also. But the knowledge
11 DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 67
or experience gained through the senses is called

'Aa/ochana' in Sanskrit, meaning sensation, as seen in the
scriptural texts. Therein the mental experiences or con-
cepts of sound, touch, form, taste and smell are called by a
different name - Pratyaya or cognition. It is better to
adopt or accept the same names and meanings here also
'Pratloya' or cognition means a kind of knowledge or
experience which flashes amidst the changes in the mind
stuff which has assumed the form of the external object.
SamsIJaya or dou~ting, Nischaya or determination,
SambhQavana or recognition, .Vipareeta Bhaavana or miscon-
ception etc. - all these are the different forms only of the
mental cognitive or perceptual experiences which we gain
when we deliberate upon an external object. Further, we
can call the experiences of happiness, grief, fear etc. which
occur or are engendered in the mind alone and are of the
nature of mental concepts by another name - 'J'edana' or
conceptual -experiences. In this book we will use these
technical terms enlisted above with these special connota-
tions alone. When a man gets angry he has a conceptua r
experience or Vedana of anger (Krodha)i when that anger
subsides, that knowledge which the person forms with
regard to that anger should be called the 'Pratyaya' or
cognition of anger. With what meaning the 'concept of
anger' is said to be 'experience'" with that same connota-
tion or meaning Ithe cognition of anger' cannot be caJled
'experience'- this fact is clear indeed. Although all that
occurs (within us) in accordance with the objects is fit to
be called 'experience' (AIl11bhava, meaning that which
happens following something). when we have to bring to
our mind different kinds of experiences and deliberate upon
them, if each category of experience is named differentlv
it facifitates our inquiry. What we have now begun to
enunciate as 'Anubhlva' or Intuitivi •• periance i. neither

sensation (Aalochana). nor perceptual experience (Pratyaya)
nor conceptual experience (Jledana). When we are awake
we perceive external objects through our senses and then
are experiencing the happiness or grief engendered by
them, is it not 1 The experience gained through the senses
and the conceptual experienca of happiness and grief-
comprising these two ~xperiences is the whole waking state,
and how do we 'experience' that whole waking state? The
knowledge that 'we are awake now' is gained by us through
the perceptual or cognitive experience alone; but how does
the 'experience' which is the cause for this perceptual or
cognitive experience occur? Just as the perceptual know-
ledge of anger has the conceptual experience of anger as ItI
cause. how does this 'experience' of waking occur? This
question we must fully ruminate over in our mind. If we
investigate or deliberate upon the question - 'Through
which senses or instruments of knowledge do we know or
experience the waking state l' - then we realizi that,
unlike the objects being known through the lenses and the
happiness and grief being experienced through the mind, we
have no other instruments of knowledge whatsoever for 'the
experience or knowledge of the waking state'. Just as we
experience our dream and deep sleep directlv (i.e.
Intuitively) without the help of any instruments of know-
ledge like the senses, the mind etc., in the same manner we
experience the waking directly without the need for any
instrument of knowledge. Is it not? This is a very impor-
tant fact. For, in the other schools of philosophy more
importance is given to the instruments of knowledge (like
,he senses, mind) alone; but in the method af the thr •• stat••
of Consciousness which is followed in Vedanta, this Intuitivi
Ixperience, which is the substratum for thl instruments of
11 DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 59
knowledge, is itsalf considered as the highest among all the

instruments of knowledge that we possess. In fact, because
this Intuitive experience, which is the main foundation for
the whole of the Science of Reality, was not taken into the
reckoning, the teachings of the various schools of
philosophy other than Vedanta have not been fully estab-
lished. The discrepancies in their teachings born out of
this main difference we will point out later on in this book
at the relevant place.
21. The statas hava no relationship whatsoevar with on.

an~th.r :
To keep in mind that the three states, i. e. waking,

dream and deep sleep, have no relationship with one
another and that they are mutuallv independent is the fourth
special faatur. of taking to this path or method. The notions
(about these three states) of common people are like:
"Waking is the most important among all these three
states; in this waking state alone all the real things exist.
All that appears in the dream is mere false manifestation:
there is no stuff in deep sleep." Thus not only do the
ordinary people but also many philosophers have a prG-
nounced predilection towards attaching greater value to the
waking and then, with that waking standpoint, measuring
the remaining two states. We will not become qualified or
fit to explore the Reality unless we escape from the grip or
clutches of this unjustifiable or unacceptable opinion
(wrong notion) and discriminate (upon these states) inde-
pendently (i.e. according to their own independent merits).
If we give up this needless 'partiality' towards the waking
and, as staled above in the previous section, if we ebserve
eo THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
from the point of view of the Intuition (Anubhava), we will

discern as follows: As these three states of waking, dream
and deep sleep are our own experiences, among them when
we have the experience of one state we do not have the ex·
perience of the remaining two; that means, when we have
waking, we do not have dream and deep sleep; when we
have dream l we do not have waking and deep sleep; when
we have deep sleep, we do not have waking and dream.
Although,t either in the dream or in the waking, appearan-
ces seem to be outside ourselves at the time of the
respective state, those things appearing are confined to the
respective state alone; those things do not exist indepen-
dently by themselves apart from the respective state.
Therefore, when we leave one state a,nd get another state,
the past state leave. us completely and not a trace of
its attachment or entanglement remains with us. Nor
does this past state exist by itself anywhere else.
If we ratiocinate in our mind that ·thus the three states
appear to us independentlv by themselves without having
any relationship with one another', then the verdict follows
that we should determine the Reality after discriminative
thinking based on a viewpoint which gives Qr adopts equal
consideration for (i.e. giving equal status to) all the three
states. The incomplete or partial viewpoint of givi ng
greater value or importance to one state alone and neglect-
ing the remaining two states gets far away flom us.
30. The comprehensive reasoning thlt is utilizlli in th'

method of the three statls;
We wi II mention one more specia I feature of this

0'
method of the three states, i.e. the filth splcial f•• tura
this method, and then conclude this topic. Because there

are three states and each one of them exists independentlv
without desiderating the other two states, we cannot say
that .he reasonings which we have formulated on the. basis
of the experiences gained in any one of the states and which
are hence applicable to the respective state alone should
perforce be made applicabJe to the remaining states also.
In our Intuitive experience if there is no other contradiction
or falsification, then those reasonings can be made appli-
cable to another state allo; but if there is any contradiction
seen, immediately we should consider that reasoning to be
limited or partial reasoning. Because the questions-
"What is the comprehensive reasoning that is applicable to
all the states 1 What is that partial reasoning which can be
made applicable to one or two states only 7"- are to be
determined in their respective contexts alone, there is no
possibility of our taking up for consideration now all the
reasonings which may crop up in due course. Even so, as
examples one or two illustrations we wi II give here and
proceed further. In the waking state any particular effect
is born from a particular cause, desiderating fixed time and
space conditions alone. For example, herein (in the
waking) for a cow to become pregnant and then to deliver a
calf, so many months are needed - such a reguration
is there. But in the dream state it is not like this. There it
may seem to us as if a cow became pregnant before our very
eyes in a matter of five or six minutes and delivered the calf
too. We all know it too well a Iso that this sort of a thing
or phenomenon is not contradictory whatsoever to the
nature of the dream. When this is so if one argues, on
the strength of his experiences gained in his waking, in the
manner - '·'n the dream the cow did not at all deliver the
calf, because it did not have enough time to deliver the
calf" - then it amounts to adopting a limited or partial

reasoning. For, he has himself 'seen' in the dream the cow
'reaJly' delivering. the calf; even so, having rejected this
from the point of view of his waking. he has argued that
because there was no sufficient time needed the delivery of
the calf is false. Instead of this, if another person argues
in the manner - "In the dream it is a fact that the calf was
delivered; but because it was an experience of the dream,
the calf was born according to the regulations of the
dream. For that reason alone, we did not encounter any
contradiction in that regard in the dream" - then, he is the
one who has utilized a comprehensive reasoning in keeping
with his experiences. Similar IV, to argue that- "In the dream
as well as the waking, outside us there is invaliably an
appearance of some object or other; the deep sleep is also a
state just like the waking and the dream and so in the deep
sleep state also there should be perforce an object 'Nhich is
fit to be visible" - it wi II amount to a partia I reasoning.
If the fact that the ,elsaning In keeping with Intuitivi
experience Is a comprehensive reasoning, whlrlas the rllson-
inl contradictory to one's Intuitive experience is paltial
r••soning is kept in mind. then in any circumstance whatso-
ever we can evaluate any particular reasoning by such a
test.
I f the fi've special features mentioned so far by us are

not forgotten, it wi II highly faci litate 'trekking on the high-
way of the three states of Consciousness'. Hereon we wi II
state the all-embracing, satisfactory philosophical teachings
which the Vedantins have formulated after having followed
this hallowed path. as also the objections put up against
this path by other protagonists who have not understood its

secrets and the satisfactory answers given by Vedantins to
such objections, by dividing them into different topics.
--..---
(0) The ObjectioDS And Satisfactory Answers Regarding

Tbe Metbod Of The Three States
31. The objections against the method:
The special features of the method of the three states

which the Vedantins have utilized to determine the Ultimate
Realitv have been to sorne extent made familiar so far.
Now we have to ponder over questions like - "What
authoritative support is there to say that the viewpoint of
the three states alone is the comprehensive viewpoint 7-
Are there no objections against this method at all 7" Here
we will take up the examination of some important objec-
tions which are likelv to be made against the genera'
applicability of the method: Without considering the
wonderful world that is seen within the states, particularly
the waking, at least to the extent we know it - (1) What
gain is there in cons1dering the states as separate entities 7
(2) What is the defect, if at all there is any, in not
considering the purposeloss states of dream and deep sleep
and in considering evervthi ng from the viewpoint of the
waking a'one ? (3) People, who say that if all the three
states are examined the Ultimate Realitv can be found out,
have baforehand to imagine that there is one · Ultimate
Reality·, is it not? What authority or support is there to
imagine like that? (4) Even if it is taken or reckoned that
there_is an Ultimate Realitv, how can it be believed that
it is possible for man to know that Ultimate Reality?
(5) Even if it is conceded that it is possible, what guarantee
or assurance can be given that by the mere consideration
of the three states alone that Ultimate Reality can be
known? (6) In case it is accepted that That fUltimate
Reality) can be known, how can ft be said that that know-
ledge alone is the ultimate or final verdict? These alone
are the objections which we propose to take up for consjde-
ration in this section.
32. lh, subject-object division:
Let us examine the first objection, viz. ·'If the state itself
as a whole is considered instead of considering the world
within the state how at all can be the Ultimate Reality be
known?" • That 'the world which is within the state is to be
observed' - is a statement made from the empirical view-
point. People who are immersed in the knowledge of the
physical world Dr the empirical science are giving too much
predominance to this (materialisti-c) viewpoint From their
point of view whatever knowledge man has accumulated
amounts to: This phenomenon of the world (It may be
sai~ that now the physical sciences have changed their
opinions with regard to the world or universe to 8 great
extent. The opinions which the 19th Century phYSicists
had formulated with regard to the material objects 01
things in the world or universe, time end causation etc.

have changed in n18nv aspects. These new opinions or
theories are, in many contexts, helpful or beneficial to the
VedDntic discrimination; in certain other contexts, though
their opinions may palpably appear to be contradictory or
opposed, the readers can themselves conceive, on the
strength of the discriminativel method that we are going to
delineate in this book in due course, that in truth there
does not exist any oppsition or contradiction at all in these
contexts too. In Jt ppendix I at the end of this book, under the
topic - "Science and Spir.ituality" we have examined some
of these subject-matters in some detail. For the time being,
however, here we will deliberate upon the opinions ·which
are commonly adopted by the physical scientists or physi-
cists as they are called today) exists eternally without any
beginning or end and wi th"out any limitations whatsoever.
The Ithing' that exists within this world has two forms,
namely matter and energy. This matter is incessantly
running about There ;s never any respite or stability
for its movement. Involution, evOlution, manifestation
and unmanifestation - thus the inherent nature of
matter is ever changing In the unlimited space there
are innumerable stars; among them so:no are slowly
{letting destroyed, and some others are born anew and are
shining_ Our sun is one among such stars. After many
crores of years. as a result of some unseen or unknown
cause some parts called planets got severed from this sun;
but even todRY th9yare revolving round the sun, having
been influenced by the sun's gravitational force. Our earth
is one among such planets which are revolving round the
sun. Thi~ e:lrth was in the beginning a very hot mass of gas
and cooli ng off for a long tinle it got solidi tied and fi nallv
on it water settled down. After millions of years on that
5
earth many creatures appeared and among them the verteb-

rate class of creatures stole a march over the others: from
these recently the class of creatures, called the mamm·als,
were produced. And one of the branches of the highest
species among these mammals is, in fact, the human being
(Homo Sapiens). He is born out of the ape belonging to
the same species. If we acknowledge the queer details of
astronomy and geography which we have described in brief
so far. no one will have the courage to voice with pride the
greatness of man. Who knows how many stars there are in
the entire endless space and among them around which
stars other planets are r-evolving just as in our solar system,
and how many such systems there are' If our earth,
which belongs to one among the innumerable star systems,
is compared to the whole universe. then would it even be
of the size of a particle in 8 pencil of ray or not I Then to
which particle of a thing should man, who is born juSt
recently in some corner of such an earth and is just op9ning
his eyes, as it were, be compared? And the statemen t
that - "Among these millions of men if some one who
has just now opened his eves', as it were, discriminates on
his three states of Conscious·ness, he will be able to grasp
the Ultimate Reality behind this universe" .• wi be n
analogous to the story that a jackal, which was being
washed away in the current of a river, shouted out that if
it is lost the whole universe would be destroyed. What
else can it be" - This alone is the opinion of the
opponent.
In finding out an answer to this objection, it becomes

necessary to bring to our mind the distinction between the
II DIS CRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 67
viewpoint of the three states of Consciousness and the view-

point of the empirical sciences. This we have already (sub-
sections t7, 23) mentioned. The viewpoint of the empirical
or physical sciences is the external or objective view of the
predcminant waking state. This viewpoint takes into the
reckoning only the objects appearing in the waking and
having given predominance to the external world, it
presumes beforehand that we exist in one corner of that
world. But if properly examined, what is this phenomenon
called 'world'? It is true that in it there exist innumerable
stars, planets and meteors; but apart from the fact that this
world comprising this our sun, moon, stars etc. is 'a mere
f lash of an object' in the Consciousness, what else is it ?
Is ~t ever possible even to surmise the existence of this
unfathomable ulliverse in any other manner than through
this ConsciQusness? If observed from this viewpoint, does
this world, which appea.rs never to be measureable, seem to
be greater or does the Consciousness, which has objectified
all this universe and has kept it in its grasp, seem to be
greater? 10 the question - ' Is the object, i.e. this uni-
verse .. greater cr is the subiec·, i.e the Consciousness,
which has objectified all this. greater"? - to give an
answer, no one takes fime. To any one it immediatelv
strikes that this vfry Consciousness, which, is capable of
objectifying even the smallest thing Wilhout any effort and
which can objecti fy with the same effortlessness this enti re
external universe itself, is. in fact, having greater
existence. Although man"s inquiry into the astrqnomical
and geographical spheres as also the diversities in them is
immensely beneficial to the partictJlariz~d knowledge
needed in day·to day life, there is n") doubt whatsoever
about the fact that the inquiry into this Consciousness, which
takes into consideration the entire universe and knows it,
is more beneficial for the knDwledge .f the Immutable

(indivisible) Ultimlte Reality. If we discard that COMcious-
ness, which ;s the substratum of the world's existence and
wit-hout which t~e entire universe becomes just like a mere
dance of darkness before blind people, how at all can' we
know the essence of the universe 1 As the essential nature
of Consciousness in Itself is being discussf:d and inquired
into in detail in due course, here this topic can be conclu-
ded. For the time being, it is enough if it is remembered
1hat~ Howsoever the universe may be e~ensive, howso-
ever it may be diverse and wonderful, all its essence is
inherent in the objective sphere of our Consciousness. As
this universe appears only within our waking state (sub-
section 27), if we inquire into· the waking, it amounls to
our inquiring into the universe also which exists within it.
It is true that by this method the inner details of the diverse
objects appearing in the world cannot be known; but for our
purpose of fathoming the Ultimlte Reality of everything
those detaUs are not necessary. There is no caUSit whatso-
ever for imagining that the knowledge obtained bV inqui-
ring into the ccmplete state is queerer or Jess useful than
the knowledge that inquires into o,e part within that
state.
33 •. Whit is t'he defect in the waking viewpoint?
No\'V another objection has to be taken for detailed

consideration. Up to now it has been accepted that b3cause
the empirical Iciences and other schools of philosophy have
adopted the waking viewpoint they have defects, whereas
b~cause Vedantins carryon their discrimination taking into
account all the three states theirs is the comprehensive
It DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 69
viewpoint. But what is the defect in the

waking
Vi6wpoint 1 All phenomena like our birth, growth and
accumulation of our knowledge etc .. take place in the
waking alone. The· happiness and grief that we get have
value in the waking alone. For, as the happiness that we
get in the waking is known, with certainty, to have been
obtained from such and such a thing, it is but natural for
us to have the desire to get that happiness once again; the
dealing of making an effort to procure such a thing of
happiness also becomes a reasonable one. Similarlv, the
grief that we suffer in the waking can be traced to its
cause by means of anticipation and experiment; we can
also make efforts to remove the cause for that grief. Bu·t is
it possible in our dream, which varies daily and comes and
goes, to find out the cause for the happiness and grief that
are obtained therein and, just as in the waking, is it possible
to undertake in t"he dream some determined action? Never
it is possible. In deep steep. especiallv, there is no room
for anticipation even to find out anew anything whatsoever
which is beneficial to carrying out any transaction For
this reason, does it not become the duty of everyone of us
to discriminate on the subject of the waking state alone?
Another point: In the waking the world that is seen b.y us
and the things that are in it E.re common to all and are
controlled by known rules and regulations. Todav's world
alone wi II exist tomorrow allo. TodaV's regulations
pertaining to the nature of things wi II themselves continue
to hold good tomorrow also. In this manner, because aU
of us have a deep-rooted belief based on the experience
gained here (in the waking), there is a possibility of either
help or danger being caused among one another. For this
reason alone, the scientists, who are wise. capable and
servico-nlinded, discover everv now and rhon the di f'orollt
natures and behaviours of things in this regulated world

and are formulating various scientific treatises which are
beneficial to humanity. In this world of the waking there
is a possibility for selfish people to wish to cause harm to
others and to pursue the path of their heinous design 8S
also for holy persons to find out ways of bringing prospe-
rity and happiness to the whole world But where Is such
a possibility in the dream? Dreams are states which are
experienced separately by individuals. There it is not
possible to determine as to what happens at what time. It
being so, where ;s the question of doing good or bad to one
another in the dream 1 This is one reason to lay that the
viewpoint of giving greater importance to the waking is
infallible or blemishless. Another point to drive horne the
idea of the greattless of this viewpoint may also be mention-
ed here. In the scriptural texts knowledge regarding reli-
gious duties through injunctions of the nature of do's and
don'ts and things opposed to them (Dharlna and Adlza'"la)
rebirth or reincarnation (Janmaantara), transmigration to
celestiai"worlds (Lokaantara) etc. are taught and reverence
towards the attainment of greater enlightenment has been
created in man; novY at least for the sake of fulfilment of
that purpose of the scr'iptural texts what other alternative
(sphere of activity) is there apart from the waking state 1
Either the scriptural texts or the religious guide (Guru) is to
be got in the waking alone. Where else can we get them?
If not in the waking where else can we experience the bad
effects of our vicious acts or the good effects of our
meritorious deeds "1 Even the ultimate goal of life that all
aspirants for Emancipation wish to attain is obtained on the
basis of the teaching's in the waking by our Guru or spiritual
guide and on the strength- of the disciplines or spiritua I
practices undertaken by us in our waking in accordance

with his teachings, is it not?
I.f seen in this fight, just as in the case of empirical

transactions, in the same way in the case of scriptural
transactions also the waking viewpo:nt ;s extremely
essential; there is no doubt whatsoever about this fact.
Let alone all this. Even for the protagonists of the three
st~tes of Consciousness, is it possible to discard the waking
viewpoint? No. For, either for teaching the knowledge of
the Ultimate Reality to others or for showing the benefits
of the knowledge of the Ultimate Reali ty to people in the
empirical sphere they also have to surrender themselves to
the waking viewpoint alone. Otherwise, if they give up
the waking viewpoint. with what other viewpoint can they
see all of us? From what viewpoint can we also listen to
the i r teac h in g"s? Fro m wh at ever vi ewpo in t i fit iss ee n ,
one has to accept that the waking viewpont is infallible,
beneficial and inevitable. The opinion that there ;s a defect
in the waking viewpoint seems to be the mesmerizing pow-
der that some protagonists throw on the peopre and fur-
ther this seems to be one big hindrance to the great bene-
fits accruing to people from physical sciences, moral and
devotional treatises. The statement that they carry on their
discrimination by giving up the waking viewpoint and frorn
another viewpoint, called 'the viewpoint of the three states',
seems to be a magical tree alone that some new protago-
nists have invented. and, in truth, no result whatsoever can
be obtained from it. Therefore, as no system of argument
can ever discard the waking viewpoint, it becomes estabHs- j
hed thot the examination of the three states is not at arr an

oxtra.ordinarv method of teaching tho Ultimate Aoality.
We have .tated above arguments in favour of the

waking viewpoint as stronglv as it is possible. As the
waking viewpoint alone has been clung on to very stub-
bornly either by the common people or the scientists
who reason out without havi.ng trodden the path
of the Jhree states and as this waking viewpoint
alone is a strong hurdle in determining the Ultimate
Realitv, it become·s highlV necessary for those who wish to
discriminate about the Reality to examine very carefully the
strang and weak points in this vilwpoint. It has been argued
out in th.e above objections that all people have to perforce
carry out- the discrimination about the Ultimate Realitv in
the waking ·state alone and further the benefit that accrues
from that also has to be attained in the waking state
alone, is it not 1 This is true, indeed, because the fact that
'the lack of knowledge of the Reality also has occurred in the
waking alone, so Its knowledge also has to be gained in the
waking alone, ;s to be accepted. But based on which view-
point is the discrimination to be carried out? Should we
discriminate on the basis of the viewpoint that we are con-
fined only to the waking state or on the basis of the view-
point that we are of a nature transcending the waking
state 1. This is the crux of the problem now It is true
that we have the waking state; but is it not true also that
Similarly we have the dream state as also the deep sleep
state? Hence, if we discriminate bV referring to our
experience, we are not confined to waking, dream or deep
sleep states. In fact, these three states are adventitious to
us and they leave us allo. It being so, if we discriminate
by taking predominant identification beforehand with any
one of these three states, how at all can the Ultimate
Reality be known as I( is 7 It il true that we attach value
tn t·hp. h;llnninpA~ ;:anti n,iAf u.e ~I.en tn thA hAl" ;an'" h;arm th:at
11 DISCRIMINAtiON ABOUT ULTIMAtE REALITY 13
accrde to us in the waking alone; but how does this fact

affect the Ultimate Reality at all? If it is to be determined
that what we desire - that alone should be the Reality,
then in that case what is determined on the basis of the
waking viewpoint alone might be taken as the Ultimate
Reality. But there is no question whatsoever of taking into
account what is desirable to us or what is undesirable to us
as far as the Ultimate Reality is concerned. That which
exists as it is in the ultimate analysis, that alon8 is a thing's
reality. For example, many people do not desire pt)verty,
while the rich people aspire ~o be happy alone. But what is
the real state of affairs? Many people are poor only; and
in this respect, thil alone is the reality. Because of the
fact that we .do not desire poverty, the fact that many of us
are truly poor alone is not rendered 'as not the reality' or
false. Similarly, in the present context too in the day-toe.
day transactions we may be attaching greater value to the
happiness and grief that occur in the waking; but from that
fact alone it·cannot be said or established that the waking
viewpoint is enough for the discrimination about the
Ultimate Reality. The opponent has contended that the
waking world exists eternally as it is, and as the objects or
things in that world are subjected to the regulations of
lime, space and causation, we can attempt to obtain happi-
ness or benefit that can be got from those things as aiso
endeavour to get rid of any grief or disadvantage that may
result from those things, while the dream world or the
things which appear therein have no such value at all, is it
not 1 We must keep in mind, at the outset, the fact that
this opinion has arisen because of the strong or innate
identification or affinity with the waking viewpoint. For,
just as when we arc in tho waking state we have the strong
ident.licatioll with the waking world alone as having value,
during the dream state also we have invariablv such an

identification with the dream world. Then (in the dream)
we do not ever discard that in the manner-- "This is a mere
dream 1'1 Evenour notions that 'the dream appears differen-
tly at different moments and that there is no stuff whatso-
ever in the things that appear in those different dreams' are
8 Iso formed from the waking viewpoint; when we ara
perceiving those objects within the dream, during the
experience of the dream we do not feel it or experience
it to be so, i.e. we do not experience them to be unreal or
without any stuff. Further, the opponent has stated that -
'·Because in the waking world many people who exist just
like us and they attach value to the waking world (and the
things in it) while the dream and the deep sleep states are
our individual states, it is not proper to give these latter
two states 1he some higher status as that of the waking
state" - is it not 1 To this. we can give two kinds of
an·swers: Let us take the stand that it is true that the
waki ng world is common to people. while the dream and the
deep sleep states are not like that; from this mere fact how
can the waking deserve the higher status? Can it be said
that what is accepted by many people alone is the Ultimate
Real ity 1 Never can it be said so. For that reason, even if
it is taken that the waking is a common state to all, it can-
not attain any higher value whatsoever. But if things are
observed as they are, i.e. in their proper perspective, the
waking state also is our individual state of experience
alone, just like the dream and the deep sleep states, and
not the total experience of many people at all. Just as 'we
alone sleep and we alone witness the dream', we
experience that 'we alone are getting awake·. JUlt.1 WI
cannot directly know or experience others having sleaping or
dreaming experiencls, similarly WI cannot also experianc'
directly others having the waking experience. The statement

we make to the effect that others are sleeping is also based
on the surmise that we make in our waking; even our
notions or conceptions that we form to the effect that 'they
have had dreams' and 'they are awake are based on the
dealings or transactions that they have with us in our
waking. Thus by the examination of the waking, dream
and deep sleep states of others alone (objectively) the
determination of the Ultimate Reality, which has to be
attained by each one of us (subjectively) on the strength of
compreher)sive (i.e. Intuitive) experience. can never be
achieved; because, then it will amount to the fact that we
have relied upon the waking experience and rejected our
deep sleep and dream experiences without examining them
It being so, the waking viewpoint is incomplete or inade-
quate; it can never be established that the determination of
the Ultimate Reality based on the waking viewpoint is
infallible and inviolable.. For all these reasons, although
both the Vedantins and the other philosophers have to
determine the Ultimate Reality in the waking Cllone, all
the ot hers have taken the waking state experience alone as
important and are looking upon the remaining two states
as a tailor appendage tagged on to it, just as a tail tagged
on to a kite; but Vedantins, on the other hand. have
•
ventured to determine the Ultimate Reality on the dispassio-
nate or unbiased outlook of the three states. In this
respect, the methodology adopted by Vadantins can be said
unabjectionably to b. unparalleled.
34. We should first taka it hypothetically that the Ulti mata

Reality Ixists :
What proof is there to say that the Ultimate Reality
exists? This whole gamut of discrimination has been started
78 THE MAGIC JEWeL OF INTUITION
on the premise that there is a certain, immutable or change-

less Ultimate Reality as the substratum for all appearances
manifesting in the forms of existence, knowledge and
happiness etc. in this world and further that Reality alone
is appeari ng as all these forms, is it not "1 But, first and
foremost, how can it be said that the manifested forms in
the world tJxist independentlv as different things and that
they are entities existing in and by themselves without
having any cause? If this wor'd is scrutinized carefully,
not a thing in it appears to remain as it is. All things are
invariably c'hanging from moment to moment. Even inani-
mate or insentient things like stone, sand etc. are also ever
changing only The sentient or animate creatures too are
having invariably and inevitably changes like manifestation,
growth, change. decay, death etc. When seen in this light,
it can be said that everything is a flow or flux of change
atone. Especially within ourselves, change and moveme nt
are continuously manifesting themselves. Similarly, if it
is observed with full alertnes. or awareness, this movement
or flux is undivided or unbroken, continuous; even the
statement that 'we are changing entities' is made on the
hypothesis of taking it to be true that 'there exist lome
objects and they are changing' But is there a thing which
is not included in the flow of change 1 The manifestations
of internal knowledge or experience and the external
existence are all the flow of Ghange alone. Just as in a
constantly flowing river we conceive different things like
water, whirlpool and cross currents etc., we conceive in this
universe, which is a flow of activity or motion, different
parts as objects or entities If it is witnessed properly.
what is calJed 'knowledge or experience' is this change
alone, what are called ·states are also this change alone;
II DISCRIMINATION A80UT ULTIMATE REALITY 77
when Avery thing is a flow of motion ana change, where is

the question of the Ultimate Realitv which is immutable or
steadfast and changeless?
If an answer to this objection il to be given, that

would be possible onlv flfter the readers O() through the
whole book. Even so, we will give' here in a concise form
a kind of on a"$wer. How is it possible to proceed further
without giving a general solution to this objection which is
lik~ an axe to the discrimination about the Ultimate
Reality? It Is not possible for the philGsophical texts to
advance Iven I single step without taking it hypothetically
that thore is an Ultimata Reality. But this difficul1y is
nat the reo n 'y for the phil 0 sop h; c a J sci en ce but. for it 11
sciences aiCiO. For example, the science of energy starts only
on the assumption that there is an energy in the world;
astronomy has assumed that the stars, planers. etc. rcally
exist; the science of geography has hvpothetically takan it
that its subject-matter of a world exists onlv Anyone can
qUflstion that; ., It is natural for the physical science~ to
take hypothetically 'heir respective subject-nlatters 10 exist
because thst part of the world which is an object to the
senses is their subject-matter (or the obj~ct of study); but
because the entity called 'the Ultimate Re~lity' is luprn.
sensory, how is it possible fO take it hypoth4tically to
exist 7" But to any science there is no scope whatsoever
to carry out the study or discrimination without assuming
or hypothetically taking that there is a pJrticular object and
that that object has an essential reality or (Jsse. The science
of physics has started to find out the essential nature of
physical obj~ct$ or things; but I1ven before finding it out how
did it, i.e. the science of physics, assume that the-things have
an essentia' nature 1- If this question is posed, what

answer can there be? Similarly, every science has started
on the assumption that it has an entity (wit·h its essentia I
nature of existence or being) to explore only: that p'articurar
branch of science invariably carries on its deliberations till
It com~s to the hard, infallible conclusion that its entity or
object with an essential nature of existence does not exist
at all. If all sciences have started on the assumption that
their respective objects of study undoubtedly exist, then
why should not the philosophical science also -- which has
started its inquiry on "the question.... "Is there an Ultimate
Reality or Truth whlc~ is the assence of all thesl entities (of
the physical or empirical sciances)?'· - take it hvpothetica IIV
that its subject-matter, v;z. Ultinlaje Truth or Realitv I
exists .11 lhp. thinkers and philosophers of all countries and
of all periods have invariably carried out thei, inquiry by
assuming or taking it hypothetically that -there i1 trulvan
Entity which is the substratum for the world'; apart from
the fact whether 1heir efforts have been successful or not,
it can be said that for the veracity of the existence of an
Ultimate Reality the universal and innate belief that exists
thus in man is itself an evidence or proof. Besides, it is
also not possible to say that so far the thinkers and philoso-
phers have not at all found out anyth-ing or that there is not
a bit of agreement among them at all. If the history of the
philosophies- is scrutinized. it can be sa; d that so far many
things have been established to be ~rue on the majority
verdict. Why go that far 7 Even the opponent who has
started to say that there is no single Ultimate Reality, haq
done so by assuming that he has tQ present his opinion ·to
the proponent of the Ultimate Reality onlv, as arso that it is
possible for him to present his contentions. Is it not 1 In
that case, does it not amount to saying that. the opponent
IT DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 19
himself has assumed that there is a method of discrimina-

tion acceptable to both the opponent and the proponent. as
also that as this method i. in a fully established or ord9rlv
."anner common to both, it can be shown by logical argu-
ment or dialectics 7 Anyway, the fact - The assumption
or hypothesis of taking that there must be an Ultimate
Rea lity to be the essence of this world cannot at all be
impertinent'- is established.
35. The Itate. are not of the nature of change, but they Ira
stltlS In the ,eal Sinl. of the term:
But to the question - 'Is there an Ultimate Refllity

which is constant and changeless 1'- the above answer is
not enough or satisfactory. Therefore, it becomes neces-
sary for us to examine the objection : 'As all that is appea-
ring before us is of the nature of change only, which is
that Reality that is constant as well as changeless·?' In one
sense all the people will have to accept the fact that what-
ever '·thing' that there is in the worfd does not exist even for
a moment without change. ·Therefore, what we talk about
•
in th~ manner - "Things were in that state at that time,
but now they are in this state"- is nothing but the empiri-
cal dealing which is conceptual as well as relative, but the
notion that 'the things have really different states' is not
true. Even while we were saying - #lSuch and such a
thing was in this condition at such and such a time' ' - that
particular thing or object was in the form of change alone.
We only conceived in our mind, for the time being, that it
was one enfitv by separating it from the flow of change.
Even when we said - "That thing was like that" - it was
80 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITiON
not" existing as it was (previously); it does not exist sepa-

rately without being related to another; just 8S when it is
stated - "The water on this side of the river is flowing
faster than the water on the other sid." - all the water js
one flow of water alone and water whi,ch il separate from
the flow does not exist at all, similarly all has become one
flow of change alone. Just as people conceive different
parts called Inotes of sound' while elaborating a tune or
Raaga in music, similarly our intJ!lIect conceives' different
parts in the whole universe; oven so, there is no proof to
eSfablish that .here are those parts in realitv in jt, La. the
universe - We cannot confront people who argue out on
such lines (In India the idealist Buddhist schools of
'K,r;hollika VijIlQaIlQl'Qadins' and Bergson, among t he Western
thinkers, etc. have upheld the contention or argunlent that
everything is of the natura or form of change alone).
Even so, the states of waking dream and deep sleep,

which we have taken up for discrimination, cannot be said
to belong, in this manner, to a form of flow. When a
person who is awake gets sleep, can if be said that his
waking state itself became deep sleep? In the waking a
second thing appea~!;, whi Ie in deep sleep nothing whatso-
ever is seen; neither anyone can possiblV say that these
states which are extremely of opposite natures are conjoined
to one another, nor that one s1ate proceeds (or flows forth)
like the water in a river and becomes another state. In the
waking state there is time, while in deep sleep it is not
there at all; when it is so, it is not at all possible to
imagine that the waking flowed on and then finally got
conv'erted into deep sleep and that at anyone moment (of
time) deep sleep became converted into waking Unless
one goes to sleep dream does not occur: even when it

seems to us that the person who is awake sees the dream in
an instant, all of us surmise that in between deep sleep
occurs and only when the waking is totallv shattered or cut
asunder the dream appears. Apart from this, when the
dream is over and waking takes place, 'one state 'invariably
comes· after the other 'has gone away or out of existence
without leaving even a little bit of interval or interstice in
between'. Therefore, it should be accepted that all the
three states of waking, dream and deep sleep are 'real
states'; it should also be accepted that their appearances
are independent. without having even a little of relationship
with one another; it should also be accepted th81 these
three states are not imaginary parts belonging to anyone
flow or series of time. Had these states been the parts
of anyone thing. all of them would have had to
appear on the substrate or base of one series of
time; but the real state of affairs is not like
this. The time that is there in the waking vanishes
into thin air so to speak, in deep sleep; in the dream
there is Inother series of time which is of the appearance
of an extremely queer nature (SlIlra Bhashya 3-2·3):
Therefore, it is contradictory to everyone's 8ltperience to
reckon that these states, wh:ch do not have a common
series of time whatsoav~r, belong to one and only one flow
or flux of change. Anyway, there ara real states of
experience; hence, it does not amount to any contradiction
or opposition whatsoever to the acceptance of the axiom or
hypothetical assumption of 'the existence of a changeless
Ultimate Reality'. The assumption that - IIEverything is
change alone. there are no states of experience at all"- is
opposed to or contradictory to everyone's experience.
6
82 THE MAGIC .JEWEL OF INTUITION
31. It i. po.sibll ta divine or intuit the Ultimate lIeality :
Let us now take up for consideration another objection.

Let us accept that in the 'visible objective totality' there are
the three states of experience and that everything is not a
mere flow of change. But is it possible to divi ne or fi nd
out the essential nature or truth of these states? To know
whethe~ the objective totalitv appeari ng to us in these
states 'exists as it appears' or whether 'behind it
(i.ei the visible objective totalitv)' there is 'another entity
or Reality which is its essence,' what means or evidence
have we got? Is it proper to believe that by the mere
consideration of the three states we will find out or acquire
the essential nature of those states '1 Apart from this,
while we are getting the knowledge of the states them-
selves or of the objects or things which appear within the
states, even that knowledge also is continuouslv or cons-
tantly changing only. In fact, the knowledge of each ona
of the states is of a different kind; the knowledge of each
object vit:ibre is also of a different kind. Thus when the
knowledge and the known - both these are constantly·
changing, what could be the changeless or steadfast,
immutable entity "1
Although this objection seems to be very strong on its

face, there is no threat to the veracity of the method of the
three states. for, when we perceive the external world
visible within the states through our senses, there may
arise a doubt to the effect - • 'Does this world exist as it
appears to us alone or 'is there another essential nature
behind it 7' Because, as we get the 'mediate knowledge'
of the world through 1he medium of the senses, if those
n DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 83
adjuncts of the senses are not there. there is scope or room

for a doubt like - "How does that world exis\?" - to
arise. But there is no cause for such a doubt to arise as
regards the states: for, the states are directly or Intuitively
Ixperienced by us onlv (i.e. not through any other medium
like the senses or the mind). We have the means called
"Anubhava" or Intuition to cognize the states and to know
them: to aggregate and assimilate the various decisions or
conclusions drawn from that Intuition and to determine the
Truth or Reality we have reasoning or discrimination, called
Yukli. When it is so, does it not amount to a statement of
arrogance or insolence jf it is said that there is nQ means to
determine the Ultimate Reality? Everybody has to accept
that the knowledges of the states and of the visible objects
within them are of different kinds. But that 'the deffe-
rence is true' can be established onlv when it is accepted
that tha,. must be soma one entity tD witness the changes in
the knowledges, is it not? It will have to be accepted that
we who are witnessing and knowing Intuitive'v the coming
and going of the knowledges of the states - in that OUI
essential nature of Intuition there i. no change whatso-
ever: it wi" a'so have to b~ accepted that in that essentia'
nature of Intuition of ours there is knowledge which is inhe-
rent in, or innate to, its very ISSlnce, jUlt as heat is inherent
in fire. Therefore, though the states as well as the know-
ledges of the states are coming and going, everyone will
have to perforce accept that we have an essential nature of
Intuition (as the core of our Being) which knows them
directly or Intuitivelv without itself undergoing any change
whatsoever. Ther. is no objection whatsoevlr to thl philoso-
phicil tlaching th.t with the help 01 thi' Intuitivi knowlldgl
.1 our changl'ess core of Being WI can determine the essential

nature of everything.
37. If the thrl' statl •• r. considered, it amounts to consider-

ing IVlryth Ing :
There is an objection like - "By mere consideration

of or discrimination about our -three states, can it ever be
said to be tantamount to the consideration of the Ultimate
Reality (which is the very essence) of the entire universe?"
This objection arises in only such people who have
forgotten or failed to reckon the comprehensive meaning of
the word - ·'Avastha" or a state of experience Earlier
(sub-section 26) we have already explained how much is
the pervasive nature of the word - "A~'astlza" or a state.
If the rsaders keep that in mind, then the threat of this
objection will not affect them. The differences or distinc-
tions of - 'our waking', 'their waking' - are born out of
the intellectual defect of not having understood the mean-
ing of'the word, ·waking'. Things or objects like 'I', 'you',
'they', 'other objects' appear in our waking alone. There-
fore, all of them are included or assimilated in the waking
alone. The belief or notion that 'many people in the world
are first awake and then they go to sleep' is born in us in
our waking. rh.r.fore, after our waking is taken up for
discrimination or consideration in its entirety there dal. nat
remain any more to be clnsidered, either the plople who exist
outside or apart from that waking or their waking, drelm Ind
delp sleep states. Hence, if the meanings of the words like
waking, dream and deep sleep are properly understood as
the waki ng, dream and deep sleep states of mi ne, i. e. of
the aspirant (who wishes to know the Ultimate Realitv),
then there does not remain behind anything whatsoever

that is not included in the discrimination about the three
states; if the Ultimate Realitv behind the three stites (i.e.
existing as their very essence of Being) is found out (i.e.
Intuited), then there does not remain anything erse to be
known at all (.Waandukya Kaarika Bhashya - 4-88) and
this fact is unassailable or cannot ever be invalidated.
38 The philosophical ta.ching Of thlory of the thr •• statls-

is unassailable:
There remains yet another objection like: ' 'What

guarantee is there to say or assert that the philosophical
teaching or theory which has been now formulated on the
basis of the discrimination about the three states is itself
the final or ultimate conclusion 7" Many philosophical
teachings or theories have so far been formulated in the
world and have vanished also, and it cannot be surmised as
to how many more will be born in the future Even if it is
taken for granted that all the schools of philosophy, which
existed before the Vedanta philosophy came into being,
have been refuted by it (i .8. Vedanta phi losophy), there is
neither any reason to believe that the ancient philosophers
(of the Vedantic school) had anticipated the numerous
philosophical systems which are born recently, nor that
they (ancient Vedantic philosophers) had alreadyaccumu-
lated or compi led stronger arguments or logical means than
those adopted by all these new systems. Even in the event
of accepti ng such a situation, who can ever say that at
least in the future 8 philosophical system which can set
aside the logica I means adopted bV this Vedlntic philoso-
phical system by means of more powerful logical
arguments cannot coma into being? Who will ever take the
blame or responsibility of making a categorical statement
that 8 philosophical system which has adopted subtler
logical arguments than Vedanta will never in the eternal
time come into being 1- This is the real intention of those
who make this kind of an objection.
To those who have examined the system of the formu-

lati'on of the methodology of the three states the fact that
'this 'bove objection is without any support' should inevi-
tably flash or strike itself. For, to say definitely that -
'the objects which are born in a moment of time and which
then disappear or vanish ar8 only so many or they are only
such and such things' - Is not possible for anyone, and
this is true. Therefore, it is but natural to think that if any
one person in a certain period of time founds a philosophi-
cal system with the help of his sharp intellect, any other
person with a sharper intellect may be able to formulate or
expound a more powerful or profound philosophV which
will prove the former to be inferior. But if anyone has
found out on the strength of Intuition a certain Reality
which is nOf bound by the rules or regulations of time (Le.
extra-temporal Reality of the essential nature of Intuitive
experience, or Pure Conaciousness), then how at all can
any dialectic or logical device, howevermuch powerful it
may be, of any period of time shake it or refute it 1 Vedanta
II nat I phillsophical .Yltlm Ilk. Iny oth.r built upon. mlr.
dialectic.' ar lagicil systlm. The states of waking. dream
and deep sleep which are the objects of discrimination for
It, i.e. Vedanta, are not restricted bV or confined to any time
category; on the other hand, the eategorv of time itself is
a particular or distinct appearance or phenomenon confined
JI DISCRIMINATION ABOut ULTIMATE REALITY 81
within the waking as well as the dream. Especially regar-

ding the essential nature of Pure Consciousness or Intuition
of the Witness who 'sees' these states as external objects,
t here is no possibi lity whatsoever of It bei ng restricted by
any category of time. It being so, where is any scope for
the doubt that the subject-matter of Vedanta (\.e. Pure
Consciousness or Intuitive experience), which has transcen-
ded the region or realm itself of time, may be falsified or
invalidated in due course of time? If it is determined Of
established that thera is no entity to ba considered othar than
the one det.rmined through the method .f the three stit.s, Ind
if it is fully established that this discrimination about the
thr •• It8tlS is carried out systematicilly, then the possibility
af the phillsophical t •• chlng that we formulate getting falsi-
fied or r.fated It any time will not be there It all., Anyone
can raise a doubt: As there are states like intoxication
and swooning or fainting also, other than the three states
(i.e. waking, dream and deep sleep), if those states are
not taken into consideration, then will not the method
fallowed by us amount to incomplete or partial view? BLlt
the fact that states are three alone will in due course (Iub.
section 40) be established without giving any room for any
counter argument. Therefore, there is no defect whatso-
ever in this methodologV_ We can now begin without any
bother the discrimination about the Ultimate Reality
following this viewpoint of the three states of
Consciousness.
88 'rHE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
(E) Au Ootliae Of The Method Of The Three Slates
31. Whit I. m•• nt by 'Ava.tha' or • state 7
The essential nature of the viewpoint of the three

states, its greatness or importance as well as its compre-
hensiveness have been hitherto denoted. Now, we will
mention briefly the methodologV formulated bV Vedant;ns
following this viewpoint. First of all, one should unders-
tand or discern the philosophical teachings or theory that
has been made out in this methodologV regarding the
essential nature of a state or 'A,astha'. If anyone is asked-
"What is meant by a state 1'1 - he gives the answer -
"Condition". But by this brief answer alone the essential
nature of a state or Avastha is not revealed. In the word -
'Avastha', the prefix 'Ava' as well as the root 'Stha ' , Le.
-stay put' are conjoined. Whatever be an object or a thing,
we commonlv think that blfore it stops or stays put it must
either be 'changing or moving. For instance, a mango; a
tender fruit becomes an unripe fruit and then ripens, is it
not 7 Here the tender fruit is small, the unripe fruit is big
and the ripe fruit is first big, then after some time, dries up
and once again becomes small. These are the various
changes that take place in the size of the mango fruit.
When the mango is tender it gives an astringent taste to the
tongue: when it is unripe fruit it gives a sour taste and
when it is ripe it tastes sweet; these are the changes in its
taste. In the same manner, in the case of its colour, smell
and touch also there are different qualities or featu.ees seen
in the tender, unripe and ripe fruits, is it not 7 Thus as the
thing called mango undergoes different changes and
remains in .different forms of tender, unripe and ripe fruits
for brief periods, to call thase three forms as the 'A.vDstha'

or Ilate or 'Sthithi' or condition is customary. This il one
meaning of the word, 'AvQstha'. This word is being used
with another meaning also. For instance, if a mango fruit
which was on the branch of a tree, for some reason or
other, gets dislodged from its foot-stalk and falls down and
on irs way down if it stops between two off-shoots of a
branch or if it falls on the ground and stops there only, this
stopping is called its one 'AVQSlha' only. In that context,
by 'Avastha' it is meant 'that which was moving has
Itopped' • just IS it is assumed that a mango fruit has
changed its state from the tender fruit to the unr·ipe fruit
and from the unripe fruit 10 the ripe fruit. people think that
after the fruit from above fell down it reached from a
moving condition to a stationary condition. Thus in
dav-to-dav transactions there are two meanings for the
word 'A'VQslha'. When we speak of the waking, the dream
and the deep sleep 81 'A,vasthas', should W8 take anyone of
these two meanings or should we adopt a third meaning"
This is the question now.
When we ar. having waking, dream and deep sleep,

just as the tender fruit· becomes unripe fruit or the unripe
fruit becomes ripe fruit, in u. there is no change whatso-
ever, having been aubject to the flux of time. Becaus ••
after the tender fruit becomes an unripe fruit - that very
unripe fruit turning back to itl original form of tinder
fruit - we have never seen. But as regards the 'Avasthas',
which we are speaking about, it is not so. We, who have
gone from the waking 10 de.p sleep or dream, return again
to the waking easily; not only that. we are invariablv
having the three AVClslha! repeatedly. Just as when the
90 THE MAG'le JEWEL Of INTUITION
tender fruit becomes the unripe fruit the former changes

the size, the taste, the smell and the colour that are there
in it and begets a different form, we do not change our
body, mind and senles etc. which are seen in the waking
into the body. mind and senses etc. of the dream. W.
leave the waking body etc. along with the waking itself and
get th'. dream. Belldes, just I I when the tender fruit
changes Into unripe fruit, to the former a new colour and 8
new smell etc. have really and adventitiously attached
themselves, at the time of our dream our dream body etc.
do not really attach themselves to us adventitiouslV. As
soon as we are awake, they (i.e. the dream body, mind etc.)
leave· us and vanish. Therefore, to say that waking and
dream are changes that occur to U8 being subject to the
flux of time, there is no support of any experience whatso-
ever. In the same manner, our getting waking and dream
cannot be said to be an ' A ,astha , of the kind of a stationary
condition reached after moving from one place to another.
For, when an object moves from one place to another, there
must be Ii common substratum which joins thole two
places. For example, when a football rolls from one place
to another and stops, the ground is the support or substra-
tum which joins those two spots; when birds are flying in
the sky from one place to another, to both those spots the
sky and the wind are the supports. In this manner, it is
not possible at all for us to think that we leave the waking
and go to the dream and stop there seeking a particular
support. For, we cannot find In our experience any
.upport whatsoever common to the waking and the dream.
Apart from this, just 8S we go from one town to another
either by the means like walking or a vehicle etc. we do not
go from waking to .dream using anv means of transport
whatsoever. JUlt 8S we calculate and measure the distance
II DISCRIMINATION ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITV 91
between one town and another to be so man V mi lei and the

duration of travel to be of so many hours or days, it is not
possible for us to measure the interval betw~en the waking
and the dream in terms of either distance or time. In addi-
tion to thi., just a. two towns which are existing in one
flux of time Iione end on one ground only, no on8 among
UI think that the two Itates of waking and dream exilt on
any ona support or substratum of common flux of time or
common space. For all the.e reasonl, it il not possible for
us to assume that waking and dream are either the forms or
•
change occurring to UI being subject to the same flux of
time or the particular stationary positions obtained after
gOing from one place to another. If it is so, ·what is our
opinion when we call waking and dream as ' A.vasthas' '1
The Vedantin's answer to this question is I When we

lav that the examination of the three states or Avaslhas
alone is the proper way to determine the Ultimate Reality,
the word 'Avastha' me.n. it is the wly or manner in which th.·
Ultimata R•• lit, appelrs. That which exists always exists,
that which does not exist dais never exist' - is a self-
established axiom. There is never any destruct ibn to the
Ultimate Reality. When seen from different viewpoints It
appears differently; but in whatever manner It appears It
abides or subsists as the Ultimate Reality alone. It doee
not beget any increase or decrease in Its essential natur ••
Even so, It may appear differently owing to the difference
in our viewpoint. In as many ways It may appear to us, in
so many ways each one of them is called Its varioul
, AYDstha' or state. By one example this opinion can be
elucidated. Suppose a person has five rupees. He cln
use it in the form of a five-ruple currency note, or five on.·
rupee coins, 01 ten 50-paise coins, or twenty 25·paisa coin.
or 50 ten-paise coins or 100 five-paise coins, is it not '1

Here, although the money that is with him first aSlumes the
form of the cur!ency note and then the various forms of the
metal coins and though in number it assumes increasing
numbers from one to 100, as regards its value no one thinks
that it has either increased or decreased. Simi larly, the
Ultimate' Realitv il appearing to us in the three forms
of waking, dream and deep sleep. It has 'spread out in the
waking in one manner and becomes an object to our
'ntuition or Pure ~onsciousness, and It appears as an
object in a different m~nner in the dream. Thus in as
many different ways the Ultimate Reality may appear to us,
in so many ways each one of them is called Its 'Avaslha',
40 Av.•• thas Dr statls are thr •• only:
Now let us consider the question: How many states

are there? This is a very imporlant question for Vedantic
ratiocination. For, in the statement that if the three states
are taken up for consideration, it amounts to considering
the Ultimate Reality alone, the opinion that the states are
three only is implicit. But if the states are more than three
and we consider only three states, then the conclusion that
we have drawn can never become the fi nal verdict; it wi II
also not be one arrived at from a comprehensive or plenary
viewpoint. From the common viewpoint it appears that,
apart from waking, dream and deep sleep, there are sti II
some more states, indeed For example, so many times
people desire or yearn in their minds in the form - "It
has to be done that way; it has to be done this way", is it
not? This is a state called ' Manoralha' or mind's 'wish or
wishful thinking. 1<nowin.glv or unknowingly, peopl.
consume intoxicating things, get jnebriated and become

unconscious. This is called ·Mada' or a state of intoxica-
tion. As a result of some cause the power of the intellect
may be deluded and people may be uttering nonsensica I
things; this state is caJled , Unmada , or state of insanity.
As a result of some injury to the body or because of
disease or as a result of psychological effects from fear,
l
anxiety etc. one may lose his consci ousness and faint: this
state is called 'Moorcha' or swoon; from causes like high
fever from cold etc. one may visualize many things at'd get
agitated; this state is called 'Sunnypaatha' or ·delirium.
Some people have a kind of a state after they go to .'eep.
Then they wander about and spe9k like people who are
awake onlv, and though they are carrying out such transac-
tions, after becoming really awake they do not remember
even an iota of the transactions that they carried out in
that state. This kind of state is called' Nidravihaaraavaftha'
or somnambulism. Some others are enveloped by delusion;
then they do not carryon any transaction full of activity.
like people in their waking, nor are they completely inac-
live Jike people who are asleep; this state may be called
'TooshneemaavQstha' or coma or stupor. Some people have
called that state of a person when he has got up from sleep
but not yet properly acquired the waki ng consciousness or
the state of half consciousness before getting sleep also as
'Tooshneen,aavastha'. In order to indicate the difference
between this state and the one in which by nature it is
alwa¥s enveloped by delusion, the latter deluded srate can
be called '}adaal'QJtha' or unconscious state. As a result of
special acts or powers going under the names of magic,
exercising or witchcraft. and mesmerism, some people los8
half consciousness and then they do not experience any
pain from the prick of a needle or the touch of fire, it is
said. People in that .tata, 8S • result of the mesmeric or

hypnotic spell, even mention about things 8S they are,
although they are not even acquainted with those
things earlier. This stat. may be called 'J'ashyaavastha' or
mesmeric or hypnotic state. Further the fact that 'Yogis
remain in the 'Samaadhl A'llstha' or trance without any
consciousness of the outside world at all, is very popular in
our country (India) for 8 long time. After the expiry of
one's Ipan of life that state of dving called' Maranaavastha'
or death, and the state attained by a person after he is
liberated or emancipated from the clutches of 'Samsaara' or
mundane existence, as mentioned in the religious or scrip-
tural texts, called I MuklQavastha' or Liberation or Emanci-
pation - these also can be taken into the reckoning here.
None of the states that we have mentioned so far appear
alike. Is it not necessary then to examine all these states
for the determination of the Ultimate Reality"1 To say that
only the three states of waking, dream and deep sleep
should be considered, what are those exclusive spacial
features in them"1 We must necessarily answer this ques-
tion first. Anyone can give a kind of an anlwer to this. For
example, waking, dream and deep sleep are the common
states experienced by the human beings in general; but the
other states are not like that; they' are experienced by some
people on certain occasions. Therefor., it can be said that
they need not be considered at all. But it cannot be said
that this answer is satisfactory. For, it is not possible to
discard any experience while determining the Ultimate
Reality. If it is to be d,servinglv cilled the comprehensive
or totality of experience (of all human beings) whether they
are common experiences or exclusive or special experien-
ces -- all of them must be taken up for examination or
Icrutiny. Is it not 1
To this the Vedantin's answer is: We might have

perceived in our waking certain people experiencing an
intoxicated sttle, insanity, delirium or the remaining
states. But what of it 1 They are not the states that we
have to consider here. We have now taken up for conside-
ration only the fact as to in how many different ways is the
Ultimate Reality appearing to our Consciousness. In the
previous section we have indicated that these various ways
(in which the Reality appears) alone are called by us as
'Avastha ' or a state. If viewed from this perspective, all
the states are subsumed by the one state called 'waking'.
It being so, how can those other states become different or
separate states? This difficulty in the manner of reasoning
itself has arisen indeed beca(Jse of having forgotten the
facts that all that appears in our waking belongs to the
waking alone and is also confined to tha waking alone
(sub-section 27) and not from any other cause.
But anybody may think that there is another viewpoint

from which these three states can be considered. For
inltance, it does not matter even if we do not scrutinize
the states of wishful thinking, intoxication and fainting
etc. of people who are perceived by us in the waking. What
if those states are occurring to us only 7 Should we at
least take into the reckoning those experiences or should
we not? The answer to this question is onlv this much:
Whether we are fully awake or not, when we assume that
externally or outside us there is a world which is related to
our waking. all the states that we experience as betng
related to that world are indeed belonging to the waking
(and are subsnmed by it). If in any state there is not the
least knowledge of the world, then from the point of view
of the determination of thl Ultimate Reality there is no

difference whatsoever between deep sleep and such a sepa-
rate .tate. If more deeply observed, all th, states that we
have experienced hitherto and those which may occur to UI
have necessari IV to belong to ei1her of the two states: Our
experiencing the existence of freshly appearing entities il
one state; • without any appearance whatsoever. 'being our-
selves in ourselves' alone, is another state; if observed
from this viewpoint, the two states of waking and dream,
both of which have experiences of external appearance_,
will become one state only; wishful thinking, runacv,
delirium, somnambulism, half consciousness or stupor,
hypnotized or mesmerized state - all these belong to this
category alone. Deep sleep, fainti"ng, intoxicated state,
Yogic trance or Samaadhretc.- such states wherein there
•
is no knowledge at all of the kind of 'I' and 'another'
belong to the second category_ Death is not really a state.
For, the fact that 'others die' belongs to or is included
within our waking, and the fact that when we die how our
experience of it will be is not known now and hence the
experience of death cannot be taken up for consideration.
The state of Liberation or Emancipation also must be simi-
larly understood. Apart from this, barring the two kinds
of experience. viz. the existence of external knowledge or
its non-existence. we cannot imagine at all that we may get
yet anolher kind of experience. Therefore, if the two
states of 'Dar.rhana Vri/li IIvastha ' or the state in which there
is experience of manifestation - as in the waking and the
dream states, and 'Adarshana Prilli AVQstha' or the state in
which there is no experience of any manifestation, as in
deep slt;ep - are both considered, then nothing remains to
be considered at all. Therefore, if it il assumed that
waking, dream and deep sleep .re the only three states, it
become. the comprehensive or consummate viewpoint. If

the •• 8r8 considered, it amounts to considering all the
remaining states alone (Maandukya Kaarika Bhashya 4-88).
Although when seen from the viewpoint of the waking
special features may seem to be there in thole states,
for our task undertaken for the purpose of determining
t.he Ultimate Reality the consideration of these three
.tates alone is sufficient.
41. Thl ... utuII rilitionship Imona the atet •• :
After the determination of the fact that states are

three onlv, the question as to what is the mutual rela-
tionship among the states can be reviewed. Prev;ously
(sub-section 29) while stating the salient . features
of the method of the three states we have mentioned
that the knowledge of the fact that there is no mutual
relationship among the three. states is a significant
feature of this method. Even so, people have a natura"
conception or notion that there must be some kind of
a relationship among the states. If it is said that
·there are two entities but they have no relationship'.
this is not assimilated by or accepted by the intellect
at all. In this world between any two objects or
among many objects that we have perceived, the fact
of their not having any relationship is not observed
by us, Not only this, our intellect does not have the
capacity to imagine two objects unrelated to each
other. When it is rnentioned that there are 'two
objects'. they must have either tempor al or spatial
relationship; they must have the relationships of the
types of species (i ndividual or part) - genus, or
1
supported - substrate; or some other relationship of

this kind must exist. To know the thing that is being
considered exact IV or to communicate its knowledge
clearly to others the relative knowledge is necessary.
Without the relative knowledge the empirical dealings
or tran~actions cannot be carried out. It being 80,
ho'w can it be said that there is no relationship
whatsoever among the states" Observed naturally, all
the three states belong to the category or species of
'AvQsthQ', or a state of Consciousness; as dream is
caused by the latent impressions of the waking and
deep sleep is the rest or respite caused to the body,
the senses etc., it can be said that among them there
is 8 temporal as well as a cause-effect kind of relation-
ship. Therefore, to many people the Itatement that
there· is no relationship among the states seems to b'
invalid.
But in the whole method of reasoning atated above, the

identification with the waking-oriented viewpoint alone is
reigning supreme. As we have explained before (sub-sec-
tion 33), there is no wonder at all if such misconceptions
are caused among people who have discarded the impartial
viewpoint of the method of the three states and have clung
on to the waking viewpoint alone. To bring tTome to the
mind the fact that these beliefs or notions are not proper,
the following ratiocinations based on Intuitive experience
wi II be helpful: The people generally believe that waking,
dream and deep sleep are occurring one after the other and
that there is a cause-effect relationship among them,
is it not 1 If this is true, there must be some Inter-
al or interstice between any two states; if not, the
fact of one state itself gradually attaining different

forms must become our experience. But it is not so
If we check up in our experience. No one has per ..
ceived the 'intermediate time' when the waking has
gone and deep steep has not yet come; no one hal
perceived the 'intermediate time' before the dream has
come after the deep sleep has ended; nor has any
one perceived the lintermediate time' between dream
and waking. Similarly, no one has seen waking getting
changed or converted into deep sleep or deep sleep
changing its form into dream or dream changing itself
into waking; Ivan II any on. had S88n like thlt, all
thlSI would have becDme Dna state only. Therefore, there
Is no support of experience to imagine or ISSU"'I aith,r
Iny tlmJI"Dral •• quence or any causl-effect relationship
Imong thl Itates. Another consideration: If it is true
that the states follow on another, one on the heel of
another, invariably, and .f it is invariably true that
there is a particular kind of temporal relationship
among them then they must be events occurring in
l
lome one time series only, is it not? If so, bV which

temporal yardstick or standard should their sequential
order be measured., "On Sunday morning at seven
one storm came; at eight several trees of that forest
were uprooted and hurtled away'· - When such a
statement is being made, we observe the sequence of
two events, viz. the blowing of the wind and the
fa lling of the trees. taking the morning of Sunday as
the only time as the substrate or basis for the two
events; the blowing of the wind occurred 4irst and
from that cause later on the trees were uprooted - in
this manner we imagine or assume the cause-sffect
relationship between them. But when we say: "On
Sunday afternoon I slept for three hours; In thlt

moment I had a queer dream and it appeared to me
that I carried out different ki nds of transactions for
30 years and that I experienced different kinds of
happiness and grief" - if we assume, that after the
waking the dream followed, which common denomi-
nator of time for both these should we take as the
basis? Here the three hours of waking have become
30 years of the dream. Therefore, the measure or
standard 91 waking time is too small for the dream,
and the measure or standard of dream time ;s too
big for the waking. There is no agreement whatsoever
between the idea or notion of the time appearing to
us in the waking and the idea or notion of the time
appearing to us in the dream. Not only that,
because the respective idea or notion of time of one
state remains within its respective state alone, it is
clearly evident that there is no one particular time
series whatsoever which suits these two states at all.
Does it not become clearly evident from this also that -
(a) our assumption of a state to be a certain kind of
temporal change occurring in us, and (b) taking that
time to be the waking time alone, our attempt to
measure or evaluate all the states from the waking
viewpoint - are the main causes for the germination
of the big mistake of assuming that 'the states come
and go one after the other and there is a cause-effect
relationship among them' 7
If it is remembered as to what a state ii,

well
then there is no room or cause for any difficultv
whatsoever to crop up regarding the relationship among
the states. As we have stated already before (sub-

section 39), the states are not temporal changes
occurring, nor are they stations which we reach to
obtain rest or respite every now and then white cons-
tantlv moving. The differlnt WIYS in which the Ultimate
RI.lity apPlars alonl .,. the statas. When this dis-
tinctive characteristic of a state is realized, the ques-
t;on itself as to what rel&tionship is there among the
states does not arise at all. For, relationship is 1hat
which exists among appearances perceived bV us within
the states. In IVlry stata the whole of thl Ultimat.
Rellity is completely subsumed and it is n.v.r poslibl.
to reckon in the mlnner·- "Sa much plrtion of the
Entity ar aeing .xists in this state and the rlmainillD
portion Ixists somewhere als8". Beyond the states no
piece whatsoever of the Ultimate Reality can ever be
hidden anywhere else; therefore, the time. the space
and the relationship of a particular state - they. 'do
not know to stretch out even a wee bit' beyond that
respective state. Only those people, who have not
realized the secret that 'Iach state thus hi. included thl
Ultimate Reality whila bling or remaining I I It is, still
It appears in the form af a stata', are victims to the
delusion that there must necessarily be some kind of
relationship among the states and, further, that a
world comprising tima, space, etc., which are rudimen-
tary to build UP that relationship. should necessarilv
exist beyond the states. But those - who have fully
realized the fundamental rule that the whole gamut of
appearances that is perceived by us in each state is
itself the world and not anything els8 and therefore
the world il included within the state and not that in
the world the states occur (sub-section 27) - are
never caught by the 'ghost' of questioning .1to what

relationship does exist among the different states.
42. Thaugh thl statls .re mutually quelr Dr quaint, the,

are nat mutually different:
Now another conclusion derives itself from this and

that is: That the stetl. .r. three allo is I kind of •
mlscanclptien formed by the association or Idlntlflcatian
with thl waking vilwpolnt Ilon8. For, by the above-men-
tioned reasons themselves it is established that the
states do not exist in anyone time series or in any
one apace series. It being so, how can numbor affect
them at all? Number is a quality that adheres either
to things that may be placed one by the side of
another in one space continuum, or to events that
occur one after another in one time continuum. There-
fore, it is determined that to call states which have no
temporal sequence nor spatial support "states" is itself
wrong. Apart from this, imagination of the distinctions
of Dravya or substance, Guna or quality, Karma or
action or imagination of a relationship of genus
(class) - species (individual) among these viz. subs-
tance, quality, action or relationship of genus and
species among them - applies only to appearances
that we perceive in the waking, and hence they can
never become applicable to the entire state itself. The
whole language that we speak is born to communi·
cate the experiences of the waking. Therefore, to
insist stubbornly that that same language should be
used to denote experiences which are beyond the
waking, IS also that the literary meaning of suel-
language should be taken. cannot be laid to be 'dis-

cr imination'. In the objections raised before (sub-sec-
tion 41) regarding the relationship among the states,
the statement that - "We cannot at all imagine two
things or objects having no relationship" - is made
without knowing this subtle truth. Objects appearing
in the manner of Drav)'Q or substance, Guna or quality,
Karl1Ja or action, SaalnQQnya or genus, Yishesha or
particular, Samollvaya or inherence, AbhaQva or non-exis-
tence etc. - all these are appearing to the waking
intellect alone. It is not possible for this waking
intellect to know anything at all without any relation-
ship. Hence, it is but common for people who take
into the reckoning merely the waking viewpoint to get
the delusion that without any relationship no experience
occurs at all. But there is 'an experience' which
'observes' by objectifying the state itself (sub-section 28),
this has the name of Nirvikalpa ka ~nubh.va or Intuitive
Ixperience without any projections or dispersals. In tne
method of the three states alone this Intuitive experi-
ence is taken into the reckoning. When observed from
this Intuitive viewpoint the whole waking state itself
becomes an object to It. Then neither the experience
of the intellect within the waking nor the transac-
tions of substance, quality, action, relationship etc.
pertaining to that experience (restricted to the realm
of the intellect) are there at all. If observed an the
strength of this Intuitivl experience, waking Is nat IVID
'In.'. Beclul., In that (Intuitive Ixp.rience or Intuition, ta
bl short) there is no tlint of number at all; in thlt el."
wherefrlm eln another Itlte which is lecond to It com.?
'h. r,'orl, even the tr.n •• ction of treating the Itat.. to
bl thr •• (in number) i. alia improper, ind.ed. Just 81
one rope itself is differently conceived 8S a snake, a

water stream or a crevice or chink in the ground, WI
Irl concliving the Ultimata RI.lity It•• lf •• waking,
dr.lm Ind deep sl •• p. In the example, when the snake
is there, there is no water stream, and when the
water stream is there, there is no chink in the ground,
and when the chink is there, the other two are not
there; wHen the truth that 'this is a rope' is known,
none of these, viz. snake, stream or chink', is there.
Similarly, when ohe of these i.e. waking, dream and
deep sleep is there, the remaining two are not there.,
When we Intuit the essential nature of the Ultimate
Reality these three, viz. waking, dream and deep sleep,
are not there. Though counting these misconceived
states as 'one', 'two' and 'three' is itself wrong, this
conceived dealing or transaction is itself ISlumed by
Vedantin. from the waking viewpoint alonl; this is done
for the purpose of teaching the aspirant alone, but,
in truth, they i.e. Vedantins, do not accept at all that
these are three (Maandukya Kaarika Bhashya 4-90).
Henceforth l whenever we transact that the states are
three (in number) the readers must keep this secret
in mind.
43. 'hi Witness of the thral statl':
After showing yet an9ther step in the method of

the three states to the readers we will conclude this
section. The greatest research among all in the
method of the three stites is 'Atman' or the Self, who
is witnessi ng the three states, is the clr. of Being of
thl aspirant. Previously (in sub-section 32) what we
had stated regardi ng the bifurcation as the observed-

observer or object-subject - if that is remembered,
then it wi II immediatelv flash to UI that a state can
never appear to us without our essential natura of Being
or the Self, who is the prime subject witne.sing them.
In the above-mentioned sub-section we have denoted
the one important difference between this Witness or
subjective Principle (Pure Consciousness) and 1he obser-
ver or subject who knows the external world in the
waking. In the waking, if we have to know anything
•
we have to have the aid of the intellect; but while
knowing the state we do not need the help or aid of
anything else. What we experience in the waking is
the Savikllplka Anubhavi or the experience wit h projec-
tions or misconceptions, which divides or differentiate.
as substance, quality, Iction etc.; whi Ie we know or
experience the states what occurs is the Nirvikl'p.ka
Anubhlva or Intuitive experience without misconceptions
or projections. On the strength of this Intuitive ex-
perience alone we are observing the three states, viz.
waking, dream and deep sleep. Misconceiving as
waking, dream and deep sleep is done bV the intellect
itself and not by this Intuitive experience without
projections. Even to lay that there is no mutual
relationship among the waking, dream and deep sleep
states we have this Intuitive experience Itself as the
substrate or support. Whether these three states come
or GO, this our essential nature or core of Being.
which remains in one and the same form and which
observes and knows directly by Intuitive experience or
its very innate or intrinsic nature of Being, is called
by Vedantins Salk,hi or Witn.... Aplrt fram Vedantin8
who tallow the vilwpaiat 01 the thr.. Itat•• , nlnl .1.1
hll in his phiiosophicil trlltl.. propoundld the ••• lnti.1

nature of this Witnlss in this manner. (Sulra Bhashya '-'-4).
On the strength or support of this Witness the :various
verdicts that are arrived at by the Vedantins will be
mentioned in the next Section.
(F) The Importaot Verdicts That BecoAie E,ideat Froll The

DiscriminatilD About The Three States:
44, Atman or tb. Sell is 01 the natura of Pur. Existenci

Dr BaIng:
After knowing the essential features of the method

of the three states, which il unique and exclulive to
the Vedantins. 8S well as its grea~ness. it i. but
natural to get an anxiety to know the conclusions
which are drawn from that method. Therefore, follow-
ing the outline of the method delcribed in the previ-
ous lection, here we will denote the important decla-
rations or conclusions of this phi losophical science.
Our Alman or Self is an ever-existing Entitv. It is

not possible even to think or imagine that He does
not exist. Without assuming that A.lmall or the Self
exists we cannot carryon any transaction at all.
II DISCRIMINATIO~ ABOUT ULTIMATE REALITY 107
Existing in the form of this Self alone and with the

aid of that Self afone, who is of the essential nature
of Intuition, we transact in the mdnner - "All the
remaining things or phenomena either 'exist' or 'do not
exist"'. Whether in the case of the states or in the
case of the things or objects that appear within them,
they are all imbued with 'existence' derived from
Atman or the Self alone. The objects appearing within
the states undergo. changes, and the states manifest and
1Jnmanifest themselves, or in other words, they appear
and disappear; but the e'xistence of the Self or Allnan
who witnesses all these never gets muti lated or
destroyed. Some people may feel in the manner - "In
deep sleep I do not exist; because, the knowledge
that that duo of 'I' and 'others itself does not exist
therein." But they will have necessarily to accept
that Intuition, with the help of which they discern the
nature of deep sleep in this manner - that 1ntuition
is there unfailingly and indubitabry in deep sleep.
That Intuition itself is their essential nature of Being.
Therfore, Almall or the Self of all of UI also is Pur ••
Exiitenci only, that means, He is of the essential nature
of Absolute Existence or Being. This is the first
verdict.
4&. Atman Dr the S811 is of the Issential nature of Pur.

Knowledge or Consciousne.s:
Alllla" or the Self is knowing all the states.

Because
He is knowing them onlv, we come to know that we
have states. It is not possible even to imagine that
t he Self does not have knowledge; because,. even to
108 lHE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
imagine like that the

help of Intuitive knowledge
alone is required. Only if it Is assumed that A.lman
or the Self is of the essential nature of knowledge,
transactions of the form of - "We come to know
that the other things or objects have existence and
that it ~ppear8 that among them some have knowledge
(or the abilty to know) and lome other. do not have
knowledge (or the inability to know). In other words,
some are sentient and some others are insentient"-
become possible. In the waking we know by the
intellect; it appear. to us as if that that knowledge
has birth and growth also. For that reason only
people aspire to acquire knowledge. Thus although
the knowledge that arises in the intellect is changing,
the Intuitive knowledge of Atman or the Self is not
affected, because A.I/nan's Intuitive knowledge is ever
of one and the same form, and for that reason alone
it il possible to determine the occurrence and the
passing off of external knowledge. Because in deep
sleep there is no knowledge whatsoever occurring, it
cannot be said that our Alman's Intuitive knowledge
does not exist then; for, then the Intuitive knowledge,
which tells us that then (i.e. in deep sleep) the,. is
no (objective or external) knowledge whatsoever, at
that moment lisa 'exilts' in A.lman - in this manner it
wi II have to be accepted. Therefore, Atman or the
Self is ever of the es~ential nature of Pur. Knowledge
Gr Conlciousne.s, that means, He is of the essential
nature of Absolute Intuitive knowledge. '''Is i. thl
.ICO nd VI rd iet.
41. Atman or the S,'f I. of the nltur••1 Pur. Happin"1

or BII •• :
Alman or the Self does not have in Hi. essential

nature or core of Being any increase or decrease
whatsoever and does not have any deep-seated grief
or sorrow whatsoever. In Him there is no taint even
of any misery or sorrow at all. We never feel that
we do not want our AtnlQn or Self. Howevermuch
grief appears to have come to us, we do not entertain
anv feeling of disgult towards our essenti'al nature of
Being. We have extreme love for ourselves. • Even
when we have gained happiness we are established in
our essential nature of Being aI0"8. If we do not
have any contact with anything outside, we come closer
to our essential nature of Bliss. Even if deep sleep
comes, there is no decrease in our Bliss. T.hen we
have attained the essential nature or the very core of
Bliss alone. which is greater than all else. Therefore,
our Alman or Self is of the natura of Bliss or Pur.
Happiness. (i .8. He is of the essential nature of
Absolute lliss or Happinessj. This is the third
verdict.
47. Pur. Exiitencl. Purl Knowlldal or Consciousn •••

and Pur. Blisa Dr Hlppinlss Irl not qualities of
Atman:
Alman's Existence, Knowledge and Happiness -- none

of these is His qualitv; they are His essential nature
Itself. Allllan is not one 'having existence', but He is
of t h essential nature of Pure or Absolute Existence
Itself; He is not one

who knows, but is of the
essential nature of Absolute or Pure Knowledge or
Intuition; H. is not one who hal happiness but is of
the essential nature of Absolute or Pure Bliss Itself.
Existence, Knowledge and Happiness - these are neither
to be obtained bV Alman from anything else, nor is it
possible to be acquired anew (from outside sources).
Whether the states come and go, He is or remains to
be of the essential nature alone of Pure Existence,
Pure Knowledge and Pure Biisi. Fiom AI1nan alone the
empirical phenomena of existence, knowledge and
happiness get manifested in things or objects that
appear within the states. This Is the 'eurth verdict.
48. Atman Dr the S.II I. of the IS11nt111 nlture 01 Pur.

ExistencI, Pur. Knowledge Ind Pure Hlpplne.1 or
111.1 :
Aln1an's existence is Absoluteor Pure Existence of

Being; in It there is no mixture whatsoever of
anything else. When we say in our empirical dealings
'objects or things exist', in them many qualities are
conjOined; but in the Pure Existence which is the
essential nature of Alnlan no qualities whatsoever are
admixed. Simi larly, Alntan's Knowtedge is Pure (Intui tive)
Know'edg~; there is no object whatsoever to or apart
from that Intuitive Knowledge of Alnlan Similarly,
At,,,an'j Pure Bliss is not the result of any contact or
relationship with any outside object whatsoever; It has
neither any separation whatsoever from any contact. In
the world when people transact as saying - "1 had
happiness" .... the meaning of that .entence i,
that from a certain object or thing 1here was happi-

ness acquired, indeed. But Annah's Happiness or Bliss
il Pure or Absolute Bliss Itself and not that which
has accrued from the contact with anything else. Thus
Atll1an or the Self is of the essential nature of Abso-
lute or Pure Existence, Absolute or Pure Knowledge
and Absolute or Pure Bliss. This is the fifth verdict.
48. Atman Dr the Sail is of the •••• ntial natura 0'

non-duality:
In Alman existence, knowledge and happiness are

not three (separate entities), just like the colour, heat
and light or brilliance of a lamp are transacted to
be 'three aspects' of one entity itself, i.e. the lamp,
from three different viewpoints alone. That is all.
This Absolute or Pure Existence-Knowledge-Bliss nature
of Alman, neither in Itself nor from any other thing,
gets any change whatsoever (Sulra Bhashya 2·3- 7)
Although thl statls appear to be diff.rent Dr sepa'ita from
this Atman or the Self, in reality they .re not I.parata
Dr different For, to say that the,e 8". two objects or
things, thlY have to have necessarily the support of either
time or Spacl. But neither Atman nor tha stata is in lime
or in spiel at 811: time and .paci ar. categories which
applar within thl state. For this reason, Alina" or the
Self is non-dual, that means, an Absolute Entity or
Reality that does not have or desiderate any other
thing whatsoever which is capable of being called a
second thing to it. In waking and dream though the
not-self (AIIQQIIllan) which appears as if it is an object
to i4tI1Jan, because its (i.e. not-,.U's or AnaallIJan's)
contents are completely pervaded by the Pure Con-

sciousness of Alman Itself, they are in realitv Alman or
the Self Itself. Especially in deep sleep, Alman alone
exists (In other words, therein He exists unto Himself
and by Himself). Therefore, it amounts to saying that
ever the appearances which are said to be second to
Alman do not exist; it also amounts to saving that the
appearances or manifestations in the forms of waking
and dream which occur in Afll,an are, in realitv, the
essential nature of Being of A.lman Itself. Observed
from this viewpoint, it should be stated that Allnan
is ever Kootastha or immutable er chang.'e •• , Advite.va
or non-dual, Shuddha Sitchidaananda SwarooDI or of the
I.sential natura of Purl Existence or aling, Pur. Know-
ledge or Consciousness and Pur. Happiness or Biisi.
Vedantins call Atnlan in the name of Brahman with
this. meaning alone. This i. thl lixth verdict.
&1. Atman or the S.II Clnnat bl abJlctifild or comprl-

hended (i I. p.rclived or Donclivld) by .pllch .r
mind:
Even. calling Alman or the Self to be of the

essential nature of Pure Existence - Knowledge - HappI-
ness is a kind of an empirical transaction alone. If it
is observed absolutely, t he statement about Alman's
Existence is made onlv to dispel the conjecture that
AlmOIl does not exist. Similarlv, A.lman's Knowledge is
mentioned only to dispel the notion that He is
insentient or inanimate in nature and AtnJan's "Happiness
or Bliss is referred to only to dispel the misconcep-
tion that He is of the nature of misery or grief
(Taittireeya BhashYG 2·'). It is not po.sible to describe

Alman in any manner like: "He is of this and this
nature" or "He is of such and such nature". To be
of an e.sential nature which can neither be stated bV
any speech nor be known through any percept is in
itself the Ultimate or Absolute nature of Being of
Atlnan (Taittireeya 2·9). Whatever words of the type-
"He is of this nature"; "He is not of this nature"-
can at best be onlv 8 certain kind of symbol used to
indicate from afar His essential nature, but they ara
not capable of directly and by themselves reaching
Him out and intimating to us. He who und.rstands
or realizes this fact with the aid of Intuitive experi-
ence without giving rooPrl for doubt is alone a Jnoan;
or Knower (Realized Soul), Krita-Kritya or one who
hal achieved the goal (oof Liberation or Emancipation
par excellence). Thie is the •• vlnth final verdict.
If the above - enlisted verdicts, which we have

stated here very briefly, are to be fully understood,
the states wi II have to be once again considered more
elaboratelV from the three viewpoints of Existence,
Knowledge and Happiness. This task we will under.
take in the next three Chapters.
8
III CHAPTER • THE ESSENTIAL NATURE

OF EXISTENCE
(A) AlmaD Or l'he Self Himself Is Tbe Real EJislelce
I'. Alm.n • r the .elf Ind An ••• man or not-Self:
Our Alman is of the nature of Pure or Absolute Exis-

tence, of Pure or Absolute Knowledge, of Pure or
Absolute Bliss; Existence, Knowledge and Happiness
or Bliss are one and one only, not three. This Alman
who is of the essen1ial nature of Existence-Knowledge-
Happiness is Himself the Ultimate Reality of every-
thing: therefore, He is of the essential natura of non-
dual Existenc.!-Knowledge-Happiness - This philosophi-
cal leaching of Vedanta has been brieflv indicated. In
this philosophical teaching we get many doubts For
example, how can Existence itself be Knowledge 8S
well as Happiness? How can one conceive bV the
mind anything regarding "Pure or Absolute Existence"
which is unrelated to anything else 1 How can we
believe that A.lman alone, who is of the essential
nature of Existence - Knowledge - Happiness, ;1 the
Ultimate Reality, especiallv when in front of us the
various things or objects exist? To get such other
doubts resolved, we will have to carryon our dis-
criminative examination more elaborately. Therefore in
thi$ Chapter the Ultimate Realitv will be determined
IJI THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 116
from the viewpoint of Existence and the remaining

topics wi II be taken up for consideration in the
following Chapters.
In this book hereafter we will be uSing the two

terms - Alman (Self) and Anaatman (not-Self) every
now and then. Almon means our essential nature of
the Witn... of the three states who is shown by us
heretofore; Anl.tmln means what is not Atmair. A
state, the world appearing within the state; or the
different things or objects which appear within that
wor Id, their qualities o·r characteristics and relation-
ships - all these are included in the term 'Anaatmln',
Keeping lhese two technical terms in mind becomes
very useful for the fo!thcoming consideration. The
word, 'Atman' means 'I'. Therefore, whatever things
or entities man imagines or believes to be his essen-
tial nature, all those things are Alman alone, •
from one point of view. For example, when
we say - 'I am sturdy, am strong, or
I am s!ck, or am emaciated" - we use whatever
extends up 10 the body as 'myself'; this A"uoll
is called "Sher •• r.atma" (physiological self). When
we lav - "I see, hear, imagine, know; I am Jiving;
I have a small span of life'· etc. - we believe oursel-
ves to be up to PrQQIlQ or the vital or life force; this
Alman is called "JeevI.tma" (the soul); similarly, when
we say - "This is known to me: this is not known to
me'· - we assume what is there in us up to our intellect
to be our Alman; this Almon i~ called "Vijnlln •• tma"
(intellectual or sentient being or self). When we say -
·'1 am happy. miserable or unhappy" - whatever is
there in us up to the ego (Ahankaara) is believed to

be our Alman; this Atnlan is called "Bhoktrltma" (the
enjoying ego or sIlf). But when we sav - "I am
observing the waking state itself; the entire state itself
is an object to me" - none of the Atmans mentioned
so far is relevant. Previously what we have briefly
descri.bed as ·'th. IS.lntial natura of Witness" (Saakshl
SMooroopa) is Itself what we call in that context
"Alman". Thus because the word "Alman" con-
notes different meanings according to the context or
the circumstances, it is better if we, at the outset
itself, state with what meaning we use this word.
Our essential nature of Being which witnesses the
entire state is Himself called "AtJ11an" by us. This
Alman Himself is stated by us to be Existence-Know-
ledge-Happiness. Keeping this fact in mind, without
for -a moment forgetting it, the readers must scrutinize
the f"lIowing text. Because, for those, who do not
discern as to which entity is Atnlan who is the sub-
ject-matter of Vedanta, no worthwhile purpose is seen
in this consideration or discriminative deliberation.
&2. Some delaetiva ch. raet. ri.tici of the •• rm

"existence" :
When we say - "Atl11on is pure or Absolute Exis-

tence" - what ;s meant by the word, 'Existence' 1
This question must be determined first of all. For,
people generally or commonly call a thing that appears
on the basis or support of a certain time or space
and that which is useful for a certain transaction-
'It exists'. For example, water is now in the pond; if
III THE ESSENtiAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 117
It is touched, the hand gets wet; if it is drunk, thirst

is quenched; therefore, we can say water 'exists'.
Similarlv, we sometimes say: "Now in my mind there
is an imagination or conception; this is causing
immense trouble to me". In this case, though the
conception is not in any region or space, it is in
time, furthur it is causing to the mind a result or an
effect of a certain transaction. Therefore that also
can be said 'to exist', But if anybody asks: "In
which region or space does Atnzan exist 7 In which
time does At/nan exist? To which knowledge doeS He
app,ar to be? To which good or bad result or effect
does He become useful in empirical transactions·'?-
To these questions there are no answers at all. That
thing which appears or whi\lh we can anticipate to
appear in the region in front of us - if not in
another far-off region, if not in the present time - in
the past or the future distant time, and which can
yield a certain good or bad result in our daily dea-
lings - that thing we can say 'exists'. But Alman
does not 'exist' in respect of any of these meanings;
let Him not be directlv perceivable, but not even in-
directly or abstractly it is possible to conjecture that
He 'exists' I - Such a doubt may arise in the minds
of many people.
IJ. 'hi d.flct in th... flatur.. or charact.risticI:
In order to get these doubts resolved, first we

must examine the question - ·'Are the features or
characteriltics that are assumed here proper"? First
of all, it anything which appears in time or in space
Is said to 'exist', then neither time nor space is fit

at all to be said to 'exist'. For, time does not exist
in anv other time category or in space; similarly,
space does not exist in any other space category. nor
in time at all. Some modern scientists are saying
that time and space are not two separate entities, but
both of them together form the fourth dimension of
an object (Einstein and soma other modern scientists
have opined that time and space together form the time-
space continuum, the fourth dimension, along with the
commonly known dimensions of length, breadth and
height of any material object), i.e. existence of a
material object is expressed in terms of four dimen-
sions. Even then, the argument that time and space
do not exist in another series of lime and space
unavoidably remains without being answered or solved.
Further, if what appears is to be said to exist, then
mirage water appearing to exist at a distance also
will have to be said to 'exist'; in the desert it
appears as if there is water at 8 distance, and also
it appears as if in it the trees are throwing their reflec-
tions topsy-turvy. But there, water does not exist at
all; if all that appears is fit to be said 'to exist', then
the mirage water too will have to exist. But the fact
il not like that at all.
Anyone may provide a kind of a solution to this.

That is: Merely because it appears to exist, a thing
doe. not get existence, lome kind of a positive action
mUlt be performed by that thing which appea,. in
that manner. For example. the thing that apP.lrs as
water - if it wetl a cloth, if drunk it quenches the
III THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 119
thirst etc. - in such a manner if It is capable of

causing I result, then we say 'water exists· • If a
thing merely appear. to exist without there baing any
proper action in this manner, then that is existence
appearing out of delusion and that is not true exis.
tence: therefore, that thing which appears and causes
8 resultant action alone is fit to be said to 'exist'
In such a manner the clarifications with regard to the
characteristics wi II have to be made. But even after
•
such clarifications and stipulations are made, the
defects in the characteristics cannot be avoided. For,
in the dream also by the water that is appearing to
us therein the thirst is quenched there and cloth is
wetted; that water therein is also useful for bathing
etc. Even so, we do not reckon that water to exist
reallv. Therefore. it is evident that it i. not prap.r
to .IY that hiving I resultant or efficient action i.
It •• lf I characteristic af IxisteRca.
Here the opponent or disputant may improve upon

the characteristic of existence in another manner. For
instance, things that appear to us in the dream ;appear
in our individual or personal dreams only; but the things
which we say IS 'existing' in the waking appear to
everyone 'to exist' invariably. T herefors, what appears
to exist to one individual may 'exilt~ without being
real also; but to the existence of that thing which
appears to exist invariably to everyone there is no
fear or threat whatsoever. If a thing appears to one
individual as 'existing' and later on to him only it
appears 8S if it does not exist, or if it appears to
one and at the same time it does not appear to the
1'20 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
others, it may ba said that either in that individual's

sinses or in his mind and intellect there mUlt be
some defect or other. But it is not possible to say
that what is appearing to exist invariably to everyone
does not exist; for, to understand or reckon that
either in everyone's senses there are defects and
deficiencies at one and the same time or that every-
one is devoid of intelligence can never be proper or
justifiable. For that reason, that thing which appears
to everyone to exist as also causes a resu Itant, effici-
ent action can be believed to have real existence, is
it not? - In such a ~ann8r anyone can ask. But
the stipulation or regulation that a thing that is exis-
ting should appear to everyone cannot solve our pre-
.ent quandary at all. FOI, first of all the assumption
itself that 'in the dream the things or objects appear
to us individuals and that in the waking the things
appear to everyone' is not proper; for, this differen-
tiation is imagined on the basis of the viewpoint of
the identification with the waking alone (refer to sub..
sections 23, 33). For the ti~e being, even if this
defect is disregarded, in this characteristic of exis-
tence there remains another defect. For example, to
the question - "What is meant by the statement-
'A thing exists'?" - if an answer to the effect-
"That which appears as if to exist to everyone" - is
given, how can it ·be satisfactory? Which kind of a
thing appears to exist? In what manner if the thing
exists should people believe it 'to exist' '1 This indeed
s the question here. To this question it doel not
amount to our having found now any Inlwer at all.
In fact, it amounts to our giv; ng the answer: I/lf a
thing exists, it should be beJieved to exist. II Apart
III THE ESSENTIAL NAtTURE OF EXISTENce 121
from this, if it is contended that - "If a thing

appears to exist to everyone, it should be believed to
exist" - in order to decide that a certain thing
exists, then it implies that people of all times and
all regions wi II have to be gathered together. 'bis is
neither possible, nor anyone of us do undertake this
task in our dailv transactions for deciding existence.
Another point: Those who say that all the people
should agree or accept a thing to exist, on which
other universal acceptance should they decide the
question - "Do all those people exist or not 7" By
such an unsettled or unestablished sentence no charac-
teriltic is truly determined at all.
Anyway, so far we have made explicit the various

defects in (formulating or stipulating) the characteristics
of the form of - ,I fhat which appaars to our knowledge,
i .8. consciousness, in time and space and which
causes positive or efficient action 'exists'" Now we
will show yet another predominant defect in this
characteristic. If what appears is said to exist, then
does that knowledge, to which that appears, exist or
not? How can this question b. determined? If that
knowledge or consciousness also, while appearing to
another knowledge or consciousness only, beget, exis-
tence, that new knowledge wi II have to appea r to
another knowledge and the latter too to yet another
knowledge (and so on and so forth) - In this
manner it wi II have to go on appearing, one to
another, regresslis ad in!inillm" and such an indetermi-
nate state will be reached, is it not" On which basis
or suppor1 should we accept such a series or line of
122 THE MAGfC JEWEL OF INTUITION
many knowledges which do not have a finality? If we

do not agree or accept in that manner, we will have
to agree that one particular knowledge exists without
itlelf appearing, is it not? If we agree to that, then
how does the characteristic of the type - "That which
appears itself extets" - can be sustained 1
&4. The chlracterlltlc 01 111.t.ne.: whit I. r ••1 Ixll-

tenel 7
Th~refore, all these are not thecharacteristics of

'existence'. That which cln nlVlr b. i •• gined or CDn-
ceived not to exist - that is r•• lly .xilting. Ihlt which
does not chan,1 giving up itl Issintial nature of baing
Ind further there is no possibility .t III of it changing,
that thing alana is the rl.lly Ixllting entity (Taittireeya
Bhash)Ia 2-1). There is never any possibility of a
reany existing thing changing at all. If observed in
this perspective (i.e. with this meaning or purport),
not a single thing that appears to us is fit to be said
'to e-xjst'. Our Alman or Self alone is the reaJJV exis-
ting Entity. This fact is brought home to our mind
by the examination of the three states. For instance,
if the waking state is analytically observed, that
appears in the two forms of 'I' and 'the rest' (i.e.
subject and object); rolling these two appearances in-
to a lump as the waking state, our Alman is observ-
ing it as the Witne.s. Similarly, the dream also ;s
appearing in two heaps of the forms of '1' and 'the
rest' and our Alman is observing that too al the Wit-
ness. In deep sleep not a single thing is appearing at
all, even then this Witness Himself, i.e. this A.lman
tIl THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 123
or Self, exists (by Himself and unto Himself). If then

(i.e. in our deep sleep state) our A.t/nan did not exist,
we could never say: 'Nothing whatsoever appeared
therein'. In any case, Alman ever exists as the Wit-
ness of the three states, viz. waking, dream and deep
sleep: in His essential nature of Being there is no
change whatsoever. As we have previously (sub-sec-
tion 40) shown, because there is no other state
whatsoever apart from these three states, viz.
waking, dream and deep sleep, and further because
it is not possibre even to imagine that there may be
yet another state apart from these, it amounts to say-
ing that Atn1an or the Self who is the Witness of the
three states is ever existing in one and the same
form; further, it amounts to saving that this Alman ;s
an Entity which does not give any room even to
doubt that 'He may not exist at any particular titne,
(Maandukya Bhashya 7). But the appearances of the
groups of 'I' and '"the rest' seen in the waki ng and
dream are not af this nature; they have entry only in
the waking and the dream. It is determined or establi-
shed as being absolutelv final on the strength of our
Intuitive experience that these appearances which are
there in the waking are extremely different from those
in the dream and that in deep sleep there is not the
least room for any of these (appearances of the two
categories of '1' and 'the rest' of the waking and the
dream). Therefore, it is not possible at all to say
that these are really existing entities.
I •
(8) The Three Stages Or Le,els Of Eli.leDce :
55. What kind of Ixistence I. that which 'An.ltm.n'

his?
In that case, do not the state. and the objects or

things appearing within them have any existence whatso-
ever"1 If not, what is the cause for the belief that they,
exist arising in us unfailingly 1 The answer to this
question has to be sought out now. In the waking,
though some things appear to exist for the time being,
later a new knowledge to the effect that they are
mere appearances and that in reality they do not exist
is born, falsifying or cancelling the old knowledge.
For example, the si Iver of the sea-shell or nacre, snak8~
of the rope etc. - these, although they appear to,
be real at the time of their appearance, when the
things are fully examined, the knowledge that 'they
never existed there' is born. Therefore, we can agree
if it is said that such mere appearances do not have I
any existence whatsoever. But when a particular

object seen in a particular manner in a particular tim.
and a particular space appears to exist in the aame
manner or state even after examination,
how can we lay that it does not have any Sexi ••
tence ., - This kind of • doubt arising is but
natural. If it is to be Slid that thi. world appearing
in front of us and the past and the present happen-
ings appearing in it do not really exist at all, then
is there no value whatsoever to the •• cular and spiri-
tual acts or rituals that we perform her. as well 8S
to their fruits '1 Our desires and aspirations; gain and

lOIs, succesl and defeat; happiness and grief; right-
eousness and sin or unrighteousness; help and harm;
heaven and hell; inquiry and instruction or preach-
ing - are all these mara old ma's dream onlv 7 In
such a manner many people mav keep asking.
To those who are capable of understanding the

rationale (tenor of argument or line of thinking)
behind the method of the three states as well as its
strength, there is no need to provide an answer to the
above question. For, neither waking nor dream can
exist independently apart from Atman. Thei r existence
being that of Alnll'" alone. instead of the world be-
coming fal •• it 'exists' as Alman Himself, who is eter-
nally and really existing (Chaandogya Bhashya 6-2-3), In
due course too (sub-section 56-59) this matter will be
further clarified. But to give satisfaction even to the
weak-minded people who cannot rise up to that level
there is an answer and that ;s: As shown above,
because Alman is of an essential nature of Being or
Pure Existence, which never changes nor the existence
of which can ever be denied, His Existence, called
'.ram.artha Sitta or the Pure or Absolute, Real Exis-
tence which is eternal, is felt to be true: merely on
that account. it does not become evident that for the
things or objects that we see in the waking there ;s
no existence whatsoever • For, all those objects are
for the most part fit to be transacted as they exist'.
In the world, among the things that are perceived bV
us some may appear to be eternal like time and
.pace; soma others may appear to exist for a very
long period of time like the earth, stars etc,j vet

some others may appear to exist for a very brief
moment of time like the water bubble, a lamp held
across a breeze etc. Whatever be this difference,
the eternal objects as well as the non-eternal object.
appear to us to exilt invariablv till the time of their
appearance lasts. On the faith that they really exist
alone we are using them in empirical transactions.
Therefore. they also have existence. Just al the exi s-
tence of those things is real, similarly after they
are destroyed their non - existence is also
real - in this manner all of UI are convinced. In
the world, just as people are troubled bV excessive
rains, they are also put to trouble only when there is
absence of rains at the proper time. In our daily or
empirical dealings just as there is value for excessive
rain., in the same manner there is value for a lack
of rains or drought. For that reason alone, we believe
that all the things in the world appearing to us to be
existing and non-existing are existing only from the
waking ViEwpoint. But because they are not capable
of transcending, or crossing over, beyof1d the waking
state, their exiltence which il useful for the empiri-
cal (i, 8. waking) dealings alone can be called
"Vy •• v.ha.rika Sltta" or the existence really appearing
in all empirical transactions. Why only this? Even
those like the nacre-silver, rope.snake, the second
moon etc. which appear to UI for brief periods as 8
result of delusion in our waking sfate have existence.
As long as they appear to us, we believe that they too
'exist' only. When it is ascertained in the manner-
'this is not silver-it is nacre; this is not 8 snake but
a rope; this is not a second moon - but one moon
only' - then alone thair 'existence' vanishes. Though

the rope-snake, the second moon etc. do not have the
existence that is utilized in all the empirical transac-
tions, they also have "Prlltibhaalika Satta' or apparent
existence or semblance. Anyhow, whatever things
appear to us to our consciousness all of them have
·Pur. or Absolute Existence' invariably; a thing that
doe. not have 6Pure or Absolute Existence' ddss not
exist at all. Even our transaction of non-existence is
8 kind of 'existence' alone and nothing else.
S8. Atman's Pur. Dr Absolute Existence Itself is appear-

ing In Anlltmln too:
But here we must remember one fact without ·fail.

W. should never think at all ·that the existence that
appears either in" the states or in the world that
appears within the states is an indepsndent, their own,
existence. It is from this point of view alone that
WI hive previously (sub-section 54) stated that they,
i.e. either the states or the worlds appearing in them,
do not have the qualification to say - 'they really
exist'. By giving an example this opinion can be
cl.rified. If water or an iron piece is kept on burn-
ing charcoal, which ;s that heat that is appearing in
that? Which is that sweetness that appears in the liquid
sweet prepar~d out of vermicelli, sweet cake or a
sweetmeat ball of wheat flour etc.? In these cases,
do we think that the heat of the burning charcoal is
one and the heat that is seen in either the water or
the piece of iron is another or that the sweetness of
luger is one and the sweetness that is seen in the
liquid sweet of vermicelli, Iwelt cake and the sweet

ball of wheat flour etc,· is another? No. Similarly, to
think that 'the states or the world appearing within
them, which are together of the form of Anaalman
and which appear onlv in the pre.ence of Alman, have
an existence which il their own, exclusive' is wrong
only. As it is stated in the "Dlklhin •• ",oorthi Stotr.' ,
to reckon that - "That Alman's manifestation of the
form of Pure or Absolute Existence Itself pervades and
manifests in the unreal or misconceived objects or
things" -- alone is proper.
&7. Atman'. Existenci i. not a utlgory af l.ist.ncI:
The T•• ,kika. or logicians have divided the things

or objects appearing to us in the waking world into
seven categories, viz. Dravya or substance, Glina or
quality, KarIna or action, SaamaQnya or genus, Vishesha
or particular, Sal17QVaaya or inherence, AbhaQ"Q or non-
existence. Prithvi or earth, Ap or water, Tejas or fire,
VQaYll or air, Akaosha or space, Kaala or time. Dik or
directions, Alman or soul, Monas or mind - these
nine are Dravya or substances; form, taste, smell etc.
seen in them are Gunas or qualities; climbing and
descendi"9 etc. are Kormos or actions; Prillivitl,w'Q or
earthnes! in earth, Aplhwa or waterness in water,
Roopalwa or formness in form, Rasatwa or tasteness in
taste etc. - all these and Drav,-atK'Q or substantiveness
in su bsta nee, GunaltvQ or qua Ii tynes, in qua Ii tv,
Karllla/"'Q or action-ness in action - all these together
with Satta or ."istence are comn,on features or
Jaalis or species or categories; the eternal relationship
between the categories of Gltatatwa or potness and in-

dividual merwbers like pot etc. as well as the eternal
relationship between the qualities of a substance and
the actions of that substance are called Sanlal'aaya or
inherence; the things which denote the difference
between the ultimate atoms of earth etc. and the
categories like time, soul and mind are called VishtsllQS
or the particulars. All the things or objects which we
hive described from Dravya or substance to Visheshas or
plrticulars are of the nature of existence or Bhaava;
what is not existence is non-existence or Abhaava. Any-
way_ that there are sev&n things or phenomena like
Drav)'Q etc. is the teaching of VlishlShiklS (8 school
of philosophy in India).
Neither describing the entire methodology of the

Vaisheshikas nor attempting to refute it - is the lub..
jlct-matter related to the present discussion. But it is
essential here to state a couple of facts relating to
what the Vaisheshikas call Satta or existence, which is
genus (Jaat; or categories). For, although there are
not disputants or protagonists today who follow the
Vaisheshikas' phil~ sophy in all its aspects, among the
scholars of our country the conventional practice of
deliberating upon the assumption of the divisions of
DrQ\t)'Q, GUlla etc. has remained even today. The
Vaisheshikas say: Jaatis or categories are eternallv
inhering (existing) in the individual members through
a certain queer relationship called , SanJQ,'oa.1'a , or in-
herence. For example, in an earthen pot all the catego-
ries (SaalllaallJ-'a,v or Jaalis) like Ghala/u'Q or potne.s,
Prith,'i'u'Q or earthness, Dravyat,t'Q or substantiveness
and SQtta or existence are inherent. These categories

are mora and more pervasive in that order. For
example, Ghatatwa or patness exists or inheres in potl
only; but Prirh'lltwQ or earthness inheres in potl al
well 81 In other objects made out of earth. Drav)'Qtwa
or substantiveness 18 not only existing in PrithYI or
earth but also in substances like .4p or water, T~JQI
or fir. etc. Sut Satta or existence i. the SaQmaanya
or JaG I I or category exist; ng in ell the three viz.
Dravya or substance, Guna or quality and Karma or
action. The reader. should keep it in mind the fact
that accordi ng to thie phi losophica I teachi ng SattQ or
.xiltance il really a quality or nature that is ,inherent
in objects, 8S also the fact that just like the frag-
rance 18 inherent in a rose, this Satta or existence il
eternally inherent In them, i .8. the objects or things.
aecaule it i8 the opinion of the Vaishesh kas that this
Satta I. the ParalaomaQnYQ or the highest category
among all that is inherent in all Dra\'yas or substan-
ces, according to their philosophical teaching that
Sotla inheres not only in object. or things that appear
to us in the waking but arso in our Alman. Just a. in
the liquid aweet of vermicelli because sugar exists the
liquid Iweet il sweet, similarly in all the substances
because Satta inheres only, they are fit for the tran-
laction - 'they exist'. Thul these logicians opine.
It il gathered that in the Western countries too, in
the palt, lome thinkers were saying that in this
mann.r a certain quality of nature called genus or
SQII11IQanya WII really inlieri ng in objects or thing.; for
example, in all haules there is a special or uncommon
nature called houle-ness really inhering. Thul the
theory that Satta or existence etc. are categories which
are inhering in objects or things ;s merely an imagina-

tion hypothetically assumed to facilitate empirical tran-
sactions, and there is no evidence whatsoever to
establish that they 'really exist'.
Let this be anything. We can easily discern that the

'existence· that we have taken up for consi derati on 8t
present is not a 'Saamaanya' or category of this kind.
For, 8S we have previousfy fsub-section 43) stated,
Alman ;s 8 Witness of the states as well as the ·wor Id
that appears within the states. Whenever He (Atlnan
or the Self) 'begets' the experience of anything, that
thing is invariably an object to Him. Therefore, the
existence that is there in objects which appear to us
in the waking also is an object to this Atman or the
Witness (i.e. our· essential nature or core of Being
or Pure Existence). Even if we accept that existence is I
certain category or Jaat; that inhares in objects,
because that thing or Jaat; also is objectified by A1111an·
and illumined by Him, that category also is 'pushed
out' by Him (i.e. He remains aloof). But Atnaan's Pure
or ~bs"'ute Existence is not of this type. That
means, it is not possible at all for A/IIIDII to objectify
His existence in this manner and know it; for, that
existence is not His DharntQ or quality or characte-
ristic : it is His Sutoroopa or essent; al na lure of Be-
ing. It is also not possible to say that Atl1Jan has
divided Himself into two parts like existence and
knowledge and then by the part of knowledge He
knows or experiences the other part of existence; for,
even the parts and the thing having these parts - are
both belonging to AI1Qo/111an which il an object to
Alman; Alman alway. remains or exists 8S the subject

alone, while Anaatmall always remains or exists .1 the
object alone. Therefore, it il eltablilhed that the
existence that is in ~tman and that is Alman's .1.ln-
fial nature alone is queerer than the existenci of
either the state, which is different or separate from
Alnlan and which appear. as an object to Him, or the
world that appears within the state. Therefore, even
if it is accepted that, al the logicians or TaQrklktll
IIV, the existence that appears in the Dravya or Bub••
lance, Guna or quality and Karma or action, which .r.
there in the world, i, a laati, Saamaanya or category
or genua, it is 8till established that Alman', Pur. or
Absolute Existence il not at all a laall or category.
58. Atmln'. Exllt.nc. i. not mlr. Intllltctull "nlw-

Ildll :
For this reason alone, it i8 to be understood that

Atman's Pure or Absolute Existence is not any extra-
ordinary conception too. The VijnQanavaadlns (I Bud-
dhist schoor of thinkers who are protagonists of the
philosophy of • kind of Idealism) say: "Existence Is
not a category or genus Ihat is in objects: it is 8 cer-
tain conception alone or Idealism only; because thl
external world itself does not exist apart from the
mental conception, Idealism itself is existence". But if
intellectual knowledge or mental conception (JlijnQona)
itself i. existence, all knowledge. or conceptions .'10
wi II have to become existence itsel f. Ther. il no
cause for one conception to appear as pot and for
another 81 8 piece of cloth. If intellectual knowledge
III THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 1~~
or conception can be existence and at the sama time

can lisa be pot and 8 piece of cloth etc., then why
doe. it appear once as existence and at another time
aa pot" - To this question there is no answer.
Apart from this. people in this world think in the
manner - "This is 8 pot, this is the conception or
knowledge of pot" - only, and no one thinks that the
pot •• well as the knowledge is ana and the same.
Therefore, the philosophy of Idealism or VijnQanavaada
il opposed or is contradiclory to universal e~p8rience.
We will take up this philosophy of Idealism once
again while discriminating upon the Ultimate Realitv
from the viewpoint of knowledge (sub-section 92). For
the time being, it is enough if this much is under-
.tood, vIz. if conceptual knowledge itself is existence,
then we should not at all gat the experience of the
type - 'Now there 18 conceptual knowledge, now it is
not there'. For, according
.
to this phi losophy as
everything is conceptual knowledge alone nothingness
.
also will have to be conceptual knowledge alone. But
for those who say or maintain that conceptual know-
ledge itself Is existence, it is not possible to give a
cluse for the conceptual knowledge appearing as non-
axiltent. Apart from this, because we are experiencing
in the manner - ·Conceptual knowledge exists. concep-
tual knowledge does not exist· - it is quite clear or
evident that the experiencing principle or ourselves are
separate or different from the experienced conceptual
knowledge (Sullea Bhasl'J'a 2-2-28). Such being the
CIlSt, how can it be proper to say that the existence
of the conceptual knowledge which is the object and
the existence of AlnJQIl or the Self, who is the subject
or Witness, Is one and the same?
'34 THE MAGtC JEWEL OF INTUITION
Some Westerner. say:. Knowledge is not a thing

which can be expressed piecemeal in the manner-
'MV knowledge', ·Your knowledge'; knowledge is really
not a thing which does not depend upon another. It
is an independent category ( ..~Qa'"QQllya). The whole
world or universe is a wheel of such independently
existing knowledges only. In this wheel of knowledge
existence also is one entity. The conceptual know-
ledges are mutually related: they are concealed or
hidden, one in another; one among them can, if desi-
red, be separated and observed. For example, 'exil-
tence' is the essential nature or the very cote of a
thing which remains after all its other characteristici
are given up. To know a flower as a flower many
characteristics or qualities that are in it are the
causes; as much the. people know these qualities or
characteristics and observe the thing, so much their
knowledge of the flower k,eps on varying. But how-
ever much differently people might have known the
flower, no one has any dispute as regards the fact-
'that it is an existence'. Thus 'mere or pure exis-
tence' devoid of any characteristics means nothing
existing only. Therefore, in this sense existence (Salta)
and non-existence (Asalla) become one and the same.
Existence also has no characteristics, nothingness also
has no characteristics, All the objects in the war Id
are thus formed from certain characteriltics, and these
characteristics are knowledges only. Therefore, exis-
tence and knowledge become one and the lame. AI
atated above, because in pure existence 'nothing exist-
jng' (non-existence) is also included, combining 'being
or existence' with 'non-being or non-existence' it is
possible to establish a new kind of knowledge called
lIt THE ESSENtiAL NATURE OF EXiStENCE 136
"becoming". Similarly, the knowledge called 'becom-

ing' combining with another oppolite knowledge, yet
another new kind of category of knowledge emerges.
Similarlv, if we go on examining we get 'unrelated or
absolute knowledge', which is greater than all el •••
Thus the followers of the German philosopher Heflel,
have expounded a certain new Idealistic phiiosophV.
It not our intention either to describe this

is
philosophy elaborately or to refute it. The readers can
very quick1y find out that the exiitenci that WI
.re expla ining at present is not of this kind.
For, even the unrelated or absolute knowledge
which i. independent has to be imagined by the
.
one who wishes to know by himself with his
• t
mind only. In that event, how can the 'unrelated or
absolute existence' come within the purview of the
knowledge which is imagined on the strength of his
own knowledge alone 7 The staten1ent - 'wheA aU the
characteristics of objects are discarded the pure exis-
tence remains' - especially is a mere imagination. For,
no one in the world believes that even when all the
characteristics are gone the object exists. Therefore;
this philosophy also is opposed to universal experi-
ence. This kind of 'mere or pure 8x;s·tenca' is
always beyond imagination. Which object
does exist without any characteristics? Even
it it ;s accepted that somehow or other
'pure existence' can be imagined, then allo it wi II
have to be stated that existence hal the characteristic
of being pure or absolute, is it not ? Further, if it is
stated especially that in pure or absolute existence
1~6 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
'nothing • existing' or 'non.existence' is included, it

does not convey any meaning. For, if 'non-existence·
itsslf is 'existence', then the statement that one is
included in the other becomes redundant; the state-
ment that 'existence' is included in 'existence' does
not have any meaning, is it not? Further, if it is
said that existence and non-existence are different
only, then the separating characteristics which denote
that the two are different must exist in them. But
with which tongue can those who have accepted that
there is no characteristic whatsoever either to pure
existence or non-existence utter that they are diffe-
rent? Thus this philosophy of Idealism is inferior in
a II r aspec ts to the Ide alis tic phi los op h y 0 f au r c au n t rv •
Therefore, in this sense also existence does not become
tonceptual knowledge.
&9. The" world's Ixlstence is that of Atman Him.elf:
In that case, apart from At/nan's existence in the

states as well as in the world there is one existence
appearing I Which is this existence -, If it ;s neither
the Satta SaamoQn)'Q or the category of inherence
which the logiCians or Taarkikas propound nor the
nature of conceptual knowledge that the philosophers
of Idealism propound, th9n what should it be reckoned
8S? Previously (sub-section 56) you also have stated
that Alman's exislence Itself is appearing in the world
also, is it not" Why should not a similar kind of
objection that you raise against the theory that exis-
tence of knowledge (Vijnaana) itself is the existence
of the world be applied to the theory of Atman'~ Pure
tIl THE ~SSENTtAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 131
Existence? You vourself had said (sub-section 65)

that in the world too there are existences of empiri-
ca I (Vyaal'ohaarika) and del usorv (Praatibhoasli a) type I I
Doas that not become contradictory or opposed to
your present opinion that Alman's existence Itself II
the existence of the world? That· At/nan is Pure or
Absolute E'xiltence - you also had said (sub·sec-
tion 48,; what is the difference between that and the
pur. exi~tence which Absolute Idealistic philosophers
state 7 - Thus anyone can ask.
To find out a solution to this doubt, not onlv the

waking but also the dream and deep sleep states wi!'
have to ba examined. For, although the knowledge
that appears in the waking as well as the objects
that are objectified by that knowledge are appearing
to us as 'things existing l
it is not possible to deter-
,
mine without any shadow of a doubt in that state,

i.e. waking state, itself that their existence Is not
independent. The waking does not appaar without the
-light of Atn, an , who is its Witness; simisarly. in the
case of dream and deep sleep also; to those state.
also the Know1edge of the Witness or AtnlalJ is
undoubtedlv necessary. It is not possibll ",vln to ima·
ginl thlt whlthlr it is waking or dr.lm or delp sl •• p,
nonl of thlm eln Ixist Ipart froM this SI.k,hi or Wit-
nlss (Atm.n): IS soon IS W8 Itart t. im.gine th.t
thisl statls cln Ixist by themselvls devoid of thl Wit-
niSI'. Knowlldgl. immediatlly thair Ixit.nel bleD .. I. zlr ••
Therefarl, tbe Witness's Existence It,.lf is th.ir Ixis ..
tence; that also is 'taken on lOin- from the Witnlss
Ind not their own; therefor., it blcomls Ivident that
the I ••• nc. II their I.i.tlnci i. thl Wltnl.. It•• 11 (1.1.

Atmln, the Sell Dr Pur. Conscioulnl.I). Now if we
attempt to inqui ra about the essential nature of the
Witness (AII17Qn) its existence is capable of being or
subsisting bV Itself without any dependence on anv-
thing else. It is not possible even to imagine that
there is no existence in the Witness; for, even for
that imagination also the existence of the Witness i.
needed. It being so, it becomes .,tabliehed that what
i. objectified by the Intuitive experience of the Wit-
ness (Attllan) is Itself the existence of the statel and
hence there is no meaning whatsoever to the imagina-
tion that the existence of the Witness might hive
come from something else. Therefore. it is to be
stated that the Witness or AtnJan Himself is the
essence of the existence of the states. When the lot
of the existence of the states itself is like thil, what
need is there to say anything about the existence of
objects or percepts like knowledge etc. which appear
in the waking state, which is one of the states"
Therefore, it becomes indubitable that whlt.alvlr and
whlrlvlr Ixistinci i. there in thl univ.r.. or th. world,
the ISllne. af all that is Atm.n Himsllf whD is th.ir
Witn •• s.
60. The lupport If Intuitivi Ixperience to substantiltl thl

truth that the Pur. or Absolut. Existln'CI 01 thl
Witnlss Itsalf is all kinds of Ixistlncl:
If it is so, what is the cause for the Pure Exis-

tence to appear in different ways like 6the world'.
existence', 'the existence of objects', 'the existence of
tIl THE ESSENtiAL NATURI: OF EXISTENCE 139
conceptual knowledge-. 'my existence' etc. in the

waking? In addition to this, as you yourself have
previously stated, the rope has the Jlyaavahaarika Satta
or the empirical existence, while the rope-snake has
delusory existence or Praalibhaasika Satta. It being so,
how can one understand or reckon that the existence
appearing in these two cases is one and the lame 7 -
Anyone can ask a question like this. To this question
al80 an answer can be found out on the strength of
the experience of the dream alone. Look at the
dream: In it, just as in the waking, there is a diffe-
ent war I d of the form - ' I', 'my knowledge', 'the
rest' etc.; therein .'50, just as in the waking, • some
appearances IS having false existence with 'Praatibhaa-
sika Satta' or delusory existence and some others as
having real existence are seen. Even so, we do not
reckon that these diff.rent objects really exist there.
Even in that event, to say that the Witness or Saakshi,
who is observing the waking state, is Himself observ-
ing the dream, the 'memory' to the effect - 'I saw
a dream' - itself is the evidence or support. Seen
in this light, the existence of our AtlUDIl who is the
Witness in the dream is one only; even then, there
i.e. in the dream, just 8S in the waking, the diffe-
rence or division of the type - 'mv existence', 'the
existence of conceptual knowledge', 'the existence of
objects' - is invariably seen. Therefore, though the
existence of the Witness is one and one only, we
have to imagine by inference that It (the Pure or
Absolute Existence of the Witness) can appear as
many existences. We never feel that the existence of
the Witness is different either in the waking or in the
dream. We cannot imagine al all that this Witness
can remain without existing in the waking or the

dream or at any other time whatsoever. Either in the
waking or in the dream with regard to anything which
seems to be other than the Witness we can doubt in
the n,anner - 'Does it exist or not" Did it exist in
the past or not 1 Will it exist in the future or not 7
What existed in the past, does it exist now, or is it
something else l' (Sulfa BhasIJJ'Q 2·2-25). But II r8-
gards the Witness who is our essential nature of
Being such a doubt can never arise at all; for, the Wit-
ness is a Witness Itself for time also. Not only that, the
belief of existence itself has come to us bV virtue of
•
the Intuitive experience or Pure Coniciousnesl of this
Witness or AlnlQ1I. On whatever things the light of
the Pure Consciousness or Intuitive experience of this
Witness falls, all thOle things appear to exist onlv 18
rong 8S they appear. Therefore, the existence that Is
there in them is that of the Witness Himself: it is
the shadow alone of the Witness's Pure Existence-
this fact is established. To ~how that one Ixiltenee
itself can appear to have divided itself inlo differ.nt
things or parts, the experience of the dream itsslf il
an illustration - this fact is also evident. W. mlV
not know the cause as to why one existence itself
appears differently; but about the fact of its appe.ring
like that, there does not remain any doubt what.o-
Iver.
nl THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 141
(C) Pure Or Absolute Elistelce
'1. In .... p 11 •• p Iv.rythlng his bleoml Purl or Abeolut.

E.lltiRCI Itsllf =
If the experience of deep sleep is discerned, this

opinion becomes sti II more strengthened. For, there
whatever world that appears in front of us, al in the
cas. of the waking and the dream, does not exist at
all. Just 8S it a"ppears in those two states, there i.e.
In deep sleep, the divided appearance of the form of
'I' and 'the rest' does not exist; just as we have a
belief In the remaining two states that to know 'the
rest' we have the means or instruments of knowledge,
there in deep sleep we do not have any belief at all'.
Because thera are no appearances whatsoever, the
dlvi.ion also to the effect that some among them are
true knowledge and some others are of delusory
nature does not exist there in deep sleep. Thus with-
out any divisions whatsoever of knowledge of the
forms of existence; I, you, theYI world; real and
false etc. - deep sleep is of a nature wherein our
Witness alone exists. Although it is determined thus
that in deep .'eep nothing whatsoever exists, yet it is
not possible to say 8t all that there our essential
nature -of the Witness also does not exist. For, hav-
ing known the deep sleep state bV virtue of the Pure
Conaciousness or Intuitive experience of the Witn,ss
alone, we are now. in the waking, saying that in
deep sleep there does not exist anv division whatso-
ever. If in deep sleep we ourselves did n:>t exist,
ther. would not have been any cause for our having
the experience like - 'That is our deep sleep state'.

If it were true that in deep sleep W8 8110 become
non-existent, only, just as we all dread death, more
dreadfully than that we would have had to dread
deep sleep. Any ana indiscreet or ignorant person
may also say - 'I was not there in deep sleep'; but
because he said like that only, thl discerning or
int,lIigent person. determine that 'he existed' in th&t
state and for that reason alone h. is stating now (in
his waking) that 'he did not exist there in deep
sleep' in the form of ' I'. Therefor., what is it that
is the reality of deep sleep? There w. exist. but not
in the form of 'I'; there we do not have a split-up
kr10wledge of the form - 'This is of this nature'
(Sulra BhashJ'Q 1-3·19, 3-2· 7): the external object which
is perceptible to that knowledge allo does not exist
(Brihadaorll.nya1ca BhasIJ)'Q 4-3-23). But our Atlnan or
Self who is the very core or· essence of our Being
exists there also; that A.lman exists in the form of
the Witness. In fact, on the strength of the Intuitive
experience or Pure Consciousness of that Witness alone
we say that 'there I did not know anything, there
nothing whatsoever existed.· If we observe still more
deeply, we will have to say that then our A.tman does
not exist even as the Witness. For, when there exists
anything that can be experienced as the witnessed
(object), then onlv our Alman gets called 'the Witness';
in deep sleep, apart from Alman any object whatso-
ever that is fit to be perceived or experienced does
not exist. Therefore, it has to be deduced that there
our Alman remains in the Pure or Absolute nature of
Being in which there is no division of 'externat
object' and ·internal conceptual knowledge· and where-
III THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENce 143
in existence and knowledge have merged into one

essential nl1ure or core of Being. All that we are
now perceiving in the form of '1, my knowledge, the
external world which is an object to my knowledge'-
III these are merged there into Atlnan alone. Alman
who exists now in the waking exists alone, by Him-
181f, there also. Thlrefor., it amounts to saying that
whit WI now call 'dllP sl •• p· from the viewpoint 0' the
wekla8 I. r.ally not an Ava.tha or st.te of consciODsn •• s
It .11. For, the mode of appearance of the Ultimate
Reality is called ' A,astha' or a state (;)f consciousness:
this has already (sub-section 39) been intimated. But
in deep sleep nothi ng whatsoever appears at all.
Therefore, it is not an Avastha or state. Because when
we see it from the viewpoint of the waking we do
not see there another thing just 2S in the waking, we
believe that that deep sleep is 'a state or Al'Qstha,
with nothing existing, nothing appearing'. But in
reality there in deep sleep there is neither any divided
or partial knowledge itself needed to know in the
form of - 'this is such and such a thi ng' nor the
divided or partial existence itself of the object which
can be objectified or perceived by that conceptual know-
ledge: then, by what can be anything, or in any
manner, known? (BrihadQaran)'aka Upanishad 2-4-14). Ou r
Alman Himself is then all existence, all knowledge:
then ·existence and knowledge' have become one abso-
lutely. Therefore, AllnQ" has to be said then to exist
in the form of 'Sanmaatra' or Pure or Absolute Exist-
ence. Far PIOP'I whD see with the waking vilwltoint
thi' seer.t is nevar known. Day to day, although they
are merged in this AllIIn" or state caJlf!ld 'deep
sleep· -'they do not know that it ;s so even in spite
of the fact that they have merged into Pure or Abso-

lute Existence' - (Ciloandog}'11 Upanis/zad 6-9-2). This
Pure or Absolute Existence is, in realitv, "~6,von.'s
own essential nature of Being also; therefor., because
of the reason of their merging into thei, own essential
nature of Being, the name of 'SwapitIJi' (SIva means
in oneself, Apeelha means merged, Bha,.'al/ti means
becomes - that is, he sleeps) is used for them in
practice, customari Iy - so says the Ch.lndogYI Uplnilhld
(6·8-1). If observed from this viewpoint, our .xistenci
Ind the IX Istlnel 01 the Intire world app •• ring in front
of U8 IS will IS thl difflrlnt IxistlncI' in it which
Ippelr to bl dividld into mlny phlnomlna is aur Alman
alanl of thl nature of 'Shuddhl Satta' or Pur. or Abso-
lute Existenc. which is our •• sential nature it•• lf in de.p
sl.lp. From this the conclusion that 'from that Pure
or Absolute Existence alone the three kinds of exis-
tences mentioned before emerge out and appear' i.
further strengthened.
13. ExpllnatioD .f the stltl"lnt that th.r. is II IX is-

tine. of thl world in d•• p sl •• ,:
Here it may appear to lome people that: Because

dream is a mere delusion, as long as the dream lasts
it appears as if in it there is a world and in the t
world there are objects of empirical existence or
reality (V),aaJ'ahaarika Satta) as well as objects of
illusory existence or reality (PraQlibhQQsika Satta). But
all that is mere appearance alone and not real at all.
Hence it is not possible to compare that world of
appearance and its objects to the reel world that W8
are perceiving now In the waking and to the objects

which are perceived here in the waking world. and
then equate them. Therefore, it is quite proper onlv to
say that the appearance which was seen as long as
the dream lasted does not exist either in deep slAep
.
or in waking when the dream is not there. But hc,w
can it be accepted that the world that is seen in
front of us now also disappears in our deep
sleep '1 What reason is there to say that merely bV
our going to sleep this world does not exist or that
it disappear. 1 Because the experience of the world
differs from person to person, in case even if it is
said that the world experienced by a particular person
does not exist during the period of his deep sleep in
the same form as he had experienced it in the past,. it
may be propet'. But can it be said that the world does
not exist at all 7 As there are yet so many other people
like us in this world, they can carryon their own
transactions even during the period of our deep sJeep,
is it not? Apart from this, what a ridiculous stateo-
ment it is to say that the external world and the
objects, creatures, men and everything in it conle and
conceal or merge themselves in our deep sleep I We do
not have the experience of any of those things hiding
or merging in our deep sleep; nor do we have. the
experience of thole things emerging out of our deep
sleep when we wake up from sleep. No one among
the people that we see agrees or accepts the state-
ment - "We had merged in your deep sleep; now
because you hay become awake we have emerged ou t
of your deep sleep." It being so, how can. it be proper
to say, quite contrary to experience and logic. that in
deep sleep there does not exilt anv world whatsoever
10
146 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUIT ON
and at that moment our Atman or Self alona exists In

the essential nature of Pure or Absolute Existence
or Being 1
These kinds of problems or difficulties arise onlv

in the case of those who have forgotten the warning
w~ich we have already (sub .. section 33) given. That
the dream is a mere appearance and that this world
exists as it is even if we are asleep is a belief which
is caused by the identification with the waking alone.
We will s'how in the near future (sub-section 71) that
there is no difference whatsoever between dream and
waking. But for the present deliberation that is not
80 much necessary; for, in the above objecti on It hal
been accepted that the dream world does not exist
anywher.a during the period of deep sleep. Therefore,
It is enough at this juncture if it is determined
whether the world that appears to us in the waking
exilts In deep sleep or not. If any person is asked
the question - Is it possible to see the world that
we witness in the waking in any other state whatso-
ever? - there cannot be even a couple of answers
to that. That world is capable of being seen in the
waking alone; it is tied down to the waking alone
(sub-section 27), the statement - "That world exists
when the waking is not there or when the world il
not there the waking exists" - has no meaning
whatsoever. Now observe: The waking, the world
seen or appearing In the waking - between these two
we cannot at all push the world outside. But our state
alone keeps on changing. Every day we who are
awake are having deep sleep also. If deep sleep
UI THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 147
comes and waking goes, the world - 6ppearing along

with it alone - also goes or disappears invariably If
it is said that when we are asreep also this our
waking world exists - then it amounts to saying:
"Than we are also sleeping, we are also awake."
This i. a ridiculous statement. Therefore, it is not
proper to believe that when we are in deep sleep the
world is hiding somewhere in one corner outside us.
Therefore, there is no objection whatsoever agai nst
what we have said, nameJy, the entire world has
merged within us.
Even so, people believe that even when we are

asleep the world perforce exists I What is the reason
for this? We can say that among the general run of
people predominantlv there ara two misconceptions
which are the cause for this belief; one is the feel-
ing of the nature of - "That world arone existed
yesterday also and that world alone is appearing to
us today also" - that feeli ng or belief we get as
loon as we get awakened; the other one is the feel-
ing or notion of the nature of - '-If we had not gone
to sleep at all, the world would not have become
non-existent", Here, let us assume that the feeling
of - "That world itself is this world" - is the
proper one; let us also say that the statement - "If we
keep awake onlv, this world also would appear in this
manner elane" - is proper. But merely by t,hat, wi II
it be establishr1 that the waking world exists in
deep sleep also 7 The memory of the nature of-
"That world itself is this" - also belongs to Ihe waking
Itata onlv: the identification or innate feeling of the
nature of - "This world always appears to us In this

manner only" - also belongs to the waking Itate
alone. It being so, how much rational or proper can
the conclusion that we draw by observing from this
waking or empirical viewpoint to the effect - 'This
world exists perforce in the deep sleep also" be? If
anyone argues that - "If we consider from the deep
sleep viewpoint and sav: I'"
deep sleep no world
ever appears: if we were always sleeping onlv, that
world would never have appeared; therefor., in the
waking too that world never appears at all' - will it
be proper? No. Just as the conclusion drawn by tlking
the deep slelp viewpoint does not suit the waking view-
point, similarly the conclusion drawn by taking the
V(lking viewpDint dOli not suit the d •• p sl •• p viewpoint.
In the waking state the world appears, while in the
deep sleep state it does not appear. Both these are
experiences only; bet'Nesn them, one is not more
valuable or important and the other less valuable or
important. Therefore, giving both the experiences an
equal value only, we should on1y say thlt - "The
waking world does not exist at all in the deep sleep
state.'f Similarlv, we should only say that - "The
dream's delusory world also does not exist at all in
deep sleep." We should also accept that - "Our
Atman or Self, who is determined on the strength of
Intuitive experience - He exists in all these three
states, namely, waking, dream and deep sleep,
invariably.' ,
•
The statement that - "Like us there exist so

many people in the world" - is proper alone accord-
ing to the waking viewpoint; but as we have stated

previously, when we observe from the viewpoint of our
Intuitive experience or Pure, Absolute Consciousness,
both the world and the people who are supposed to
be in that world - all of them - are tied down or
confined to the waking state atone. Therefore, the
one Intuitive experience alone of the nature of-- 'When
we are asleep we do not have the waking state' - is
enough for the above determination. For the examina-
tion of the problem - I·Whether the world existed
apart from us or not when we were asleep 1" - there
Is neither any need whatsoever of the evidence of the
statements of people who are confined to the waking
world alon8, nor is there any possibility of thei. r
statements lending any strength (support) or causing
any weakneis (defect) to our determination (or
,conviction) •
Further, the objection to the effect - "We do

not have the experience of either the world receding
within ourselves when we go to sleep or the world
emerging out of ourselves when we become awake"-
had been raised, is it not? This objection also is
contrary to experience and is vitiated by the identifi-
cation with the waking. For, when should the world
receding unto ourselves be known to us 7 In deep
sleep the knowledge of anything is not possible;
and as the world invariably exists in the waking.
there is no cause for that world to appear as having
merged or receded unto our Self or AInIon. Apart
from this, just as we see in the waking 8 snake
entering I hole and later on coming out of it, to see
the waking enter into deep sleep and emerge out of

it - is deep sleep 8 thing or object outside us like
the hole? No. Therefore, this objection also Is not
tenable. Hence the statement of f8~t that 'in deep
sleep, barring the Self or Alman, aU the remaining
things or phenomena have merged into dlnzQn alone' is
unobjectionable or irrefutable. Therefore, tha t everv-
thing is Alman Himself of the nature of Pure or Abso-
lute Existence or Pure Consciousness is the final phi-
losophical teaching only.
63. lh. lummary of the deliberation midi II f.r on

Pur. ExistencI:
How should an aspirant (Jljnaasu) discern that 'the

Ultimate or Absolute Realitv behind the existence of
himself as well as the world is Alman or the Self
alone, of the essential nature of Absolute or Pure
Existence' can be known from the methodologV deli-
neated so far. If the important links in this chain of
discriminat.i·on are once again mentioned, it will be
helpful for the deliberation of the forthcoming topic.
1. Because the states of waking, dream and deep

sleep are experienced by myself alone who is the
aspirant, and because aplrt from these three state.
there is no other Itate whatsoever which deserves
consideration, if these three states are considered
or examined in accordance with experience the
Issence of the Ultimata Reality shduld be

known.
2. Because each one of these three states is an

independent variety in which . the Ultimate Realitv
appearl, in these the Ultimate Reality i.e. Alman
or the Self, appears wholly or cOl'Apletely alone.
3. Therefore, waking is equal to dream,

dream is
equal to deep sleep, deep sleep is equal to waking;
each one of these is an appearance only of the
Ultimate Reality or Pure Existence, Pure Conscious-
ness, Pure Bliss.
4. When these three states are fully or exhaustively

examined their Reality Itself is the Absolute or
Ultimate Reality of the whole universe.
5. In both the waking and the dream states this

Ultimata Reality is appearing bV splitting Itself
into the forms of '1' and 'the rest'; in deep sleep
It is appearing as the mere or Absolute Witness.
Because this Witness or Soaks'" exists in the
waking and the dream also without being mutilated
or changed, it should b. Ita ted that the Witn •••
which Ixists In the deep sl •• p It.,lf epPlars I I 'the
Witne.s', ·1', 'the r,.t' in the wlking.
6. Because the fact that 'I mvself am the Witness.

to me alone the three states are appearing' is
determined or ascertained by Intuitive experience,
the Ultimate Reality or essence of Being of the
'I' which is in the waking is th J Witness alone.
The Witness is my Alman alone.
7. As in deep sleep there exista the Witness alone,

that Itself is the Ultimate or Absolute Reality: this
Witness or Saakshi alone appears not only as 'I'
in the waking and dream but also appear. as 'the
rest' which is not II'.
8. Therefore, the Witness Itself, existing .In all the

three states in Its essential nature of Pure or
Absolute Consciousness, just like a thread stringing
togetber the bead., is providing the Intuitive
experience of the nature of - '1 am experiencing
the states'; it should be discerned thlt the
Witness alone is appearing 8S the Itates of the
form of His own 'imaginary transformation'.
9. That deep sleep is a state allo is a statement made

from the waking viewpoint only; really. deep sleep
is the Witness Itself and nothing else whatsoever.
Therefore, the statement that "in deep sleep, Alman
is the VVitness I, - also is a mere statement made for
courtsey's sake (sub-section 83). It observld IntuitI-
vely i.e.from the viewpoint of Pur. or Ablolute
Consciousness, dalp s'aep is Pure or Ablolute Atmln
Dr S.lf (ConsciDusness) alonl. Alman is the essence

itself of the existence of all that appears in the
waking and the dream.
10. Bicaul. in this Atman of the natura af Pur. or

Ablolut. ExistencI or Baing therl are no partl
whltsolvar, the 'I' that appaars in the waking is
wholly or completely AtmaD alonl , thl thing that I,
not :1' appearing outsidl also is wholly or compll-
taly At.ln alonl.
11. Although in the waking many people who are no

myself but who are like me are appearing as if
they exist each one among them is wholly or
l
completely this AtnJan alone. Evorything also is

Alman alone of the nature of Pure or Absolute
Existence Itself.
12. This Pure or Absolute Existence Itself is appearing

as 'the existence of the waking', 'the existence of
the dream', 'the empirical (VyaavDhaarika) ex'istence
(Satla), illusory or delusory (PraatibhQQsika) exis ..
tance (Sat/a)'. In reality, apart from AtnJan who is
of the nature of Pure Existence (Paral11aartha Salta)
nothing else whatsoever exists at all.
(D) The Varieties Of Or DiffereD! Forms Of ExisteDce
14. That Atman is nan-dual Pur. Existence is not opposed

tD the theory al thr •• grad •• 01 existenca;
To the question - "The opinion that A.lman's Pure

Existence Itself is the world's existence is opposed to
the theory of the three grades of existence, is it
not 1" - now it ~ amounts to have found an- answer.
Almtln and the world are not different; AUnan and the
8tatel of waking and dresnl are not different; Alman
Himself is appearing as these etates a lone and as
the world in these states. Therefore, A,lman Himself
who is of the nature of Pure or Absolute Existence ia
appearing in the waking and the dream in the form
of three kinds of existence - the real or Pure Exis-
tence (Paaramaarlhlka Satta) of the Witness (Saalcshl),
the existence of the states and the empirical or
mundane existence of the various percepts appearing
in the states (J'yaavahaarika Satta) and the delusory
existence of some illusions appearing in the statas
(Ptaatibhaasika Salta) - all these are subsumed in the
whole, namely, 'Pure or Absolute Existence'. If it is
truly observed, though there are no parts whatsoever
in Existence, by virtue of the different viewpoints, that
very Ultimate Reality Itsel' is appearing to us in three
grades of existence, viz. in Its form of A.lman as the
Pure or Absolute Existence, in Its form of the states
as the empirical or mundane existence and in
Its form of objects projected bV delusion as
the delusory existence. Tharefora: thl Ultimata
Re.lity il indeed ana Elistenci (Pur. or Absolute) alonl;
111 THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 166
thl othar existenc.. Ir. indeed Its different forms anly.

therefore, the theory 01 the three grada. of Ixiitenci
is not opposed tl thl thlory of Pur. or Ablolute
Exist.nce.
15. EVln if • thing is opposed or contrary to the

waking logic Dr r'.loning, if it Is in 'greement
with Intuitivi Ixperience it shluld ba accepted:
Now another question arises: The statement that-

'One existence alone being in its essential nature in
deep sleep, yet in waking and dream it attains diff-
erent forms - is a contradiction, is it not? Between
the form of Pure or Absolute Existence, which we
have so far determined, and the form of waking and
dream there is such a great difference I The existence
that is there in deep sleep is of one kind only; there
is no distinctive quality or feature whatsoever in it;
in it there is no variety, no division, no feeling of
genus and particular, no feeling of any quality and it
is one endowed without qualitv, without action and
without any feeling of object and subject. If the
waking world is observed all these are there. It
appears queerer. keeps on changing without any break:
2cquiring ever new forms or roles and engendering I
feeling of cause and effect, it is '8 stage or a
theatre' of percepts gelting born and destroyed. It
being so, how can it be believed that that very
Ultimate Reality, though having no distinctive features
in Itself, yet can exist wi th various features 7 Is it
not opposed to reason l'
This mode of thinking is natural to those who

have not kept in mind the special features of the
viewpoint of the three states. For, if it is remem-
bered that the Ultimate Reality appears wholly 'lr comp-
letely in each one of the states, and hence the three
states are equal to one another from the absolute
viewpoint i.e. the point of view of the Witness, there
ia no hindrance in arriving at the conclusion that the
Pure or Absolute Existence that is there in deep sleep
is nothing but the existence of the waking and the
dream only. For this method of discrimination we
have taken the Intuitive experience of the Witness
atone as the support; there is no other experience
which can falsify that Intuitive experience. To 'Itablish
or stabilize thl edifice of determination of the Rlality on
the founda'ion 01 comprehensive or consummate IntuitiVI
Ixperience is a 'plcial faature of thl mlthod of thl
thr •• stat•• (Iub-saction 28). Calling the statement-
'One entity itself exist. without change, it exists with
change also' - as a contradiction is a logic that we
have formulated from the waking. viewpoint. But if
observed from the viewpoint of Intuitive experience,
the Pure or Absolute Existence which existed in deep
sleep without any special or distinctive feature appears
to become endowed with distinctive feature. as well
as with changes. Therefore, giving up the attempt of
arguing or reasoning against one's Intuitive experience
one should accept the verdict of Intuitive experience
alone. Discarding this principle, if more value or
importance is to be given to logic alone than experi·
ence, then it can also be argued in the following
manner, even after seeing a person litting in front:
"This person is not sitting here, because he is a man;
It Is clearly evident that others who are men - nona

of them is sitting here; because this person also is a
man, how can it be said that he is sitting here 1"
None of us accepts that this kind of logic is proper.
Therefore, the logic that does not agree with experi-
ence should be brushed aside and not the experience
saying that the latter is aga; nst logic. For that rea-
son, the logic or reas'lning mentioned above should
be taken to suit only the waking; for, in the waking
one object or thing itself being with change as well
8S without change is not seen bV us. Similarly, no
object whatsoever b9ing as it is, sti II it being trans-
formed or converted into other objects or things has
ever been seen by us. Whi Ie clav becomes a pot or a
seed becomes 8 tree, many constituents in it have to
undergo changes. This also is a certain rule or regu-
lation that suits the objects or thing9 that are there
in the waking. Because it is in our experience that
Alman who is in the form of Pure or Absolute Exis-
tence 'exists' as Ha is and bV Himself in deep' sleep
and appears in ~I)th the waking as well as the dream
as the world full of various percepts, the logic or
reasoning of the kind - "An objec~ beino as it is
cannot be changing also·' - should not be made
applicable to Alman or the Self wh~ is of the nature
of Pure or Absolute Existence. The non-dual Pure
Existent'e which is devoid of special or distinctive
features 'having become many', 'becoming endowed with
concepts of righteousness and unrighteousness', 'being
endowed with divisions·, 'transforming Itself into con-
ceptual knowledge a. well as insentient or inanimate
objects' - all thesa must be similarty reconciled: for,
all these have been seen to be in our experience.
Ther"or.. logic Dr reasoning should bl adapted to bl in

consonancl with Intuitive experience, but on. should not
attlmpt to brush aside or topple oVlr ana'. experience
In the strength of logic. This alone is the reason for
the statement in the Brahma Sutras C2-1-11) to the
effect that 'if by dry or pseudo logic one carries out
discrimination the Ultimate Roality can never be fo~nd
out and (even If some thing is apparently decided or
conCluded as the Ultimate Reality) that finding will
never have finality or any certitude.'
II. Th. meaning of the stltement that Pur. Existenci

alonl is the causl for the whol. universe:
In the present context, to get rid of the defect of

10gic the expedient or clever plan is to discard the
logic of the waking viewpoint and to follow the rea-
soning in accordance with one's Intuitive expel ienee
alone. This alone we have called ~the Comprehensive
means of .reasoning' (Vyaapaka Yukl/) - (refer to sub-
section 30). In which manner should the present dis-
crimination or deliberation on the strength of this
kind of 'comprehensive reasoning' or 'reasoning based
on Intuition' (Satlarka) b$ carried out? The answer to
this question is: Deep sleep, dream and waking are
not in reality three states. Our knowing that they are
three is also from the waking viewpoint (sub-sec-
tion 42). Observed from the standpoint of Intuitive
experience (Saokshl or Witness), deep sleep ;s Pure or
Absolute Alman or Self; that is Pure or Absolute
Existence alone. In It there are no space or time or
the concepts of cause and the caused (effect) at all.
Our conception that dream and waking are different

from Pure Existence and that there ie; some kind of a
relationshfp between Pure Ex; stence and these two
states alone is the cause for this opposition (between
dream and waking experiences). Our waking intellect
cannot know anything without relative knowledge. The
concepts of time, space and cause-effect are natural
to it; it can know onlv objects which have the
dimensions pertaining to categories like time, space,
different objects or things. Therefore, it (i.e. the
waking mind) has formulated certain logical axioms or
rules. Following these axioms or rules only the waking
intellect has conceived that waking, dream and deep
sleep are three different states and that there must be
some kind of a relationship among thesa states. If it
is observed properly. the states are not three, one has
not emerged out of another: it is not proper also to
say that there is a relationship among one another
The Ultimate Reality exists as the AbsoJute Reality alone.
Even so, because the interreet is saying that the states
are three, we must determine or decide, by using the
comprehensive reasoning which is in accordance with
Intuitive experience, that the states are not exist; ng
at all separate from Intuitive experience (or Pure Exis-
tence). The states are not transformations of Pure or
Absolute Existence; just as a seed grows into a tree,
Pure Existence has not grown and become (or has not
been transformed or converted into) the ~tates. For
transformation or conversion the assistance of time,
space and causation is necessary; time, space and causa-
tion do not get transformed whatsoever, they ara the
adjuncts needed for the transformation of an object
or 8 thing. But in A lilian of the form or nature of
Pure or Absolute Existence, which we in common par-

lance call Sushupti' or deep sleep, there is no time
or space or causation whatsoever. Atnlan or the S,lf i.
thl essence or cor. 01 time, spaci and caulation also:
Pure or Absolute Existence Itself is appearing 81 time,
SPICI end causation. Therefore, this effect or pheno-
menon which occurs without desiderating or depending
upon time, space and causation is not transformation
as it is popularly understood in the world (i.e. in our
mundane transactions). When the seed gets transformed
into a tree, it gets broken up and only after its own
form completely disappears it becomes a tree. But
v/hen Pure or Absolute Existence gets 'converted' as
waking and dream, It does not in this manner 10le
Its form or nature or they do not disappear whatso-
ever; It subsists as It is, in the waking as well as
in the dream also. For that realon also, it is not a
transformation as it is understood in common parlance
in the workaday world.
In any case, when we say that Pure txislence

becomes waking and dream, it becomes evident that
the cause-effect relationship which the people in the
world talk about is not there in both these cases
(viz. waking and dream). If we have to say that Pure
Existence is the cause and these two states are the
effects, then for the words - 'cause' and 'effect'-
we will have to assume afresh a different technical
connotation. In Panini's Grammar words of feminine
gender ending in the sound 'ee' are given the symbol
of 'Nadee' (which means a 'river',; merelv on that
ground, we do not take it to mean that in these
In THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENce 161
words there is water, is it not 7 Simi larlv, the state-

ment that Pure Existence is the cause for the world
also should be understood in a technical or special
sense. Pure Existence does not get transformed or
converted into the world; It appears 8S the world.
The special or distinctive fsatures appearing in the
world, the differences among them, the concepts of
qualities and an object having, or being endowed
with, those qualities, the relationships of action and a
thing endowed with activity or being active, the dis-
crimination of a thing being real or false - none of
these is the effect of Pure Existence, all these are
Pure Existence alone. Not onlv the different objects
which are appearing here but also the adjuncts which
are the cause to show that they are different are
Pure Existence alone. Thus the phenomenon of a
thing remaining as it is and appearing as a different
thing is called •VivarIa' or illusorv appearance. Just
as in the world the rope being rope alone, during the
period of delusion appears as a snake, and just as
the rope and the (appearance of) snake exist as not
different things or entities, and understanding or con-
ceiving that there must be a certain relationship bet-
ween the rope and the (appearance of) snake will be
wrong or improper (i.e. it will be 8 delusion) -. just
8S they are truly one and the same - similarly the
whole or totalitv of waking is Pure Existence alone,
the whole or totality of dream is Pure Existence
alone. Thus, if the •VivarIa' or illusory appearance of
Pure Existence alone is understood or conceived to
be waking and dream, then the real purport of the
statement - "Deep sleep, waking and dream - all
the •• three are the forms of Pure Existence alone" -
11
could be laid to have been found out. II this Is

reml.blrld, it wa"Dld Imaunt to havi prap.rly understood
the profundity or subtlety a' the concapt of cluse and
efflct mlntioned in the Upanishads. · 'My son, just as·-
if one knows a lump of clav. it amounts to ona
knowing all the things made out of clav. just as-
change i. merely a name alone and is an object for
mere talk only, but in realitv it is not an entity, just
as - there (in the above instance) the clay alone
reallv exists. similarly that Ultimate Reality also,
which is the object of teaching, exists" - (ChaandogJ'Q
Upanishad 6-1-4, 5, 6); , 'That this Ultimate Reality or
Pure Existence alone is the subtle cause for the world;
for all this world this (Pure Existence) alone is the
essence or core of Being; this (Pure Existence) alone
is the Reality, this alone is Alman, That Thou Art. I I -
(Chaandogya Upanishad 6·8·7) - for these statements
this alone is the opinion or purport.
(E) Di,isioD Of Reality And UDreality
81. Th, Itrlnl Dr lilt of objections aleinst the division

In the theory of Purl or Absolute Existence:
Now a big question arises: If Pure or Absolute

Existence ;s one or non-dual alone, how did the
division of 'reality' and 'unreality' occur in It? If it

is said that there is no separation or division of
'reality' and 'unreality' at all, how would it be proper
for you to have said that Vedanta is a phi losophical
text or treatise which determines the Ultimate Realitv 1
How could any subject-matter for any philosophical
treatise be obtained and from where? Without
assuming the division between the Witness (Saaksht)
and the state (Avastha)I this your Vedantic discrimina-
tion itsel'. cannot function, is it not? First of all,
how was this division formulated or established.? To
this itself you do not have an answer. How did the
states become thTee'" Within the states how did the
division of 'I~ and 'the rest' come about 1 In fact,
the world, which appears outside myself. having
divided itself into substance (Dravya), quality or
characteristics (Guna), action (Karma) appears with the
concepts of genus and particular (or individual) and
is leen endowed with different relationships r For aJi
such duality (diversity) and difference what is the.
cause? In fact, among these wherever one observes
there are disti nctive transactions of the nature of-
'this is real·, 'this ;s unreal or false-. Why is it so?
More than everything, all the people in the world are
indeed deeming that waking is real and dream is
unreal or lalso; how can this be proper in your
opinion? All of us have generallv believed that the
wa~ing is a stato which displays or shows up a world
which is established by evidence, while the dream is
a state being caused by the deficiency or defect of
sleep. In the waking, using the real objects we
obtain the real benefit; in the dream everything is
mere appearance. In the waking we get together with
many people and carryon transactions; the dreams

are occurring separately to each one of us. The world
appearing in the waking is the same in the past, in
the pres6nt and alwavs; but the dreams are different
each day; not only that, in one night itself there may
occur so many dreams. After we wake up from the
dream, it is known in the manner - "All this is a
dream, a mere appearance'·- but we never realize that
waking is a false appearance. Looking at all this, it
has to be said that the existence of the dream is
inferior alone to the existence of the waking, or
even if it is said that the dream is a mere appearance
alone and not an existence whatsoever, it would be
proper. Is all this not contrary to the opi nion or teach-
ing - "Pure Existence is the one and the only
Ultimate -Reality; apart from It there is no other exis-
tence at all"? Even after seeing that i"n everyone's
experience there is di fference as well as division of
the type of 'reality' and 'unreality', how can it be
reasonable at all to refute it?
68. For the division .1 well IS difference appearing in

Pur. Existenc. thl waking viewpoint alone is r•• -
ponsible:
The string of objections enumerated above appear

as having no solution whatsoever owing to the failure
to bring to mind the special or unique features of
Intuitive experience which we have already mentioned,
For, in the question: "If Pure Existence is one and
one only, how did the division of the type of 'real'
and lunreal' arise in It 7" - the separation of the
form of - Pure Existence is one. 'the real and the

unreal' is two - has been made. But who said that
Pure Existence is one" How can it be said that Pure
Existence. which has transcended or which is beyond
the categories of time, space and causation, is one
or many 7 One, two - these numerals are the parti ..
cular characteristics belonging either to objects which
can exist one by the side of another in space or to
events which can take place one after another in
time. It being so, how can it be said that Pure Exis-
tence is 'one'"1 In the Upanishad, it has indeed been
said about Pu~re Existence in the manner ~ "One with-
out a second'· - (Chaandogya); the ignoramuses who have
not understood that this statement has been made to
denote that - "That (Pure Existence) it; not one
having a second" have misconceived that 'Pure Exis-
tence' Itself is one only (in number). For tt'lis, the
cause is their viewing everything from the standpoint.
of the waking intellect or mind alone. Similarly. if
the Vedantins say - "Pure Existence is the one and
the onlv Reality" - people with the viewpoint of dua-
litv wi II think that 'there exists the rest or remaining
part (other than the Reality) separately and that is
unreal-. But the fact is not so; "Reality is one,
unreality is two - in this manner there are no two
things or entities" (Brihadaara"yaJca Vaartika 1-3-52). In
the same manner, if it is stated - •• Alman, who is of
the nature or form of Pure or Absolute Ex;st,nce
alone, is the Witness of the states" - people under-
stand it in the manner: "The states exist separately
apart from Allnall and Atlnall is the second entity
observing them as the Witness". This also is not
correct. For. separate from the indivisible Pur. or
Absolute Existence neither the Witness nor the state

or states exist at all. The Witness is not one, nor i8
the Itate second to the Witness. Just as, if to ona
mango another mango Is added the number becomes
or amounts to two, the state 'squatting' or placing
itself bV the side of the Witness does not become the
second to the latter i.e. the Witness. In fact, the
Witness i.e. Pure Existence or Consciousness, the Self,
and the state are not entities which belong to the
same species or category. The Witness is Pure or
Absolute Existence alon8, and apart from 'Existence'
no characteristic or special feature whatsoever of the
nature of witnessing has entered into It; in truth, the
state also is an appearance perceived by the inteUect
or mind which has not discerned, divined or intuited
the Pure Existence. Just as, if to 8 person who has
not known it to be a rope, a snake 'appears' and
that snake cannot be said to be the second (entity or
thing) existing along with the rope, similarly, the
state cannot become the second thing to Alman or Pure
Existence. Just as the rope-snake, i .8. the appelrance
of the snake misconceived in the rope itself, is reallv
the rope itself and in that snake the separate part.
of the kind of the tail, the hood etc. which appear
owing to delusion - none of them whatsoever is
-really existing at all apart from the rope, we ara
variously misconceiving the Ultimate Reality of the
essential nature of Pure Existence Itself as the state
as well as the world appearing in the state and the
whole gamut of appearances with divisions like the
word or sound, the perceptions and their objects, viz.
substance, qualities, actions etc. Just as we miscoa-
ceive one clav alone as a lump of clav. a pot, a
III THE ESSENTI/\L NATURE OF EXISTENCE 167
pitcher, small earthen pot etc. and are carrying on

our routine transactions, and if observed properly,
they are all clay alone, similar'y here also it should
be understood. Just as for people who have fuliV
discriminated and scrutinized the 'name of snake' as
also its 'knowledge· disappear and the conviction
of the nature of 'this is a rope alone' i. born, simi-
larlv here also it should be understood that Pure
Existeace alone appears as the Anaalman or not-Self
which ;s of the nature of various names and· know-
ledges (experiences) - (Cizaandogya Bhashya 6-2-3).
While seeing the state, the mind or intellect does not
have the Intuition of Atlnan or Pure Consciousness;
when the Intuitive experience of A.tnJan or Pure
Consciousness is attained,. the knowledge of the state
does not exist. Not only that, .the mind or intellect
itself does not subsist in the form of the mind. Then
it has really become A.lman alone. How this can be-
will be depicted later on (sub-section 135) when we
consider 'Pure Knowledge or Consciousness'.
Let it be.
The mind or intellect itself has never seen' .4.tman,

i.e. Pure Existence, and the state as two entities at
all; even so, it Ihinks that two different entities or
objects addressed or denoted bV the two words-
'the Witness' (Saakshi) and 'the state' (Avast"a) - are
invariably existing; for that reason only. it is asking
the question - "How did the two divisions or paris
of the forms of 'the Witness' and 'the state' occur" 1
If observed from the viewpoint of the Intuitive experi-
ence (Allllblra'-Q), the state that appears to the Witness
is like a reflection of the face appearing in the

mirror; it is really the Pure Existence alone which il
the essence of the Witness and does not exist sepa-
ratelv. For the reflection there has to be 8 real sup-
port or base like the mirror, the face has to be
separate from it and should be in front of it - such
regulations at least are there. But in this manner
Alman is not in front of anything whatsoever. Almall
who is beyond time and space, is not one to whom
the category of cause-effect can ever be made appli-
cable. Therefors, it cannot be said that He has some-
how been transformed into the form of the state.
Alman is Pure or Absolute Existence alone, the states
do not exist at all. To obstinately persist in saying
that because the two words of the type - 'Alman' and
'the state' (Avaslha) - are being used and because
it is being stated that •Atman is the real existence
and the states are not reallv existing', the dualitv of the
nature of 'Atman- and 'the at.tes· perfor ce become evid-
ent is to betray a lack of wisdom alone. For, bV mere
usage or transaction of words and their meanings no
substance can ever be established (Sulra Bhashya 2·2·16).
Simi lally, in the case of the statement - 'the statel
are three'. Just as in a story being concocted and
narrated by a grandma to the children, if it is said-
-.'To a king there were three children; among them
two were not born at all, the othe r one did not
enter into the womb evan'-' - a boy who does not
know anything or who is innocent and ignorant will
count in the manner - "Two plus one is three; thera-
fore, the three children are accounted for" - simi-
larly, this waking intellect or mind, counting the
words of waking, dream and deep sleep, thinks that
the three states are accounted for. If observed trulv

(from the standpoint of Intuitive experience) what goel
in the name of a state is itself the delusion or miscon-
ception of the intellect or mind; for the stupidity or
idiocy of the intellect which thinks that there are three
8uch delusion. at one time alone (in one time aeri ••)
with regard to one object or entity alone, what can
be said I But by blaming or finding fault with the
intellect in this regard there is no purpose served ilt all,
for it is not possible for that intellect to exist alone;
8S an object to it something or other necessarily hal
to ba there, and that object has to be with differences
(or distinct features). Understanding in this manner
alone is its habitual practice. Similarly, it should be
imagined in all cases like - "In the st8tes the divisions
of .,' and 'the rest', the divisions of substance, qua lity
or characteristics and actions, the divisions of waking
and dream exilt-·. If observed from the Intuitive experi-
ence of the really existing Witness, nowhere there exists
any division whatsoever, no duality whatsoever exists;
the entity of Attnan who is devoid of special features
and who is of the essential nature of Pure or Absolute
Existence alone exists. Even so, seen from the viewpoint
of the intellect or mind, all that appears as being
divided and with different forms. Those who think
that the knowledge of the waking intellect or mind alone
il real experience (Anubhava) become deluded bV the
'magic of duality'. But to tho.e wha, taking thl
Intuitivi Ixpiriinci of the Witnl.s (Slak.hi) a. the
bl.i. Of support, us. the clmprlhlnliVI r'.loniftl
the Itlldilit conviction ar •• ns. af clrtitudl Ihlt-
'Pur. Exiltinci alone, which is without any fluctul-
tiana or ups and downs, withollt Iny division.
Ir mutltlonl, without anything II Ilcond to It, il the

Ultimlte Reality' - is obtained.
89. Inteilict or mind d...

the I.santial natu r. of 8
nat know to determlnl the
thing differlnt ar .Ip.ratl
fram Pur. ExistancI:
There is another method of reasoning to say that bV

the mere statement of fact viz. 'In the waking world
there appear various kinds of divisions', no threat or
harm whatsoever is there to the phi losophica I trurh, viz.
'Pure Existence alone is real.' That is, although when
seen from the waking viewpoint there (in the waking
world) various kinds of divisions, different objects and
certain types of relationships among them do appear,
if the waking intellect or mind is asked to determine the
essential nature of these divisions etc. it shakes its hands.
so to say, and accepts its inabi lity to do so. The craze
of deciding for the moment anything that is seen to
exist as it appears belongs to the waking intellect. But
that intellect does not have faith in itself. Merely if it
is asked z 'Once more deliberate and then answer",
immediatelv it says: ·'That is not like that. it is like
this.·' For instance, look: The world that appear. to
this mind appears as having the divisions of 'I' and
'the rest'; both these '1' and 'the rest' seem to
exist in time and space; 'the rest' appear. to be
subject to the divisions of substance (Dravya), qualitv
(Guna) and action (Karma): the faith that 'the
multitude itself of action, the means of action and
the fruits of action is this world' is developed.
Now regardil1g this time-honoured or traditional belief
In THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 171
let us ask some questions, one by one. By whet is this

division of 'I' Ind 'the r•• t' clused? Which Is that
dividing instrument or implemlnt with which 'I' i.
dilconnlct.d or .Iplrated from 'the rlst' and the rlst'
from 'I' 1 - In this manner let us ask this 'dividing'
mind. That spontaneously gives the answer: "All
that is there up to my body is 'I' and the
remaining is 'the rest'. Now ask the question: "Is the
body 'I' or is it not the 'I' 7" Then what does the
mind say"1 Once it says - "The body is 'I~ myself
alone": when it occurs to it in the manner -
•• , am going, I am standing" etc. - it is its
belief that this kind of knowledge alone is
proper. But at another time it gets notions of
the type of - " My body has become emaci ated ,', , " For
'this task I will sacrifice my body even" etc.; then
this mind itself says: "The body is not mysel f, it
is mine". The question - "What this stuff (substance).
called '1' is? " - is to be taken up for an elaborate
examination later on (sub - section 142), but for the
prelent this much is enough. The mind does not have
any certainty regarding the question: Which is this
substance called 'I'? Therefore, regarding the question-
What is it that is not 'I·" - also that mind de-
cides at different times in different ways; and this
predicament has become inevitable for it. Further,
especially for the question - "Which is the boundary
that separates the two things viz. '1' and 'the rest' 1"
- there is no answer at all by the mind. Even so,
it is not capable of giving up its obstinacy in
believing that the division of 'I' and 'the rest'
exists absolutely in the world I
In the same manner, if the question - "What are

substance (D,avya) , characteristics (Guna) , action
(Karma) 1" - is put, the answer that this mind give.
is a queer one. First, it gives the answer: Substanca
means what is imbued with qualities or characteristics".
For example. this mind says that in the substance called
a 'lemon', a certain colour, a certain taste, a certain
smell - all these are there. But howevermuch we may
examine, the colour, the taste and the smell - each
one of which is perceptible to one sense organ only -
are known alone but the substance called lemon which
is the substrate or support for all these qualities or
characteristics is never known to us at all. It being
so, what evidence is there to say that apart from
these characteristics there is a substance" Someone
may ask that because we get the knowledge of the
nature - 'That which I had &8en before, that thing
alone I am touching' - does it not become certain
that apart from the characteristics or qualities there must
be a substance which is the substrate for them" But
there is not much substance in this argument or
contention. For, if it is deliberated in accordance with
.one's experience, the eyes perceive only the form and
the knowledge of anything else is not gained by them;
the hands know only the touch and they cannot see
anything else. It being so, first the statement itself
that by these two we came to know one and the same
meaning is not proper; then. where is the question of
establishing the existence of the substance on the
strength of these twin experiences? Another conside-
ration: All the qualities like sound (Shabda), taste
(Rasa), smell (Gandha) are perceptible to the senses. If
there is another substance which is the support or
substrate for these qualities, it will mean that that

substance will not have any of these qualities of
sound, touch, form, taste, smell. In that case, how
can we know that substance at all? It will not be
perceptible to the senses. To imagine that there should
be a substance which is the substrate for the qualities
like sound. touch etc. perceptible to the senses, we do
not have the support of any experience (Brihadaaranyaka
Bhashya 4·3-30). Let alone this also. Even if it is
accepted that although the substance does not have in
itself any of the qualiti~s like sound, touch, form.
taste, s~ell it exists somehow or other by itself,
what meaning shouJd we imagine for the s~atement
that - 'That substance is the substrate for the qualities
like sound, touch etc.'? It is not possible at all to
imagine that, just as pillars are supports for a house
or the ground is a support for creatures, that 'sub-
stance' is a support carrying the load of these qualities.
For, the substance itself does not have or possess any
of the foIl owi ng ~ place. di recti ons, energy etc.; they
are all capable of bei ng acqui red by it, i .8. the sub-
stance, through the qualities. Apart from this Imagi-
nation what other meaning can ever be imagined for
the statement: "Substance is a support or substrate
for qualities""1 To this objection the intellect or mind
cannot imagine or conceive an answer at all. Further,
if it is assumed that a substance is endowed with
actions also. it will be the same story. Because we
do not know the esential nature itself of substance,
there is no possibility of the statement - "Action arises
in a substance" - having any meaning whatsoever. We
have to connote that 'action' means transformation or
Par;naama (i.e. alteration, change) or Par ispan da or
vibration (or movement). The change that tlkes place

in the constituents or parts of a thing is called
Par/naama or transformation; the substance having
constituents or parts going or moving from one place
to another is caned Par;spanda or movement or motion.
But to say that apart from the constituents thefe
exists a whole substance, we do not have the support
of experience. DaiS thl whole thing of .abltlnel
(Avayavl) Ixilt in the parts, or do.. it I. ill apart from
them i.l. p.rts, by itsllf 7 In thl p.rts Dr constitulntl
in what farm d •• s this whol. substinci Dr thing Ixist?-
If such questions are asked, there is no support at all
either of experience or reasoning to explain them.
(Sutra Bhashya 2-1-18). That being the case, how will
it be proper to say that 'these. are the parts or
constituents of the substance'? Whenever it is laid:
"The substance is changing" -- what we know or
perceive are merely the changes alone and not the sub-
stance devoid of change. Therefore, it amounts to saying
that there is no basis at a II for the belief -- "That
substance itself has now undergone a change in this
manner". In any case, to the question - "In what
manner Is the substance a support or substrate for
action '1" - the mind cannot give a proper answer.
Further, what is the differenci b.tw.ln Guna or qUlllty
and action? - if such a question is asked, then also
there is no hope of a proper answer forthcoming at
all; for, as quality itself keeps on changing, it also
has to be included in action onlv. 'In that case, let
everything be action only' - if it is to bo argued in
this way. then the question - 'In the stream or current
of the form of action how did the knowledge that
there are cnangeless substance and quality accrue to
us l' - will go without an answer. If it is to be said

that all this is delusion only, what experience do we
have as support for this delusion also? The question
- "When nowhere does either changeless substance or
changeless quality exist, how did this delusion to the
effect - this is a substance, this is quality - also
.rise 1" - will go without an answer. If it is to be
contended that although substance and qualities do
not exist it is the nature of the mind to project. or
show as if they exist only, then another question of
the type - • ·Why should it not be said that although
there does not exist any action it is the nature of the
mind to show 8S if it exists only 1" - will crop up I
Thus the consideration of or deliberation on substance,
qualitv and action has become a big 'obstructing' wall'
standing before the mind.
In the same manner, the phenomenon of the mind

struggling without being able to solve the various
difficulties arising with regard to the categories 01 genul
end p.rticular and with regard to the relationship between
substance and quality etc. is in the experience of a.1I of us
To wit. to say that the general categories like existence
(Sotta) substanti veness (Dravyatu'a), qua Ii tv-ness (Gunat"'G).
I
action-ness (Karnlatu'a), earth-ness (Prith"eetKta), water-

ness (Jalat,va)1 - etc. have rea lIy entered into the externa I
things, what support of experience do we have? We hav9
the experience that jaggerv is sweet and the eatables
made by adding jaggery are themselves sweet because
of their contact with jaggery. But we have nevar seen
the general category of pot· ness (GhalatK'a) existing apart
from the pots or it, i.e. potness, having entered the pot
and then having made ;t appear as 8 pot. If it it

deliberated as to where was the pot-ness before the
pot was born l' there is no possibilitv of a place being
found for it; because only after pot-nesl ente,s 8 pot it
can be called a pot, there is no room to think that it,
i.e. pot-ness, was there earlier itself in the pot. Further,
especially to say that it (i.e. pot-ness) existed in what was
not a pot will be an extremely contradictory statement.
Similarlv, to the question - "Did the pot-nels (GhaIDlwa)
exist in the same place where the pot was born or did
it come from somewhere else 1" - also there is no proper
answer. For, if it is contended that it existed there
onty, then the doubt that 'that prace should have been
perceived by the people earlier itself as pot' will .rlse;
if it is argued that it came from somewhere else, then
it amounts to saying that the category of genus, like
the substance, is endowed with action. Yet another
question - "Does the category of genus exist wholly in
each individual, or does it exist being distributed.
part by part, in each individual? If it wholly exists in
one individual, then it cannot manifest itself in another
individual; if it ;s conteded that in all the individuals
it exists or distributed, part by part, then it means that
it also has parts or constituents and it will become
non-eternal. Therefore, it wi II have to be said that for
the knowledge or perception the general categories
like pot-ness (Ghatatwa), earth-ness (Prithveethwa)
substantiveness (Dravyatwa) etc. existing in the pots, there
is no support whatsoever either of experience or logic
(reasoning). Even so, our mind keeps on telling us that
the world is endowed with, or is full of. the forms
of genus (or general) and particular (or individual)
categories !
If the fate of lubstance, qualitv and action. 01'1 the

one hand, and the categories like genus and particular,
on the other hand, themselves is like this, what more
strength can be attained by the opinion that there is a
relationship mutually among these"
Now let us take up the consideration of the question-

"Arl th. objects like substance, quality, action. genus and
particular ItC. differlnt from onl another or not 111
It is not possible at all for anyone to determine this.
For, from the above examination or analytical ·study it
has been established that it is not possible to determine
the essential nature of objects like substance, qualitv,
action etc. It being so, how can it be found out whether
they are different from one another? Let us here assume
merely for the sake of argument* that it is possible in,deed
to determine the essential nature of things like sUbstar'tce,
quality etc. At least then, are we able to find out or
reckon what is meant by saying 'different' ? Is that thing
called 'mutual difference' among the objects - a quality
or nature inhering in them or is it their essential nature?
In both cases, by the mere perception of the object we
should know that It is different from all particular
things (in the manner- 'such and such an object or thing').
But our experience is not like that. Apart from this.
if 'difference' is a quality or nature, the question
arises - • Then is the qualitv or nature of 'difference'
separate or different from the object inhering this nature
or quality or not 1'· If it is not di fferent or apart from
it, then there cannot be the category or concept of the
nature or quality and the object having or inhering this
nature or quality; if it is different or apart, then which
12
178 ,.HE MAGIC JEWEL OF IN,.UlfION
is that difference which enables us to know or reckon

that the nature or quality and the object inhering or
having this nature or qualitv are separate 1 Is that
difference again the quality or nature of the object or
not? -- In this manner questions without end will crop
up; the difference. become endle.s I In any case, it I.
evident that there are quite a number of difficulties
about the question of 'difference'. Even so, our mind
holds on obstinately to the belief that really 'difference'
exists in the world.
70. All the nlmll Ind 'a,.. af tb. Ind.t.rmlnlbll nltur•

• ,p'lring In thl wlklng .r. truly thl Pur. Exlltlnc.
alonl :
In any case, from the consideration made so far

the following fact I. established: It is not possible
for the waking intellect or mind to enable UI to know
by determining the essential na-ture of whatever object
that is perceptible to us or of the division that is
observed or the difference from their apparent forms.
It is true that they appear to exist; it is also true
that we have to carryon our day- to-day transactions
by assuming that they Ixist· alone. But merelv on that
account they can never obtain the qualification or
authority -to cut asunder' the Pur. or Absolute Exis-
tence which is established on the strength of compre-
hensive or consummate, i.e. Intuitive, experience. The
fact that 'our waking intellect, which says that those
things exist, is not capable of acquainting us properly
with their essential nature' is in itself clarifying to us
that there is no stuff or essence in them It all. This
being the case, just as the birds and animals are

frightened by the form of a man made out of hay,
why should we get scared by those apparent forms
perceptible to our senses and discard the established
phi losophical truth that Pure or Absolute Existence is
one alone? If one fact is kept in our
mind, all the kinds of fear with regard to this
question vanish into thin air That is: In the \~ak;ng,
'Pure Existence appears to us everywhere'; but it
exists by Itself without attaching Itself to, or getfing
involved or tied up with, any waking appearance
whatsoever. (BrihadaorDnyaka J!aQrlika 1-2.12). Realizing
this fact, we can get the conviction about the greatness
or profundity of the philosophical teaching regarding
Pure Existence. For instance: Externally appearing
rope-snake, silver of the nacre or shell, the water of
the mirage etc.. - these phenomena, whenever they
appear they appear to indicate in the manner - 'it
exists', 'it exists' alone; later on, when the, appear
in the manner - 'this is not a snake, it is a rope';
'this is not silver, it is a shell or nacre'; 'this is
not water, it is a desert' - the objects like the rope,
the shell and the desert also appear to indicate in
the manner - 'it exists', 'it exists' onlv. Similarlv,
the pot appears to indicate in the manner - 'it exists'
onlv, and later on even when bV reasoni ng it is
known or reckoned to be clay, it appears to indicate
that 'it exists' in the form of cl~y alone. In this
manner whatever appears, all that appears to indicate -
'it exists' and later on when it is observed penetratively
(or on thorough analysis) and it appears as some other
object which seems to be like its substrate, it appears
in that form to indicate - 'it exists' onlv_ In any
case, although objects keep on appearing as 'such and

such a thing' with names and forms and keep on
changing, it is certain that whatever thing appears
that thing appears to indicate in the manner - 'it
exists' only. Therefore, it is established that in the
waking without the concept of the type of 'it exists'
changing, only the names and forms are changing
(Geeta Bhashya 2-16). If viewed in this manner, it
wi II have to be sai d that the concept of the type 'it
exists' does not belong to the names and forms but
it exists by itself independently. If it is said - 'cloth
exists', it mean. 'threads exists'; that in turn means-
'fibres of cotton exist'; that again means 'earth, water,
fi re, ai r and space exist' in that order; that in the
end m~ans - 'Pure or Absolute Existence' only (SlIlfa
Bhashya 2-1-15). Thus observing the Pure Existence It-
self from the viewpoint of the intellect or mind, we are
carrying on the transactions of the type - 'It is t'he
(five) elements like space, ai, etc. as well as the
physical objects, substance, quality, action etc. indeed,
•
but if it is viewed from the Absolute standpoint apart
from the Pure Existence (i. e Pure Consciousness, the
Witness or Self) there does not exist anything else
whatsoever. So far we have mainlv taken up for
consideration the whole objective sphere or world
(Prame)'Q RQQshi) which is perceptible to our knowledge
and have proved by reasoning that the names and
forms appearing in it are in reality the Pure Existence
alone. Even so, it should not be forgotten that this
reasoning is applicable to the whole set of instru-
ments of knowledge (Pramaana Raaslzi) which are the
means for our perceptive knowledge. If the questlons-
What are the senses? What is the mind 1 What is
the intellect 1" - ara asked, we do not get proper

answers; to the question - "In these how did the divi-
sion as well as the difference among one another
come about 1" - also there is no possibility of any
answer forthcoming; to the question - "How and
wherefrom has the perceptive-ness (Pramaanatwa) of the
nleans of perception come 1" - also there is no answer
found. Il.lthough our mind or intellect has assumed that
it knows all these indeed, if each object is separated
and any question pertaining to that alone is asked, then
it (i.e. mind) without being able to give an exact or
a definite answer, keeps on vacillating by giving once
the answer - "It is like that" and at another time
the answer - "It is not like that, but it is like
this." Thus, although we cannot possibly get any
sense of certainty regarding the whole range or set
of the means of perception (p,.amaana Raashi) as well
as the divisions and the differences seen among thenl,
our mind is proclaiming invariably that all these eire
existing certainly. As and when we discriminate
regarding all these - like the subject (Pramaat,.lI), viz.
'I#. the means of knowledge (Pran.aana) of the mi nd
and the senses, and the objects to these. called the
perceptible thing or object (Prameya) - doubts arise
in us endlessly; even so, we have somehow
decided (or presumed) with a sense of certainty
Ihat all these are names and forms and that
in them there is the quality of -existence' 1
Therefore. what is the final judgment 1 - Pur.
or Absolute Exiitenci Itsllf is the Ultimate R•• lity.
That H•• lity app.aring divided IS nlmlS and forms II
will IS the quality a. existenci that has .nter.d into
thasl (naml. Ind forlDl) i. mlr. illusian (MI.ya). 111.1
appI.r.nCI When water is sprinkled on the stone pillars

in the Jain temples of Halebid (in Karnataka State,
India), in some it flashes as if our body is divided
into two parts; similarlv, when seen through the
outlet of the waking mind or intellect, the Pure or
Absolute· Existence appear. divided into two branches
or bifurcations. Just as even when the reflection (of
our body) is appearing 8S two parts in front of us our
body remains undivided, in the waking too the undivi-
ded Pure Existence (or Pure Consciousness, which is
immutable) is observing it in the form of the Wit-
ness. Really, the Witness, thl Ixtlrnal world and thl
shadow af Purl Existinci that .pp •• r. in It (II thl
world) - ell er. Pur. Existinci aline.
(F) The ExisteDce Of The Wakiog ADd The Dream

Is ODe Alooe
". The purpo.I .Irvld by comperlaD waking .n~

drellD :
Just as the, division appearing in the waking is

the handiwork (i.e. projection) of the mind as well as
it is illusory, similarly the divisien of waking and dream
also is what the waking mind inform. us only; that
information also is merely 8n i lIusorv appearance only,

but the division of waking and dream is not abso-
lutely true. The mind is 'dividing' the Pure Existence
Itself in this manner into two states and is getting it-
self deluded. Even though to realize that the division
or the difference in the form of waking and dream is
not absolutely true just rememberi ng the fact that, a II
this is the sorcery or witchcraft of the waking mind'
is enough, there is a special or unique gain in
scrutinizing exhaustively or elaborately the all-round
resemblance between the waking and the dream. That
is: It becomes easy, by means of the comparative
examination of these two states, to silence those who
think that what we have stated above, viz. that the
division as well as the difference appearing in the
waking is illusorv only - is based merely on the
strength of teasoning. If ~ruly observed, we have not
followed 'mere reasoning' whatsoever. That mind which
says that 'the world and the divisions in it do exist', by
examining in the manner that 'world' is appearing to that
very mind alone we have determined that this division
does not reallv exist. Especially when observed from
the viewpoint of the Intuitive experience of the Wit-
ness (i.e. Pure Consciousness, the Self), no division
or difference whatsoever is seen at all in the Pure
Existence. Therefore, those who argue that Pure Exis-
tence cannot be one alone on the strength of the
division seen from the waking viewpoint - themselves in
reality become pseudo-logicians and people who oppose
comprehensive or plenarv experience. Even so, for the
reason that, in a manner, this OUI philosophiea I truth
will gain strength we will now make an attempt to

examine or scrutinize more intensivelv the nature of
waking and dream.
72. The thr.. fe.ture. Dr characteristics thlt are there

in the waking wDrld Ixist in the dream wDrld
alsa :
Let us now examine on8 bV one the reasons Atated

in the previous objections (sub-section 67) to show that
dream is of an existence inferior to that of, waking
or th~t dream is a mere appearance onlv. Let us
first take up for examination that statement made by
the opponent, viz. waking is a state which shows up
or projects a world which is established on perceptible
evidence, while dream is a state which is the out-
come or resu It of the defect of sleep. In the waki ng
world which is perceptible to our instruments of
knowledge (viz. mind and senses) we can see three
features. They are: Objects appearing endowed with
different names and forms - this is one; the waking
world appears to be full of acting agents and enjo-
yers - this is another; the results or fruits of our
actions accruing in accordance with stipulated concepti
of time, spaca and caus,tion - this is the third. (Sulfa
Bh ashy a 1-1·2).. "Because these three characteristics
constantly appear in the world without fail ana because
we have to perforce carryon our day-ta-day transac-
tions according to those characteristics alone over
which we have no independent control to alter, it has
to be said .that this world which is a perceptible
object does not depend upon us and must be having
an existence which i8 independent by itself. And as

the dream appearances are not endowed with such an
existence, the dream should be said to be a mere
appearance alone - This is the opinion of the
opponent.
Is this opinion proper and reasonable" Can it be

reckoned that these characteristics alone are the hall-
marks of a real object 1 The answer to this question
is: In the empirical sphere or day-to-day transactions
these may be believed to be the hallmarks of a real
thing. For, in the day··ta-day transactions (in the
workaday world) that object the essential nature of
which remains in the same pattern or manner despite,
being examined through various means of knowledge
that object which everyone is using with the san18 name
and form and that object v/hich is perceived in accor-
dance with stipulated or known (conventional) regula-
tions of time, space and causation - such an Qbiec t
alone is accepted to be ',eal' by us. But though thsfe
is any amount of utilitv in the day-to day transactions
from this kind of belief, this very basis cannot be
adopted in the case of the discrimination about the
Ultimate Reality. Because, it is true that the appea-
rances that are perceived in the world are divided into
names and forms. Believing in the manner - "We
are perceiving many agents of action and enjovers like
me alone, that means, all the human beings who are
her. in the workaday world are doing certain acts and
are obtaining things which they want and are avoiding
things which are not wanted by them" - and that alon8
to be real, we are carrying on our day-to-day transactions,
which fact also is true. Further it is true that her.

in the empirical world only if one performs any act
using implements needed for the act in accordance
with known conventional regulations about time, space
and causation, the fruits or results are obtained. But
merely on that account can this world be said to be
the Absolute Reality? It is enough if we leave off
the waking state which is the stage for the day-ta-day
transactions and turn our attention towards the dream;
immediately it strikes our mind that none of these
three characteristics can be a hallmark for RealitV.
For, whi Ie we are dreami"g the same characteristics
seem to be there for the worlds which are perceived
by us therein. To that world of the dream names and
forms alone are 'the warp and the woof'. That also,
i.e. the dream world, seems to ~e providing support to
many agents of action and enjoysrs only. There in the
dream also it seems as if for actions the fruits accrue
according to the 'known conventional regulations' of
time, space and causation. None of us reckon that
dream is, like the waking, comprising a real world;
even so, the three characteristics mentioned above
appear within that 'dream world'. That being the
case. what relationship shall we imagine to exist bet-
ween these characteristics and Reality?
To some people a small doubt may raise its head

here: Although the world that exists in the dream
may be endowed with names and forms, the latter ala
not stable names and forms conforming to regulations.
'he,e in the dream what ia now 8 house, in another
moment it becomes a bird and flies off; what ;s 8
mountain becomes water and flows away. There except

for the dreamer no other real agent of action or
enjover exists. Our friends who are in the waking
may be away for some time from us and may join
US; even then we recognize them. But it ;s not so in
the dream; for t hat moment some one from somewhere
comes and jOins the dreamer. Apart from th;s, there
in the dream, known stipulated regulations of time,
space and causation do not exist; at any time, at any
place and from any cause .particular fruits of action
may accure. If seen from this standpoint, is not the
difference that exists between the real world of the
waking and the ·illusorv world of the dream' seen
more promi nently ?
This doubt has arisen from the identification with

waking viewpoint alone. If dream is seen from the
waking viewpoint, there is no possibilitv for anyone
to refute that a difference is seen as stated above;
but how do we reckon dream within the dream itself?
Then we do not at all reckon or realize that the
world that exists therein is a mere illusory world. If
the three characteristics - viz. names and forms,
manifoldness of agents of action and enjoyers, the
fruits of action known to accrue from stipulated time,
space and causation concepts - are alone the hall-
marks of Realitv, then having seen these three hall-
marks being absent in the dream why don't we deter-
mine there (in the dream) in the manner - "This is
an illusory world"? The genuine conclusion is: In
the dream the names and forms, the agents of action
and enjoyer. and the tlme-spaca .. causation concepts etc.
, 88 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
which appear to us do so as real alone 'at that mo-

ment'; believing them to be real only we, in keeping
with that belief alone, undertake actions which seem
to be suitable. Therefore, it is established that from
the reason that these three characteristics exist in it
waking does not beget any more or superior existence
than the dream.
73. Th. vlrious canclptl about dr.lm Ind the defectl In

them:
We can now consider the prima facie statement 2

'Waki ng is a natura I state, but dream is a state
caused by the defect of sleep'. The opinion that-
'In the waking the appearances are perceptible to our
consciousness naturally, but in the dream the appea-
rances are perceived as a result of the latent impres-
sions (Vaasanas) of the waking' - is strong and deep-
seated in the minds of people. This concept itself i.
one important cause for the belief that the dream
must be having an existence which is somewhat infe-
rior to that of the waking. People belonging to other
schools of philosophy have taught doctrines which
strengthen this belief alone; the phvsical scientists too
are giving support to this belief alone. We have to
take up now the consideration of the question as to
how far this opinion is proper or reasonable. Manv
people have the belief that the nature of a season
(Ritu Salllbhaava), the nature of the food that we have
eaten during the day, transactions, thinking etc. be-
come the caule for getting the dream during sleep.
The physical scientists say that the changes occurring
UI THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 189
in the body constitution, the latent impreslions caused

by the perceptions on the senses, the general inherent
qualities in the people of certain families or races,
the elations or fears that a particular individual had
experienced in the past - all these are the cause for
the dream. But even when not getting affected inhe-
rently by carrying out any transaction in the waking
with excessive inclination of the mind, dreams do occur.
Views or scenes which we have never brought up
before our mind at all in the waking do appear in
the dream. Is this not a hindrance to the concept
that the waking Is the cause for the dream 7 It is
not possible to give a proper scientific explanation or
justification as to why and how a particular impres-
sion equal to or identical with time arise .in one
individual alone and in a particular known dream
only.
In the various concepts which the psychologists

have formulated regarding this subject-matter also,
this kind of objection remains insoluble:
1) In the waking there are some obstacles or

impediments which cannot be avoided. Some people
say that 'the mother of creationl
in order to help the
,
human being to carryon his transactions joyfully and

happilv avoiding such impediments, causes the dream;
but in the dream also many difficult situations are
obtained by us. Without being able to avoid the
troubles or d. fficulties there in the dream we are
gri(:ving. Because this is established by everyone'.
experience, to say that 'the state which solves the

difficulties of waking alone is the dream' cannot be
in accordance with reasoning.
2) Some others are saying that that state which fulfils

the desires of the waking or which solves the
troubles or griefs of the waking alone is the dream.
In this group also the defect mentioned above itself
exists; for, there is no dearth of desires or
difficulties whatsoever in the world of the dream.
Apart from this, in the same mattet itself in which
one was satisfied in the waking there may appear a
difficulty in the dream. For example, one who has
been satisfied or content after eating and drinking in
the waking when asleep he may dream as if suffering
from hunger or thirst.
3) Some others say that that state alone in which

the discrepancies or disparities appearing in the
waking are rectified or reconciled is the dream For
example, some people are poor in the waking and
some others rich; if in the dream the poor become
rich and the rich become poor, then the disparity or
discrepancy that existed in the waking becomes
compensated or balanced - this is their opinion. But
how can this opinion at all stand unassailed? So
many people lament or bewail in the manner - "Alas,
even in my dream also my poverty was not removed J
Alas, I did not exterminate or vanquish my
enemy II'
m THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 191
4) Some other. entertain the opinion that dream is a

state which helps practise knowledge. But anticipating
in the manner - "Because I have to know the
objects after getti ng awakened, let me beforehand
learn the method of knowing" - whoever prepares to
go to dream 7 We do not have any remembrance at
all of waking in the dream, then the scenes or
appearances perceived in the dream themselves become
important to us. Therefore this a Iso is not a concept
which is agreeable or conaistent.
5) The opinion of some is that dream is a kind of a

state which is like stupefaction or perplexed state; but
what is the cause for this stupefaction to come and
go to everyone and day by daV" From which material
is this born, and by which method of redress does it
disappear? To these questions especiallv there are no
answers in this contention.
6) Some others say that: In the dream the stimu-

lating material does not exist completely or fully.
Therefore, it is in this respect 'a state of semi-cons-
ciousness·. But on which authority or proof they ima-
gine that in the waking the stimulating material exists
fully, while in the dream it does not exist - they
only know'
In our country lome Vedlntins say that as fruits

for the acts or deeds which the soul or Jl'el'O per-
forms in the waking, /shK'ura or the Lord creates the
dreams; but their contention, which is put forth bV

hypothetically positing or postulating lshwara or the
Lord with a belief in the authority of the philosophi-
calor scriptural texts and stating the relationship
between waking and dream, cannot be examined in the
present deliberation which starts keeping in the fore-
front (or as its spearhead) reasoning based on or suppor·
ted by Intuitive experience (comprehensive or plenary
outlook) alone: hence we have to leave it alone
here. However, this much will havI to be stated her.
that there is no rule or regulation to stipulate that
sinners always beget bad dreams only, while righteous
or pious people always beget good dreams anly.
It ~s essential for us to remember that all the

various concepts that we have stated or enumerated
so far are the outcome of the 'partiality for the
waking l only and nothing else. All these protagonists
have presumed that waking is an important or pre-
eminent state and dreams are caused in subordination
to that state and just to fulfil a particular purpose
of that state; to dete,mine whether this opinion formed
by taking the viewpoint of the waking is proper or
wrong, it is enough if one starts to evaluate the
waking from the viewpoint of the dream. When we
are still in the dream alone, if anyone had said:
'''There exists another state which is superior to this
state, for the benefit of that state this state is
obtained" would anyone of us have
agreed ? Never. In the dream we do not
have any 'remembrance' of the waking whatsoever.
If at all we had got the remembrance of this. we
would have lowered it to an inferior level than the

dream - this is certain; tor, to know 'that experience
which is perceived at a particular moment to be
superior only' is the nature of our mind. For that
reason alone, when WI are in thl dr'llli WI blhlVI
therein in thl laml mannlr I. WI would have dan. if
thlt Itltl were the rl.1 wlking Iioni. We are not
prapared to give any value to the conclusion that may
be drawn regarding the waking when it is seen from
the dream viewpoint; what propriety is there in saving
•
that we must give value or importance onty to the
conclusion drawn about the dream when seen from
tt)e waking viewpoint?
74. The contention thlt by Ix.mln.tlon of the dr.am

thl mlntal dislall. cln ba rlmovld or cured:
Some psychologists have believed that by virtue of

the latent impressions of the waking alone the dreams
are caused and have begun to analyse the dreams. Thev
have not onlv found out bV experiment that such and
such a dream occurs in such and such a manner but
also have dlscovered\oJn 1his way the diagnostic methods
of diseases and are curing through medical treatment.
Therefore, those who observe from their viewpoint the
belief that there is a close relationship between dream.
and waking may become strengthened Hence, it is
essential to examine a little more the opinion of these
psychologists. They say: "There are two compartments
in the mind, viz. the 'chamber of knowledge' and the
·chamber of forgetfulness.' In the waking we experi-
ence so many sensatic.ns and various fee lings of anger,
14
194 'THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
fear, happiness, wonder etc. - don't.. we.1 Among these

some which belong to the 'chamber of knowledge'
r.amsin in memory: all the rest 8S they are not usef .. 1
to our present transactions or dealings, we have pushed
them away into the 'chamber of forgetfulness.'
When they reach thl!re, they mostlv shrivel up or shrink
in some corner; but same of them, particularly, remain
in the vicinity of the door of the outer chamber only,
and as soon as any stimulating material or agent is
encountered they emerge Q.ut. If this stimulating mate-
rial or agent comes from the external world alone,
then it is called waking. If it comes from the inner
latent impressions alone it becomes a dream; In this
manner because people suppress in the waking desires
and feelings or emotions which are strong, those desires
and feelings or emotions get transformed or metamor-
phosed and appear in the dream. If such desires and
feelings or emotions which are the causes for dreams
are properly discovered bV analysis, it amounts to
examining not only man's exterior but also his interior.
Then the successful medical treatment or therapeutics
of man's mental diseases can be carried out" - This
is· the opinion of th9se psychologists- In this opinion
it is quite clear that it has been acknowledged that
there is close relationship between waking and dreams
and that dream is not an indepgndent state.
Although the concept which is described herA above

may all at once seem to conform TO reason and experi-
ence, it is not a structure which can withstand the
onslaught of discrimination. For, first of all imagining
or conceiving two compartments in the mind is itself
not in ·keeping with reasoning; even;f it is agreed that
somehow these two parts are there in it, no one is

there who has seen either the waking experiences
and emotions or feelings going into the interior
chamber and hiding there or some only among them
rushing out having been stimulated by an external
material. Apart from this, the 'sick person' shou Id
state the experience of his dream and the 'doctor'
should understand its meaning or significance. Is it not
•
a fact that on these two supports alone the examination
of the mind (of the patient) proceeds? Here first of
all we have to determine whether the patient has the
capability of describing the dream. Who knows
whether he has stated about the dream 'as it is or
not' 7 Besides, can it be said that the doctor too is
capable of properly understanding the meaning Or
Significance of the dream mentioned by the patient?
I. it possible for him (i.e. the doctor) to find out
the nature of the patient's mind at all 1 This also
gives room for doubt only. People get so martv types
of dreams, but can it be said that all of them are
caused by diseases only or are caused as a result
alone of the 'suppressed desires and feelings or
emotions'? Apart from this, does one person remember
all the dreams that occur to him 7 Even if he does.
among the hundreds of multifarious dreams, which
dream shall we select and say - "This alone is the
dream wanted to indicate or signify the patient's
feelings or emotions and experiences'? If 4811 these
things are realizf!d. it appp.ars that it is impolsible
only fOI anyonp. to understand the meaning or
Significance of 8 dream. The medicine that is
prescribed based on the dream is a kind of medicine
of faith or belief: it may be said that that is also
akin to 8 ch'arm or spell, an amulet or talisman,

witchcraft etc. Yet another point: In this world dreams
do not occur only to sick persons; dream is a
phenomenon which is a common experience that occurs
to all healthy persons. Dreams occur to everyone.
whether it be women or men, old people or boys, poor
people Qr rich or wealthv people, the ri~hteous or the
unrighteous, moderate eaters or gluttons, teetotallers or
drunkards, the wise or the dullheads, poet. or
scientists, ascetics or the coveted or greedy, devotees
of God or sceptics. All these people get all kinds of
dreams. If there were a natural law or rule that such
and such a perlon gets such and such a dream,
then bV assuming that dreams are related to the
waking experiences we could 81 well have attempted
to determine the condition of the waking mind by
studying the nature of the dreams. But there is no
such natural law existent at all. Therefore, it has to
be said that by this kind of examination or analysis
of the mind no help is rendered in finding out or
dIscovering the secrets whatsoever cf life However-
much the doctor might have obtained success with
the aid of this compartmentalization or division of the
mind, it can never gain the honourable statuI of
being called a ·scientific (nethod'. Even in case it
gains, to the present deliberation of the three states
which we are making there cannot be even an iota of
threat from that quarter For, the defect that the
'partitioners of the mind' too are seeing the dream
from the waking viewpoint alone keeps shadowing
them. Apart from this, there Is another delict in their
opinion or concept, viz. they are building the edifici of
their scienci first imagining thl exist.nci of ather.'
III THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 197·
_Ind. Ind stltl' without having e •• mined their own

.. inds Ind stltl' .t waking and dream and thin fel,ing
on thlt imagination.
75. Thl unjustifilble concepts in thl theory that dr.am

occurs bacausl 'f the latent impressions of the
wlking :
Now in another manner all the theories mentioned

above may be examined: All those who have begun
to show that dream is an inferior existence imagining
a relationship between waking and dream are saying
that dream occurs because of the defect of sleep and
that as a result of the latent impressions of the
waking alone the experience of various visions
occur in the dream. But for this statement what
authority or support of an experience is there 7 Deep
sleep means a state in which there is no external
experience whatsoever of any ki nd, whi Ie dream means
a state in which some unknown external scenes or
visions are perceptible to our knowledge or con-
sciousness. This being the case, which reasoning can
provide support at all to say that during the time of
the dream, deep sleep also co-exists? Because the
statement that 'without gOing to sleep we do not get
dream' is in accordance with experience, we can
accept that at least. But how can we agree to the
statement that at one and the same time we are also
sleeping (meaning, we are not seeing anything at all)
as well as seeing the dream also? Is this not a
contradictory statement? In deep sleep the knowledge
as well as the memory of the body, the senses and
the external objects of the waking world - all of them

ara erased. Hence, it bleame. Clrtain thlt no abjlct
whatsolvar of the waking stetl can era.. ova, de.,
sl •• p and squiezi itslll into the dream. This bei ng the
case, how much can it be in keeping with propriety
or jUltice to say thlt only the mind which is tied
down with the waking world has somehow
escaped therefrom and has entered the dream and by its
latent impressions the dream occurs 1 Both in the waking
and in the dream we are getting the knowledge of
objects equally onlv. Even so, we think that in the
waking the objects exist outside but in the dream
especially the objects do not exist outside. We think
that in the waking the light that comes from the exter-
nal object touches our eyes and their knowledge is
gained, but in the dream, particularly, the latent
impressions of the waking that are lurking in us alona
manifest themselves and appear as the knowledge of
the objects. How can this 'partiality' be reasonable?
If in the dream tb. mind alonl without desiderating any
Ixtarnal material can craate everything, whit justification
or support is th.r. to believe thst the mind cannot simi-
larly create everything in the waking?
So far we have been arguing having accepted

that by virtue of the latent impressions alone the out-
side objects become perceptible after getting
transformed. But how is the real situation or state of
affairs 1 In the waking we have never 18en even a
single object having born outside from any latent
impression. However Itrong may be the latent
impression in our mind, it cannot create even a straw.
Despite this being so. to say that 'an entire world
that appears in the dream is itself ca'used by the

latent impression of the waking- - if this is not
equal to the statement that 'a barren woman delivered
hundreds of chi Idren', what else is it 7
71. D,e.III and waking - both these are rIal, if not

both .r. false: really both are. identical:
In the waking we utilize real things and obtain

real benefi.ts. wh~le in the dream everything is mere
appearance only- In the waking we mingle with many
people and carryon transactions, while dreams are
occtJrring to each individual differently. Therefore, it
is to be said that the waking world and its objects
are existing independently and that they alone are real,
while in the dream. particularly, merely the latent
impressions of the mi nd a lone did appear in ttiat
manner. It is true, however, that in the waking the
latent impressions getti ng transformed into objects is
not in one·s experience; but in delirium don't the
multifarious visions, which have become the
transformations of the latent impressions, appear?
Similarly, what is wrong if it is said that in the
dream also the latent impressions get transformed and
appear like objects ? Apart from this, let us assume
that we are not able to say as to how the latent impres-
sions themselves got transformed and appeared like objects;
even so. their occurrence in the dream, and soon after
getting awake. all those appearances disappearing-
these are in our experience. Therefore, "all the
appearances of the dreanl are caused for the tin18
being from latent impressions· - in this manner,
reconciling it with one's experience, why can't we

say 7 - Like this a doubt may crop up·
But, for this doubt the foundation is not strong.

For, what justification or real on is there to say that
in the waking we utilize real objects" (1) Is if that-
'they are established on the strength of the means of
valid knowledge'? Just as we are perceiving the
objects with our senses and they seem to be exist-
ing really. in the dream also it appears in the
same manner. We have previously (sub-section 72)
explained in detail that the objects which appear
to UI in the dream look just like the objects
which we deem in the waking to be 'certified' by the
right means of knowledge. (2) Shall we say that the
fact that 'we get an inclination to advance towards
objects which we are utilizing in the waking because of
their effective or efficient nature' vouches for their
reality? That is also not possible. For, just as in the
waking when we bathe in a tank. our clothes g8t wet in
the same manner in the dream also (when we bathe
in a tank) our clothes get wet only. Just as in the
waking when we eat we get satiated, it happens in
the same way in the dream too. Just as we get
liking or hatred, inclination towards procurement or
avoidance, elation, grief or fear etc. towa,ds the
waking objects, in the same mannar in the dream too
these are cau.ed. It is true that on certain occasions
in the dream it appears as though the relation between
the action and its fruits is not according to laid-down
regulations; but this judgment we pass onlV after we
become awake and duri ng the time of the dream we
do not come to know at all that the regulations were
vitiated. (3) Further, if it is contended that - "In the

waking we are carrying on transactions with many
people I" -- then in the dream too we invariablv get the
experience 8S though at that moment we are carrying
on transactions with so many people If it is doubted-
"The objects or the benefits accruing to us from
them or the people who were carryi ng on tran,actionl
with UI in the dream - when we become awake-
none of these exist really, is it not 1" - then the
objects which appear to us in the waking or the
benefit accruing from th&m or the people who were
carrying on transactions do not enter into the dream
at all. Therefore. "the appearances in the dream
becoming falsi fied or unreal i~ caused by the viewpoint
of the waking knowledge alone. Similarly, the waking
appearances or visions also becoming unreal or falsified
il caused by the viewpoint of the dream knowledge
alone, but they are not unreal by themselves" - (Chaan-
dogyaBhashya 8-5-4). Till WI Intuit the Ultimate Reality both
the stat•• , i.1. waking and dream, during their rispectivi
tim.. .rl r •• 1 in thli r awn forms only: .ftlr WI
Intultivlly know (thl Ultimate R•• lltV) bath are r•• 1 Ilonl
In the fIrm of Pur. Exi.tlnel. In this regard it is not
possible to mention any difference whatsoever between
those two sta les
77. Th, naturl of time that app.I's in waking Ind

dr.am:
"The world that appears in the waking is the

same in the past, in the present and always, but the
worlds of the dream are different every day I Is it
not 7" - This objection a'so can be solved by th'.

above reasoning alone. For, the fact that the dream
world appears differently seems to be true only when
seen from the waking viewpoint. But how doe. it
appear in the dream? Do we understand at that
moment in any manner like - "Just now a world
getting ready has come and stood before me" 1 No.
The notion that - 'this world exists like this
always' - alone is impregnated in us. To the objection
that - 'that dream world does not appear now, is it
not 7' - the solution lies in the pointer - 'this waking
world or its sway does not exist at all in the
dream! - alone.
But if the time notion that appears to us in the

waking and the dream is analysed a bit more, not
only will the fact that - 'even the belief of the
eternal exis'ence of the waking world is not at all its
special feature· - be clear but also the fact that-
'the waking and the dream are completelv ,independent
states alone and that they are not related to each
other'.... becomes all the more evident. Therefore, we
wi II undertake this task. Regarding the question I. to
what il meant by 'time' there is difference of opinion
between the ancient. and the modern plopl.. Some philo-
sophers of our country were saying that there •• no
entity like time at all and that it is a different form
of space arone. The logicians were saving that when
the objects are perceived with the aid of the external
lights like the sun, the moon etc., the adjunct that we
utilize to measure the change in that perception is it-
self 'time'. Among the Western schools of phi 1080phy
also of late various types of dialect;cs about this
topic hive emerged. Some say that time is merelv a

mental concept; it is a conceptual category necessary
for discrimination or reasoning; some say that apart
from the time that is relative to an individual there
is alia an 'elemental time'; some say that there are
two kinds of time, viz. relative time and absolute time;
some say that there is a fourth dimensional category
of an entity which is a combination of time and
space - In all such ways they have variouslv opined.
But to us tho question as to which of these opinion.
or concepts is the real one is not relevant. P.rti-
cullrly it is true thlt everyone of us his • ·eone.pt 01
ti ... '. It doe. not Ixist Inly in the waking, but it Ixists
in the dr.am too. We should not forget this fact.
Let us analyse a little and see what things are

hidden in the 'concept of time'. Without the appea-
rance of objects or thi ngs outside or without any
concepts or thoughts in the mind time does
not exist; neither can the objects nor the conce-
pts themselves exist without time. The phenomenon of
the objects appearing to us as undergoing various
changes - the mind which causes the opinion of the
type - "In the past the objects were like this, now they
are like this, in the future they wi II become such, and
such" - ia caused by time alone. In the present time
we transact with the perceptible objects in their tota-
lity as - 'they exist'; regarding some objects which we
remember as having existed in the past time we tran-
lact al - ·they have gone away, they do not exist
now' - and regardi ng some other objects we transact
as - 'they existed then also, even now they are exi st-
ing as they were or they exist with some differences';
204 THE· MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
in the future time among those objects which can be

perceived, regarding some we transact as - 'existing
now, they will exist then also' - and regarding 80me
others we transact as - 'not existing now. 'hey will
come into being or existence then'. Having believed
that in all these transactions 'time' Is continuously
'flowing', we have even conceived of means of know-
ing it by units of measurement like day. night, hour
and minute etc. Even so, when a particular desirable
experience disappears we feel as if that experience
disappeared very quickly and ~n undopirable experience,
even while it exists. or when we are anticipating a
desirable experience to be gained in future, we feel 8S
jf time is being spent very slowly. All these are the
aspects or features which are hidden or implicit in the
'time concept'.
If compare the time concepts that appear to

we
us in the waking and the dream, both of them appear
to be of the same nature. In both these 'times'-
features like - the present experience. the palt
memory and the future anticipation or expectation-
aU these exist in common. The flux or current
of time is flowing according to the respective
circumstilnces onlv. By the waking standard the dream
time appears to be small; but in the dream it did not
appear in the least as small. We never felt. at all
therein (i,e. while in the dream) in the manner-
"For this event there is not enough time." Some
people opine that the 'dream time' is hidden or
concealed within the 'waking time' and we should
imagine a relationship between these two kinds or
categories of time in the manner of staging a drama
within another dra'11a !jlJst as in the drama - 'Jaanaki

Parinaya'). But unlllS WI ••• um. thet the dr •• m occur.
within the waking WI cannot say that in this waking
tim. thlt dre.m tima exists. Th... two tim. s,rl.. ar.
rt.trictld Dr tied down to thai r respective statlS alone:
the visions or scenes of 8 particular state are tied
down or confined to the respactive state alone They
cannot at all exist one without the other. This is the
real stete of af,fai rs,
Let us now consider the question - "whether the

statement that - 'the waking world is always the
same and the dream world is not like that' - is in
accordance with the real state of affairs or not 7"
When we conceive or think that the waking world is
~always6 the same, which is this concept of time of
'always'" It is the waking time indeed. Did this
appear in dream"1 No. Simi larly, is it not" reasonable
to ask the question - "Does the dream world appear to
be the same Jalways in the dream time or not 7" To
this reasonable question there is Gnly one answer: We
have the feeling in the dream time that that dream
world is one and the same only But when we say
that the dreams occur 'e"ach day' and in a different
manner, the each day' that we talk about. fa which
flux or current of time does it belong? Is it not the
waking time alone? In that CCise, ;s it proper tn object
or argue that the dream world is not restricted or tied
down to the waking time 7 Just as the waking world
does not appear in the 'dream current of time', in the
same manner the dream world does not appear in the
'waking flux of time'; there is no wonder in this at
all. Therefore, there is no superiority or greatness
whatsoever accruing to the waking world from 'time-.

That waking world is related to its respective time,
that is all. In the same manner. because the dream
world also is related to that state it will have to be
said that in that dream world there il no defeci or
problem whatsoever in this regard.
18. lbl SPICI Ind elulltion concepts thlt .PIII., In th.

waking Inti the dream 1110 Ixilt fnd.pendently :
The methods of resoning mentioned above should,

al80 be made applicable to the concepts of 'space' and
'causation' of the waking and the dream also. For,
jUlt I. the flul or flow of time is diff.rent lion. for
thl.1 twa statl., in the SI"'I mlnner thl concepti
of spael Ind clusation alia Irl diff.rent Iioni. Just
as there is not one and the same common time for
both the waking and the dream, there is no common
space or no common causation 01 cause-effect regula-
tion too. Those particular space and causation are tied
down to their respective state alone. In any C81e,
there is no mutual relationship whatsolve, betwe.n th,
eat.garies of tim., 'paca, causation of thl.. two stlt.,.
A partial paralysis patient who is asleep on the upper
storey of his house in Mysore on the night of the New
Moon Dav (AmaQvaQsya) may dream as if he is swim-
ming in order to keep himself alive in the ocean of
'ShQQnti' ogainst the onslaught of the wave, in 1he
scorching afternoon sun. It being so, what relationship
can be imagined to exist among the objects appearing
in these two states ? It is also in the experienci of
everyone of us that the body, the .8n.I., the mind, thl
int,lIlct and ,II' ego that .r. apPI.ring in t·hese two

Itates Ire mutually quite queer. A one-eyed lama Brah-
min mendicant, with the stub of an arm, who is asleep
having curled himself up in a di lapidated temple. after
begging from house to house for alms during the day
may see a dream in which he, a courageous emperor,
wins against his enemies in a war by wrestling,
climbs up the royal elephant, accepts the warm recep-
tion of his subordinate kings and is entering the
capital. Thus between the body, the senses etc. of
these two kinds with extremely queer characteristics
what relationship can be imagined? Can it be said
that these two are the events happening at the same
time and to one individual? To those who say that
dream is a refinement or transformation of waking all
the descriptions mentioned above are hindrances. For,
if the mind in both the states is the same, then the
refinement or transformation can be inlagined. To say
that in the past an experience was gained and then
as a result of refinenlent or transformation another
experience was gained also, the flow of time has
perforce to be one and the same. But there is no
time that is common to both the waking and the dream.
Neither both of them are existing in one space: in e8ch
of thlm different modes af time and SPICI exist. It be-
Ing ID, whera cln there be any cause-afflct relation-
ship between these states? If that is not thare, on what
ground or basis can the argument that 'dream is caused
by the latent in'pressions of the ·waking· be sustained?
11. alt.ct in th. opinion thlt in the waking tl,,1

dr.lm. Dccur:
In "the objection - "In one night alone dreaml

without number may occur; among them no one dream
occurs like the other" - in view of the details men-
tioned above, it is established that there is no stuff
at all. For, what we understand by the phrase - in
one night alone' - that belongs to the waking time.
But by the deliberation that we have made so far it
is decided that there is no relationship whatsoever bat ..
wean the waking time and the dream. Therefore,
though our saying - "I slept for one hour and got
up; during that time I had two or three different
dreams" - may be said to be proper from the view-
point of the waking transactions, it is not proper from
the viewpoint of deciding the Realitv. For, in the
waking time the dream never occurs at all. It being
so, it amounts to saying that the statement that in
one night dreams without number occur' has no
meaning at all. In the same manner, the objections
of the type - "In a quarter-of .. an-hour's sleep I
dreamt as having transacted for 50 years I On the tip
of a needle thousands of fighters appeared to stand
and fight I Howevermuch I ate there I did not get
satiated 1 How can the dream be true 1" - also must
be understood to crop up from the defect of -adhibit-
ing' or sticking the waking time-space-causation cate-
gories to the dream. In this manner, if the waking
eye which sees the dream is shut and the dream is
seen from the dream viewpoint alone - look how it
appears: If any particular dream an1 0ng dreams that
occur without number is chosen and (llCamined, that
will be equal to waking alone. Without taking into

the reckoning even the least of the waking time-space
etc. or the waking events or the waking itlelf, our
feelings and transactions are carried on there (i. 8. in
the dream). Therefore, whichever dream it may be, it
does not occur in the waking time at all; therefore, it
ia not possible to measure the dreams in the manner-
'Dreams occurred in so much time' - with the waking
stand.rd of time. 18 r.ality, dr ••m Ind Wlklng - both
thl.e .,. Indeplndant stltl' alonl.
80. Ih. whole af dr.lm for the tlma bling, i.a. during
ItI DccurrlnCI, .pp •• r. to bl 'waking' elonl:
Now at the end of this examination one more

objection remains to be solved: "After waking up from
a dream we have a knowledge in the manner- 'What
I saw till now was a dream, not true.' But in which
other state does the waking get falsified? The whole
of the dream is falsified, whereas the waking is never
falsified at all. In the ultimate analysis, does this
difference at least remain valid or not 7" In this
objection the fact that the distinction of the type-
That which is falsified is illusory and that which ia
not falsified is real' - has been assumed is clear.
Howevermuch utility there may be to logic bV this
distinction, but by assuming this difference it is not
It all going to help us in determining what Reality
is. For, all that appears to us during delusion seems
to be true only at that moment. Therefore, by this
assumption it did not amount to our finding any
special feature or characteristic whatsoever to help
determine the question - 'Whether a particular vision or
14a
Icene which WI have believed to be true ,. true or

whether it is a mer. appearance l' In the prelent
context, the regulation - viz. 'that which is falsified
J. dream, that which is not falsified is waking' - i.
mentioned, is it not? By using this regulation it Is not
possible. at all to cognize in the manner - 'such and
such is a dream'. For, when dream occurs we do not
al all have the knowledge in the manner - "Thia Is
going to be falsified in the future, hence it is a
dream". In that state always the knowledge of the
type - "This il waking alone" - is obtained. Thus
when the whole of the state that is in one's experi-
ence appears to be waking alone and real only, of
what use is the regulation - 'that which gets falsi-
fied is dream l'
There is a certain experience which gives a greater

support to what we have stated so far. That we will
now bring home to the readers. As stated above,
every dream that occurs to us, at that moment
appears to i.)e waking alone, is it not 1 Therefore, the
time that exists therein is divided, just as the waking
time onlv, into ·past', 'future', 'now, at present'.
There being many 'wakings' in the past and in the
future, it appea,s as if all of ·them are related to that
waking alone. Not onlv that, besides occurring to us ••
if there are many 'dreams' - inferior to that waking -
having been experienced before that Iwaking state', it
also appears as if that none of those 'dreams' was
like any other whatsoever. We believe at that time
also (i.e. within the first dream) that 'the waking statel,
only are always of one and the same form. Assume
that, when you were in one particular dream among
111 THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTENCE 211
such dreams, you had Itarted discussing the present

topic with anyone person; then, assume also that the
other person argued that there is no difference what-
loever between dream and waking. At that moment
with what belief or feeling regarding that dream which
wal appearing to you as waking were you arguing?
Would you not have persisted arguing at that moment
also that that dream was rea try 'waki ng' a lone and that
Itate was superior in all respects to the state which
you had reckoned to be a 'dream'? Would you. have
evaluated the 'dream' which you had then reckoned as
waking, i.e. the first dream, even an iota less than the
state which you have now really believed or conceived
as waking? Never. Would you not have endeavoured
to establish, just as it is being done at present, then
also (in that first dream) the difference between the
dream with which you had identification (or towards
which you have pronounced proclivity) as waking alone
and the 'dreams', which you had conceived therein. aa
dreams only of inferior value or worth? Jf you were
to examine dispassionately your experience and then
answer, you will invariably agree to all this stated
above with an affirmative 'yes' only. Therefore, the
conclusion on the whole is: When the dream occurs
or appears to us, it appears to be true just as the
waking alone: then we may see within it (i.e. the first
dream) another dream which has occurred and gone.
In that circumstance, reallv there is no particular fixed
or cognizable flux or flow of time common t to the
dream which we have reckoned as waking and that
inner dream which we have conceived 85 dream; our
conception then that those states have come and gone
one after another in one line or seriel of time is
mere delusion alone. 'n the same manner, there is no
particu la, flow of time at all which interlinks the

state which we now know to be waking and the states
which we have conceived as dreams; therefore, it i8
established that to say either the waking occurs after
the dream or the dream occurs after the waking
is only a delusion caused by the identification with
the waking and nothing elS8 whatsoever.
81. Conclusian of the comparison bltwaen waking and

drelm :
If the whole gamut of deliberation made .8iJ far is

condensed into one sentence and stated, it wi II be:
fhl stat. which WI cln cognizi Of rlckon in thl mlnner-
'This is wlking' -- doe. not 8xlst 8t all; for, Ivery
st.te in which there exists the knowledge of • second
entity (in athar words, knowledge of duality) when it
il being _xplrilncad it strikes .r flashes 81 if it Is
waking alone. Looking from the viewpoint of 'a state
being conceived as waking alone' we think that there
is a dream inferior to it. But we do have the re-
membrance too of the fact that the other state,
which we call dream, also flashed or appeared as
being waking alone which had retained in its
womb another dream. Thus these two, viz waking and
dream, are relative concepts alone and not that the
division 'of waking and dream does exist indepen-
dently in truth. In this manner in both the states
which flash to our mind (i.e. wh!ch we Intuit) the
external physical world and corporeally those which
are seeing the world, viz. our body, mind, vital force,
i nteJiect and .ego - all these are appearing 'indepen-
denty, alone. Just as the body, the mind etc. which
exist in one state, we can see the body, the mind

etc. in the other state also. But either between thl
bodies and the minds etc. af the twa stltas or between
thl objects of the two worlds appearing within thosa statls
thlre dO.1 not Ixist any relationship whatsoevar. Timl,
spiel and causation atc. - thisl Iiso are Ixisting
independently alone in each st.te In both these two
states our transactions and likes, dislikes, elation,
I
grief etc. which are caused by them exist in. common.

In both states, like us only there exist many other
people and appear to be carrying on transactions with
us. In both the states we have concepts of certitude
(or a sense of certainty). As regards the state which
we conceive to be a dream in relation to that original
state, we get a -feeling' of the e-xistence of characteri-
Itics like uncertainty, variety and mutually being
queer etc. In both these two states we feel as if lite
•
state we reckon as 'waking' occurs in common to many
people and only the deep sleep and dream states
occur individually to each one of us. In any case, it
is not possible at aJi to conceive of any difference
between the essential natures of these two states.
The notion that between these two states the

dream is caused by the latent impressions of the
waking is common to all people. For this notion the
identification with or affinity for the waking alone is
the cause and nothing else. Seen from ane point of
view, just as there appear to be reasons to believe
that the effect of the waking is caused on the dream,
there are also nleans to believe that the effect of the
dream is caused on the waking as well. For example,
the effect of experiences or sensations like happiness
and fear etc. born out of soma vision. or Icene.

which W8 have seen in the dream is cauled in the
waking too. The person who has seen a tiger in hi.
dream becomes afraid and screaming wildly wakes up,
even after waking up, IS a result of that faar, he is
likely to get temperature. There are also persons who
really meet in their waking holy persons whom they
had leen in their dreams and obtain their grace. It
Is in the experience of some of us that the events
which were s.en in the dream as having really
occurred in the waking. There are some parsons too
who find out in their dreams answers to problems of
the waking which .Iemed to be knotty or complicated
and have experienced their fruits in the waking.
There are also instances of two persons dreaming as
if having seen each other in their respective dreaml
and after waking up each saying: "1 saw you in my
dream". For all th.le reasons it can be said that the
effect of the dream also il caused on the waking.
But all this is the outcome af the dry logic used on
the assumption not only of the dream and the waking
being endowed with different characteristics but al80
of the fact that latent impressions can attain the
forms of external objects. The fact that dream and
waking are both similar 'types of states' has been 10
far clarified by USi the fact that no latent impression
whatsoever can attain the form of an external object
also has been established by u. on the strength of
universal experience. Therefore, the real philosophical
teaching is that the dream does not cause any effect on
the weking; the wakin. also does not cau.. any effect on
the dream. The fact that 'these two state. mutually
change each other' is • mere delusion alone is immediately
realized if the experienc. of a dr.am occurrinl within a
III THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EXISTEN£E 215
dream is discerned by the mind. For, there (in the

dream) also the inner dream and the outer dream
which seems to have concealed the former within -it-
lelf appear to be mutually causing effect on each
other; it appears that between them one is a dream
and the other is waking. Even so, It is clear that all
that is delusion only. In order to realize that there is
no kind .f relationship whatsoever between the dream
and the waking one should keep in mind, as we have
Itated above, the fact that there is neither the time
nor the space at aJi which connect both of them
Just as there is no relationship at all between the
dream which appears as if it is waking and the dream
which flashes within the former as a dream, similarly
between the state which we have now conceived as
,he waking and the state which is appearing to us to
be within it as a dream there is no relationship•
at all. Between the snake and a stream of water which
are leen through delusion in a rope there is no rela-
tionship whatsoever. When one of them appears, the
other does not appear. In reality, both of them do
not exist at all in their own forms. Similarlv, in the
case of waking and dream allo it should be under-
stood that they do not exist at all in their own forms.
If seen from the empirical point of view, it is not
false at all that the states of waking and dream
occur to us. Just as we r~ally experience the waking,
in the same manner we experience the dream also 'really,
only. In this sense, both these are real, on .. as much as
the other. With regard to either the waking or the
dream, there does not exist any extra-ordinary
characteristic. It is not possible at all to say that
one is superior and the other is inferior. But it is
not possible to say from the absolute or transcendent-

al viewpoint that they are real.
Some people accept that the dream is 8S much

real as the waking. What they say i.: Let it be if
the dream is not of an inferior grade compared to the
waking: but what hurdle or hindrance is there to lay
that both these two states exist really in their
respective forms? Why should it not be assumed that
they exist really in their respective forms? Many
wakings occur to UI; similarly, many dreams also
occur. In each one of these two kinds of states there
exists a separate world, why .hould it not be said
that all these worlds really exist in the statel of their
respective levels "1 These worlds may not go from one
state to another; therefore, you may even say that
these belong to different species. But how can it be
said that they are not real at all and that 'existence'
of all of them is one and the same?
People who ask in all these waye have not

deliberated upon what is meant by Reality. Th.
readers must remember what we have previouslV
( sub .. section 54) discussed about this topic. Is it
possible to reckon that either the world, which is
confined to its respective state, or the state, which
is said \0 exist only during the time of its respective
appearance, is fit to attain the existence of the
Witness (Saakshi or the Self), who witnesses it and
exists independently without depending upon or being
under the obligation of any time, space or causation
whatsoever 1 Never it il possible. Therefore, th. wlking
III THE ESSENTIAL NAfURE OF EXISTENCE 217
lid the dr.lm .r. not ablolutely rail in the forms they
.PPI.r to b,: thlY do lot It III hive any IxistaDca
othlr thin thl Pur. ExistencI (or Pur. Consciousne.l)
of the Wltn... which illuminl' them. That they exist
by themselves is false. That they in those forms,
i. 8. as Itates, have either any temporal or spatial
relationship is false alone J that they, by virtue of
the caule-effect concept, are caused one by the other
is allO false only. In the forms of their appearance,
.between them none is having a higher value than the
other; in the natures of their existence between them
none is separate from the existence of the Witness
(i.e. Alman or the Selfl. As already stated, becau.e
the Witness is Pure Existence alone. that Itself is the
waking and the dream; they are really the Pure
Existence alone; Pure Existence alone is their Absolute
'Reality or Being. Therefore, there il no objection
whatsoever against the philolophical teaching or truth,
viz. "Pure Exist.nc, alone is (or has become) every-
thing" •
(G) The Nature Of Pure Existence
8Z: Th. misconceptions that ClmllDn plople have

r.garding d•• p sl •• p ~
We will conclu·de this Chapter by gathering or col-

lecting together the various facts that have been establi-
shed in the matter of the Pure Existence by the
deliberation or analysis that we have carried out 10 far.

For thil task, as the most important one we will tlke
the experience of deep sleep alone as the blsis or
foundation. First of all, we should consider the question
"What is meant bV deep sleep 1" It can be stated with
8 sense of plenitude or abundance that among the
three states of waking, dream and "esp sleep, the
magnitude of the misconception that i. cau.ed regarding
the third one, i. e. deep sleep, is not caused with
rlgard to the remaining two; even if it is stated - 'If
the essential nature of that state is fully discerned or
Intuitively examined, then it amounts to possessing
all the secrets .r hidden truths about the Absolute
Reality' - that will not be an exaggeration. -'eople are
experiencing deep Ileep every day, but they do not
deliberate at all upon its essential nature even the
least bit. It appears as if many people have assumed
that deep sl.ep means a kind of non-existence alone.
For, if anyone is asked - -What is meant by sleep l' -
he will answer in the manner:
1) • 'That state which exists without any sensory know-

ledge, without any mental reasoning alone is Ileap;
therein there exist no kinds of happiness or grief, no
likes or dislikes, no mode of transaction whatsoever."
But merely saying that in deep sleep there exilt.
nothing whatsoever. is its description completed or fuliV
scanned? Should not one discern It all 81 to what
kind of a state it is? If deep sleep wer.
• mere non • existence where the senses or the
means of knowledge were not functioning, if in it
there were no benefit whatsoever accruing which
III THE ESSENTIAL NAtURE OF EXISTENCE 219
could be stipulated in the form of injunctions, then why

i. it that every creature is daily hankering after it 1
2) We are believing generally that when we are asleep

we are Iyi ng in a particular corner of the world and
.Ithough we are lying like that without the knowledge
of the world outside us, tbat world in and bV itself,
being confined to the regu lations of time, space and
causation, is constantly changing. But is the
world capable of existing by itself? we have
previously (sub-section 27) made it clear that the
world which appears in our waking is confined to that
state alone and that the statement made to the effect
that 'even when we are not awake that world exists
as it is' has no meaning at all. Apart from this,
when we assume or reckon that outside the deep sleep
state there exists the world, does it not amount to our
conceiving that deep sleep means either a • room or
compartment' or any other particular region with
limitations or boundaries? Deep sleep is an experience
only and not a substance or matter which can exist in
time and space. Even so, we are conceiving of an 'outside'
and an ·inside' to that state- is this not wrong?
3) From the empirical viewpoint it is proper only to say:

"While I am asleep another person may be awake, and
he may say so when I wake up; therefore, the world
must exist during the time of our deep sleep." But
for determining the Ultimate Reality how can this view-
piont be helpful? 'I·, another person-all are belonging
to the waking world. From the viewpiont of the waking,
to say like-'I', ·you', 'another'-is proper; but when seen
from the viewpoint of deep sleep (experience), where
does this '1' exist or 'you' exist '1
4. Anyone may doubt: 'When we wake up. we see the

same world. But when we get up from deep sleep and
are seeing a world outside us, how to determine
whether we are awake or seeing a dream 1 We must
aglin remember here what has been decided in the
previous section, viz. there is no difference whatsoever
between waking and dream. In the dream we get the
illusion that always we see the same world; but there is
no acceptance by anyone at all of the statement: 'That
alone is true'. Why this partiality with regard to the
waking world alone? Why should not the notion-
'Here (in the waking) we saw the same world'- be a
delusion just as in the dream 1 Therefore, the belief
that outside the deep sleep there exists a world is
not helpful in the determination of the Ultimate
Realitv; hence, the opinion that we remain in one part
of the world and are asleep is not logically pure·
and blemishlels. In the same way-
6) The opinion that - ·'In order to overcome the

exhaustion that we had obtained in our waking the
state in wh·ich we get rest or relaxation is itself deep
sleep"- also is not proper. For, the notion that the
body, the se.nses etc. which had got exhausted by
doing work in the waking exist in deep sleep also is
Iubsumed in the belief that - 'the waking world exists
in deep sleep only' - and hence this is also
contradictory logicallv, just like the foa-mer argu-
ment.
Keeping all this in mind if we deliberate or

ratiocinate, the decision that emerges is this much:
Because we 18e the essentia I natura of deep sleep either

from the waking or the dream viewpoint it appears as of
8 nature of non-existence. In reality, deep sleep is not
merely the non-existence of either the dream or the
waking; neither is it a state in which the senses and the
mind remain quiescent without functioning. It is also
wrong to say that the world exists outside deep sleep. All
these are the wrong beliefs or misconceptions that we
•
have formed regarding deep sleep from the waking view ..
point.
83. Deep sleep means Pure Existence:
In that case, the question - 'What is reallv the

essential nature of deep sleep 1'- looms large before us.
In reality, it is not a 'state' at all. For, if we Ire to
assume the meaning of a 'state' as a special feature
caused by time, then deep sleep does not become a
state. For, we do not have experience of any time
whatsoever in deep sleep. On the other hand, we can
also adduce another meaning of - 'It is a manner of
appearance of the Ultimate Reality'- to the word 'state',
is it nat 7 (sub-section 39). From that viewpoint also
deep sleep does not become a state. For, in deep sleep
nothing whatsoever appears at all. If it is said -- 'In
that case, does deep sleep mean pure essenceless-
ness ?'- it is not so. For, therein we exist; because the
Witness (Saakshi) which is our essential nature of Being
(i 8. Pure Existence) exists therein alone, it has become
possible for us now (in the waking) to deliberate with
regard to deep sleep as well as communicate about it to
others. It is possible for anyone to doubt in the
manner-" I f I exist in deep sleep, why is it not known
as 'I'? IIFor. in deep sleep 'I '-notion does not exist

in the form of 'I'. The notion of 'I' desiderates the
relationship of 'you', 'he', 'another'. In deep sleep
there is no scope whatsoevet for the divisions and
di 'f.rences of the type of 'I', 'vou' , 'he' to exi st. For
the divisions and differences to exist the tim. and the
space categories or concepts alone are the caul.; but
in deep sleep neither time nor Ipace exists at all.
When we know by means of the non-intellectual or
absolute Intuitive experience both the waking as well as
the dream in their totality as one lump, we do so in the
form .f the Witnesl; in that same form alone we Intuit
deep sleep also. If properly observed, to sav that Iwe
know deep .'eep' also becames a misconception alone.
For, therein there does not exist anything whatsoever 8S
an object to know - (Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 4 .. 3-23).
Even our statement - "There nothing whatsoever
existedl this is my experience" - is one made bV
comparing the experience of duality that occurs to us
in the waking. In reality, there (i. e. in deep sleep)
because there was no object whatsoever, there was no
subject too. Even the statement - 6'ln other states our
Atman or Self who is the Witness for the Anaatlnan or
not .. Self which is different from Him is a Witness to
the non-existence of any Anaatman or not - Self
whatsoever therein (i. e. in deep sleep) II --is also
made in a secondary
tarnilhed bV the
sense onlv, and
waking viewpoint. Just
conceive that a lamp Illumines objects in front of it
a.
it il also
we
as also it illumines their non-existence, similarlv in

one sense we can conceive that in deep sleep Almon
or the Self also is a Witness to the non-existence
of anything.Vtlhatsoever. If observed from the deep sleep
viewpoint, it is not possible at all to say that Atman
wit"e.... or sees there in deep .'eep any existing

object or non - existing object ; for, there i. no scope
It III there either for anything to exist or not to exist
in any manner. Therefore, then the Witness (Saakshi
Chailanya or Pure Consciousness) is not a Witness at all;
He i. Pure Existence - Pure Consciousness.. Hence,
whether it is said 'deep sleep' or Pure Existence. it is all
one and the same. This alone is the philosophical
teaching that remains valid till the end.
14. In Pure Existence there are AO divisions like manifested

and anmanifested, mutable and immutable :
Now to the question as to what happens to the

whole world in deep sleep an answer can easily be
given. As the phenomenon of the world is confined to
itl own respective state, it does not exist at all either
inside or outside deep sleep: just as there is no
taint of time in deep sleep, similarly there is no
taint of space also; hence, there are no inside and
outside to deep sleep. This we have already explained.
Thus deep sleep means Pure Existence alone and
It becomes established that therein no other thing
whatsoever exists at all. Even the statement of the
Shruti or the scriptural texts (Upanishads) that -- 'In
deep sleep the world merges in Pure Existence# - is
only a statement made from the empirical viewpoint
alone; for, we have clarified that the phenomenon of
the world is Pure Existence alone and that apart from
Pure Existence the world does not exist at all. Because
the universe itself is a conglomeration of time-space-
caulation categories, if it is said either that the
world 88 a whole goes somewhere or that it com •• from

somewhere it conveys no meaning at all. Though the
universe appears to us as if it il eternally changing,
the entire universe il not a train of railway coaches
which goes from one place to another; the whole
world or universe does not exist in one region or in
one time. It being so, it would not be in keeping
with reasoning to say either that the world or
universe comes out of deep sleep which is of the
nature of Pure Existence or enters into it. In reality,
it, i.e. the world, does not exist at all. fOl, the
world does not exiat apart from its Itate, the state
does not axilt apart from Pure Existence. For that
reason only, Gaudapaada (Sri Shankaraachaarya's grand
preceptor) has stated: "If the world or universe were
existing, it would have gone; all this duality is mer.
illusion on!v; in realitv, non-duality alone (I~. Pure
Existence alone) exists" - (Maandukya KaQrika 1-17).
Between Pure Existence and the waking and the dream
states there does not exist any cause-effect relation-
ship. The world, having been imbued with various
forms in the waking and in the dream, does not get
hidden without being seen in the deep sleep; the
manifested (Vyakta or Vyaakrita) world as well a. the
world which is said to be merged in Atlnan ,or the Self
(Avyakta or Avyaakrila), i.e. unmanifested world, is in
the absolute sense in Alman or the Self Himself who is
of the essential nature of Pure Existence, without a
second. The statement that - 'The world or universe
is born from Alman- - is made in the Shruti or the
scriptural texts (Upanishads) for two purpose.. Just 8S
what is born out of clay is clav alone. what is born
out of Alman or Pure Existence is Atman alone or of the
essential nature of Pur. Existence; just as the rope

is not different from the rope-snake, the world or
universe is not different from Alman or Pure Exist-
ence - to help create such a knowledge is one
purpose (Maandukya Kaarika 2-17, 3·15 Sutra
Bhashya 2-'·14). To those who believe that this world
is really created, to those aspirants with common
intelligence, through the path of meditations (U/,aasa"a
Moorga), providing the knowledge of ·the Ultimate
Reality is another purpose (Kaarika 3·1 : Sutra Bhashya
2·1-14). The path of meditations is not included in
the system of determining the Ultimate Reality that
we have now followed; that path being concerned with
observance or performance of certain disciplines with
devotion or dedication we have to deal with the
reJationship between that path and the phi losophical
teaching (about the Ultimate Reality) of Vedanta
separately. When ob served through the viewpoint .f the
deliberation on the Ultimate Reality the fact that no
world or universe hal ever been born or created is .Ion.•
the absolute Truth (Sutra Bhashya 2·'.7: Maandukya
Kaarika 2-32). If one wants to know the 'Ajaati'aada',
i.e. the theory of non-creation of the universe, which
is in agreement with the Vadentle teaching that-
The Pure fxistence or Pure Consciousness called Alma"
alone is the Ultimate Ot Absolute Reality' - as well
as - 'The phenomenon of the world or universe never
at all was born or created from that Pure Existence
or Atman' - then one should read Sri Gaudapaadaachaarya's
Maandllkya Karikas: then the excellent teaching that the
concept of cause-effect is total IV a delusion wi II be
imbibed by the mlnd of the reader. For the statements
made by the BhaQshyakoara or commentator, viz. Sri
Shankaraachaarya like -. 'Names and forms are
IS
conceived in Alman or Pure Existence or Consciousne ••

through misconception (of the nature of delusion)'-
(Sulra Bhashya 2-1-14) and 'They, not being anything
different from Atman, are Alman alone' - what we
have delineated here i. alone the opinion or purport.
Therefore. Pure Existence or Consciousness in ItI essential
nature is neither manifested (Vyakta) nor unmanlfested
(Avyakta); neither one that ,ets transrormed nor chanled
(Aparin •• ml). All these phenomena, like 'getting manifested'
or 'being aRm.nifested'. 'getting transformed' or being
without transrormations', are false appearances that are
conceived to exist in that Pure Existence or Consciousness
alone from the wakinK viewpoint.
85. Pure Exlltence is neither the object nor the

subJect:
Alman of the form or nature of Pure Existence

is not an object to anything whatsoever. Although we
have delineated above that the .states as well as the
world or universe that appelr as objects are in their
•••entia' natures Pure Existence or Consciousness alone,
it ahould not be conceived that Pure Existence nleans
literalry 'clean existence- which remains after removing
all the characteristics of a particular object or thing.
Not only is it possible for Pure Existence of the
form of an object, being devoid of characteristics
or features, to be observed or objectified by us, but
also the objective form, being merelv a concept of
the mind, is 81 much a misconception or delusion
as a horn of hare. Why we call Alman - 'Pure
Existence' - is because in It there is no possibility of
stating or mentioning any characteristics whatsoever.
To denote that Entitv of Alman or Pure Existence-

Consciousness no mental concept whatsoever is
capable. The mental concept is capable of denoting
only the objective forms like substance (Dravya).
quality (Guna), action (KarIna), species (Jaati),
relationship (SambQndha), non-existence (Ablzaava). But
Allnan is not an object at all (with these features).
Even when He il appearing in the forml of Itll things
•
8S objects, like the state, the world, the substances
existing in the world, Alman who is illumining them
exists as of the form of the Witness alone, being
the subject of all those phenomena. Even so, it
cannot even be said that He is a subject. For, He in
His essential nature Itself called deep sleep; being
neither the object nor the subject, is the substratum
for both these. From that Origin of Pure Existence alone,
called Atman, the two off-shoots of object and subject
get manifested in the waking and the dream as being
eternally related and then become merged into one in
deep sl£ep.
86. Pure Existence is neither essencelessn2,s (shoonya) nor

is It a thing born from another:
Although it is not possible to objectify the essentia I

nature of Pure Existence through any percept and to
describe It 1hrough any statE ment, It is not essenceless-
ness (Shoonya). For, It is the inner essence Itself (i. e.
our core of Being) of all of us. In Sanskrit the epithet
or appellation used for that AllnolJ or Pure existence-
Consciousness, viz. PralhJJogoal111a or the innermost Self.
has this meaning alone. That Allnan who is mentioned
in the manner - · 'That is Reality. That is Atman or
the Self, that a lone thou art I I - in the scriptur.'

text (Chaandogya Upanishad 6-8-7) is that Pur. Exiltence-
Consciousness alone. For the fact that this Pure Existence
alone is our A.lman or Self. our daily experience alone
of the nature of saying: '" alone slept, dreamt and
woke up" - which is a feeling that all the three
states belong to us onlv, is the support. For, it is not
pos.ible for anything else other than this Pure Existence-
Consciousness which observes or witnesses all tho
three states as a Witness (Saakshi) to say that - "I
alone exist in all those three statel'. We can cast
aside aJi our extraneous forms or natures (i. e. those
which are not the essential aspects of our real Being),
but it is not possible whatsoever to cast aside our
nature of Pure Existence - Consciousness. We have found
out that everything is manifested by Pure Existence by
the examinatioh of the three states. It is not even
possible to imagine or concejve that Pure Existence or
Consciuosness must have been bDrn or created from anyth-
ing else. For, the statement that - 'Pure Existence is
caused or created from Pure Existence or Consciousness
alone" - has no meaning. To draw apart that Pure
Existence,.. Consciousness from the empirical existence
with special features of the states, the world and the
material objects is contradictory to everyone's experie-
nce; for, all those phenomena are manifested or
projected in Pure Existence alone. It is not possible
at all to cause or create them from e 3sencelessness,
because essencelessness (Shoonya) means '8 thing in
which nothing whatsoever exists' onlv. Therefore, "Sal
i.e. the Ultimate Realitv or Pure Existence-Consciousness
is not ~orn from anything else" (Sulra Bhashya 2-3-9).
Hence, there is no logical device whatsoever to lay
either that this Pure Existence-Consciousness which we
can cognize directlv through our Intuitive experience

and which is our Alman or Self, ;,e. our very essence
Reality .r
or core of Being, is not the Absolute or Ultimate
that It is essencelessness.
87. Par. Exiitenci is of the form of Pur. Knlwladga

(Consciousnlss) and Pur. Happiness (Bliss):
Although aJi through this Chapter we have .made

an attempt only to f.ind out or determine the Absolute
Reality of Pure Existence, because of the fact that no
existence wha.tsoever ;s established without the Pur.
Knowledge or Consciousness of the Witness (Saaklhi or
Alman, the Self) as well as of the fact that Pur.
Existence of the Witness is of the essential nature of
Pure Knowledge or Consciousness alone, what w. hlVI
10 far call.d 'Pure Elistencl' is of thl I.santial natu r.
of Pur. Knowlldge or Consciousness too. aecaus. this.
Pure Existence is our Atman or Salf Itsllf, It .Iane i.
p,.dominant in all thinls that are said to b. de., to us:
therefor., this Pura Existence is of the Is.ential nltur.
01 Pur. Happiness or Blils also. When we endeavoured
to find out or cognize the Absolute or Transcendental
Realitv of Existence we 'Intuited' It in Its own form
or essential nature first in deep sleep alone. Therefore.
it is but natural to anticipate that That Ultimate or
Absolute Reality exists therein in deep sleep in the
form, or essential nature, of Pure Knowledge or Con-
sciousness as well as of the form, or essential nature,
of Pure Happiness or Bliss, just as It exists in the
form of Pure Existence. This anticipation cannot be
futile at all. For, to say that It existed in deep sleep
in the form of Pure Existence our experience of deep
Ileep alone was the basis or support and hence it

becomes established that It existed there in deep sleep
in the form of Pure Knowledge or Consciousness. In
the experience of the nature of - "1 wal asleep 10
far, I did not know anything" - the following
three factors or aspects are implicit: 'I was in deep
sleep'; 'I was in the form or of the nature of Know-
ledge or Consciousness'; 'Therein no object of knowledge
whatsoever was perceived'. This experience implies not
only saying that - '1 in deep sleep exilted in the
form, or the eSlential nature, of Pure Existence which
was devoid of characteristics or qualities, which was
devoid of divisions and devoid of differences',- but also
saying that -- '1 existed in the form, or the essential
natwre, of Pure Knowledge or Consciousness without
any perceptible substrate or object'. In the same
manner, because we hanker after deep sleep with 8
desire - I should get sleep, no dream whatsoever
should come in the way of my deep sleep' - and
because after we wake up we get the 'memory' of the
nature of - 'I slept happily; no hardship or harm
from anything whatsoever was encountered' - there is
valid support to say that in deep sleep ours is a nature
of Bliss or happiness par excellence which is devoid
of any substrate, devoid of any object and devoid of any
characteristics or qualities. Thus because the fact
that 'this one Ultimate Reality alone exists in the
three forms of Pure Existence, Pure Knowledge
or Consciousness and Pure Happiness or Blisl, becomes
clear or evident to us from the Intuitive experience
of deep sleep alone, how important is the deliberation
of this atate for our present consideration - this fact
emerges out boldly. Just 8S by the cosideration 80 far
made Ibout the three Itate8 many Invaluable aspects
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 231
or facts regarding Pure Existence have come to light,

we gat a high expectation that it will be beneficial
as regards Pure Knowledge or Consciousness as well 88
Pure Happiness or Bliss also if this method of
examination of the three states is followed. Therefore,
we will conclude here the deliberation on Pure
Existence and will endeavour in the following chapters
to churn out the three states from the points .of view
of Pure Knowledge as also Pure Happiness.
IV. THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

(CONSCIOUSNESS)
(A) Alman Or The Self Alone Is The Real (nowledge Or

Consciousness
88. lh' gr ••tness of the consideration of Knowlldge or

Consciousness:
The consideration or deliberation upon Knowledge

(Consciousness) is very important for all philosopher. or
exponents of spiritual science; for, the main means or
instrument which the phi losophers or spi ritual teachels
use is itself Knowledge, and the Ultimate Reality that they
are trying to find out is also 'Knowledge' To Vedantin •

• spaciallv who say that the ultimate goal of all
human endeavour or life is attained onlv by the
Kno'.Nledge of the Ultimate Reality (of Alman or the
Self or Pure Knowledge or Consciousness) even if it
is said that this deliberation or discriminative conside-
ration i8 their very life force or breath (Pancha Praana
i.e. the five aspects of life force) it will not be an
exaggeration. We have described in the previous
Chapter that A.lman or the Self is Pur. Existence; but
with the support, or on the strength, of which
(experience) did we decide this Pur. Existence "1 Was
Jt not on the strength of the Intuitive experience (or
Intuition. to be short) that exists in us naturally? If
d/ma" or the Self, i.e. the Witness, in all of us, who
is of the essential nature of Pure Existence -
Knowledge - Happiness. were only Pure Existence
without any relation.hip with Pure Knowledge. what
value would He have gained" Can the worth or
competence of Pure Existence be independent if it has
to be decided or determined on the strength of
Knowledge alone? It is true that man has immense
love for living. Continuallv seeing the beauty of the
world around him, he admires it; he is delighted or
elated; he becomes engrossed. He carries out tran.-
actions in that world with others who look like him.
He keeps on hankering after acquiring objects or
things which he wants and keeping away from
things which are not wanted. But either for his
transaction of the nature of action or for his trans-
action of the nature of enjoyment to be carried on, a
'light' is very essential. That alone il the 'light of
Knowledge'. If there were no Knoweldge, all that
would have been a forest engulfed in pilch darkness.
If there is no Knowledge how could it flash to anyone,

or one could be enlightened, in the manner - '1 exist',
'Such and such is dear to me', or '1 am glad' or 'I
am unhappy or griaf-s·tricken'? If that Knowledge or
Consciousness is not there, where is man's living"
For all these reasons, it is proper or fully justified
for the greatest status being given in our deliberation
to 'Knowledge'. From this point of view, it would
have been proper for us to have undertaken the ·con-
sideration of the Ultimata or Absolute Reality or
essence of Existence only after determining the Abso-
lute Reality or essence of Knowledge. For, man does
not have anything elS8 whatsoever which is as near
to him as Knowledge or Consciousness. Through 'Know-
ledge or Consciousness' alone all else gets related to
him. Even so, there is propriety in our giving priority
to the Ultimate or Absolute Reality of Existence. That
is" man by nature is looking outside only, extrover-
tedly. It Is his nalure to witness the greatness or
excellence, the variety or diversity, the beauty of
charm of the world which he has believed to exist
outside and get lost in wonder (Kathopanishad 2-1-').
Hardly one or two persons cognize or realize that in
him there is 'Knowledge or Consciousness' and that
by virtue of that 'Knowledge or Consciousness' alone
he observes and perceives everything and carries on
his day-to-day transactions; then he gets the distinctive
knowledge of the type - '1', 'the remaining', 'know-
ledge', 'existence'. Then he shows interest or zeal
not merely in transactions of the nature of manual
work alone but also in transactions of the nature of
deliberation or intellectual reasoning. Therefore, follow-
ing this natural order (of proclivities in man in
general) wa have now started to consider, or delibe-

rata upon, the Ultimate or Absolute Reality of Know-
ledge or Consciousness.
89. Twa opinions rlgarding Knowledge:
Because knowledge comes to light in our

empirica I transactions following, or shadowing,
existence alone and because of the reason alone
that it illumines existence, man surrenders his
mind preferentially (i. e. gives priority or more
importance) to the consideration of knowledge - we
wi II carry out the deliberation regarding Knowledge
or Consciousness step by step following the same
order (system) which we adopted previously with
regard to the consideration of Existence. First of all,
What is meant by Knowledge 7' - this question itself
has to be considered. Although on the face of it,
i. 8. If observed superficially, Knowledge appears
within us. Because it desiderates the external objects
and it is having origina.tion and relatianship, and be-
cause while it is appearing it Is susceptible to the
measurements of 'more or leis', the phenomenon of
Knowledge seems to be a certain quality or characte-
ristic which is born and appears in our body every
now and then. But when the deliberative capacity
or ratiocinating power becomes strong or mature, it
is felt that - 'Because nothing is perceived or
cognized whatsoever If there is no knowledge or
consciousness, a certain Entity of Knowledge or
Consciousness Itself must be an independent Reality'.
The philosophers have strengthened both these opinions
which thus -naturally flash to the mind of man and
have provided or adduced the ·support of scriptures

too to these opinions. Therefore, it can be stated
that in this matter 1he phi losophers or thi nkers also
have divided themselves predon1inantly into two groups.
The people who have propounded the theory that
somehow the 'Knowledge or Consciousness' is caused
by the relationship with the object are of one group
(called the Realists); the people who contend that
Knowledge or Consciousness is an Entity which appears
in us independently and through that Knowledge or
Consciousness alone we acquire the knowledge of the
material object are of another group (called the Idea-
lists). Among those who have adopted or accepted
the doctrines of the first group we can include all
the three groups of India's Chaarvaakas (Materialists),
Taarkikas (Logicians) and the modern physical scientists
all over the world; in the second group, i.e. Idealists,
we can include Buddhists and Vijnaallavaadins.
aD. Thl theory that consciousness is a characteristic

of I material abjlct:
Chaarvaakas or Lokatlyatas, who were believing in

perception alone, were saying: Breathing, moving
about, knowing, memorizing - all these are the
characteristics of the body alone. These appear within
the body only and do not appear without the body.
It ia true that Knowledge or Consciousnes. is not to be
seen in the external material objects: only after they
(objectl) are transformed into forms in our body the
Knowledge or Consciousness therein gets split up
somehow and is imbibed or absorbed; to say either
that this Knowledge or Consciousness is an independent
entity or that it is the characteristic of the loul

is merely because of delusion; there i8 no support what-
soever of any evidence for those opinions. Tna philo-
sophers or thinkers belonging to this Ichool are not to
be found at all today in India. But many of the
Western thinkers are even today expounding, for all pur-
poses, opinions belonging to this school only. Ther.
have arisen may differences of opinion with regard to
this among the Western Materialists. Some say that
Knowledge or Consciousness is a certain characteristic
which is to be seen onlv in human beings and some
higher spscies of creatures in whom the nervous system
and the sensory organs exist; some say that it exists
in all creatures, movable and immovable; some others
say that it is a characteristic that exists in each and
every tissue or cell of every part of the body of such
creatures; yet some others say that it is a particu lar
primary characteristic or quality existing in all kinds
of elemental sub-atoms - In all such ways they have
variously conceived. Predominantly it can be said that
today the opinion alone of people who have believed
that 'knowledge or consciousness is a certain characte-
ristic of the brain has spread extensively and abun-
dantly. In the brain there is a certain outer cover,
soft like butter; by examination it has been seen that
if some parts of it are destroyed owing to any
disease Knowledge or Consciousness as well 8S the
thinking power associated with those parts, respectively,
is lost. Seeing, hearing, speaking etc. - for such
different kinds of knowledges there are different centres
in the brain. If these centres are healthy, then alone
their respective knowledges or faculties are caused. By
the drinking of some liquids like coffee. tea etc. the
reasoning or thinking power is stimulated; musk,
camphor etc. revive consciousness which is lost in

fainting or swoon; if chloroform is administered
consciousness is lost or one becomes insensible. If
knowledge or consciousness were a certain independent
entity. there wal no cause for it to have depended
like this upon external materials. It is also in our
experience that in man al well as in mammals which
Ire simi lar to man, consciousness is changing and that
•
bV internal causes like food and flow of bJood etc.
and bV such externaJ causes like injury to the brain
and stimulating of it in a certain mlnnar also con-
sciousness can always be varied or changed. Apart from
this, the same parson gets different kinds of
knowledge or consciousness in different circumstances
and at different times. The same person who stated
the previous day - "This is mv nature or habit l
' is-
saying today - "My nature or habit has changed".

When man is yet a small baby, his knowledge or
consciousness is dull: after many days in him the
consciousness of II' will sprout out; then by his living
together with his parents and his teacher there is a
big change in his knowledge or consciousnessj when
he becomes mature (a major) his reasoning power will
further blossom or evolve: fi nally, he becomes old anc;f
becomes a victim of the saying - l'At sixty.
knowledge is lost". Thus as and when man's body
organs change, in accordance with that change his
knowledge keeps on changing. 'The phenomenon or
fact of a different level of knowledge or consciousness
seen in each one of the human beings and the fact
that originallv in ancient times the human race, having
been in a very backward state living in forests like
aborigines. as and when it, i.e, the human race,
elevated itself to a state of civilization the knowledge
238 THE" MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
or consciousness of its members also got evolved and

their culture too blossomed forth - All these facts are
evidences to give more support to say that knowledge
or consciousness is a characteristic of the body and
that it is a special feature of the power of the
human brain and not by itself an independent entity.
This is the general opinion of the Materialists or
Realists.
91. Th, thlory thlt knowledge il independent:
The Indian logicians were not accepting. - like the

ChQQrvQQkas' opinion that 'knowledge was a characte-
ristic only of the body· - the opinion that knowledge
was a characteristic alone of the material object.
It was their doctrine that when perceiving the
object through the senses knowledge is caused after
being related to the mind as weJl as to the soul.
Knowledge, in their opinion, was a characteristic
or quality of the soul. It is the opinion of these
logicians that the fact that people transacting in the
menner - "1 am knowing", "My knowledge is proper"
etc. - is itself support for saying that knowledge is
a characteristic of the soul. In their opinion too
knowledge or consciousness is an entity having
changes of the kind - getting born and disappear-
ing - invariably. Saying that, instead of knowledge
being the characteristic of the material object, it is the
characteristic of the soul - is the sp~cial feature of
the logicians' doctrine. Although this doctrine distin-
guishes betwep.n the object existing outside and the
knowledge 'within· which illumines that object. bV an
examination or analysis of this doctrine alone there
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF K OWLEDGE 239
Is scope for the emergence of the t.l~orv of Idealism

(JlijnQQnavaada). To know or understand how this is
possible, the method of reasoning or dialectics adopted
by the Indian Buddhists has to be studied. Among
the Buddhists there were two groups known as
"Saulraantikas" and "Vijnaano'Voadins". Between these two
groups the Sautralntikls' doctrine was: "Although it
is true that in order to determine the external object .
our inner knowledge or consciousness alone was the
means, it is not possible for us to know the object
directly las it is' (per se), for all objecits are epheme-
ral or transient. But from the objects various forms
taking shape in our mind is true, and we can imagine
the external object in the manner - 'That thing alone
is the object from which these forms are caused. It
is true that there are two different transactions of the
types - 'We saw the fire directly in the hearth' and
seeing smoke on the top of the hill we imagined
that there ;s fire on the hill top. But in both these
cases we only imagine the external object and we
do not perceive directly any object whatsoever.
However. the fire in the hearth causes directly its
fGrm in the consciousness; the fire on the hill top
causes or creates its form through the medium of the
smoke. Therefore. in one case there is a transaction
that - 'We saw the fire' and in another case, there
is the transaction that - 'We imagined the fire'. In
this manner because it is possible to conceive a
proper cause or reason for all differences in episte-
mology or modes or transactions of knowledge, our
opinion or doctrine is not opposed whatsoever to expe-
rience. That an object or a thing is one which il
fit to be imagined by virtue of its causing or creating
8 form in our knowledge or consciousness alone ;s
an irrefutable phi losophical teaching or truth". This

is the opinion or doctrine of the "Saulraantika"
Buddhists.
Now let us turn our attention towards the doctrin.

of the Vijnaanavaadins: •'Just as the Sautraantlkal lay, if
all our empirical transactions are carried on on the
basis of the forms of consciousness alone - why
should we conceive of an entity or object different
from consciousnesl or knowledge 1 Why should we
not assume that consciousness itself appears as the
form of the object 1 Thl protagonists 01 (thl Ixistance
ot) outside obllets (Baahya Vast" listitwa 'VafJdi or the
Realist) may argue or contend that because without
any cause in one and the same consciousness there
cannot appear as different forms of the type - black,
yellow etc., one should accept an object which is the
cause for this difference in forms. But look at the
dream. There also it appears to us as if different
objects are perceived; even so, it is acceptable to
everyone that there, external to or beyond the
consciousness. no object whatsoever exists. Thus
because it can be estab'ished from the example of
1he dream thnt various forms of objects may apppar
bV vi rtue of the previous laten t impr~ssion of con-
sciousness or knowledge even wi thout the existence
of objects outside, it is reasonable only to assume
that in the waking too mere forms of consciousn~ss
alone exist and not that the objects, which are said
to be the cause for it, do exist independently. Apart
from this, even those who accept the concept of the
existence of the objects outside also £gree that those
objects appear along with consciousness alone. We

have never leen merely a black object apart from
knowledge or consciousness of the object which is
blaQk in co~our. If the object exists apart from
consciousness, why should it not exist independently
by itself without desiderating conscio'usness or know-
ledge 7 Another consideration: What is meant by
slvlng that a thing is an object to the consciousness?
II it not being the form only of the consciousness 7
If that is so, it becomes evident by itself that the object
of Consciousness is merely the form of consciousness .
If not. if the object is different from the form and the
former exists independently, it wi II amount to saying
that there is no relationship whatsoever between the
form and the object; anything can be the object to
any knowledge or consciousness whatsoever. As this
is not acceptable to anyone, it becomes established
that consciousness knows itself by itself and that there
is no object different or apart from consciousness.
This is the opinion of the VijnaanavQadins or the
Idealists.
Just as in our country (i. e. in India) the Logicians·

(Taarkikas') theory of perceptual knowledge (Prat)'aksha
VQada) by stages turned (or developed) into IdeaUstic
theory or Idealism (VijnQana Vaada), similarly in the
Western countries too the theory of Realists (BaalrJ'D
Vastu Satyatwa Vaada) in due course paved the way for
Idealism (Vijnaana Vaada). There is benefit in knowing
the description of this to a little extent. In those
countries too (i. e. in the West), just as here, people
started explaining the perceptual knowledge first from
16
the object only. It Is the opinion of the Materialists

CBhaulikag1la) that the ray of light that falls on the
ebject, after it returns and comes in contact with the
eye, this sensation or stimulation transforms the brain
through the nervous system. Those who opined that
apart from the brain there exists a thing called mind,
Instead of saying that the reaction or response at the
brain itself was knowledge or consciousness, they were
saving that the knowledge of the external object was
caused bV the extern;,tl sensation or stimulation reach-
ing the mind through the brain. Although these people
had accepted that external object was real, it can be
said that their theory was akin to the theory or doctrine
of $autraQn"kaa of our countrv- For, according to
their opinion all that we directly come to know in
relation to the external object are merely some
concepts (Vedanas) like sound, touch, form, taste
etc.; because we are getting confidence or faith that
these concepts are the effects caused in our senses
or mind by the relationship with the external object,
the concepts become the representatives of the
external objects. Therefore, instead of the direct
knowledge of the external object accruing to us, it
amounts to saying that we imagine it (i.e. the external
object) in a sequential order through the concepti caused
by it. This is called the Theory 01 Representative
Perception (Prateeka Pratyaksha VaQda). It is clear that
just as in the theory or doctrine of SautrQanllkas
the forms of knowledge or consciousness are the
means for imagining the object, in this theory the
concepts are the means. To come down to this step
amounts to opening the main door to the entry of
Idealism' (Yijnaana Yaada). For, if all that we know are
IV ,.HE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 243
concepts (feelings or emotions etc.) only, thqn there

are no means of evidence whatsoever to say that
apart from these concepts the external objects exist
i ndependentlv. Therefore, there i..; no support to say
that these concepts are caused by the external objects
or they become known to us as representatives of those
external objects. All that appear to our mind are its
thoughts or ideations only. Among the functions or
faculties of the mind, like direct perception. remembering
imagining etc, wherever we observe there is 'no cause
at all to assume that apart from the thought or
concept there exists an object. It can be said that
because all that become objects to us are nothi no but
concepts alone, the groups themselves of these
concepts we are transacting as several objects.· This
was the first theory of Idealism born among the
Westerners
92. Defects in Idealism (Vijnaana Vaad.) 81 wen as

Realism (Visha,a Satyatwa Vaada):
As and when the Idealists and Realists went on

showirg or poin1i"9 out defects in each other's
theories, their main doctrines too had been changing.
Therefore. today among the Westerners not only there
have arisen quite a number of splinter groups of Idealism
as well as Realism but also. without being too different,
these two schools have got mixed up with each other
and woven into a bizarre fabric. As it ;s not our
intention to write a history of the Western phi loso-
phies, we will give up this consideration here and
return to the prespn.t consideration of knowledge or
consciousness. Just as the Realists, who say that the
object of knowledge or consciousness is independent and

bV virtue of its relationship knowledge is caused in
the brain or in the mind, have not been able to pin-
point and show what is meant by knowledge or cons-
ciousness, the Idealists too, who are stubborn in laying
that the object which is different either from the
form of knowledge or from the emotions or feelings
that appear in consciousness does not at all exist,
are not capable of showing the essential nature of
consciousness or knowledge as such and such.
Whether the changes that appear every now and then
in consciousness are caused onlv by the external
stimulating materials or whether they are produced bV
certai·n causes within the mind, how do these distinct
differences in the consciousness, which were not there
first, are produced? Does any entity or object whatso-
ever which is the essence of consciousness or know-
ledge exist or not 1 If not, how is the experience
of the na.tLlre of - "Such and such knowledge we
got" - caused? - This aspect both the schools have
not clari fied.
How does knowledge accrue to us? - In thia regard

t here is di fference of opi nion between the Realists and
the Idealists. Let it be in any manner; both have not
been able to explain the birth of knowledge or con-
sciousness to the complete satisJaction of an aspirant.
The ancient Logicians as well as the present-day
physical scientists have opined that becau.e of the
relationship or contact between the senses and the
external objects alone the knowledge of the object is
caused. It js the theory of the Logicians that when the
soul comes into contact with the mind and then the
mind getsinto contact with the sense organ and

thereafter when there is contact between the sense
organ and the object, the perceptual knowledge
(PratJaksha InaanlJ) is born. It is the theory of the
physical scientists that 'the perceptual knowJedge of
objects is produced because of certain changes caused
in the nerves of the eves and in soma parts of the
brain, which are related to those nerves, when the light
that has fallen on the object reflects back and comes
into contact with the eyes', We have got some
questions which are to be put to them. However
the manner in which some concepts as well as emotions
or feelings are caused in us may be - they are
produced within us only; they are not all objects. It
being so, what is the reason for the knowledge of
the type of - "This is a stone", "This is a tree" etc.-
being produced, instead of the knowledge of the type
of - " I got such and such a concept or idea~', "I
have such and such emotion or feeling" - being
produced? When thele is no contact or relationship
between us and an object. why is 8 knowledge of the
type of - "This is such and such a thing"-
produced? Although between us and the object the
mind, the brain. the senses - all these exist, without
the consciousness or knowledge of the
intermediate
entities like the brain etc. whatsoever. the knowledge
itself of the object which is at a distance is directlv
produced I Why is it so? Now. what we have to
ask the Vljnaana Vaadins or Idealists is: The brain.
the senses, the object - all these being knowledge
or consciousness alone, how was the knowledge or
consciousness that 'they are different' produced? To
these questions which we have put here both these
protagonists have not been able to answer. How do
we come to 'know' the objects which exist outside our

mind 1 Though the changes - which the thinkers opine
to be taking place within us only when we are know-
ing the objects - are very close to us. why do not they
appear to our consciousness? - To such questions to
give· answers it has become extremelv difficult for
these protagonists.
Yet another knotty problem is faced by these

protagonists who are caught in th is predicament, and
that is: It is in everyone's experience that the per-
ceptual knowledge occurs in the form of - "Now I
am seeing such and such an external object" - only.
What means of evidence is there to say that the
object, which we are believing to exist outside or
externally to the emotions or feelings and the con-:-
capte that occur in our mind, reallv exists '1 If there
is no means of evidence whatsoever, then what
happens to the steadfast or innate belief of people
that we are seeing the external object alone 7 Anv-
way, in the contention of the Realists there is no
support or proof to say either that outside us objects
exist or that they have the power or capability of
bringing about a change in our mind or an effect on
our mind; even in case there is support, there is no
reason forthcoming to answer the question - "Why
should not all objects create this kind of change
or effect at one and the same time 1" Alone's
senses, nerves, brain etc. cannot be leen by oneself,
one has to believe that they exist on the assurance or
testimony of others' statement and hence that cannot be
a scientific (Shaastreeytl) knowledge; even in case it is
accepted that they, i.e. our senses, nerves, brain etc.,
exist, there is no guarantor whatsoever to say that

the mind has properly grasped the essentia" nature of
an object which has flown. cown passing through so
many outlets or sluices. All these are the hindrances or
hurdles that exist for the Materialists or Realists (Baahya
Vishaya Satyatwa Vaadins).
Just to surmount or overcome these hurdles if it

il stated that everything is consciousness alone (or
knowledge alone), then how did the divisions ot
the type of object and subject (Jlishaya, Vishayi) come
about in one and the same consciousness or know-
ledge 1 Why is it that everyone of us gets the
experience of the type - "I have known this"
- alone '1 Why does it not appear in the manner - All
this is consciousness alone'·? If there is no object
or thing whatsoever di fferent or apart from
consciousness, why does the variety or diversity
of the types - black, yellow, hard, soft, far off.
nearby, circular, flat etc. - appear" If it is
contended that - 'All this is the nature or chara-
cteristic of consciousness, why is our experience not
like that? If it is said that all this is delusion, why
should it not be said that the argument that - 'Every-
thing is consciousness' - is also a delusion? If it is
slid that consciousness or knowledge is in our
experience, then the object is also in our experience
indeed I What authority is there for the Idealist,
Vijnaana YQadin. to refute the object which is in
everyone's experience"1 If it is not proper to believe
the existence of one's senses, nerves etc., on others'
statement or testimony. how can it be acceptable to
the Idealist especially to believe that others exist 1
If that is also rejected, the disputant who believes

that - '-I alone exist" - to whom does he attempt
to convince, shall we say? Thus the Rillist allo eln
pill up objlctions ane upon another on the Ide.lilt.
Similarly, with regard to the experience that occur.

in the manner - "1 am knowing this,1 - if the question
is asked - "Is the phenomenon of '1' a different
entity which is the support or substrate tor knowedge
or consciousness or everything is consciousness
only 7" - these disputants cannot arrive at a unanimous
decision. The logicians of our country are Aatma
Vaadins: that means, people who say that apart from
the two - the senses, the mind there exists a
sQul (Atma). Therefore, they were saying that
knowledge or consciousness was 8 characteristic
(Dharma) of the soul. It was their belief that in the
phenomenon of the nature of - 'II know", the
'I' notion that appears in us is itself Alman or the
Self (our essential nattlre of Being). Their doctrine
or theory also is not without blemish or defect, for
just as, although it is our experience that the object
exists outside, the essential nature of the object
slipped out without being included within the ken of
our deliberation, in the same manner her. in the
statement - "I know" - the essential nature of the
agent of knowledge, i. e. the 'I' notion, who i8
separate or different from Pure Knowledge or
Consciousness slips out without being within the ken
of knowledge. This 'I' notion is not an object
like external objects or things; nor is it the agent of
knowledge (subject) like the mind or Vijnaa"". Then
in that case, what else is it 7 It is not possible even
to imagine the Reality or Entity which is neither the

object nor the subject I
93. The need of the comprehensive viewpoint of delibe.

ration for the determination of the Ultimate Reality
or essential nature of Pure Knowledge (Conscious-
ness) ~
In the previous section if it is observed in the

manner we have indicated or explained to a little
extent, then it becomes evident or clear that either
the Idealistic theory or the Realistic theory cannot
thrive independently. To the Realist, the external
world alone is everything; he aspires some.how to
extract from it 'knowledge' or ·consciousness·. To
the Idealist, mind alone is everything; he aspires
somehow to project the object from the mind or
J'ijnaana. Without explaining as to how a relationship
between the object and the mind is caused and how the
perceptual knowledge is caused, the Realist has conceived
or imagined that outside the objects exist independently and
that they are capable of creating a stimulation or sensa-
tion which can cause the perceptual knowledge. Without
explaining as to how the appearance of the object was
caused in the mind (Vijnaana), the Idealist has imagined
or concieved that that appearance is the nature or
characteristic of the mind. Thus for both, imagination
alone is the support; both have the support of cer-
tain dialectical arguments; in the theories of both
there are defects. The essential nature of knowledge
or consciousness cannot possibly be found in both
these theori es.
Even so, from the disputations between these two

groups one decision or conclusion emerges. That is:
Both these, without taking into consideration experience
in its entirety, have taken into their reckoning one part
only of it and have endeavoured to imagine the rest. In
our daily life neither the object bereft of the mind nor
the mind bereft of the object have been experienced by
us. Contrary to this universal experience these disputants
have endeavoured to wrench ofr the object and the objective
or perceptual knowledge, each from the other, and to esta-
blish separatel, their independence. Therefore, not only
there has arisen a qua,rel between these two but also it
has become a hurdle or hindrance in determining the
essential nature of knowledge or consciousness. Hence
from this disputation what we should remember is that
giving up this path of observing the Ultimate Reality
by dividing and distributing It, it is better only to
follow the path of the comprehensive outlook of the
three states and to observe how the essential nature
of Pure Consciousness appears.
94. The method of examining properly the object and the

subJect:
The difficulty In determining either the essential

nature of the object or the essential nature of empirical
consciousness which illumines that object arises because
we do not remain outside or beyond the object as
well as the empirical consciousness and then examine
them. Is it possible if an actor, who is on the stage
drelsed up and acting, attempts to see for himself
how he is acting? The actor cannot see or observe
his own acting and the observer cannot act at the
lame time - this fact being self - evident or self-

established. it flashes by itself to anyone. Even so,
we remain within the waking state alone and end-
eavour to determine the essential nature of the empiri-
cal consciousness that appears in us in that manner
only I For that reason alone, the difficulties which
have been previously described are coming in the way.
But giving up this wrong path, follow the viewpoint
of Intuitive experience which comprehends, like 8 lamp,
the waking state which includes or subsumes within it .
both the empirical knowledge or consciousness and the
object. Then see for yourself how these whole gamut
of difficulties vanishes just as the fog disappears in
hot sun I The things that appear to us in the waking
state, like the world, our body, senses, mind, intellect,
ego - which are observing that world - all these
have then become objects to us. We become the Wit-
ness (Saakshi) of the whole state itself. Now we
must discern that the world of the waking, as also
the body, the senses and the mind which are in the
waking, are all confined to the waking alone and that
they cannot 'get out' of the waking. The subject and
the object of the waking are both objects only to our
Intuitive experience (or Intuition, to be short) ,... This
fact immediately flashes clearly.
95. The Witness (Saakshi, Pure Consciousness, the Self or

Atman, alone is the prime subject and the rest -
though it is subject - is object alone:
Observe from this internal vision called ' Anubhava,

or Intuitive experience how the empirical knowledge or
consciousness which appears in the waking seems to
be. The external objects are being illumined by the

S8n8e8: thole .en8e8 ar. being illumined bV the mind;
that mind appears to be belonging to me. To the mind
which belongs to me the senses are objects; to the
senses the outside things are objects. Therefore, if
considered in one particular sense, to the outside
things the senses are the subject, to the senses the
mind is the subject. But which is that Witness or the
prime subject which i. experiencing all this? To whom
does the whole state belong" It is clear here that
we are 'witnessing' the entire state itself from a
particular form or nature which is our innate essence
or core of Being. This alone has been previously
(sub - section 51) called bV us Saakshi or the Witness.
We are indeed seeing or perceiving the objects with
our senses, the senses with our mind and the state
which is said to be the conglomeration of objects,
senses and mind with our Witness (Alman or the Self) I
Is there yet another entity which perceives this Wit...
ness 7 To this question each one of us has 10 give
the answer based on our Intuitive experience alone.
We have never seen or perceived any other instrument
or means of knowing the Witness. 'Knowing the Wit-
ness' - this statement does not convey any meaning;
for, as the Witness or Saakshl is our essential nature or
core of Being Itself, the need of knowing It in Itself
(i.e. the subject per 5e) does not arise at all. For that
reason alone, there is no possibilitv or scope for any
doubt arising at any time in anyone of us regarding
the Intuitive experience of the Witness (Pure Conscious-
ness). Not onlv that; it can be said that the Intuitive
experience of the Witness (Saakshl AnubhavD) Itself is
the greatest or the highest Knowledge among all know-
ledge. that exist in us. For example, only when there
i. a relationship between the object to be known and

us we get knowledge. As much this relationship be-
comes closer, so much more intimate will be our
knowledge, we say. This alone is the reason for our
attaching more value to the knowledge of things which
are in front of us than to the knowledge of things
which exist in far., off space or time which cannot be
leen or perceived by us. For this reason alone, we
have to understand that more than the knowledge
of the objects which are in front' of us the knowledge
of the senses which are nearer to us is strong. the
k'nowledge of the mind which is still closer to us I.
much stronger. If it Is observed from this viewpoint,
how much strong should we say is the Knowledge
of the essential nature of our Witness (Alman or .Self),
which never leaves us and never goes out of our
'cognition even to the extent of an iota and between
us and Itself, i.e. the Witness or Pure Consciousness,
there does not exist anything else whatsoever (i.e. It
is our very essence or core of Being or Existence·
Knowledge - Bliss) I Thus because the strong Intuitive
experience itself which does not give room at any time
for any doubt to arise is the Witness (Atman or the
Self) and by .tselr alone we have to know everything,
there is no need for another to know this Witness, nor
does any such entity whatsoever exist at all. The senses
and the mind which are in our state - these become
objects as well as subjects; but the Witness (Saakshll,
in particular, is always the subject per se, never the
object (i.e. the Witness or Se'f can never be objecti-
fied, but in a manner of speaking, He remains 8 Wit-
ness or subject per se alwavs). Therefore, Saakshi or
the Witness alone is the Prime Subject or Witness, all
else is an object alone to th is Witness.
96. The Witness of the tri.d of knowledge (T,iputS) Is

Itself our essential nature of Being:
let us now once more examine the nature of the

empirical knowledge or consciousness that appears to us
in the waking as an object to the Witness (A.lmQn or
Pure Consciousness). That knowledge is bding perceived
in the form of _. ·'1 am knowing this." Here the object
• the empirical knowledge or consciousness.
perceptible to
called Ineya or the object of knowledge, the knowledge
or Jnaana (the instrument of knowledge), the knowing
'I' or Jnaatru (the knower) such a triad appears.
Apart from this, to know the objects we are also using
means or instruments like the senses, the inner instru-
ment (Antahkarana) of mind. With the perceptual sense-
organ of the eyes the object of a picture and the like,
i.e. Jneya, which have 8 form, is being known by me,
the knower (Jnaalru); then alone we get the result or
fruit of perceptual knowledge (/napti or Jnaana). Thu$
devoid of this differential triad of Jnaatru, JnQQna and
Jneya (or the knower, the means of knowledge and the
object of knowledge, respectively) we have never got
any kind of knowledge whatsoever in the waking; some-
times the external objects or things are the objects to
our empiri·cal knowledge or consciousness, sometimes the
internal happiness, grief, conceptual knowledge etc.
alone are the objects to our empirical consciousness.
In any case, without the triad mentioned above we do
not have any empi rica·' knowledge. 1 his ki nd of triad is
called 'T,iputi'. Now one point for consideration: Just
as we know or perceive the external objects or things
existing in the waking through our senses, and the
conceptual knowledge that is caused by the senses
through the mind, with the aid of which entity do we
know the whole stlte which is blended or imbued, as

it were, with the mind 1 What means or instrument do
we have to 'know' this? To answer this question we
do not need much time at all. We do not see or
perceive it through, or with the aid of, anything whatso-
ever. There is no other mediate thing or entity whatso-
ever between us and the state. We are directly or
Intuitively alone perceiving (cognizing) the state. rhus
because of It perceiving or cognizing the state in its
entirety directly or Intuitively (Le. without the aId of
any intermediary agent) this our essential nature of
Being (Le. Atlnan or Pure Existence - Knowledge - Bliss)
is given the epithet of 'Saakshjt (the Witness) by
phi losophers.
97. The Witness or Saakshi alone is the essence of Know-

ledge:
From the series of considerations made so far

what we have come to know is: People are using the
terms like 'knowledge' and ·existence' without consi-
dering the questions like - I'Wherefrom do we get
the light of knowledge which is the me'llns for our
daily or empirical transactions 1" or "What is Its
(i.e. the light of knowledge) essential nature 1" Just
8S people, although they are always knowing or per-
cei"ing the objects invariably along with the sunlight
or any other empirical source of. light, they take into
their reckoning only the object needed for their tran-
sactions without 1aking into account the sunlight or
anv other empirical source of light, in the same
manner because people - though they are perceiving
all things in the light of Intuitive experience (Pure

Consciousness) alone - they are believing that the
objective perception alone is everything and are seeing
with that extroverted viewpoint alone, the question-
~tlWhat is Pure Consciousness 1" -- remains without
being determined (Upadesha Sahasri Prole Sec. 16-5).
In the day time the sun's light. in the night the light
of the moon and the stars or the light of 8 lamp
etc ..... thus all our dai Iy transactions are carried aut
with the aid of light 8.one. But before the assistance
of this light accrues to us, the empirical sources of
light themselves have to be established (i .8. their
existence has to be presumed), is it not"1 For this, the
sense-perception for which the instrumental sense-organ,
viz. the eyes, is very essential. To a blind person,
howevermuch there might be light in the world, which
object, in what manner, CQuid be known 1 To know or
objectify the sense-organ of the eye, the aid or assistance
of the mind is needed; no one has ever perceived and
known his own eyes (directly) with his eyes alone.
Thus although 'the phenomenon of light' illumines every-
thing, to 'perceive or know' the empirical or physical
light the assistance of the eyes, wh.ch are somethi ng
other than the former ~(i.e. the physical light), is needed:
similarly, the assistance of the mind is also needed to
'know' the sense-organ of the eyes. Just as with the
aid of the eyes alone the physical light is reckoned or
cognized as light, with the aid of the mind alone the
eyes are cognized as the eyes. If considered thus, it
becomes established that the mind alone 'sees' the
light through the outlet or doorway of the eyes, and
with the assistance of that light (i .e, the empirical
consciousness) is perceiving the external objects.
Therefore, the capability of 'showing or illumining' the
object, in reality, Is not that of the physical or empirical

source of light, nor is it that of the sense-organ; both
these are being 'illumined' by the mind alone. Therefore,
it becomes evident tha t the mind alone is really the locus
where the 'light of knowledge' or the empirical
consciousness exists or inheres and that on the strength
of that empirical consciousness alone the sense-organs,
the physical sources of light and the objects, one
following the other in that ordar, are appearing. But
people who have the patience of considering or det61-
mining the question .... "Whether this mind also is the
'final locus' or is it also being 'illumined' by another
entity 7'1 _ are V8CY rare or sparse. What the Vijnaana
Vaadins or Idealists call 'consciousness' is this change
in the mental mode alone; having relied only upon the
experience that 'without the outlet or doorway of the
mind nothing whatsoever can be known at all', as
described above, they (i.e. Yiinaana VaQdins or Idealists)
have deduced their theory or doctrine - without consi-
dering the pros and cons - that everything is empirical
consciousness or knowledge alone.
It is true that we have to know everything with

the mind alone; it is also true that just as we have
determined that we can know everything through the
mind alone, we have to determine the object of the
mind also. Even so, there lies a difference here:
While knowing everything with the mind those external
things become an object to the mind. But how can
the mind become an object to the mind alone? Believing
that the mind can be examined or considered by the
mind alone, the present-day psychologists' theory
of examining others' minds may be helpful in the
17
progress of their science; but that cannot render any

help whatsoever in determining 'the essential nature of
mind'. For, what Is said to be 'others' mind- Is an entity
which we have imlgined. To determine by such Imaglna.
tion the Issentlal nature of our mind which Is directly
In our Innate experience can never be scientific. Let It
be. The psychologists lav that we can 'know' by the
mind alone by means of another method called
'introspection'; for this there is support of OUf
experience also. But here with what do we really
examine our mind? ThDugh non~ of the remaining entities
can become objects to themselvet, the mind in particular
(exclusively) is becoming an object to itselr! What is the
secret of this phenomenon? To solve this question a
great deal of wisdom as well as patience is essential.
Neither the ancient Vijnaana Jlaadina or tdealists nor
the present-day phychologists desired to go that far.
They have opined that it is futile to merely believe that
there exists an Entity or Reality which 'illumines' the
mind too, and because it is seen in our experience 'the
mind objectifying itself' and 'knowing' itself their
theory alone is the final verdict. For this (misconcep-
tion) their having identification wirh the waking view-
point alone ia the cause. If they had posed the
question - "With what do we know the whole waking
state ?'~ - to themselves and had endeavoured to provide
an answer to it, they would not have got the content-
ment of staving put in the middle of the path onlv.
In reality, with what are we 'knowing' (i. 8. cognizing
or comprehending) the mind~ the senses and the objects -
all bundled together or in their entirety '1 We mUlt
examine this question fuliV. The Logicians of our
country were saying that the Jelvaatma or soul was the
lubstrate for the mind. But with what should we

know or comprehend that the Jeevaatma or sou, exists?
If it is said - 'with the mind', then it amounts to
saying that the mind is an object to the soul and the
soul is an object to the mind; and the defect of mutual
dependence of the type that ~ach has to be established
by the other will attach itself to this theory. Some
present-day Vedantins, having first said that the
Je~ya or soul is of the essential nature of Conscious-
ness alone, have 1ater on conceived that in him, i. e.
the soul. there exists a quality or characteristic of
Consciousness too. But they are not able to· answer
in keeping with everyone's experience the question-
"What is the difference in the essential natures of the
Consciousness which is possessing the quality
and the Consciousness which is itself the quality 7"
Contending in the ma nner - "Bec9use there 'is the
experience of the type - 'I am knowing' - 'I' is the
possessor of the quality of knowledge and 'am know-
ing' is its quality or characteristic" - they have
given value to the waking experience alone, and just
like the V,jnaana Yaadins or Idealists have formulated their
theory devoid of a comprehensive or far-sighted outlook
or viewpoint. let it be. I f one considers the question
-"Even the knowledge which appears in the form of
the possessor of t he quality (Dharlnee) and the quality
or characteristic (DlrarnJa) as in the expression - 'I am
knowing' - is it independent or has its knowledge
come from any other entity?" - even then, it will
have to be said perforce that all those pheno-
mena are an object to the Witness (Saaksh/) alone,
85 stated in the previous section, and that
although the 'light of knowledge' appears to be in
260 TH·E MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
the senses, in realitv, it has come from the mind

alone. Because the Witness or Saakshl (Almall or the
Self) is knowing everything, it becomes certain that
It is the very essential nature of Pure Consciousnes8
or Knowledge (i .8. It is the Absolute Reality of the
Issential nature of Pure Existence - Consciousness - Bliss);
if It were not the essential nature of Consciousness
8t all, then how could It know or be conscious of the
entire state itself without desiderating anv other means
or instruments of knowledge whatsoever '1 The Witness
has never, given up Consciousness (or the capabi IiIV of
knowing) ; as stated before, there is no need of
Knowledge or Consciousness coming or accruing to
the Witness from any other entity (or source), nor is
It an object also (to another knowing or consciou8
entity). Therefore. Saakshi or the Witness .Ione II the
very prius or fountainhead of Knowledge or Consciousness.
Without being illumined by anything else, It by Itself
(per se) is illumining or is self-effulgent; by Its 'light'
alone OUT waking as well as all the waking transactions
are being carried on (trihadaaranyaka Upanishad 4-3-6)-
,.his truth is established.
(8) The Three Levels Of Knowledge Or CODscioUSlfSS
98. As In Existence there are three levels In Knowled,e

or Consciousness:
If it is so, is there no Knowledge or Conscious-
ness whatsoever in the states "1 If not, all of us
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEOGE 261
have the feeling of the type - "I am knowing",

"My mind is knowing", "My senses are knowing"-
is it not" We can agree if it Is said that
there is no knowledge either to the physical light
or the objects which are seen with the help of that
light, for howevermuch they may shine they are
inanimate or insentient. But how can it be said
that none of the JeevQs or human beings who exist
In the world just like us and who are carrying
on transactions with us has any knowledge or con ..
sciousness whatsoever" We are all behaving with the
belief alone that there exists knowledge or conscious-
ness in people and that it increases or grows through
transactions as well as teaching or instruction. Educa-
tional system is based on the foundation of this belief
alone. The distinctions of enemy, friend, mediator,
hostile perlon or alien, relative etc. are also in
accordance with this belief alone. It is with this
belief to the effect that there exist differences in
knowledge alone that people render help or cause
harm to one another or we aspire to gain their hatred
or affection. What more to say I Even people who
preach the observance of the rituals or meditations fot
obtaining the 'bliss of other worlds' or those who
preach the Intuitive knowledge of the Self or Alman
for attaining Emancipation or Liberation also have to
start their task assuming that in the world there exist
people with different levels of knowledge alone. If it
is not so, to whom can the Vedantins teach the
Ultimate Reality "1 For all these reasons, in some
people the doubt to the effect - II In the world also
we must believe that a particular kind of knowledge
exists onlv, i, it not 7" - may arise.
While answering this question we have not to

state anything more at all to those who have kept in
mind the system of deliberation or discrimination in
the methodology of the three states and what answer
we have given when the same kind of objections we,e
raised with regard to "Existence" (sub-section 66).
For, the phenomena of waking, dream and deep sleep
are not entities which exist always independently apart
from Atman or the Self who is the Witness: they
have to perforce appear with the 'light of Conscious-
ness or Knowledge' of the Witness alone. Not onlv
that. Because the Pure Existence of the Witness is
Itself their existence, the Knowledge of the Absolute
or Pure Consciousness of the Witness (SaakshJ CluJitanla)
is Itself their Knowledge or Consciousness. Therefore,
just as the Witness or Saak&hi in Its innate nature is
eternally Pure Consciousness alone, it amounts to
saying that the states also, which are not different
from It, are eterna IIV of the assentia I or innate nature
of Consciousness alone. This fact will be clarified 8
little more further on.
But for time being, from another lower level

the
also an answer by way of consolation can be given.
That is: As stated above, because Saakshi or the
Witness is of the essential nature of Pure Conscious-
ness which never changes It all, that Pure Consciou.-
ness or Knowledge alone can be called 'Paaramaarthlka'
or unchangeable or immutable Consciousness. B~t merelv
by this it does not become established whatsoever
that in whatever objects or visions we see in the
waking there is no Knowledge or Consciousness at all.
For, we traRsact in the manner - "I am knowing",
IV THE ESiENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 263
"My mind is knowing", "My senses are knowing"-

alone. We are carrying on our transactions with the
faith alone that our mind and senses are knowing and
that like us only many others who are capable of
knowing exist. Not only that. Even in the minds in
which we think there does not exist any knowledge,
we believe either that knowledge exists in a little or
smaller measure or it remains unmanifested. In the
workaday .world, just as benefit accrues from knowledge,
from forgetfulness desirable as well as undesrrable
results are caused. Therefore, it is reasonable to
understand that forgetfulness also is a kind of
knowledge or consciousness alone. In this manner, it
will not be wrong if it is said that not only in
creatures and plants but also in insentient or inanimate
things also a kind of consciousness or knowledge
exists unmani fested. Let it be. For the time being,
within the states wherever we think there exists con-
sciousness, just as in all those things or objects
there is empirical existence or VJ'aQvahaarika Salta,
similarly we can assume that in all those things there
is Vyaavahaarika Jnaana or empirical consciousness also.
But no consciousness or knowledge of the waking what-
soever can antlr the dream. Nothing whatsoever of the
knowledge or consciousness which appears in the dream
can objectify the waking. Thus the consciousness or
knowledge of a particular state is confined or restrict-
ed to that state alone. Even so, because this
knowledge is of utility in empirical transactions, there
is no objection or hindrance in thinking this to be
Vyaavahaarika Jnaana or empirical knowledge or conscious-
ness. The principal waking alone is the state which is
the support for us to carryon our transactions;
264 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUitiON
therefore, the various knowledges that we gain in

that sta\e are the knowledges which are empirical or
transactional. In this manner, the knowledge of
silver of the nacre or sea sheU, the knowledge of the
snake of the rope, the knowledge of the second moon
etc.- because all these In their respective durations
appear like ·real knowledge' alone, they are knowledges
of Praatibhaasiita type (of mere appearance). Anyway,
in this manner everything exists related to Conscious-
ness or Knowledge invariablv, everything 18 verily
Consciousness alone, apart from Consciousness even the
phenomenon of forgetfulness does not exist at all
- These conclusions alone are the ultimate or absolute
truths.
99. The knowladge or consciousness that Ixilt. in thl

stltll'. nat independent, it .110 i. Purl ConlciGUI •••'
alone:
But we should never think or believe that the

phenomenon of consciousness that appears in varioul
forms in the states is independent. To the state
which does not have an independent existence at all
(sub-section 56) wherefrom should an independent
consciousness accrue 1 To clarifv this here an illustra-
tion can be given: Imagine that a lamp has been
covered by an earthen pot and that the earthen pot
has several holes. Then from the earthen pot through
the holes the rays of light are spread out in different
directions, is it not 1 Merely on that ground do W8
understand that all those are different lamps "I No.
Similarly, when seeing from the waking viewpoint
within the pot of our body the 'lamp of Pure

Consciousnesl or Knowledge' called Saakshi Chailanya or
the Witnessing Absolute Consciousness is ever burning;
That not only 'flows' through the mind IS well as
through the various senses and creates the 'illusion'
of making the mind and the senses to 'shine' but
also 'illumines' the external things and 'shows' them.
Then we get the experience of the type - "I am
knowing this". Merely for that reason, can we. think
that each kind of knowledge of every one of the
senses is a different (indepedent) knowledge 7
This knowledge or consciousness as well as the
fact that from this knowledge the objects
appear - all these are the 'light' of the wit-
nessing Consciousness alone and not anything else. It
is proper to determine or decide in this manner only
(D""shinamoorthy Stotra 4). Without knowing this secret
alone people have imagined each instrument of know-.
ledge 8S having different light; they have also accep-
ted the separate existence of Jeevaatma or the soul
who is of the 6form of light' and is the
substrate for all those lights of the instruments of
knowledge just like the sun is the substrate for all
sunlight and the rays of sunlight - This fact is clear.
100. The Clnsciousness Dr Knowledge of the Witness or

S8akshi is not 8 characteristic or quality:
We have mentioned above that Yaisheshikas (a school

of Indian philosophy in the pre-Shankara period
who specialized in an indigenous atomic theory of
creation of the universe) and some present-day
Vedantins also have opined that Consciousness or Know-
ledge is a quality or characteristic of Jeevaallna or the
soul alone, is it not '1 Because in the transactions of

the waking it appears in that manner, as also bV
assuming like that it facilitates empirical transactions,
there is no harm whltsoever in assuming that the
cDnsciaulDII. which II IndDwld with thl Vyalvahaarlka
Sitta .r thl Impiric.1 Ililtinc. or 'Illity is aur quality
or characteristic. But in the absolute sense or view-
point, to think or imagine that Pure Consciousness Is
this kind of consciousness alone, there lurks 8 danger.
Those who wish to know what that danger Is should
first understand what meaning we have presumed in
our customary dealings to the word. 'consciousness'.
The scientists describe the manner in which the pheno-
menon of consciousness or knowledge is born or
caused in man 88 follows..,: The creature belonging
to the human special (homo sapiens) is a particular
special evolutionary feature that has taken place in
the gradual or stage-bv-stage development from the
lower kinds of creatures. Among the creatures, accor-
ding to the laws of heredity (Yamsha Gunaanvayaj and
adaptation to external circumstances or environmental
conditions (Sonni'eshQonuguna Pllrjnaama), from the previ-
ous species of creatures the next species of creatures
have been evolved in a sequential order. The biologi-
8t8 have determined that according to the laws of 'the
8truggle for existence, end 'natural selection' among
the families or speciel of the creatures the structural
features of their respective organs etc. as well as their
functional features are formulated. Man, according to
this law, is the progeny of a certain special premoge-
nitor (Moo/apurusha Vishesha) belonging to the species of
apes. The lensel, the brain and the nervous system
that are seen· In him and the knowledge or conscious·
ness that il caused in them are merely the reactions

that are caused in his body from the external circum-
stances. For t his reason, consciousness or knowledge
wi II have to be said to be - like itching that is caused
in the body - a particular kind of characteristic or
quality alone. The Materialists or Realists, who are
predominant of late among the Westerners, are keeping
rhythm to. or dancing to the tune of, the scientists,
and some say that consciousne,s or knowledge means
8 certain action, some others say that it is 8· special
relationship and yet some others say that it ;s neither
mental nor physical but ia the transformation or metamor-
phosis of an indescribable thing which is indifferent to
or uninvolved in both i.e. mental or physical functions -
In all such ways they are arguing. The main defect in
all Materialistic or Realistic theories - we have made
known previously itself (sub-section 97). Having started
the task of finding out the essential nature of mind
or consciousness, to have determined that it is a thing
which is within the realm of the inquirer's exa minations
and anticipation (or expectations) is itself that defect.
That which appears as an object to examinations and
Ixpectations Df IRticipations is another perlon's imagined
(Ka/pila) mind alan. and not ona'. awn real mind.
Howevermuch precisely or strictly we decide or deter-
mine the development of the mind which is an object,
it does not amount whatsoever to have found out the
essential nature of our inner Consciousness which is
needed to examine that object, i. e. the mind which
is an object (meaning - our mind can only be really
objectified and analysed with the help of Pure
Consciousness alon8, tho Witness). Taking the state
or condition of the mind that exists now as the one
basis, merely by imagining in the mlnne, - "For the

mind to have reached this condition it must have
undergone such and such changes" - can it amount
to having decided or determined the essential nature
of cor\eciousness 7 Let the scientist or materialist, who
from the objective vilwpoi nt observes the functi ans of
the body and determines that consciousness is its quality
or characteristic, observe through the lubjective or
introspective viewpoint of the mind belonging to
himself who is the examiner (that is, his own Intuitive
experience point of view), then immediatelv it flashes
to him thlt all the phenomena of the body functions
are the result of a distinct ideation or conception
caused or produced in the mind. Inltead of the con-
sciousness becoming the qualitv of the body, the body
itself will be known to be the 'object of conscious-
ness'. Then the hand of the Idealist (VijnQ(Jna J!QQdin)
himself will be raised al a sign of victory. But we
have already (sub-section 92) mentioned the defects
in the v,ijnaanG Yaada or Idealistic theory. Just al the
Real ist or Materialist hal forlotten his own Conscioulnlls
and is obHrvl". only the external physique or body, the
Idealist has forsaken the Witness or Pure Consciousness
which is the Issential nature or core of Being of the
empirical consciousness and Is 'Iamining only the Ixternal
object of empirical consciousness or knowledge. For the
VaisheshikQI lind some present-day Vedantins also to have
imagined or thought that consciousness is a qualitv or
characteristic, the cause is their taking this wrong
viewpoint alone.
10 I. That which knows or objectlfie. the empirical

conscioulness (Dhlrllli Shootl JnlaDI) il the witnlll-
ing Pur. or Absolutl Consciousn.s. .Ionl:
To wit, when we are observing one-polntedlv any

one external object or when in our mind alone we
are imagining anyone matter we do not have any
knowledge or consciousness whatsoever of the remaining
objects. Similarlv, to the person, who is intoxiqated
bV consuming alcoholic liquor as well as to the· person
who suffers from the illness of delirium, does not have
any knowledge or consciousness at all of what is
happening outside themselves. In such circumstances
it is not our opinion that there is no consciousness
whatsoever; we think onlv that, as a result of the
irregularity caused in the mind, "the consciousness
having been suppressed remains stagnant in some
region alone and it does not spread in other
directions". Thus when we say in the manner - "cons-
ciousness exists·', "consciousness does not exist"
"consciousness is increased", "consciousness is
decreased" etc. what meaning do we assume for the
word 'consciousness'? Is it not in the manner - "To
be conscioUi or to know is a qualltv in us, and we
are the agents or possessors of that qualitv"?
Therefore, this knowledge or consciousness which
undergoes changes like increase and decrease etc. can
be called "Dharma Bhoota Jnaana" or the empirical
knowledge or consciousness.
We talk in terms of the empirical consciousness

or knowledge and express in the manner - "Getting
born", "Remaining dull", "Shining well", "Knowing
270 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITIO~
an object" and then "Failing to know the object" etc.-

il It not" In these circumstances who is it that knows
(i.e. objectifies, envisages or visualizes) the changes of
'getting born', 'shining well' etc. of this empirical
knowledge? We alone, is it not? If that Is so, it
means that in us too the Pure Consciousness which
illumines this empirical consciousness or knowledge has
to exist. Now let us deliberate or ratiocinate in I
different manner. If the consciousness or knowledge-
when it gets born, becomes dull, shines well and is
undergoing various kinds of changes - were a qualitv
of ours only, then we (as the possessors or agents
of that quality) also should have been changing into
different forms or conditions, Is It not? It i. 8n
established popular fact that the possessor or agent
of a quality, which is of an adventitious nature or of
a nature of coming and going, undergoes 8 change.
Because in our experience the empirical knowledge
'coming unto us' and 'slipping away from us' - all
these are appearing, it will have to be said that
we also are undergoing a change only when
this empirical knowledge is the acquired. If this is true.
will it not mean that at a particular time we will be
completely destroyed or. anni hilated? People who say
that Atlnan or the Self is agent or possessor of the
quality of empirical knowledge or consciousness will
have to a~quiesce in or bow their heads before the
logician w:~o argues in the manner - I , AlmQn is chang-
ing with the changes in empirical knowledge" - 8S
also - "Therefore, He (Atnlan) must be non-eternal",
For that reason alone, we have stated above that
there is a danger in saying that the Consciousness or
Knowledge of Alman is an adventitiousqualitvor char-
8cteristic. Anvone may ask - "Let there be any dan-

ger, but why should it not be said that in accordance
with everyone's experience knowledge or consciousness
is Alman's quality alone 1" But this argument is not
in keeping with experience. Therefore, it is not
proper to say that Consciousness or Knowledge is Alman's
quality. The question will then arise - "If the
empirical knowledge which is a quality and its posses-·
sor, i. e. we, are both invariably changing, who is
there knowing or objectifying this change. 1"
It is not possible for anyone to say that others are
observing the changes occurring in us by empirical
knowledge and that we can know from them; we ourselves
are observing - that means, It becomes certain that by that
innate nature with which we are observing or objectifying
(Intuiting) all these changes, that innate nature alone is the
real core or essence of Consciousness (i.e. Pure or Absolute
Consciousness which is of the nature of Intuitive experience)-
That which is being known or objectified - that is a
mere appearance of knowledge or consciousness. there-
fore, it wi II have to be decided that, just like the fire
that appears in a piece of iron, the real Consciousness
or Knowledge (i. e. Pure Consciousness of the Witness)
appears in the empirical knowledges of the kind - 'I'
and its 'quality', and reallv they are not by themselves
of the innate nature of Knowledge or Consciousness.
This strong logical device is also in consonance with
everyone's experience. For, our absolute innate Be1ng
is Itself what .we have prev;ouslV (sub-sections 95-96)
stated as Saakshi Chaitanya or the Witnessing Pure
Consciousness, and with Its Intuitive Consciousness or
Knowledge alone the inner instrument of mind and the
senses. which are there in the waking, are 'shining or
glittering' as though imbued with Consciousness or

Knowledge. Just as the heat and light of the red hot
iron belongs oaly to the fire, similarly the consciousness
or knowledge that appe3rs or is manifested In the inne',
instrument of the mind as well as In the senses I. r.ally
of that of the Witness (i.e. Atman or the Selr, alone. For
that reason alone, this Witness has been described
in the Upanishad as - "'t is the Mind which is the
essence of the physical mind, It is the Ear which is
the essence of the physical ear, It is the Speech which
is the essence of the physical speech, It is the Life
Force or Principle which is the essence of the physical
life force, It is the Eye which is the essence of the
physical eye"-(Kena UpQnishad 1·1-2).
102. The Knowledge or Consciousnesl of the Witnl.1 i.

not mutable, not mlny in number, not .ndowld
with objectivity or not having en ab;.ct at aU:
By this deliberation itself it becomes established that

Alman's Knowledge or Consciousness is an Entitv not
having birth, not liable to change, not many, not
having any object. For, ',he knowledge or consciousness
that we think to be born is reallv not Knowledge or
Consciousness at all. Whatever knowledge we may
deem to have accrued to, or acquired by, us, but
our real (i. 8. pssential nature of) Consciousness
or Pure Consciousness of the Witness, which is
knowing all that, cannot be said to be born. For, It
knows the birth and growth, the changes or mutations
of all kinds of scenes or visions. Let any number of
knowledges seem to have occurred to us in the wak-
i"g, at their base (as the substratum par excellence)

there exists the one and only Consciousness or
Knowledge of the Witness. In It there is no number,
for It does not manifest Itself in time; It is an Entity
which 'illumines and shows up' time also, and hence
it is not possible to misconceive It and ask the
question - "Is this Consciousness one or many 7" It is
neither an object to anything whatsoever, nor It is iD
Itself a subject. For, when we say tha't 'we know the
Witness', we do not know It making It an object
at all We know It by Pure, Absolute, Intuitive or Trans-
cendental Consciousness (tVirvikalpoQllubkava) alone which
is beyond the ken of empirical knowledge or consciou-
sness. Although ·our saying that - Ithere is an object
to the Witnesi f
is true ffom the empirical viewpoint,
--
It does not 'kno'N' any object whatsoever just as ,it is

i.n the case of empirical knowledge which is of the
nature of concepts only as when we say - "1 am
knowing this object". The empirical knowledge
which is V\Iell-known or familiar in our day - to - day
transactions cannot remain apart from the object at
all, but the ~:nowJedge or Consciousness of the Witness
is not tied down at all to any object whatsoever. Even
when we say that - "The Witness is knowing the
state" - the state does not exist independently at all.
Because we cognize, nay Intuit, the Knowledge or
Consciousness of the Witness also in the Absolute or
Transcendental nature: of the Witness Itself, there does
not occur any change- whatsoever of the type of 'Rnowing'
in the Witness. If viewed in this sense, the Consciousne.s
or KnGwledge of the Witness is not. only Its vlry rar.
e' Being or essential, innate nature alone just like thl
light of tie sun, but also It is In Entity having nothing
II.. IS second to It.
18
'83. Thlre is no object Of entity whatsolver oth.r th ••

Pur. Consciousnl.s:
Here a doubt arises: When it is well-known

that to Aunan's Consciousness, i. e. to the Pure
Consciousness of the Witness or the Self, the state
as well as the existence of the world or universe
within It is an object, how can it be said that Pur.
Consciousness has no object "1 If it is contended that
Pure Consciousness of Alman alone appears 8S the
object, does not the objection raised against the theory
or doctrine of those who say that mind or intellect
itself appears as the object (i. e. just 8S the Yijnaana
Vaad;ns or Idealists contend) confront you? That same
obJect1on can be· raised against the "'edantin'. theory,
is ft not? After having stated (Iub - section 98) that
in consciousness or knowledge there are three divisions,
viz. PaaranzQarlhika or the Absolute or really real
(Intuitive), VYQQvahaorika or consciousness or knowledge
in the empirical workaday world and PrQolibhoQsika or
the illusory, to say that - 'Everything is Pure or
Absolute Consciousness of the Witness or Self alon8'-
is a contradiction of statements made previously and
at present, is it not? What is the difference between
the theory that - 'Everything is mental or conceptual
knowledge alone' - and your (i. 8. Vedanfin-s) theory
that - IEverything is Pure or Absolute Consciousness of
the Witness alone'?
In order to provide a satisfactory solution for this

doubt we have to take not onlv the waking
state but also the dream and the deep sleep states
for our examination; previously (sub - section 69)
when the same kind of objection had cropped up with

regard to "Existence" what satisfactory solution was
proffered - that should be remembered. The Witness
Is not tied down or confined to any state at all; just
8S It is the Witness for the waking when the latter is
in 'front of It', in the same manner when the waking
is not there any more and the dream is in 'front of
It'. to that state a Iso I t is the Witness. Irrespective
of the number of times the waking and the dream
appear. It, i.e. the Witnessing Pure Consciousness,. is
not only ready to 'illumine' them but also when they
both are not there at all, without being under any
obligation or influence of these, in the deep sleep
state It exists by Itself per se, alone. But the waking
and the dream are not like that: for their app'earance
the ·light of Pure Consciousness of the Witness' is in-
variably needed. When the light of the Witness is
illumining the dream, neith~r the waking nor the deep
sleep can ever appear or manifest themselves in any man-
ner whatsoever. They then do not exist anywhere else at
all. Therefore, the very life or existence of the states is
dependent upon or in the control and command of the
Witness. It being so, what is there to say about the
dependence of the knowledge or consciousness that
appears within the waking alone?
104. The waking mind or intellect alone is responsible

for the appearance o~. divisions in rure or Absolute
Consciousness:
If that is so, what is the reason for the Cons-

ciousness fo ~ppear as di fferent i, the forms ( f
knowledge of a pot, knowledge of a fine cloth etc.
In the waking? Can it be said that one Consciousness

alone is. appearing in so many forms 7 Apart from
this, as you vourself (Vedantin) have stated, the
differences of the type of the Absolute or Pure
Consciousness of the Witness or PQaramaarthiko, the
empirical or day-ta-day or Y)IaQvQhoarika knowledge
of the rope and the illusorv or PraatibhQQsika
knowledge of the rope-snake are appearing, is it not?
How can it be known that in all these cases the
knowledge or consciousness that appears is one and
the same 1"-ln thia manner anyone may ask. To this
question also as previously (sub-section 60) with
regard to "Existence" what answer was given-in the
same manner with the help of the illustration of the
dream an answer can be given. In the dream, know-
•
ledges of tha type of - " saw 8 pot', 'I saw a
tree' - are gained or experienced. As soon as 1hev are
born, Just as in the waking knowledge or conscious-
ness alone, in those dream knowledges too the triad
or Triputi of 'the knower,' 'the means of knowledg6'
and 'the known' appears; therein also it appears a~
if there are differences - of some knowledges being
proper or correct knowledges and some others as being
wrong knowledges. Even so, we do not believe that in
the dr'eam really these divisions exist whatso-
ever: we all know that all those are 'mere
appearances' and that at that time they 'appeared
to exist really'. At that moment also our Pure
Consciousness alone is the proof or the witness
to say that in the dream we are observing
everything as the Witness or Pure Consciousness, the
Self. If for both the states the Witness is not one
and the same, then for the memory (sub-se=tion 120)
of the type of - 'I saw such and such 8 dream' to
IV tHE ESSENtiAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 277
occur there would have been no scopa or room at

all. Because it is certain that the Witness, having
been one and the same in the dream as well as the
waking, is illumining everything with the light of
Pure Consciousness which is of a constant immutable
nature, to say that - 'Although that Pure Conscious-
ness exists by Itself alone, It can appear as different
knowledges' - the experience of the dream alone
gives enough strength. Although we cannot state the
cause for the question as to why one Absolute or
Pure Consciousness alone appeares in different forms,
there does not remain any doubt whatsoever about
the possibi lity of It appearing in that manner".
(C) Pure Or Absolute CODsciouSDfSS Or Knowledge
'IS. In deep sleep everything has blcome Atman alone

of the nature of Pur. or Absolute Consciousness or
Knowledge:
U the experience of deep sleep is brought to

mind, this idea or meaning is further strengthened.
For, therein - just as in the wal<ing and in the
dream there exists a world before us - no world
whatsoever exists before us; therefore, the triad or
Tr iJ1 II Ii of JI, knowledge or consciousness as the
I
means and the object of any kind whatever do ••

not exist; hence, in Consciousness no division what-
loever of the types of 'the real' and 'the unreal'
exists at all. Thus although the absence of the diffe-
rences of the types - 'I', objecls, knowledges, real
and false - belonged to the state, there is no
basis or support whatsoever to say that - 'There in
deep sleep we ourselves did not exist or that
our Consciousness disappeared'. For, then if there
had been no Consciousness, there would have
been no cause or ground at all for the scrutiny
or examination of the fact of the experience of
that 8tat_ having occurred to us. Even if any ona
person without wisdom or discretion doubts in the
manner -- In deep steep I did not know anything
II
whatsoever I" -- it will amount 10 his .aying that

'the object which he knew or was conscious of wa.
not there only', but not that hi. eonsciousnesl did
not exist. For that reason alone, the Upanishad is
Itating: "In deep sleep when he is not knowing any-
thing he exists endowed with Pure Consciousness
alone; there cannot be any loss of the Consciousness
of the Knower, is it not? For, It is indestructible. But
because there (in deep sleep) there does not exist any·
thing erse Ipart from Itself or second to Itself, Pure
Consciousness (of the Witness or Saakshi) does not
know; only when there exists another object one can
know, is it not 7" - (Brilladaaranyaka Upanishad 4-3-30).
What has been described before (sub-section 61) during
the consideration of the essential nature of deep sleep
should be made applicable according to the context
and relevance here also. There in deep sleep we do
not exist in the form of '1', but we exist in the
essential nature of Pure or Absolute Consciousness of
the Witness. If observed more anlaytically or incisively,

because there exists nothing whatsoever which is the
witnessed (SaakshJ'a) therein, even the statement that-
·We are the Witness there' - is also not the ultimate
truth; therein we really exist as of the essential
nature of Pure or Absolute Consciousness a lone. There
in deep sleep because the external cbject, the internal
knowledge, the knowing '1' - all have become one with
the essential nature or core of Being of the Witness,
existence and knowledge are existing together (or rather
they have merged into one Entity) alone. What we are
seeing now - all that has become one with or
merged in that Pure or Absolute Consciousness Itself;
because apart from, or other than, that Pure or
Absolute Consciousness there exists nothin.g else
whatsoever, deep sleep is not a state (Avaslha) at all-
reallv speaking; it, i.e. deep sleep, is Shuddha
Chaitany. or Pure Absolute Consciousness alone, which
neither exists within time, nor is It a certain type of
appearance also of the Ultimate Reality or Brahman or
Atman. That Pure or Absolute Consciousness of the
Witness alone is the Ultimate Reality of all existence and
knowledge. Our calling deep sleep 'a state wherein
nothing whatsoever is known' is from the waking
viewpoint alone. (Saying that - "In deep sleep the
whole of the world of the nature of names and forms
exists in the form of energy or force or Shakti R08pa'-
is from the empirical viewpoint which imagines or
conjectures that the divisions of names and forms,
prejected by Avid}'Q or Ignorance, to be real. Because
names and forms are imagined or projected bV MiIIJ)'aa
In QQIl a or misconception, imagining their energy or
force - hypothetically - by reasoning or dialectic means
280 ,.HE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
alone that also is from the viewpoint of that miscon-

ception alone - (Sulfa BhIJJh)·o 2-1-9). When there
does not exist either the empirical knowledge or the
empirical object, who can know what 7 "When
everything has become the very core or essence of
Alman alone, tbere Wi1h what can be smelt what '1
There with what can be seen what 1 With what can
be heard what 7 With what can be said about what '1
With what can be thought about what 1 - (BrihadQaro-
n}'aka Upallishad 2-4-14) - Thus that is the essential nature
alone which the Upanishad is stating. That is the very
essence of the entire gamut of knowl£dge that we are
perceiving; the distinctive or empirical knowledges that
appear in the waking and the dream also are subsumed
in that Pure or Absolute Consciousness of ~eep sleep;
from that Pure Consciousness alone the knowledge8 of
the three levels also, which we have stated before,
are projected or manifested.
106. Why do people believe that deep sleep i • • Itate

01 oblivion or forgetfulness 1
Now it is essential to find out the answer to

the question: "If deep sleep is, as stated above,
really .Pure Consciousness (Shuddha Chailanya) alone,
why have the people believed that in deep sleep
there does not exist any knowledge or consciousness
at all? Why has the belief that 'Deep sleep and
obliviousness or forgetfulness nlean one and the same
thing' is spread among the common people I" Before
an answer is given to this question, we must ask
ourselves another question - I'ln common parlance
what do the peopJe call experience (knowledge) 1"
The distinctive or empirical knowledge that appears in

the waking as well as in the dream alone, is it not 1
No one ever thinks that this kind of distinctive know-
ledge of dream or of the waking exists in deep sleep.
For, in the dream as well as in the waking the experie-
nces and the memories of some objects keep on occurring
to us. Therein we keep on making certain resolJ,Jtions
and actions; by that therein feelings of the kind - fear
(Bha}'a) , elation (Harslra), excitement (Udvega), liking or
attachment (Raaga), dislike or hatred (Dvesha) , ~appi
ness or pleasure (Sukha) , misery or grief (Duklla) etc. -
are born. But if deep sleep is observed, there is no
trace whatsoe.ver of these. Therein either the divisions
of the type - 'I', 'another', or the knowledges or
memories arising out of those divisions; or resolutions
(or volitions) and actions; or elation, excitement,
pleasure and pain - not an iota of these exist.
1) To call a state or condition in which there is no
knowledge or memory of any object whatsoever or
there is no feeling whatsoever arising in the mind-
la state of forgetfulness or obliviousness or stupor' - ;s
a prevalent convention or practice among common
people (Loka Roodhi). If any person is not knowing
any topic well, the others ask him - IIWhat is this,
are you sleeping 1" Therefore, it is but natural for
people who have deep-seated identification with the
waking alone to call deep sleep 'forgetfulness, stupor'.
Apart from this, in the waking our bodYr senses and
mind are always existing only. Wheh these are healthy
onlv and are carrying on their respective functions, we
get the knowledge of the external objects; when
these instruments of knowledge are not performing
functions because of certain tiredness or fatigue, we
do not find any knowledge whatsoever occurring to
282 .,HE MAGIC JEWEL OF INtUITION
us. In the same way. therefore, (2) ~ecause in deep

sleep the body, the senses and the mind are not
functioning, it appears to be reasonable to assume
that 'therein there is no knowledge whatsoever; it is
a stlte of obliviousness or forgetfulness' There is a
strong reason to imagine that the other people who
are in front of us and who are carrying on transac-
tions with us are also endowed with knowledge only
when they are using their body and senses. For, when
they go to sleep before our eyes and after waking
up they say that during their sleep no event whatso-
ever among those that were perceived by us was
known 01 experienced bV them, similarly, when we
are asleep, those who are awake too state that they
saw so many events which we had not known at that
time. For this reason also, it is but natural for peo-
ple to think that the knowledge accruing through the
body and the senses exists in the waking alone and
that because that knowledge does not exist in deep
sleep, to believe that that state to be '. state of
obliviousness or forgetfulness alon8' is proper.
In spite of this being so, because the above ver-

dict or judgment which the people have made on the
basis of their identification with the waking is oppo-
led to the phi losophical teaching (SiddhaQnta) based on
the comprehensive or plenary knowledge arising out of
the examination of the three states, It is proper (rea-
sonable) to reject the common people's verdict. For,
the phenomenon of our perceiving those who are
going to sleep in our presence belongs to our waking
alone that does not render any help whatsoever to
IV THE esseNTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 283
the consideration of deep sleep experience (sub-sec-

tion 33). Through the belief that 'while we are
sleeping. outside there are those who are awake' 'is
enough for the waking viewpoint. because it is a
judgement made without taking into the reckoning the
experience of the deep sleep, it cannot be of any
utility in the matter of the determination of the Ulti-
mate Realitv (Sub-section 30). If the experience of
deep sleep is observed with cocentration - j~st as
it is experienced therein - then it appears that in
that state we do not have any instruments of knowledge
whatsoever of the type - the body, the senses; the
mind etc. - and that, even so, we keep on getting
the experience of the deep sleep indeed. To which
category does this 'experience' of dee p sleep belong"
I~ is not an experience with distictive features
fSavikalpa) of the type - "This is such and such a
thing" - like the knowledge of an object; nor is it
memory also, not a volition too, it is not a thing
which is born, not anything which grows, not that
which vanishes or is destroyed. By that there is
neither elation nor grief, nor any other kind of emo-
tion or fealing - non of these is produced. Even
so, it is not possible fOr anyone to say that this
Knowledge or Consciousness does not exist. If that is
not existing (Le. not an entity at all), how is it pos-
sible to say thAt - 'Then we did not know anything
whatsoever' 1 This Knowledge or Consciousness is one
which does not have any contact whatsoever with any-
thing else, meaning It is the Absolute or Transcen-
dental Pure Knowledge or Consciousness, which desi-
derates neither any support (or substrate) nor any
•
object or entity other than, or second to, I t. There-
fore, there is no cause whatsoever to divide in the
manner - "Deep sleep i8 a state of obliviousness

or forgetfulness and that waking and dream are states
with knowledge or consciousness". In delp .1.1" too,
just as in tha waking and the dream, the Pure Know-
ledgl or Consciousness which is the Ultimat. Reality I,
invariably Ixisting; the distinctive or empirical know ..
ledgls which ar. supposed to appelr in the waking,
being of the essential natura alonl of PUla Conlciousness
Dr Knowledge, af. the phenomlna which .re sprouting
from It alane and .ra appaaring. This Iione is the
phi losophical teaching or truth.
107. lh. meaning of thl Itatement that thl empirical II
distinctive knowledge. (Dhlrma Shoota J.f1aanl) .r.

not axisting in deep sle.p:
Here a doubt may arise: Let it be that deep sleep

is not at all obliviousness; let us also agree that in
it Pure Consciousness exists. However, it does appear
to be proper especially to say that all of us get
transformed back into the form of Pure Consciousness
in deep sleep and that in It alone all our present
knowledges are merged or have become one with It.
For, you yourself have stated: "In the waking the
phenomenon of empirical knowledge shines, having been
attached to the 'I' notion; the whole of the waking
state is illumined bV the Saakshi or the Witness. " If
Pure Consciousness, which is our essential nature of
Being, is in the Witness - it may even 8xiot in the
deep sleep also. But merely on that account. how
can it be said that our empirical or distinctive objective
knowledges too enter it (i. e. deep sleep) and become
one with it? It is true that when we go to sleep,

our knowl£:dges disappear. For that the reason is only
that the mind and the senses rernain without function-·
ing, but that all those knowledges enter and become
one wi t h Pure Cor.sci ousness - just like the rivers go
and fall into the sea - is not at all the reason. Who-
ever has got the experience either of the empirical or
distinctive knowledges entering and becoming one
wilh Pure Consciou~ness during the time of deep
sleep or when the waking consciousness arises those
distinctive empirical knowledges having emerged from
Pure Consciousness? Apart from this. in the· waking
besides our knowledges the objects as well· as the
instruments of knowledge exist separately In deep
sleep where do all those things go? Will it be
proper to believe that they also invariably become ana
with Pure Consciousness (Shllddha Chailanya) elone?
Can it be believed that Pure Consciousness aJone which
exists in deep sleep splits up in the waki ng into 'the
instruments of knov"ledge', 'the distinctive knowledges'
and 'the objects'? Knowledge or Consciousness is not
gross, the object is rot Knowledge or Consciousness; how
can there be a cause-effect relationship between these
two w~'lich are extermely different (or of contradictory
natures) ?
Here also what we have previously (sub-section 62)

stated in connecticn with the consideration of "Existence"
must be rem~mbered. When we are asleep, no one
among us think that the dream kn\1wledges and objects
exist separately- There is no evidence whatsoever to say
that they exist ap1rt from our Atl11QIJ 01 the Self.
Because we have shown elaborately that there is no
286 THE MAGI~ JEWEL OF INTUITION
difference whatsoever batw,en the dream and the

waking with regard to their 'existence' (sub-section 71
to 81), it is unreasonable or irrational to think that
the waking knowledges as well 8S objects cannot be-
come one with Pure Consciousness in deep sleep and
that they exist separately somewhere. As we have
alreadv (sub· section 62) stated all that is needed to be
explained in this matter, there Is no benefit in giving
the same answer once more. To the objection-
"There is no experience to the effect that our know-
ledges and their objects having entered in us during
deep sleep and becoming one with it, is it not 1"-
also, an answer similar to the one which has been
given there in that context alone should be imagined
or conceived. Now the answer to the quesfion - "Be-
cause the objects are of Quite different or queer nature
other than Pure Knowledge or Consciousnes" how can
we believe that Pure Consciousness alone has split up
into distinctive knowledges and objects 1" - is 8S
follows: We do not SlY at all that from 1he Pure Consci-
0usness the empirical or distinctive knowledges and
their objects are born or have emerged out. There is
no cause-effect relationship whatsoever botween Pure
Consciousness and the empirical knowledge.; we .re
transacting or dealing with, from the waking viewpoint,
Pure Consciousness alone as 'distinctive knowledges
and objects', but .part from Atman or thl s.lf Dr Wit-
ness who is In the form 01 Pure Consciousness there n.vlr
existed Iny knowledge or object whatsoever. Because
Pure Consciousness that· exists in deep sleep is Itself
existing without change in the form of the Witness in
the waking 100, the empirical or distinctive knowledge,
and objects which appear 8S Its ·witnessed objects'
(SIIQksh)'lIJ are, really from Its point of view, not existing
at all. Both of them ti. 8. the distinctive knowledges

and the objects) are delusory alone. It is true that
as usual the objects as well as the senses are appear-
ing in the waking; it is also true that the belief to
the effect - "1 myself am knowing with the senses,
which I had used yesterday, the same objects" - is
deeplv ingrained in us and looms large before us too.
But all this is the knowledge that has accrued on
seeing from the waking viewpoint. Though this may
lui! the waking, it is never capable of either refuting
the deep sleep experience or rescind tstrike down)· the
judgment arrived at by the comprehensive Intuitive
experience of the three states. The worth of the 'belief -
'The same senses, the same objects" - can be deter-
mined by the consideration or deliberation followed with
r·egard to the beiief of the type - "The same world
is this" - which we have adopted previously (sub-
section 62). If it is determined in that manner, because
that belief is vit;at~d by the waking viewpoint, immedi-
atelv it wi II flash that tha t belief is never opposed to
the plenary or comprehensive Intuitive experience. There-
fore, it does not amount to any harm bei ng done to
the phi losophical truth 'Everything is Pure
Consciousness alone'.
108. The distinctive or empirical knowlfdges do not

exist apart from Pure Consciou~ness:
Because of the assumption alone that the empirical

knowledges which are there in the waking are
separate, the question as to wh'!lt happens to them
in deep sleep arises. Even if it is accepted that in
the waking we do have the distinctive knowledges, to
know their birth and growth the Pure Knowledge or

Consciousness, which is our core of Being, is perforce
r6qu;red. Because this essential narure of our Beino
eXtSfs invariably in deep sleep also and because even
though the other knowledges are manifested in the
\I\'aking and tho dream they are confined or tied down
to their respective states alone, it becomes established
that the essential nature of Pure Consciousness alone
is the essence of the distinctive or empirical
knowledges as well as Iheir objects. To wit. because
the Ultimate Reality must ever exist onlv, deep sleep
or our essential nature of Consciousness, called Shudtllr I
CI,a:tanya or Pure (Absolute) Consciousness, will become
the essence or core of the Ultimate Reality; this our
essential nature of Consciousness alone ca-ffed Shuddha
Chai!anYQ or Pure Consciousness - it becomes
tantamount to - is the essence or core of the
Ultimate Reality This Shuddlra ChQlta"ya wi II be
equivalent to everyone of - 'the Witness or SQQks"i
who is in the waking and the dream', 'the distinctive or
empirical ~nowledges, their objects', 'the senses'; but
even thp.n, the Witness or SQokshi, being of the essential
nature of Conscicusness alone, exists in that form or
nature only and Ihereby the distinctive knowledges, the
objects and the senses become zero in value in
their respective forms: that means, it is tantamount
to sayj ng that they do not at all exist apart from the
essential nature of Pure Consciousnp.ss.
This is a logical device which is arrived at on the

s t, eng tho f the e xp er i en ce V\' hie h 8 g ref S wit h the
consideration or examination of the three states. eut
if only the waking alone ;s taken into the reckoning
end in keeping with the experiences that occur therein

if the deliberation is carried out, does it become
establilhed that therein apart from the essential nature
of Pure Conlciousness there exists a phenomenon called
distinctive or empirical knowledge 7 It is proper for
us to deliberate upon this question. There does not
'8em to be any support whatsoever therein to divide'
Consciousness into two parts in this manner. To wit,
in the instance of our saying - 6 Knowledge is born
1
and has vanished or disappeared" - what is it tbat

was born and that whjch has disappeared '1 Was the
knowledge itself born and did it disappear? To say
like that what authority or support do we have? Thie
problem we should discern with all concentrati on or
alertness. There is no possibility of, or scope for, the
birth and disappearance of knowledge being perceived
by that very knowledge itself; it is quite clear indeed
that because before being born and after disappea-
rance to:» it (knowledge) is itself not existing, that
knowledge cannot itself know its birth as well as
disappearance. Therefore, as stated above, it will have to
be accepted that in order to know the birth and the
disappearance of the distinctive knowledges etc. our
essential nature of Pure Consciousness alone is
needed. If this is true, then can that essential natu
of Pure Consciousness Itself not know the objects too 7
r.
How much will it be reasonable to think that while the
distinctive or empirical knowledge itself - just then
born - has the strength or capacity of knowing, the
ever-existi ng essential nature of Pure Consciousness
Itself does not have this strength or capacity? This
we must deliberate upon. No one should doubt in the
manner - • 'When the birth and destruction or dis-
appearance of knowledge is in experience, what
19
purpose I. served by this deliberation? I I By the

contact or rel.tionship of the object lome thoughts .r
1•••tiDnl or Vrittll (changes) occur in the mind and
thi. is indeed In the experience of everyone of us.
But merely on that count is there any support to
imagine that Knowledge or Consciousness is of two
kinds, viz. one which is of the essential nature and one
which is empirical or distinctive, and that those two
kinds of Consciousness have a relationship of - 'the
knowledge and the known' - and that bV the function
of the gross instruments or senses the empirical know_
ledge is produced 7 Is it not proper or reasonable to
lay that all these are the misconceptions alone that
we have formed with regard to the essential nature of
Consciousness 1 'he sun is of the essential nature of
light alone, he also illumines the objects which come
before him; but while illumining in that manner, does
any change whatsoever occur in his essential nature of
light" No. Similarly, our essential nature of Coni-
clousnss8 or Pure Consciousness is the 'light of know-
ledge 6 • It illumines the form of the object which
comes or appears before It; at that moment, why
should any change occur at all in It 7 If the flitting
clouds appear in one part of the sky and move to
another side, how much proper will it be to imagine
or think that In the essential nature itself of the aun,
who illumines their (i.e. of the clouds) coming and
gOing, those changes of coming and going are occurr-
ing? That much proper indeed will it be to conceive
or imagine that by the birth and disappearRnce of the
thoughts or ideations these changes of birth and dis-
appearance are occurring in the essential nature of
Pure Consciousness Itself. The knowledge that manifests
because of the adjunct of thought may get the nomen-
IV THE ESSENTAIL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 291
clature or appellation of Vrlttl Jnlln. or canceptual

Ilnowlld.,: by virtue of the birth and disappearance of
Vrittis or thoughts (concepti) there can also arisa
empirical dealings of the type - I The concepts are
born and are destroyed or they have disappeared.
But this empirical dealing is in the secondary sense
alone and not in a predominant sense. "Rama Rao,
who had sported a moustache, has disappeared; in his
place now exists, Satyaanand Swami" - in this manner
there is a practice or convention of saying things
about one and the same individual, is it not? In this
·dealing, reallv the individual bV name - 'Rama Rao'
- himself has not disappeared, but his features or
adjuncts like moustache etc. alone have disappeared.
In the same manner, here also because the Vritti
or concept which is thl Upaadhi or adjunct or a
special feature of empirical knowledge has
disappeared. there can also be an empirical
tran.action of the type - 'The knowledge that was
Up.hit. or conjoinld with an adjunct or special, feature
has disappeared·. But the change or mutation of the
adjunct or special feature called Vritti or concept,
which is useful in determining the Consciousness, is
not in the least related to the Consciousness that
appears to be conjoined with the adjunct or special
feature.
To those who are having immense Identification

with the waking state alone the above philosophical
teaching, all of a sudden, does not become agreeable
or acceptable. Because they are observing by keeping
the waking experience alone which arises In the form
of - "I got the knowledge of this" - as impor-
tant, to them the fact that - ·'The sel' who is the
292 ,..HE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
substrate for the knowledge, i. 8. the knowlr or

Jnaatru is separate; apart from him thl brilliance Ir
.pl.ndour .f knowledgl ar Jnalna 'rabha, which now
and then manifests, is itself separate, and when tha'
'bri 'lianee of knowledge or consciousness' touche. the
object, thl IJnlpti' ar the r.sultant knlw'edgl that
ar;se5 in the knower himself ;s separate" - appears
more trustworthy. Therefore, they can even reckon that
the phenomenon of knowledge is a certain power
that is existing in us and further that it can be
assumed that being unmanifelted in the deep sleep it
becomes .manife.ted in the waking and the dream. But
to those who assume that - "Just as the manner in
which the differences Jnaona or instruments of know-
ledge, Jnaatru or the knower, Jnapt; or the resultant
knowledge appear in the empirical dealings, in the
same manner alone the yexist" - i.e. as absolutely true,
the difficulties that are met with or encountered while
considering the essential nature of knowledge, its
production or birth, its substrate etc. we have pre.
viously itself (sub-sections 90, 91, 92) mentioned. We
have also mentioned above the facilitv or convenience
that exists in the theory that 'Knowledge is one
and one alone. Just as in order to know the
birth and disappearance of knowledge another
knowledge is required, in the same way in orde, to
know the empirical states of manifestation and unmani-
festation also another knowledge is perforce required.
Here when the essential nature of Pure Kno'Nledge or
Consciousness Itself, which both have agreed upon, is
enough to illumine the object, and further in that
Pure Consciousness alone, by virtue of the apparent
-association with the adjunct (Upaadhi), 'Jnaatrutwa' or
'knowerhood'l 'JnQQnalwQ' or the phenomenon of the means
•
of knowledge', ·Jnaptltwa' or ·the phenomenon of

resultant knowledge·, 'J'yaktatwa' or 'manifestness',
'Avyaktatwa' or 'unmanifestness' etc. - such transactions
can take place, it is clear that ~he greater defect of
conceiving the manifoldness of Knowledge becomes
unavoidable for the protagonists of empirical knowledge.
Just as although the sun himself is of the essential
nature of light, he has fays which are of the natura
of light, A.tman who is of the essential nature of
Knowledge or Consciousness alone, why should nqt He
have 'raYI' of the nature of Knowledge or Conscious-
ness 1 - in this manner some people doubt. But here
there is no proper relevance between the ill ultration
and the illustrated. The sun and his brilliance - all
are one object called -light' alone. The scientists have
decided that for the sun's brilliant rays of light to
come and reach our earth planet a certain period
of time is required, and that for a long time if he
keeps on sending the rays in the same way, in the
end the solar system itself will become extinct. But
the consideration of AtmQ1J or the Self, which is the
illustrated, is not so; He is not a matter or substance
of knowledge, nor is He a conglomeration of parts
or constituents. Alman, i.e. Pure or Absolute Conscious-
ness, the Witnessing Principle, is one who is of the
essential nature of objectifyi-ng and illumining all
objects with divisions or differences of the type of-
Dra,>'a or substance, Guna or quality, A.vaYGva or parts
or constituents, Jaati or species. Vyakti or individual
member etc. and one who is extremely of a different
nature altogether from that of all such things. There-
fore. imagining or conceiving that from the knower or
Jnaatru the rays of knowledge or Jnaana Kiranas are
emerging out, and superimposing on Alman or the Self
(of the essential nature of Pur. or Absolu II Conscious-

ness) the changes that .ri.. In empirical knowledge like
increasing, decrelsing, expanding or Ipreading, contracting
or Ihrinking, getting born, getting destroyed etc. - these
are acceptable only to the minds of infants or puerile
intellects who hive 8 well- known power of imagination,
and not to the examiner. of the Ultimate Reality who
can carry out high and lubtle ratiocination or Intuitive
reasoning based on or in accordance with Intuitive
experience. From all these accounts and arguments, It
becomes evident that it is wrong only to think that
Knowledge or Consciousness i8 8 Shakti or power.
Therefore, it is established IS indisputable the fact
that there is no manifoldne8s in Knowledge or
Consciousness as well .1 the f.ct that there il no
difference whatsoever between the es.ential nature of
Pure Consciousness that exists in deep sleep and
the empirical or distinctive knowledges which we
imagine or conceive to appear or manifest in the
waking in their absolute or really real nature.
(0) Tke Differeat Forms Of (Dowled,e Or CODsciouSDess
ousnl.1 is not contradictor, or 0PP ••

thlory of the thr.. l.v.l. 01 knowlldgl:
I.
111. 'b. thlory of Atmln belnl Pur. Of Absalutl Canlcl-
ta thl
Now for the dautn (IUD - section 103) of the

type - ·'The theory that Pur. Knowledge or Conscious-
ness of Atman alone is all the knowledge that exista
in the world is contradictory or opposed to the

statement that there are three levels or grades in
knowledge or consciousness, is it not 1" - an answer
seems to have been found. For, Alman or our
essential nature of Pure Consciousness and the states
of waking and dream are not different. Atman Himself
is, in fect, these states, the distinctive knowledge.,
objects and senses that exist in these states as well as
the intellect or mind which indicates or depicts this
division of states etc. Therefore, the Pure or Absolute
Consciousness alone is appearing as the knowledg·e or
consciousness with three levels or grades. Atman's Pure
Consciousness is absolutely or really real (Paaramaarthika),
the knowledge of the states is empirical (Vyaavahaarika),
the delusions are illusory (Praatibhaaslka, - all these
statements are the divisions formulated or systamatized
for the benefit (sake) of people who observe Pure Cons-
ciousn.ss from the waking viewpoint or standpoint; in
reality, everything is Pure or Absolute Consciousness alone.
In this regard, previously (sub-section 64) what has
been stated on the topic of Pure Existence - that
the readers must ·once again bring before their mind.
110. lh' logic or dialectics of the cln nlver

waking
become a hindrance or it cannDt h.rm the philosophical
tlaching or tr.th that PUfe Consciousness is ant and ODI
.Ionl :
In that case, how can it be proper to say that-

"One Consciousness alone exists as Consciousnels, 8S
also It has acquired the forms of consciousness of the
waking and the dream"? Apart from this, look at
the magnitude of difference between these two kinds
of knowledges or forms of consciousness: The consci-
OUlne.1 that exl.tl In deep Ileap II of one kind alon.;

In It there •• no increase or decr •••• whateoever; in it
there are no birth and dislppearance, no mlnlfoldn••• ,
no dlffer.ncI, no concepts of 'f,aturl. or characteri·
stic.' and 'the entity endowed wi th Iuch featur,.'
(Dharma DhQrme, BhaG,a), no concepts of 'the
rescinding agent' and 'the relclndad' or 'tha
'.Iailvi ng agent' and 'the falsified entitie.' fBQQ,.,IJQka
BGQdhya BhaQ'Q). In the consciousness.. of the
waking and the dream all thes. exiat. Th. waking
knowledge or consciousnes. keeps on growing onlv;
in each perlon it exists in a certain quantum; in
each ,ace or generation it exlats 8t a particular level.
How did such two extremely diffarent natur •• or forms
ariae in one Consciousness alone 1 For this objection
too what answer we have Itlt,d previously (Iub-
••ction. 66, 66) with regard to the topic of Pure
Existence should be once again ruminlted over
repeatedlv. For all the objections raised here the logic
based on the waking viewpoint Iione i. the cause.
When PUle or Absolute Consciousne.s having 'acquired'
different forms is in our comprehenliva or Intuitive
experience, there il no room whatsoever for en objec-
tion of the type - "Can it happen in this mlnne, 1"
W. have alreadv (sub-section 107) indicated that the
Itltement to the effect - "he Pure Consciouln8s1 had
acquired diff.rent forms' - is not made by accepting the
concept of cause-effecl. The i lIusorv forms (Vlvalld) 01
misconceptions of Pu.r. Conlciousn.s. alone are the
wlking and the dream and the distinctive knowledges
which exist in them. Thus by the statement - 'Pure
Consciousness alone acquirea all the illusory forma'-
there is no stigma or obloquy whatever attaching
itself to Pure Consciousness. The .4ltareya Upanishlld hi.
described at leng!h the various manifestations of Pure

Consciousness in the following manner: "In locations
or globes like the eye., ears, nose, speech, tongue etc.
what manifests is all the 'Hridaya' or heart alone, the
mind alone; the knowledge or consciousness which
appear. or manifests with the adjuncts of the mental
thoughts or ideations, called the objects (Samjnaana),
the egoistic knowledge of the type - '1 am independent'
(AjnaQna), the knowledge of fine arts etc. (Jlijnaana)
knowing comprehensivelv (Prajnallna) I the knowledge
of remembering a text (MedhQiJ), knowing the ·objects
through the senses (Drishti) , the knowledge or consci-
ousness which maintains or sustains the body and the
sensei and not allowing them to decay or emaciate
(Dhriti), the knowledge or consciousness of the
form of deliberation or discrimination (Mati). the
knowledge or consciousness of the Kartrutwa or agentship
engaged in deliberation (Moneesha.J), the knowledge
or consciousness which experiences misery (Joolj), the
consciousness or knowledge of the type of -memory'
(Smriti), the distinguishing knowledge of the type-
'this is white, that is black' (Sankalpa), the conscious-
ness which determines (Kralu). the consciousness
which manifests in acts or attempts to keep alive (Asu),
the consciousness of desire (Kaama), blending or mixing
(VD.tha)" - all these are names of Pure Cl)nsciousness
alone (Ailoreya Upanishad 3-1, 2 .. 3). Why speak more?
"B,ahma, lndra, the deities of Prajaapati, the five
elements, the movable and the immovable creatures-
everything is this Pure Consciousness alone .• ' -
(A.ilareya Upanishad 3-3). Even if Pure Consciousness
manifests with many different adjuncts like the body.
the senses, the mind. the intellect, the ego
etc.. It exists as one immutable Entity alone: the
UpQadhl or adjunct (spleial feature) and U,ahlttl or the

entity endowed with the adjunct or special featur.-
this division too ia that Pur. Consciousnes8 alone.
Everything is Pure Consciousness, alone which is
eternally indivisible, devoid of differences, devoid of
objects, and apart from It there does not axilt anv-
thing else at all.
(E) The Di,isioDS of Correct (aDwledge IDd MiselaceptioD

or WroDI laowledg.
111. lh. hollownlss .r worthlilinell of abjections which

ar. rlised fram thl ",.king vilwpolnt 1IIInit the
thlory thlt 'PUf. Coniciousnesl .llne 1IIIt,' :
Now we have to face yet another objection : "If

everything is Pure Censciouinesl alone" how did the
divisions of existence and knowledge arise? ·The
knowing Witness', 'the known Itate' - assuming these
divisions alone you are carrying on the deliberation, is
it not? First of all, how at all did these divi.ions
come about 1 From the Pure Consciousness how did two
entirely or extremelv different knowledge. of the Itates
like waking and dream .pUt up or spring up? Although
you have been saying that there i. no difference
whatsoever between the knowJedge or consciousn •••
of the waking and the knowledge or consciousness of

the dream, why is it that to the people it invariably
appears that the knowledge of the waking is proper or
genuine, while the dream knowledge is a mere delusion 1
In the waking, in addition to the knowledges of the
substances, qualities etc. appearing invariably as
different, why is it that among the knowledges of those
things some appear to be true or proper and some
others to be wrong or false '1 The waking consciousness
keeps on telling us that the world exists subject to
rules and regulations alone. But the dream conscioosness
is not like that. Apart from this, it can be stated that
in the dream - more than an organized or regulated order
of knowledge accruing to us - the power of imagination
alone is predominantly having a merry dance. Thus the
leparation or division of knowledge and existence, the
division of the state and its knowledge, the division
of the knowledges of various kinds of subjects, the
division of true and false knowledges - •• all these are in
everyone's experience. Is it proper or reasonable to·
refute or discard them?·'
Because we have previously (sub-rsection 67) raised

the same kind of objection, as raised here, with regard
to Pure Exiatence too and have indicated a solution
in detail, really there is no need at all to provide once
more a solution to this objection. Even so, in order
to add some more explanations which have to be
mentioned from the viewpoint of Pure Knowledge or
Consciousness, we have once again raised these objections
here. Pure Consciousness is not one, nor many; in It
there is no numeration 8t all. Therefore, from Its view-
point neither the states nor the appearing knowledge.
can be reckoned as second to It at all. From that
viewpoint (of Pure Consciousness) the statement. that

-- 'The knowledges of the statal ara three in numbe,'
and that - 'Within the states distinctive knowledge.
appear or manifest themselves' - are not at all proper
or reasonable. Here the most important thing that we
have to keep in memory il: In .11 such ways the cau.e
for our having entertained a divisive miRd II our followinc
the dictates of the waking mind alonl.
112. The waking mind .r Int.n.ct cannot d.t.rml.. the

Issential natura ot thl knlwl.d... of thl wlklng:
There is yet another logical device also to prove

the veracity of the statement that - "Whether it i.
the division of the knowledges that accrue to UI In
the waking world or whether it is the other divisions,
neither of them can cause any harm whatsoever to the
philosophical truth which statel that Pure Conscioulness
is immutable or indivisible, unitary Entity". If the
question - "What is the as.ential nature of the distinc-
tive knowledge. which appear in the waking 1".... is
put to the mind, it immediately assumes silence.
Because we have previously (sub-section 69) known by
detailed examination the dullness that the waking mind
begets when we undertake to determine the essential
natures of the division of 'I' and' the relt'. 8S also
of the divisions of substance, quality etc., if in the
case of the division of their knowledges too the mind
is seen to get enveloped by the same kind of dullness
or stupor, what wonder can there be 1 Wh.n there
does not exist any division in the object, then there
is no cause at all for any division in it. knowledge
or consciousness. Our carrying out transactions of the
type - 'the knowledge of a stone', 'the knowledge

of sand', 'the knowledge of a tree', 'the knowledge
of a house' etc. is due to the division of the objects
like stone, sand etc. alone, but any divisions in the
essential nature of their knowledge being perceivable
Is not in our experience. If the objects are discarded,
to distinguish and to know in the manner .... 'one know-
ledge', 'another knewledge' - there is no feature what-
soever for UI to see in Pure Consciousness. Even to
imagine that there is a special feature or characteristic
In Pur. Consciousness the help of Pure Consciousness
alone is needed and hence what is imagined in that
manner as a special feature does not become a charac-
teristic or quality of Pure Consciousness, instead, it be-
comes an object alone external to Pure Consciousness.
Therefore, it becomes evident that in Pure Conscious-
ness 'variety, divisibility or manifoldness' has to 'arise'
from the object alone; but there is no room at
all for any of them to arise in and by themselves.
But when it is known that the essential nature of any
object whatever is never capable of remaining steady
to be cognized, how can at all its variety or mani ..
foldness or divisibility be determined? If that object
is not there. how can the varieties in Pure Consciousness
be decided" Some readers may think; "To say that-
'The essential nature of objects is not possible to be
decided' - is insolence or an overbearing attitude, and
that if one cannot state the characteristics of objects,
it may be possible to do so bV another person; and
further, just by merely searching for and showing the
defects in the characteristics which some certain people
have stated, it cannot be asserted that the objects do
not have characteristics at all". But the inability to
·purify or refine' the characteristics of the various
302 ,.HE MAGIC JEWEL Of INTUITION
visions or perceptions that appear to us in the waking

is not because of the weaknesl of the examiners: the
essential nature of the visions or perceptionl is itself like
that. Those who wish to get further clarification about
the fact that this defect lies in the very nature itlelf
of the visions or perceptions (or appearances) and that
the characteristic features which we formulate in the
waking by the logic-prone intellect can never reach
finality, should read the book - "Appearance and
Reality'· by Bradley, or the Sanskrit books like Sri
Harsha 6 s '6Khandana Khanda Khaadya'-, Nrisimhaashrama
Swami's ., Bheda DhikkoQra", Chitsukhaachaarya's ,I Advalta
Deep Ike' 6 , Anandagiri"s "Torka Sangralta". Let it be. To
cognize that there cannot be reallv any division what.
soever in Pure Consciousness (Jnaana) we have the
support of another experience too. That is: It is
possible for us to consider or deliberate upon any
object by dividing it into various parts; but Conscious-
ness, especially, we cannot at all divide in that
manner. Even jf we make any kind of the minutest
or subtlest division 8S the object, to know or become
conscious of it the whole Consciousness, i. 8. Pure
Consciousness or Intuitive experience, alone is needed:
when Consciousness rolls or shifts over from one
division or part to another division or part, It has 'to
put out its step', so to speak, with Its comptete or
consummate (plenary) form alone, but It's not possibl.
for Pure Consciousness to 'eave behind 8 litt'_ of
.tself in this one part and then 'stretch out Its foot
or tentacles' by taking the remaining stuff to the other
division or part. It is true that we come to lee soma
persons, like 'A!htaavadbaanis 6 or those persons who can
memorize eight different objects or subject-matter. at
one and the same time or 'ShataQvallh"anl,' or those
persons who can memorize hundred different things at

one and the same time, who are gifted with the
ability of concentrating at one and the same time on
many things or subject - matters and ebjectify them
simultaneously. But in their case too we have to say
that - the power of concentration runs or flows so
fast alone. However, to think that they know or
become conscious of everything all at one and the
same time cannot be proper or reasonable. That
becomes evident to each by his own experJences
alone. Is this experience not a strong means 'or evid-
ence to say that in Pure Consciousness there does not
exist any divisions or parts whatsoever 7
113. All the divisiens that .ppI.r in Pur. Consciousnesl

Ir. Mllyie or illulory :
This much is established by the consideration made
so far: It is true that in the waking the knowledges
appear to be different or various; but this is the decision
made by the waking mind or intellect. Whatever knowledge
accrues in the waking, the mind keeps on saying that
all that is Iknowledga' alon8. 'The knowledge of the
rope-snake', 'the knowledge of the rope' .... both are
knowledges only; 'what I am stating now alone is the
real knowledge' in this manner alone the mind keeps
on saying. In these circumstances without the
knowledge or consciousness changing, only the object
of knowledge keeps on changing. 'I had assumed it to
be like this, really that is like this' - in this way
alone the mind or intellect indicates to us. The
Meemaamsakas sav: ' 'All knowledge is certain with regard
to the agent (Dharmi} who possesses the characteristic
of knowledge, but in respect of it being ·such and such'
only there is delusion". This is certainly in ·agreement

with experience indeed. Therefore, consciousne•• in its
own essential nature exist. as Consciousness Ilona J It
never exists al delusion. With regard to names Ind
forms only some changes of knowledge may occur;
'those objects even at the time of their being known
did not exist at all' in this manner too it mav flalh
to our experience. '1 did not know the snake' in thi.
manner a second knowledge does not accrue to me at
all. 'I had assumed it to be a snake, but really it is 8
lope' this alone is the form of knowledge which
destroys or strikes down the previous knowledge. From
this it becomes clear that even in delusion Consciousness
has not changed its own essential form at a II. If one
brings .to mind the fact that names and forml ara
illusory (Maayic) appearances, it becomes clear-cut that
merely because of objectifying them (i.e. names and
forms) it does not become tantamount to saying that
there was any harm done to the purity of Consciousness.
Even then, Pure Consciousness is one alone, non - dual
(without a second)' _•• this philosophical truth alone stands
or is sustained. This same answer is enough to the
question -- "How were the two mutually different or
queer knowledges or consciousnesses like 'waking' and
'dream' produced from Pure Consciousness 1" For, here the
states themselves are the illusory visions or appearances.
In Pure Consciousness no change whatsoever has taken
place at all. That exis1s eternally or always as one
alone - Pure or Absolute (i 8. beyond the purview of
the time-space-causation categories}. No verdig,;s or taint
whatsoever of the states attaches itself to Pure Conscious-
ness. The experience that 'no part or aspect of one state
exists in the least in another' alone Is the authorltatly.
support to chis our statement.
(F) The CODsciousness of Wakiol ADd DrellD Is

ODe Aid The SiDle
114. lh. nlcessity 01 the considerltion .1 the

camparison between the consciousnes... or
knowledgl' 01 wlking and dr ••• :
Now the question - "If thus Pure Consciousness

is realty one alone. why is it that the waking ,=on-
s.ciousness or knowledge seems to be true to us while the
(dream) knowledge or consciousness seems to be
delusorv" Why is it that in the dream, instead of 8
regulated knowledge like the one in the waking being
produced. it looks as though the power of imagination
alone is wHdly dancing 1" (sub-section 111) - has to be
taken up for deliberation, is it not 1 In this regard reading
once ag::!in what has been stated in connection with
the consi der ation of Pure Existence (sub-sections 71·81)
will be highly beneficial to the readers. For, Pure
Consciousness and Pure Exisrence are one and the
same and hence all that has been stated there with
regard to Pure Existence can be applied here also.
according to the context, in the case of Pure Conscious-
ness. By that consideration alone not onlv will it be
cognized that our Alman or Self Himself, who il of
the essential nature of Pure Consciousness, is appear-
ing 10 the waking mind or int&lIect as if He is split
up into Ihe states of waking and dream but also the
comparisons that appear to exist between waking and
dream 'will fully spread out and show up their roots'
to be comprehended by the mInd U. e. the cause for
this phenomenon wi II be fully discerned]. Now we will
20
remoll. the differences that may appear between the

waking and the dream when leen from the waking
viewpoint and will present before the readers for their
examination some subtler or more powerful reasonings
which are required to reckon, from the Absolute view-
point of the Pure Consciousness (i. 8. the viewpoint of
the Witness, the Self" the fact that 'both of them are
one and the same only'. BV thele not only the
prima facie objections ara refuted or repudiated but
81.$0 the philosophical trut h that - 'In Pure Conacious·
ness really there does not exist at all any division or
distinction whatsoever' - is strengthened.
115. The "ell., of difference of the type .... 'thl knowl.dg.

uf waking il of 8 trul nature, while thl knowledg.
al drelm il delusory' _.. is not proper:
To people who say that dreAm knowledge is delusory

8 question is to be put and that is: "Delusion il •
phenomenon which occur. on account of the subtle
impressions formed from a certain past experience, il it notl
Of which previous experience of such a kind should
the delusions of dream be conceived to be the effect
of subtle impressions?·' We have previously (sub-sections
73-75) indicated some difficulties with regard to the
opinion that bV the latent impressions (Jlaasonaa) alone
of the waking the dreams occur. Now we have to indicate
yet another impediment confronting that opinion. That is :
There is a regulation that the phenomena like - "The
previous experience. the subtle i "'pression caused bV it,
the delusion caused by that subtle impression, the
right knowledge that falsifies or removes that delusion"-
all these must belong to one and the same time seriee
or flux of time and must occur one after the other in

that order; because all these have to occur within
the same internal instrument, i. e. the mind, at the
time of the delusion also the memory of the previous
experience remains or subsists. Boys try to eat crystals
of alum owing to misconception of the type - 'Look,
the crystal sugar which I ate before is here' - is it
not '1 But the experience of the dream is not in
agreement with this regulation. T here, even the least
bit of the waking memory does not at all remain
fsub-section 117); the waking experience, the dream
experience and the waking experience which we believe
to cancel or falsifv the dream experience - all these
do not at all belong to one and the same time
series or flow. Because we do not at all think about
the dream objects in the manner - "These a~e like
the objects which we had seen in the waking"-
dream cannot be said to be the delusion of knowing
or taking onE' thing to be something else (Saadhisthhaana
BltrQQnti). In tr.e dream, for the appearances which we
say that they appear because of our delusion - just
like the nacre or sea-shell being the substratum for the
appearance of silver or the rope being the substratum
for the appearance of the rope-snake - there does not
exist any real objt!ct whatsoever as a substrate therein
at all. It is true that in the dream we get a know-
ledge 8S if we are seeing some people - those alone
whom we had seen in the waking - as well as some
objects of the waking alone: but there does not exist
any relationship whatsoever between the waking objects
and the dream objects, which are 'apparently' like the
form~'.BE'cau! e the appearances of these two states
do not exist in one and the same space serips and
one and the same time series, there is no chance or
probability at all of their becoming mutually substra' ••

or supports. All the delusions that occur to us in the
waking are of the type of taking one for something
else or Soadhfsthhaana type. The mere latent or subtle
impression of a previous eXDerience cannot .appelr or
manifest 8S an external object through delusion.
Merely by latent or subtle impressions there in the
waking no external object w:,atsoever can be created
through delusion - or why say that 'by latent or
subtle impression it is not possible to do so l' - even
the waking mind, howevermuch it may strain itself,
cannot create even a blade of grass. That being 10,
what sort of an indiscretion or lack of judgment or
wisdom will it be to think that the entire dream world
itself is caused by the latent or subtle impressions of the
waking through delusion I In any case, it has become
evident that dream is not a delusion of taking one
thing to be another caused from the subtle impressions
of the waking, is it not 1 In that case, shall we say
that the dream experience, like the delusion of statel
of delirium and such other types, though there does
not exist anything whatsoever, ia one whict, merely
appears as a delusion devoid of any substrate or
Ni,adhisthhaana Bh,aanti? Even for that too there II no
possibilitV. For. in states like delirium etc. there is
relationship between the waking and the person having
that state. But to the person who is seeing the
dream there is not the least knowledge at all of the
waking state apart from that dream state. Thus because
of a lack of a Ii"king category or part like the previous
Intuifive experience or Parama.rth. (which accruel al
a result of a relationship with the memory of the previous
experience) which Itself is needed for delusion to
.Xill, it can never be proper or reasonable to say thl1

dream is 8 delusion.
111. lhl Ixamination of the opinion tb.t there i. I

r.lationship of 'falsifier - f.l,ili,d' betw •• n .waking
Ind dream:
As soon as we wake up, we get the knowledge of

the type _ l'Oh I I had a dream I I I - and all- the
knowledge about the dream is falsified, is it not 1
That knowledge which gets falsified is well-known in
the world as 'delusion'. Just 8S when it appears to
us In the manner - "This is not silver, but Is naero
(sea-shell)" - because the knowledge of silver is
falsified, it is called delusion: similarlv, because the
knowledge of the dream from the waking viewpoint is
• delusion. But like that the waking knowledge is not
falsified at all. From this at least should the dream
be called delusion or not? Some people may question
in this manner.
But even in this doubt too the defect mentioned

above alone exists. For, we have already stated above
that the knowledge that is falsified and the knowledge
which falsifies - both have to belong to the same tima
series or flow. But the waking knowledge and the dream
knowledge - both do not belong to the same time
series; for both, different time series are supports.
Therefore, in this respect here too the characteristics
which are necessary for the existence of delusion did
not apply to dream knowledge. Another point: Even
if the fact that - 'bV the waking knowledge the dream
knowledge become. falsified' - il true, what help i.

rendered by it to the determination of the prelent
topic or problem? Because it ia falsified. it cannot be
argued or contended that the dream becoming a delusion
Itself Is the benef·it or utility accruing from the
determinatfon of the falsification. For, from this
symptom or characteristic of falsification no help what-
soever is rendered in determining solutions for question.
like __ "Whether the waking which we now have
assumed to be the falsifier (BQQdhaka) is 8 delusion or
not 1" "Whether this il a dream or waking 7" That i8
because: As we have previously (sub-section 80) itself
stated, the dream during its occurrence appear. as
'waking' alone. Therein (in the dream) we think or
believe that the knowledge there is the falsifier and by
it the knowledges of many previous dreams have been
falsified. Then we do not have the knowledge at all
of the type - I·This is a dream"; neither do we at all
look forward to realizing in the manner - "This will be
falsified by the waking which occurs hereafter I'. Thus,
because the belief that - 'Now what state exists to us,
that alone is certainly the true waking knowledge'-
is always established in us. in what way wi II the
belief of the type ...• 'The dream knowledge that I.
falsified is delusion' .••. be helpful or beneficial in
determining at all anything and how? Because of the
existence of the regulation or rule alone of the type-
"We believe all that exists in front of us to be waking
and the knowledge at the moment itself to be certainly
the true waking knowledge" - no one among us geta
the belief or feeling in the dream that __ 'Now I have
come to dream from the waking-. Therefore, from this
main characteristic W8 cannot determine or deCide that
'such and such a state is waking alone'.· We will
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 31~1
bring home here to the readers another experience

which strengthens further this philosophical teaching:
Often it appears to us as if in one dream another
dream occurs, is it not 1 In thdt circumstance too it
appear. 8S if ·the dream knowledge is falsified and the
waking knowledge is the falsifier'; even so, because
therein the 'falsified' and the 'falsifier' both are the
dream alone, on the whole for both the knowledges
(or experiences) the same value exists. Not only that.
Sometimes we get a series or line of dreams, one
•
within another. In such circumstances not only, do we
think or feel that every dream, during its occurrence,
is waking alone, but also we assume that 'all the
previous dream experiences or knowledges have been
falsified alone- and carryon. Then it so happens that
we also determine a particular dream alone to be, the
genuinely steady or steadfast waking in the manner ...
"This time I am really awake; this can never be said
to be a dream at all·' Does the faith or belief that
the dream knowledge or experience, which then , at the
moment of its occurrence we had believed to be waking
alone, was true or genuine, is even a wee bit less than
the sense of certitude that we ascribe to the present
waking knowledge or experience? No. If we are
discussing with someone regarding the difference that
exists between the waki ng experi ence and the dream
experience, even at that moment because the waking
experience is the ·falsifier knowledge', we will be
arguing on the basis of the obstinate or steadfast
belief that 'the sense of faith or certi tude that we have
in that waking experience or knowledge can never be
found in, or a~cribed to, the delusory knowledge of any
other dream at all'. In this regard there is not even
an iota of doubt. Therefore, though it is tr,ue that
the two kinds of feelings of the type - "the waking

experience or knowledge" and "the dream experience
or knowledge" ••• accrue to us, these feelings or beliefs
are produced because of the identification with the
waking alone and not because there reallv exist two
levell of experiences or know!edges of the type-
",eal or genuine waking experience" and 'delusory
dream experience" - and to say like that too, it il
•• tablished that there cannot be any other higher
or plenary experience whatsoever which can prove thi.
tact. Hence, it becomes established that although the
logic based on the identification with the waking i8
slying that - "The experience or knowledge that is
fallified is that of dream, and hence it is delusion"-
that can never cause any harm whatsoever to the
philosophical teaching or truth we have arrived at on
the strength of comprehensive or plenarv (Intuitive)
experience of the type .... "Knowledge is one and one
only; in It there does not exist at all any divisions
or distinctions of delusion and retal kno wledge".
117. The phlnamlnln thlt 'I. the dr.am the mlmary 01

til. wlking Ixilts' i. ..r. dr.am Iionl, thl knowlldgl
at the tYPI .... 'this il dr.am· - i. alia dr.am .Ionl:
We have stated above (sub-section 116) that in

the dream we do not have the memory that 'we have
come from the waking', is it not '1 To this, generallv
there is' no contradicti ng example to be found: for,
to many people dreams within their respective dura-
tions eppear to be waking alone; as soon as they are
determined or discerned to be dreams, the person who
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF K"NOWLEDGE 313
w.. seeing the dream becomes awake onlv. Although

there is no rule or regulation al all that in order to
wake up from dream 'the determination or recognition
of dream should occur, it wi II not be wrong if it is
said that there is a common rule or regulation that
if in the dream the knowledge or experience of the
type - "This is a dream'l - is obtained or caused,
immediately waking takes place. But in some special
circumstances there is also a doubt of the tvpe --
"Now am a leeing a dream or am I awake 1'. -
ariling. Not only that, on certain occlsions feelings
of the type - "Now I am in a dream: this is
not waking; waking exists separately" - also arise.
In Delhi, one Or. Ramnarayan was publishing a perio-
dical called 'Practical Medicine': he has publicized a
queer or bizarre dream that had occurred to him. Even
from childhood he had an eagerness or yearning to
unravel the secret of the three states. Even in that, he
was thinking a great deal about the question - "Why
does deep sleep occur to people daily without fail,
invariably 1" He started thinking that - 'Deep sleep
appears to be a wasteful killing or squandering of
time·1 The mind is not agreeing to believe that deep
sleep is merelv a phenomenon provided for the sake
of relaxation or respite I' From some of the technical
books which he had read he came to know that deep
sleep is a state in which we merge or become one
with 'ParamOQlman' or the Supreme Self (i.e. the
Ultimate Reality) and he got a little mental satisfac-
tion. Thereafter he started thinking about the analysis
or examination of the dream. He tried to see whether
in the dream too it is possible to reckon or cognize
the experience of the type - 'Now I am seeing a
dream' - and undertook this task through aulo-
suggestion and self-hypnotism. One day he saw in the

dream also his house, room and all the thing. in it.
his family members - all these being of the lima
form, as in the waking. At that moment, his .on,
weeping, said I "Father, you have gone mad. Without
being able to recognize us, who are your own family
members only, you are saying - 'All this i l I
dream'" At midnight he had •• en IS if it WI. noon
in that dream; although it appeared as if III the
people who were there in the dream were those who
were in the waking alone, none of the people af the
waking, especially, had realized or reckoned anything
about that 'dream'. Having discerned all ~thi., that
doctor decided in the manner - 'All this is my mind'.
imagination or conception alone'. Thereafter he had
some more dreams in which whi Ie in the dream itlelf
there was knowledge of the type - 'This il I dream'
Then, addressing himself to the people seen in the
dream, he argued in the manner - "All this ia my
dream alone and in this dream all of Y"u are created
by me'~ - and began to convince them about thil
fact. But no one among them agreed to this; in fact,
all of them started ridiculing him only. Thereafter,
he met in his waking state itself his friend. and
began to argue in the manner - "From the view-
point of the Absolute Truth all this is dream Ilone."
There also he did not meet with success in his argu-
ment. Then, he informed people about thi. delibe-
this fact - 'All this is a dream' -

.1
ration regarding dream and publilhed In appell to
thinker. and philosophers, asking them to how can
be presented or
delineated to those who are in the dream. Collecting
all the answers given to that appeal by people from
~ifferent parts of the world, he then published them
In a concise form in a book called "Dream Problem"

Of late. he has fur ther carried out his deliberations
on the topic of the three states, and having published
8 list of questions regarding the states, he has
obtained answers to those questions also and published
the second part of the above mentioned book
"Dream Problem - Part II".
For the present, so much of Dr. RamoaraY8n's

deliberations Is enough. Here the sUbject-matter needed
for our examination is: Having accepted the fact that
in the dream it is not possible to remember the
waking, we have established in the previous section
that there is no difference between dream and waking.
But from the description of the dream by Or. Ramnara-
yan, which we have given, as well as on the basis
of the experiences of lome people among us too, does
it not amount to saying that in the dream arso there
can be the knowledge of the type - "This is a
dream" 1 The gist of such a long account that we
have given regarding the memory of the waking ari-
sing in the dream is: When we go to the dream, if
the waking world were not existing separatelv there
could have been no scope for the experience of the
type - "Now I have come to the dream; the waking
exists separateJ~" - to occur. But because such
dreams are invariably - or at least very rarely-
taking place, why should it not be believed Jhat the
dream world Is reallv existing in a subtle form"
Although the phenomenon of our not being able to go
to the same dream dailv is a common rule or regula-
tion, in circumstances described above it is evident
that aglin and again we can see the same kind of
dream alone. For these reasons, why should it not
be determined that both 'dream' and 'waking' a,.

really existing separately AS well as independently 7
Another point; On certain occasions people who I"
dreaming have carried on even conversation with people
in the waking. There have been Clsel where to
questions put by those in the waking these people (who
are dreaming) have given proper answers too. If the
dream were not existing separatelv at the time of the
waking itself, how could this happen "I Answering this
question is very essential. For, if it ie true that the••
two sta\es exist independently alone, then it becomes
futi Ie to say that in the waki ng the whore essence of
dream is merged or subsumed, as also that in the
dream the whole aisenee of the waking i. subsumed.
It will be tantamount to saving that to the argument
or contention that 'the dream world does not exist It
ai' anywhere during the waking time,' there wi II be •
vicious blow dealt.
To overcome this difficulty there is one and onlv

one stratagem~ To remember the fact that just as the
waking world is confined to the waking state alone,
the dream world is confined to the dream state alone
(sub - section 27) - this itself is that stratagem. Ther.
is no meaning whatsoever to the statement - 'Waking
and dream being 1wO different species of Itates, both
these states can exist in the same time series-- for,
apart from the waking time and the dream time there
;s no support or evidence of an experience whatso-
ever to know or cognize that there exists vet another
time s~ries different from both these (sub-section 77).
It being so, there is no meaning for the statement-
I'Waking and dream - both these are co-extensive now
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 31'
only". Similarlv, for the statement - "The memory

of the waking occurs in the dream" - there is no
meaning at all. For, without assuming that there is 8
common denominator of 8 .rime series as a substrate
for waking and dream this phenomenon of 'memory'
does not accrue. But such a common time series is
not in the experience of anyone at all. In the same
manner, even if all of us have believed that the
memory of the dream occurs in the waking, that too
il • dalulion alone; as the deliberation of that topic
hIs to be made in the following section, let us give
up that topic here. Now the question that - 'The memory
of the waking exists in the dream, in the dream it-
self it is known that 'this is a dream' - in this manner
there is a dream experience indeed I What happens to
this experience 1" - will arise, is it not 7 To -this the
anlwer is: Just 8S any knowledge of the waking be-
longs to the waking state alone, in 'he same manner
all the knowledge that accrues within the dream too
belongs to the dream state alone. It is true that
there can arise a doubt regarding the dream of the
type -- 'Why should not this be a dream l' - but
with regard to the waking also there can arise a doubt
of the type - 'Why should not !hl_ be a dream
.'one l' Some people who doubt like this invariably
exist in the world too. Thus because this doubt is
common to both the states, it does not amount to
laying from this that there is any valid division whatso-
ever of the tVP9 - This is dream and 'This is waking'.
For the present, the knowledge, .nlemory, feelings of
elation and misery etc., conceptions and misconception.
- all these which occur in the dream should be as-
cribed to the dream alon8. and from there (i.e. the
dream state) for all these to cross or migrate over to
the waking, there il no support of anv unlverl.1

experience whatsoever. Therefore. the above memory
of the waking which occurred in Dr. Ramnarayan'.
dream is .110 dream alone; to him there occurred I
dream of the knowledge of the type - "I have I
memory of the waking" - and he had a dream with
the feeling of the type - "This is 8 dream". For,
there is no support or evidence at all to .av that the
'waking mind' existed in the dream. This alon8 is the
philosophical truth in accordance with unlver.11
experience.
118. Thl memory thlt occur. In the wlklnl with r'lard

ta the dr.am too II not rl.lly ItI ... emory:
Now in thi. deliberation another off-shoot arlle.,

To Or. Ramnarayan the phenomenon of the knowledge
accruing within ttle dream of the type - "This is a
dream·' -- was his experience: he himself has said that
that knowledge was the f,uit or result of the SQadhantl or
spiritual disciplines he observed in his waking. Although
it is to be atated that his statement cannot be believed or
trulted in ,"e matter of the determination of the
Uftifl1ste Reality. if needed we ourselves can check up
and see by perfprming the Saadha1las or spiritual discip-
linps alone which he hal mentioned. Not onlv hal he
seen the above· mentioned dream but also several other
dreams of this kind. He has mentioned in his book
that after reading a book written bV one Devamaata-
"S"shuptl and Samaodhl" - 8S a reault of lome Ipeclal
practices, the occurrence of dreams pertaining to
secular or mundane matters stopped and instead SQadhru
end holy men appeared in his dreams and that he

carried on conversations with fhem. He has written
this bV remembering alone what experience he had in
the dream after becoming awake onlv. We have read
in the books written bV ancient sages that there exist
many people who have this kind of mystic powers of
the dream. It being 10, how can we discard experi.
ence al well as elder.' statement and decide that
'there does not exist anv relationship wh,.atsoever
·between waking and dream'? On the other hand, if
our belief in all these is proper only, it appear. to
our mind that there must be perforce some kind of I
difference between waking and dream I How can we
overcome this difficult strait 7
For all this seriel of difficulties, mainly the waking

viewpoint alone is the cause and this fact is clearly under-
stood or realized if it is deliberated upon a little more
deeply. For instance, the division into the two know-
ledges or experiences of the types - 'waking· and
'drEam ' - is not reckoned at all by anyone, whosoever it
may be, without his having the identification with the
waking ego. What is the root cause for afl the
conceptions of the type - I'I had a dream; in that
dream I had such and such experiences. In many
dreams the memory of the waking does not exist. But
by special disciplines or practices we can acquire the
power or capacity of making both thes." i.e. the
memory of the waking and the knowledge or experience
of the type - 'This is a dream' - appear simul-
taneously as dreams. Not onlv this. We can even
acquire the power of getting excellent dreams;' we can
get spiritual instructions after getting awake"-? Apart
from the identification with the waking ego, is there
320 TH£ MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
any other root cause at all? 'Identification

with the
wakin, ego' does not mean the deliberate acquisition or
enhancement of the wronl conception or notion only obtained
by the partiality or bias of the type - I'Let waklnl alone
be there' ("we prel.r waleinl alone"): but It melDS see-
Ing or considering everything from the viewpoint of the
waking fxperience alone (or giving predominance only to
the waking viewpoint). What .ppears to that viewpoint
is itself taken a. the basis or the main premise for all
our deliberation - This alone is beinK called 'the identifi-
cation with the waking ego' by us. Because waking
alone is the basis for all kinds of our empirical
transactions, there is no doubt whatsoever about the
fact f.hat the observation through the waking viewpoint
8S well as the logic or reasoning adopted by that
viewpoint is beneficial to our empirical transactions
indeed. But now the queltion is - "Can that obser-
vation and that reasoning help us reach or grasp the
Ultimate Reality 1" We have been repeatedlv saving
that to either the waking viewpoint or itl logic fha
abi lity or capacity of leading us to the UI.imate Reality
is not there at all and further we have also reiterated
that those people who have acquired control over the
Intuitive .xperience through the examination of the
three states of Corsciousnass and the consequent pervasive
or comprehensive reasoning based on, and in full
agreement with, such Intuitive experience can realize
or cognize the Ultimate or Absolute Realitv (sub-sections
30, 33J. For the present, the fact that - 'the state-
ment about the memory of the waking existing in the
dream is based on the memory of the dream thaI we
get in our waking alone and not on anything els8'- is
evident. 'Therefore, this can never become the path
to attain the Ultimate Reality.
In this di.cussion we mUlt keep in mind whit

,ubject-matter we have started to propound or .Itablish.
If we do not do 10. there is a possibility of wasting
time in irrelevant considerations alone. We have not
undertaken to eltabllsh that either the flct that - "In
the dr.am there doe. not occur 8 feeling of the tvpe-
'Thi. is a dream" - or the fact that "That kind of
distinct or definite knowledge cannot accrue".
For the feeling of the type - "This is 8 dream""':' to
occur In the dream, the waking viewpoint alone i. the
caul.; for, then we assume that there is a state like
waking which is more real than the state which il the
lubstrate for the feeling of the dream and have begun
'to measure' the dream. Instead of this, in order to
decide or determine that the state which we naturally
call 'waking' is also a dream alone - i.e. between the
atate which appears to us as a dream and the atate
which we now think or believe to be waking there is
no difference whatsoever, making the dream as the
yardstick alone - is tt.e counter move 10 the viewpoint
of the identification with the waking ego. Then laving -
'Waking or dream is one and the same' - or saying-
·There is no difference between waking and dream' ...
both these mean one and the same. Although it is true
tha twe get the ·feeling of waking' as well as 'the feelinl
of dream', the fact that - 'Really the state called wakinl
cannot attain any greater or more important status than
that of the dream' -- is established by takin. that viewpoint.
This second aspect alone is what we have undertaken
to propound or establish here.
119. Thl uncertain or indeterminate Datur. inher.nt In

thl waking mlmory:
Because all that is known to people about the
21
dream i. generally based on the memory that .rlsel

in the waking alone, all those who wish to show the
Inferiority of the dream and the superiority of the
waking ar8 putting forward the support, or authority,
alone of the memory of the dream that they obtain
In the waking. Therefore, it Is essential to determine
al to how much trustworthy Is the report or Information
of this waking memory. But even before that, first and
foremost, let us examine or analyse 8 little in general
this knowledge itself cal led 'memory'. The knowledge
that we get in the waking is appearing in two forms,
viz. experience (Anubhaya) and memory fSmritl). Between
thele two, memory Is a phenomenon which is born or
caused by mere subtle or latent impressions (SamskaQral);
all the knowledge devoid of memory is called experi-
ence (Anubhava). Smr/~l or memory has to accrue by
the latent impressions alone of the experiences gained
in the past. Sa",skQarll or latent impression having
been lying dormant in the mind raises itl head as soon
8S any cause which stimulates It is obtained. "In the
past I had experienced it like this" - this type of
n~tion alone is the complete form of 8mritl or
memory: generallv, the memory of the object alone
having been produced, it may not even be remembered.
at all al to how and when that object was experienced.
Anyway, because there is 8 regulation that the object
that is memorized does not exist in front of us, the
doubt of the type - 'Whether that is the right
memory or not l' - will always remain with us
Invariably. For that reason only, people have divided
memory into two grougs, viz. 'Yathaarthll' or true to
the object and 'dyathoarthtl' or not true to the object
If the previous experience is true to the object or situa-
lion, they call the memory born Out of that .1 'true·,

otherwise they call it untrue or false. But it is diffI-
cult to decide whether such and such is true memory
or not. For, to some people the nature of forgetting
may be mor.: then they will have to provide the
writings or the old times or evidences of other persons.
Even then, we have assumed memory alone as the
lupport to prove that memory is true. Let it be. It
Is better to place in mind another special characteristic
regarding 'memory'. That is: Let it be any memorv,.· It
can not bring and place in front of us once more either
the object which we had experienced in the past or any
past event. It is true that to all of us 8 definite
form of experience of the type - "That alone is
this" - keep on occurring. This is called 'Pratyabhl.
jnQQna' or recognitory knowledge. There is not an iota
of doubt about the fact that for our empirical or dav·
to-day transactions this PratyabhijnQona or recognitory
knowledge is very helpful. But to believe that what-
ever this recognitory knowledge tells us is all
absolutely true, there is 8 big difficulty. That is: 'The
part going by the name - 'that' - in this knowledge,
i.e. the form of the object or the event which had
been experienced in the past situation or circumstance,
we have to believe on the basis of the statement or
indication alone of the memory_ Whatever we may do,
that particular experience of the past period of time
cannot come and stand before us once again. It
being so, how can it be said that the knowledge of
the type - ·'That alone is this'~ -- is indubitable?
Because this kind of a defect exists in memory alona,
scientists - though they accept it as compleme ,tarv or
helpful to empirical dealings - do not include memory
in the group of definite evidences or means of
determination. Let it be. Even in the ca.e of the

experienci. like perception, inference etc. which a,.
included In the group of determinative means or
teatimonies - do they exist without any taint or
relationship with memorv? If W8 obs.rve from thll
'tendpoint or a.pect, that also cannot be confidently
laid or affirmed. For, the knowledge that accruel
through the senses is called 'Prolyaksha· or perception.
If 8 person, who hal the syllogistic knowledge of the
type - "Wherever there is smoke, there fire exlsts"-
sees smoke at a far-off place and bV that main
characteristic imagines fire to exist at that place and
decides in that manner, then the resultant
knowledge that accrues i. called ' Anum;tl' or
inferential knowledge. 'hose people whom we love and
adore - , that knowledge which we get 8S 8 result of
their statement is called 'Shaabda JnQona' or traditional
hearsav knowledge which we believe In tOlD. It il
possible to include all the experiences in these three
kinds of knowledges alone. Hera for the perceptual
knowledge to accrue the latent impression of the
previous experience Is itself essential. i with the aid of
that latent impression alone we are deciding or
determining the things that are before us 8S Itone,
tree etc. Therefore, even for the perceptual knowledge
also to accrue it signifies that there is a relationship
with memory. Anum it; or inferential. syllogistic
knowledge which imagines the existence of fire
through the perception of the smoke (i.e. conjecturel
using both inductive and deductive logic), the Shaabda
J1IIlQ1JQ or traditional hearsay knowledge or belief in
elders' statements, which is got by deciding the
meaning of the statement heard through perception
- for both these because the aid or .upport of
IV THE ESSENtiAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 325
perception is invariably required, it amounts to saying

that for both of them also the support of memory is
necelsary. In any case, our entire gamut of empirical
or day-to-day dealings stands on memory alone; that
memory thrives on the support of previous or past
experience alone.
Anywav, from the deliberation carried out so far it

.Is Istablished that because every knowledge that accruel
In the waking stands lop-sided on a rough, circular base,
as it were, it Is not enough or adequate to decide or
determine the Ultimate Reality. Although it is true that
people have in their day-to-day dealings divided
.8.
memory as true memory and false memory, we do nOI
anv kind of difference whatsoever in the forms or
natures of these two kinds of memory. The melftS
Itself needed to decide in the manner - "Whether a
p.rticular memory is true or false 1" - is not in our
control. Wherever we have understood that we are
capable of deciding or determining by means of examination-
In all such places or situations some aspect of memory
is mixed up invariably; in deciding the question -
"Whether that aspect of memory is true or false 1" - too,
because this same difficulty exists, we do not let any
sense of finality anywhere at all. To say that - "From
many authoritative sources as well as the agreement or
approval of many people we accept a certain thing to
be true memory" - is enough indeed for our day-to-day
transactions J but even those authoritative source. and
approvals too are being invariably shadowed by the
ghost of that memory aspect and so there ia no hope
of finding out the true memory anywhere at all. When
the plight of memory of the object in the waking
It•• lf il like this, what ia there to lay about the

consideration of the memory of the dream object 1
111. Thl phenomlnon ,I til. ",.mary 01 dre.. thlt

Iccru.. In the waking II not the rill mlmory:
So· far, assuming that the memory of the dream il

the real memory only, we have been progressively finding
the defects existing in the generalitv of memories.
But if observed incisivelv, it becomes certain that this
memory that accrues regarding the dream I. not of a
kind which belongs to the species or varieties of the
memories which occur in the waking at all. For
instance: To one and the same person the experiences
and memories should occur: they should have taken
place at different points or places in the same 8eriel of
the time flow or flux i between the two the memory
must have occurred because in the past time the experi-
ence must have accrued and now at the presen t
moment ita latent impression must have arilen. All these
are the regulations which become evident from the
natural characteristics of memory. When a person
states! "When I wal 8 young man, I used to get such
and such an exparienC8 J but now because I have become
In old man luch an experience I. not posslble.· ' -
though all other things have changed, hi. one and
the same ego of the form of '1' and Pure eonsciousnesl,
which is the substratum for it (i. e. the ego), remain
unchanged. But with regard to the waking and the
dream what is that entity which is common to both
those states and which remains unchanged 1 Among
the body, the senses, the mind, the Intellect, the
memory, the ego - not a single entity remains common
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWI-EDGE 321
to both these states; there does not remain the tima

and the space which are common to both these states.
therefore, it is not possible to say that between
these two states one occurred first and then the other
followed or occurred. It being so, what support is
there to assume that in the waking the memory of the
dream takes place 1 It is not our opinion at all to
say that we do not get the experience or knowledge
of the nature or form - "1 saw a dream". That
knowledge keeps on occurring to every on8. Therefore,
no one can say that it does not exist or happen. But
can it be called 'a memory' of the dream" On the
support or authority of that 'memory' can it be
decided that dream is a delusion" - This il the
crux of the problem now. We have so far indicated
the objections that exist in calling this phenomeno~
'a memory'. From this it becomes certain that on the
strength of this 6memorv' to believe that- 'in accordance
with that 6memorv' the past experience occurred- -is
also wrong. Let alone the phenomenon that on certain
rare occasions in the waking the memory of the type-
"In the dream I had a knowledge in the manner-
"This is 8 dream" -- is likely to occur i generally to
all of us as soon as we wake up, we get the know-
ledge of the type - "So far I saw a dream" - i.1
it not? If this were really a memory, in accordance
with this memory at that moment why did not the
experience of the form -- ·'This is a dream'· - occur '1
1'0 this question what answer can there be? When thera
is no answer what!\oever forthcoming, will it be
proper or justifiable to decide, on the basis or
strength of the special or queer experience that may
occur rarelv or on certain occasions alone in some
particular dream, in the manner - "This is reallv ..
328 rHF MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
memory" 7 If Dr. Ramnaravan had 8 particular 1vpe

of memory 8S 8 result of certain spacial practice. 01
disciplines that he had observed, then it is proper
to think that either thllt 'memory' was the fruit or
result of his spiritual practices or disciplines or because
the practicel and their results belonged to one and the
same state having the relationship with on8 and the lame
time - space seriel, they hive the relationship of
cau •• and .ffect. Discarding that, what justification
is thera to tie up or build up a relationship on the
strength of this queer or bizarre experience between
waking and dream which have no relationship what-
soever 1 In addition to thil, to lay that - "The relation-
ship of the waking with the dream does not exist" we
find enough support in Dr. Ramnarayan's experience of
the dream itself. For instance, he dreamt as If he
I.W hia own house itself which sxilted in the
waking and as if he had seen his wife and children,
belongings - all of which had existed in that house.
But it had baen hie experience that neither that house
nor the wife and children - none of them was of the
waking. It being 80, what authority or ,upport il there
to imagine or think that the waking mind alone had
somehow wriggled out of the waking and had entered
the dream and from that he had this memory 1 Apart
from thil" whatever has been staled 10 far - all that
is Dr. Ramnarayan's experience, is it not very
essential that all of us should compare it with the
experience of each one of UI and see '1 We are not
laying at all that either others' experience or the
alder.· or well-wishers· statement should be neglected
or Ignored j let UI perforce give to tho.e experiencea
.1 well 81 .tatemants what value they deserve. But
what we are slying her. is onlv thlt the comprehensive
or plenary Intuitive experience as well as the pervasive

logical devices in keeping with Intuitive experience
should not be rejected or repudiated bV such special
or quee, experiences or well-wishers' statements. The
experiences also of those who say that - 'As a result
of the dream experiences, I got in the waking
Ilation and fear as well as good and bad fruits, and
further I law really the objects and the human
beings whom I had seen in the dream· - W8
Ihould evaluate in the manner which we have mentioned
her. alon8. Thev have imagined this mutual ,eJation-
ship between waking and dream on the baSis of the
waking viewpoint alone and not basad on the
comprehensive or plenarv viewpoint at all. Just IS
to thl tiger seen in the dream the waking sword is
not useful at all for dealing a blow, limilarlv the
dream tiger cannot be the cause for the shivering of
the person who is awake j the memory alone which
occur. in the waking of the type - "1 saw a
-
particular tiger in mv dream and being afraid I woke
up" - Is the cause for this shivering. Are there not
many ~peopl8 who doubt or anticipate a non-existent
felr or apprehension in the manner - "In the future
if it happens like this, whit will be my fate or
plight 1" - and from that apprehension alone keep
worrying? In that circumstance, do we doubt that either
their worry is an effect or the event - which is to take
place in the future or though it can never .1 all take
placa, it is anticipated because of their imagination or
apprehenlion alone - is the causa for that worry 1
No. Their present imagination alone is the cause for
their worry. indeed. In the lame manner, we
should understand while considering the fruits of
the dream memorv-
1ZI. Thl Sllk,hl Of Wltne •• , I... thl Sllf, alanl I.

thl caUII for the mlmory 0' onl In thl oth.r
bltwl.n thl waking Ind thl dr.lm:
To say that either the relationship of the dream

to the waking or the relationship of the waktng to the
dream does not exist at all, enough proof or evidence
Is there in Dr. Ramnarayan's dream experience allo.
That is: The house, wife and children etc. which he
had seen in his dream appeared to him to be t·he
sima house, wife end children etc. which he
posselsed or which belonged to him in the waking J
but it was certain that neither that house nor those
wife and children were really of the waking. If they
had made any mark in the dream house, that mark
would not have been seen or noticed in the waking
house at all J similarlv, it had become certain to him
in the waking that his dream son, wife and other
children were not reallv of the waking. Even 10, he
conceived or thought that he had himself come from
the waking and that he was seeing the house, wife
and children etc. imagined bV him in the dream.
Hera In which mind did the memory that he had
come from the waking as well as the knowledge of
the type - ·'Thi8 is a dream" - occur 1 Dr.
Ramnarayan has not stated whether his body, lif.
force or Praana, mind, intellect, ego - all these
appeared in his dream 8S those very things of the
waking alone or whether they appeared as different
ones: in this regard, he did not S88m to discuss: let UI,
for argument', sake, assume that he had discussed and
that he had got the certainty in his dream that his
body etc. were of the waking alone. Then 8t 18a8t
would it have amounted to saying that that dream was
IV THE iSSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 331
different from the waking? Examine this. Then, it

would have become clear to him that dream was a
mere delusion alone which had appeared just like
the waking; for, although the dream house appeared
just like the waking house alone, just as between thole
two houses there did not exist any relationship what-
soever at all, simi larJv even if the body etc. in thele
two states had appeared 8S one and the same only, it
would not have been possible to reckon that -all of
them were one and the same. Before he practised the
special disciplines he did not have the knowredge of
the type - "This is a dream". Then, like all others
onlv he was thinking in the manner.... "This is
waking alone"; at that moment especially, he did not
have in his dream the memory of the waking at all.
He must have got innumerable dreams in which the
body etc. were all completely different in each of the
two states. Now 8ee. Dr. Ramnarayan, who before he
practised the special disciplines had seen the waking
and the dream, Dr. Ramnarayan, who after practising
the special disciplines had experienced the memory of
the waking in the dream - 'both these persons were
one and the same' - onlv after this kind of 'memory'
occurred to him in the waking, he wrote the book,
"Dream Problem" is it not 1 let us now deliberate
upon the question as to which 'entity' was it that
exi sted 8S common to both these states. In all
these states none of these, viz. the body or the life
force (Praana) or the mind or the intellect or the ego,
was common. Even if it is assumed for once that the
body. the life force etc. of the previoul waking were
themselves of the 'present waking' alone, the body,
the life force etc. especiallv which had appeared in
the dreams - non. of them existed like the rest at
all. Even so, he got the knowledge which could

githa, all these together and see or objectify; he got
the 'memory' also that all these occurred to him alon8.
Can the experience that he got in such circumstance.
be cilled 'menlory' ., He did not have any body
(physique) whatsoeve, or any mind whatsoever common
to all the states: even so, he got the 'feeling or
belief' of the type -- "On8 who experienced all thlse
wal myself". The knowledge of the type - 'I' - or
the 'I' notion is one which 11al to occur perforce In
the inner instrument of the mind (Anlahkar.nll); but no
inner instrument or the mind whatsoever wa. common
to all his states. The 'I' of the waking had not ••• n
the dream, the 'I' of the dream had not woken up
(I.e. was not in the waking). Even it being so, to
Dr. Ramnaravan as well as to all of us the experience
of the nature or form of memory like - "1 saw a
dream" - has occurred I How should this phenomenon
be explained 1 It is clear or evident from this that
unlls, an 'entity' which is common to both waking
and dream is agreed upon or accepted, it will not be
possible at all to imagine any substrate or refuge to
the experience of the type - 'The memory of the
dream', There il no need whatsoever to seek strenu·
ously and find such In 'entity' J the Saakshi Chllta.y.
or the Witnessing Pur. Consciousness which eternallv
observes the whole gamut of visions or perception.
which appear internally as well as externally in the
waking and the dream 'exists invariably and
unfailingly'. It is not possible to imagine that
this Saa/cslt' or Witnesling Principle is one for
the dream and another for the waking J if any on.
Itartl to imagine in that manner, it will immediately
flash clearly that the support of the knowledge of
Inother witnessing principle which knows those two

will become necessary. We have bien showing, here
end there, a II through that this Saakshi ChaitanYG or
Witne.sing Pure Consciousness alone i. the very
.,Ienee of the knowledge 8S well as the existence of
ourselvel and the world that appears to us. O.n the
.trength of thi. Saakshi or Witnessing Principle alon8,
which is the substrate for everything, it has been
possible to have the Intuitive experience of the type-
"I law a dream". Because they are not able to
leparate or distinguish and Intuitively know this
Witnessing Principle apart from the phenomenon of 'I'
(or the '1' notion), the common people are becoming
deluded to think that the waking 'I' is itself the 'I'
which knows the dream.
If the Witnessing Pure Consciousness alone is the

'I' which saw the dream, then what is the cause for
our reckoning the dream to have taken place in the
palt tima in the manner - "I Eaw the dream" 1 Is
not the Witness or the Self a witness Indeed to time
also 7 that is not belonging either to the past tima
or the future time at all, is it not 7 - This kind of
8 doubt may trouble anybody. To that the
consolation or a tentativelv satisfactory solution
is this much: As indicated above, in the st8tement-
·'1 saw a dr£sm-- - though the fact that the
Witness alone is the Pure Consciousness or Knowledge
which illumines the dream and is the Absolute Rea Ii tV.
in the empirical, dav-to-day dealings people do not
have this knowledge. Thev are carrying on their
d8\1-to-day transactions in the manner - "1 SIW •
dream'· - by mixing up invariably the waking 'I'
334 ''-HE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
end the Absolute Witnessing Principle (I. 8. Pur.

Consciousne.s). Because the waking 'I' .r ego i.
tied up with time, It il but natural for It that
whatsoever does not belong to the present period all
that appears either 8S the memory of the palt
experience or as the anticipation of the futur.'
experience. Because we have not separated the
Witnessing Pure Consciousness and the waking ego
or '1' notion alone, the past wakings, dr.ams and
deep .'eep. - all these ar. appearing to us in the
forma of ·memory'. In Vedanta, to the natura.
'misconception of having mixed up mutuallv the
Witnessing Pur. Consciousness and the waking 'I' as
well 8S mutuallv superimposing the innate characteristic
features. of one on the other in this manner is given
the name - ·Adhyaasa' or 'Avldya'. As the explanation
or description of A. dhYQasa is being given in due
course (sub-section 132), for the present we will stop
itl consideration here. For the steadfast beliaf of the
type - 'lin the past on innumerable occasions I have
slept and woken up" - the. cause is our having
innate identification with the entity of tho waking
'I' and having misconceived the waking '" and the
Witness (Pure Consciousness), one for the other.
alone. If this is kept in mind, it will become
possible to solve easily another doubt. Even though
we reckon the waking, the dream and the deep
sleep - all these as belonging to the past time only,
we believe that the waking alone to be real and we
discard or reject the dream t. be false or unreal
and generally do not take the deep sleep into the
reckoning at all. What is the cause for this partial
attitude 1 For this too the reason II our having given
the greater value or importance alone to the 'I' that
eppears in the waking. As all the feelings or concept.

which are implicit in the entity called 'I' is being
examined in detail in the forthcoming section (sub-
section 142), that topic we will give up for
the time being. For the present, it must be
remembered that either in the waking or in
the dream we are invariably attached or tied up
with an 'I'. This '1' is always giving predominance to
or is preferentially disposed towards, 8S it were, its
•
own respective state of identification alone and projects
it in the manner - "This alone is waking J the
whole universe of this waking is real;
many such real waking states have occurred
and gone by in the past and in the future many
waking states will occur"; further, it is degrading
the states as well as experiences other than that state
In which it has innate- identification or attachment to
lower or inferior levels. This phenomenon of 'I' alone
i. the cause for the differentiating attitude entertained
between waking and dream, mentioned above. But in
deep sleep its sway (influence or jurisdiction) does not
exist; there no world whatsoever is seen; for that
reason, we are not giving or attaching any value or
importance to deep sleep in our waking. If observed
properly, i.e. from the absolute viewpoint of the Pure
Consciousness, the Witness alone is joining all the three
states, or in other wor<.is, It alone acts as the 'common
denominator or substrate', as it were, to aU the three
states: the phenomenon of 'I' is different indeed for
waking and dream. Even so, we mix up both these and
are carrying on our da~-to-day transactions in the
manner - 'tl slept. I dreHmt, I woke up". It need not
be gainsaid that the Witnessing Pure Consciousness
(SQakshi ChaitanJ'a) alone, which is the essence of
the phenomenon of '1-, il the substrate for our

empirical, day-to-day transactions.
tzz. Thl blnilit thlt Iccru.. fram vlawlng thl Itlt•• ,

ani Irl.. the It •• dpolnt of anath.r:
In the phrale.-- "The waking viewpoint" - the

opinion of taking these three, viz. the waking' I', ita
knowledge and the object appearing to It (i. 8. the
objective world), alone 8. the main constituents of
the view is implicit. Although this view il enough
for the waking transactions, the fact that it is •
hindrance to the determination of the U~tim8te Reality we
have mentioned several times. There is I strong method
of treatment to avoid this view. This treatment is to put
or pose the question to ourselves only of the type-
"At the time of the deliberation or consideration of
any topic or subject • matteI, immediatelv after
observing the states from the waking viewpoint what
change will take place in our opinion bV observing
thesa very states from the viewpoint of another Itate7"
In the present context, we must ask overselv,s-
., After observing the waking and the dream from
the waking viewpoint if the same states are observed
from the dream viewpoint, how will they appear 1" Such
8 queer logic or reasoning will be very beneficial or
useful to us. For, if the waking is observod from the
waking viewpoint alone, it doel not amount to our
having observed it completely or comprehensively. In
the waking the division of subject and object is
unavoidable and insurmountable i there the subject
cannot exill devoid of the object, nor can the object
exist devoid of the subject. 'herefors, it is

impossible therein to consider the totality of the
lubject and the object, i. e. taking both together and
considering them objectively. comprehensively. Because
therein the one who knows bV gathering together both
the subject and the object is also the subject alone,
he will have to become an object to himself. This
is impossible. Therefore, those who wish to know
the waking subject-object complex as one complete. or
whole entity or phenomenon will have to ratiocinate
or contemplate as to- 'How this state will appear to
the dream viewpoint?' I. the dream which is the
object of examination of the type - "J saw a
dream" - both the subject and the object in it have
come into our reckoning as objects. Similarly, if it is
cognized as to - 'How will the waking appear to us
if examined from the dream viewpoint l' - it wi"
amount to our objectifying this waking state
comprehensively in its totality. If it is deliberated
upon from this viewpoint, the philosophical truth
that - 'Because both the states are the appearances
alone of the Ultimate Reality, the essential truth or
Being of waking as well as the essential truth or
Beirag of dream is one and the same Ultimate Reality,
i. 8. Pure Consciousness' - wi II emerge out on the
surface, i. 8. this truth evolves itself. The defect
of the partial viewpoint of dividing the Ultimate
Reality and examining each part onlv will not exist in
this comprehensive or plenary viewpoint (sub-section
18). The fact that the controversial discussions, which
cannot be solved convincingly and conclusively, of
the type - -Is the 'knowledge' real or is the 'known'
real 1'" - are futile will imm~diatelv flash before our
intellect.
22
Here a doubt may arise: In the waking W8 can

somehow carryon the consideration regarding the
dream, for the dream is an object to the waking
memory: but how can we know as to how in the
dream the waking will appear? Then (I. 8. In the
dream) we do not have the memory 0' the waking
at all I Even for argument's sake If it il said -
"Just as the dream is considered from the waking
viewpoint, it is also possible to consider the waking
from the dream viewpoint" - to the knowledge or
consciousnesl of the present state, in which the
deliberation i8 being carried out, the totalitv of the
subject-object complex alone becomes the object, does
it not 1 Thus, because it amounts to oOr considering
the object alone, how does it amount to our knowing
the secret of the subject? Even if it is assumed thlt
this also is somehow possible, our deliberation will
be carried out in the waking alone, is it not" Then,
it amounts to our giving greater importance or
predominance to the waking alone, is it· not '1
This doubt is caused because of not understanding

properly the true purpose or the hidden truth of the
viewpoint of the three states. For instance, the
person who raises the objection of the type - I'ln
the waking there is the memory of tLe dream: but
in the dream there is no memory at all of the waking.
It being so, how can one examine one bV the view-
point of the other 1'- - is not himself knowing hi.
own experience. For, although from the waking
viewpoint the dream appears to be I state of
an inferior category, because when seen from the
dream viewpoint the dream appears to b,
wilking alone, it is but natural not' to remember

any other state to be waking at that moment which
Is superior to it. Thus when observing from the
dream viewpoint 8S it amounts to the non-existence
of waking itself, or because both waking and dream
have become waking alone, it becomes certain that
both waking and dream have the same value. Apart
from this, we have not undertaken the task now of
showing either the existence or the non-existence. of
the memory of the dream in the waking or of the
memory of the waking in the dream; the knowledge
which validly may appear in one state in the form of
memory of the other is not really memory, it is a
mere Vikalpa or misconception - thus we have already
(sub-section 120) expounded in detail. The knowledge
or consciousness to which the object or subject-,natter
'hat is acceptable does not exist that knowledge is
called Vikalpa in the Sanskrit language. For instance,
the knowledge that accrues to us on hearing the phrase
like - 'The hare's horn' - is mere VikQlpa or
misconception; for, the hare does not have horns at
all. Therefore, there is no threat or danger whatsoever
posed to the method which dete,mines the truth of
a state from either the phenomenon of the non'"
existence or of existence of the memory of waking in
a dream That Entity on the strength of which we
experience and then say that - "In the dream there does
not exist eny memory of the waking or in the waking
there is no memory of the dream existing'· that Entity
alone;s the Saak.th" Chailanya or the Witnessing Pure
Consciousness, that alone is the Knowledge or
Consciousness which is common to both the states,
viz. waking and dream. This truth becomes clear or
evident by the experience of the memory also.
Therefore, there does not exist anv defect or blemilh

whatsoever in saying that - ·'The states must be observed
one bV the viewpoint of another". It we start the con-
sideration of the Ultimate Reality bV this method, the
fact that the defect, that all of us Iuffer from naturally,
of observ;"g from the viewpoint of one state alone, i .•.
viewing everything predominantly from the waking
standpoint alon., is overcome. This fact also remains
unhampered or untarnished.
Further, let us now examine the doubt - "If

everything becomes object only, how does it amount
to having known the secret of the subject 8t all 1" It
is true that, whether it is in the dream or whether it il
in the waking, it is not possible for us to deliberate
upon anything whatsoever without objectification; even
so, if we undertake to objectify the dream from the
waking viewpoint and the waking from the dream view-
point, we will have to perforce thrust out, al it we,.,
both the subject (i. e. the ego) and the object (I..,
objective world) of the respective It&te and remain,
or take a stand, in their Witness (i. 8. Alman or Pur.
Consciousness) alone. The subject and the object ot
the dream, the Witness of the totalitv of both these-
if all this is gathered together and juxtaposed with
the waking subject and object and the Witness of the
totality of these two - the combination of all these-
then the fact that-'These triads are equal from the absolute
point of view, - will 'flash in our mind like a bolt from
the blue. If the Saakshi or Witnessing Pur. Consciousn •••
which exists in thl same form in both the stat ••, is takln
as the substratum and then if the remaining parts of wakln.
and of dr.am Ire comparld, .ach with "thl other, nit only
I\' tHE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 341
the fact that ther. dOls not exist any difler.nce whatso-
IVlr between them but also the fact that 'between them
when one exists the other one does not exist anywhere at
-U' is Istablished; yet anothe r subtle 0 r profound truth
that 'the Saaklhi Chaitanya or Witnessing Pure Conscious-
ness alone, without having undergone any change whatsoever,
II Illuming both these two forms, is imbibed by the mind.
It will amount to having understood or known the whole
secret itself of the subject and the object which appear
in the states by 8n effortless analysis. Therefore, th.e
doubt that it will amount to considering the object
alone is not proper.
Further, the objection, viz. 'All this consideration

was carried out in the waking alone, is it not '1 • --
.'one hal remained to be answered, is it not? To find
• satisfactory solution to this there is no need to strain
oneself at all. For, there is no restriction whatsoever
that consideration or deliberation should not be carried
out in the waking. Because all the doubts
that have occurred to us have arisen in the
waking alon8, it is but natural that the consideration
of finding the devices of solving them alia is to be
clrried out in the waking alone. But carrying out
luch deliberation on the basis of or following the
waking viewpoint alone is wrong. What defect lurks
in this viewpoint is already (sub-section 37) mentioned
by us in this treatise. By following or adopting the
different viewpoints which we have indicated in this
laction this defect is overcome. If the waking is
observed from the viewpoints of the dream and of
the deep sleep, the dream from the viewpoints of the
waking and the deep sleep and the deep sleep from
the viewpoints of the waking and the dream - If

this procels is continued for some period. then the
defect of the lop-sided viewpoint of the nature-
"The waking alone is the real state" - wi II be
overcome.
, 23. Thl benefit Dr fruit that IccrUI. fram the

lomp.rison betwlln thl •• klng and the dr.am 1
For this reason, let us continue further this

present comparison between the waking and the
dream. First of all, let us avoid the habit or
addiction of observing the knowledge or experience
of the dream through the waking viewpoint and
evaluating it, but observe the dream from the dr.am
viewpoint itself and then from that same viewpoint
if the waking is observed what will be our opinion-
let us see: (1) First, we cognize the comparison
to the effect that the means or evidence-oriented
viewpoint (PramaQna Drishti) that exists in the waking
itself appears to exist for the time being Ci. 8. during
the dream experience) in the dream allo. (2) Just
81 we think here in the waking that if there is any
defect in the sensei or instruments of knowledge
or if the essential, innate nature of on object hal
changed only, the knowledge that accrues will be •
misconception or that it will be delusorv alone and
that all the remaining knowledges are proper or
correct, we think in the same way therAin in the
dream also. (3) In the dream also the divisions of
the type - PramDlllru (the cognizer), P'1II1UUl1t1l
(cognition), Pramqa (the cognized object), Prami"
(the right cognition as the resultant), which are her.
in the waking also exist there in the dream. (4) The

phenomenon that by the means of Pratyaksha or
sensory perception, AnumQQna or inference,. Sltabda
or the statement or words of trustworthy elders we
obtain knowledge of objects or various topics - which
we experience in the waking - all these are common to
the dream also. (5) The phenomenon of the existence
of the differen, forms of knowledge of the type-
J"DaM (perception), Dh)'aana (contemplation), SamshaYQ
(doubt), Niscltaya (determination), Sam bltaayan a
(suppo.ition or fancying), BhrQanli (delusion) - which
we experience in the waking are to be found
thera in the dream Iiso. (6) The memory of
the past events or of objects seen in the past,
the experience of the present event or perception
of the object existing in our presence now,
the anticipation of the future event or object - these
types of divisions in the knowledges or experiences
.'so exist there in the dream. (7) The phenomenon
of each knowledge appearing as true for the time ba-
ing, and later on when another knowledge falsifies or
invalidates it, the former knowledge being understood
•• delusorv or fal18 - all this too happens there in the
dream. (8) The distinctive knowledges of waking and
dream 8S well as the certainty about what is currently
before us alone to be the 'real' waking - these also
exist there in the dream. (9) The memory of the fact
that dreams are many. the certainty that all of them
are delusions and the steadfast, deep-rooted belief that
the waking which is before us or currently being
experienced exists without being falsified - all these
also exist there in the dream. In any case, the r.plici
.Ianl 0' the nature of the waking know led.. Ippears in
tb. drelm too; w. do not at all feel or reckon therein 'that
nature or form 01 experience (of the dream) to b, .1.lla,

to another'. When observed from this viewpoint, In the
matter of the experience or knowledge there does not
at all exist any difference whatsoever between the
waking and the dream. If we go to dream or come to
waking from deep sleep, it is not possible to know
distinctlv by mean. of any special features or
characteristics whatsoever the dream in the manne, -
"I am seeing a dream only and am not awake";
or it is not possible to observe in the waking
anyone special feature or characteristic whatsoever
which is superior to that of the dream. For, the
knowledge of the dream appears to be 'that of the
waking alone' in all respects and aspects. If observed
in this manner, it can be said that any knowledge
other than that of the waking does not exilt in our
experience at all. Because these two states are flashing
before, so to say, or being illumined and objectifed
by, Pure Consciousness of the Witness or Self alone, In
that matter or aspect too there does not exist any
difference whatsoever between these two state••
Although the Witness can, by discarding one, see the
other, there is no possibi lity whatsoever of both thesa
states existing at one and the same time or simul-
taneously in front of the Witness or Self. Why talk
more? If we endeavour or attempt to place both the ••
states one by the side of the other in front of the
Witness, we will remain in the absolute, Iisential
nature or form of the Witness alone without having
any knowledge or consciousness whatsoever of the
states or, in other words, in the innate nature of
Being of the Absolute, Transcendental, Pure Conscious·
ness, which is not a Witnes at all in the ultimate analysis
Therefore, between the dream and the waking there i.
IV 'HE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 345
nei ther the superiority of ona nor the inferiori ty of

one; both are phenomena having an existence of the
lame kind, both are not different from the Witness
which knows them; In truth, these are Witnessing Pure
Consciousness alone - This alone becomes the final or
ultimata philosophical truth or teaching.
(G) The Esseatial Nature Of Pure Inlwledge Or

CODsciolSoess
124. Dllp 11 •• p il nat 8 It.tl devoid af Conscious •••• :
Let us gather together at one place here what

facts have been established by the deliberation upon
the Pure Consciousness which we have carried out 10
far in various ways. Deep sleep experience alone is the
main means or proof for us for this task. When observed
from the point of view of knowledge, people keep on
getting some wrong conceptions or notions regarding
deep sleep. Generally people have understood that
deep sleep means a state in which there does not
exist any knowledge whatsoever; but for the parti-
cular features of the type -- the existence of knowledge~
its non-existence -- there is no scope for them in
deep sleep. For, knowledge accruing and its passing
away - these phenomena ara applicable or relevant to
the waking and the dream, where such perceptual
knowledges of the mind and their respective abjectl

exist. In those states it 18 possible for the knowledge
of the pot to accrue fi'lt. followed bV the knowledg.
of the cloth, followed by the knowledge of the tre ••
There in the waking and in the dream whatever
knowledges accrue - all of them are perceptual
or cognitive knowledges (Pratyayas) alon8. They
ar. also called Jlrilti Jnaanll or conceptual knowledge.
But any Jlritti Jnoana or conceptual knowledge what-
soever cannot be Pure Consciollsness; for, in order to
get the JI,'tti Jnaana there ia 8 regulation that the
objects perforce must exist. It Is true that in deep
sleep we do not have the perceptual knowledge: but
there the inner instrument of the mind, wt\ich I. the
substrate needed for the existence of the concepti
(Vriltis), is also non existent, nor do the objects
needed for the perceptual knowledge too exist. There-
fore, it is true that deep sleap is 8 state devoid of
knowledge in the sense that therein no conceptual
knowledge whatsoever exists, but because there in
deep sleep there is never any possibility of luch
conceptual knowledge existing or accruing in any
period of time 8t all, it will not be proper to des-
cribe that as a state devoid of conceptual knowledge
too. Regarding a human being who is endowed with
the capacity or power of speaking, while telling
others, we may sav that - "This person does not
know how to speak". But no wise or rational perlon,
whosoever he may be, can lav - "Thia 8tone doel not
know how to apeak". For, the stone does not pOisess
the capacity or power of speaking at all. Similarlv,
it becomes inappropriate to lay - lIThe speech does
not know how to speak": for, speech is a pheno-
menon which is possesled by others: there i. no
IV THE ESSENTiAl NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 347
necessity for speech to possess or beget speech.

Simi larly, if it is said - "In deep sleep there does
not exist knowledge" - it will amount to interpretiAg
it as saying either that in deep sleep we do not
possess the capacity or power of getting knowledge
01 that we do not have the necessity of getting
knowledge alone, but not as sayi ng - 'Although there
was 8 possibility of getting knowledge, we did not
get the knowledge' • For, in deep sleep there is neve.r
•
any possibilitv of any conceptual knowledge whatsoever
accruing.
IZS In deep sleep we do not exist in In innate natura

of lnsintiioci nor de WI Ixist in In innate natura
01 l.slneele.sness:·
As stated above, because in deep sleep there is

no probabi lity of any conceptual knowledge whatsoever
accruing, then (i.e. in deep sleep) our essential nature
is grosl or insentient - Thus the LogiCians of the
School of Vaisheshikl Philosophy were saying. Even
today some common peop'e might be thinking in that
manner alone. Some Buddhists who were protagonists
01 ShoonYlvaada or theory of esse"ncelessness were said
to be contending that because in deep sleep there was
no knowledge whatsoever, then in deep sleep our
essential nature itself did not exist. It need not be
gainsaid that these two theories are opposed or contra-
dictory to reason as well as experience. For, to thi nk
or conceive that - "In deep sleep we who were of
aninsentient nature - just as a wick is dipped in oil and
then is lighted up - after getting awake, bV virtue
of soma particular external cause a new characteritic
entered in us and the light of knowledge manifest.d

itaelf" - is not in agreement or in consonance with
realon; there is no support of experience also to that.
No one believes too that in deep sleep we become
devoid of knowledge or consciousness just like I dry
or withered block of wood. Even now the block of
wood is not sentIent, in the future too, despite what-
ever attempts, it will not get either ils own knowledge
or the knowledge of the external objects. But I I loon
as we wake up from deep sleep we get the knowledge
or consciousness of the divisions or distinctions of the
type - '.' and 'another'. Therefore, it cannot be
accepted that in deep sleep we existed in an insentient
nature or state. To say also that - "There in deep
sleep we ourselves became non-existent" - -is 8 ridicu-
lOUS statement. If an},one had such feeling about deep
sleep, why were people showing or entertaining 10
much eagerness or fervour tor such a thing like deep
sleep 1 No one, wh\>soever he may be, keeps thinking
in the manner - 'Oh God; If bV chance deep sleep
accrues to us anCli if we our.elves become non-existent.
then what will be our plight or predicament 1" On
the other hand, there are many people, in fact who
become anxious in the manner - "Whether we get
deep sleep at all or not I" An'ticipating that in deep
sleep they would get a certain immense benefit, there
ar. people who adopt the necessary devices or plan.
for obtaining it, and such people we come aero••
everywhere. Therefore, to lay that in deep sleep W8
become of an 81senceless nature also is devoid of
reason. Let this be. If our becoming insentient in deep
sleep is itself true, or our becoming of an es •• nealess
nature alone is true, then on waking up we descri~e
that deep sleep Ita1e in the manner.:... "In deep sleep
I had I very quiet, peaceful rest". How can this be

appropriate or proper'1 What does it mean to say thlt
what is not experienced is described 1- (Maandukya
Bhaasltya 7). For this reason, in deep sleep we exist
In the eesential or innate nature of Pure Conscious-
nel' alone; then this Pure or Absolute Consciousness
or Knowledge, which is our core of Being or essential
nature of existence, is not like the conceptual
knowledge with objectivity or with distinctive
characteristics or features - This alone becomes. the
phi losophical truth or teaching.
118. Ther. is no division in the Pur. Consciausn ••• or

Know'ld,. af dl.p sleep:
It is determired that deep sleep means 8 state

devoid of distinctive knowledges, is it not? But
being devoid of distinctive knowledges is itself not its
innate nature. In waking and dream, in which there are
the divisions of the type - 'I' and 'the rest', the 'I'
notion is itself the substrate for knowledge; if the 'I'
notion is dtsvoid of transactions, then it is but natural
that the knowledges of the type - 'I' and 'the rest·
cannot accrue. But this much alone is not the innate
nature of deep sleep. Therein there exists a certain
'entity' which is devoid of the divisions of the type-
'I' and 'the relt'i which is that 'entity'? We should
know it. Although in deep sleep there does not
exist the distinctive knowledges or knowledge
with divisions, there exists Pure ConSCiousness; on the
strength of that Pure Consciousness alone we say that
there a 'knowledge wi Ihout divisions' exists. is it not 1
Which is that 'Knowledge or Consciousness.? Of
which object is It the Knowledge? - These quasliGn.

arise in us naturally. But these questions are prompted
by the waking viewpoint alone. After it is stated
that in deep sleep there does not exist any divisions
whatsoever, on whichb asis are the questions - "Which
is that knowledge or consciousness .,., and "Of which
object Is it the knowledge'" - sustained 7 In deep
sleep there does not at all exist aAV divisions of the
type of subject and object. It is true that in· the
waking the object and the subject are separate; but
even then, knowingly or unknowingly the feeling that
there must be 8 certain close reletionship between
them is deep-rooted invariablv in all of us. For
instance, ·'The subject (i. 8. J"QQlf" or the knower)
being myself, by virtue of mv knowledge, which i.
my characteristic feature, I know the object" - In
this manner we have a feeling, il it not '1 But how
did the belief that - "To the subject the knowledge
of the object, which in quite dif.ferent from it,
accrues" - germinate in us? In the waking and the
dream it appears as though 'the knower' and 'the
known' are of extremely opposite natures. The knower
appears to be an object to the consciousnetts of 'I',
in~ependent and sentient; the known appear. to be an
object to the consciousness of 'this', illumined by the
distinctive or errpirical knowledge which is wit"in the
control or ccmmand of the knower, and is insentient.
Thus although these two are of extremely different
natures, by the knowledge of the knower the known
becomes objectified or cognized indeed. Although there
is no relationship whatsoever between these two,
what can be the secret of the phenomenon that one
is known by the other" Howevermuch deeplv thi.
question is deliberated upon from the waking vieW'1
poi nt alone, there cannot be any solution: this

viewpoint, without in the least the essential truth of
lither the knowledge or of the known being
Istablished on fi rm ground, arrests all ou r
intellectual power or capacity. But it suffices if we
just turn our attention a little towards deep sleep;
.11 the difficulties regarding this consideration disappear
into thin air. Although the knower and the known
I.elm to be phenomena of such different natures
from the waking viewpoint, the fact that both of
them Ire invariably our essentia I natures alone has
to be known by us by observing deep sleep alone.
Because the knower and the known are both
thus the two different forms of one and the
lame Ultimate Reality arone, between the two
it is possible for one to know the other. To
all of us it is being felt that these two being
the bifurcated rivulets of one and the same river of
,he essential nature of Pure Existence and Pure
Consciousnt'ss, both of them have to perforce meet
8t a partic'Jlar juncture. Meeti ng in such a manner
i. seen in deep sleep. Both the phenomena
of 'I' and 6the rest' have to be essentially
together in the waking and the dream with the
relationship of knowledge or consciousness; but in the
Pure Consciousness which we in our common parlance
call 'deep sleep', the phenomena of 'I', 'the rest',
'knowledge' - all these have become one and the
same Pure Existence, Pure Consciousness or Knowledge.
On the strength of this PUre Consciousness or
Knowledge alone we are indeed cognizing the divisions
of -I' and 'the rest' in the remaining two states; on
the strength of this alone we are capable of saying. as
loon .s we wake up, that - "n deep sleep there did
not exist eny divisions of the object and the

lubject whatsoever'.
127. In th' Pur. Consciouln ••s of d•• p 11 •• p the 'I'

notion de.. not Ixlst:
In the manner stated above In deep Ileep net onl,

the knower and the known have become one but also the
knower and the knowledge h.ve become one. In the
waking the divisions or differences of 'I' and 'my
knowledge' exist. But in deep sleep there exists Pure
Consciousness or Knowledge alone, devoid of these
divisions even. This Knowledge or Consciousness is
not (1f anything at all: It is by Itself jndependent. It exists
in its own essential nature of Being alone; just 81
the light or lamp and its brilliance or radiance ar.
not di fferent and separate. there in deep sleep our
Knowledge or Consciousness and ourselves exist without
being separate. In fact, we ourselves are the Pure
Consciousness or Knowledge. 'n a situation where no
division whatsoever exists how can even the division
of the type of '1· remain? When we talk about deep
sleep in the waking, we do talk in the manner - "I
slept for such and such a period; then I did not
have the knowledge or consciousness of anything
whatsoever.·' Merely on this account it is not proper
to believe that in deep sleep the special feature of
'I' exists; fOf, the phenomenon or the notion of 't'
thrives by desiderating the divisions of 'You', 'they',
·the world~ alone- Without the divisions of ·you' and
·others' the 'I' notion does not exist at All The
waking 'I· n01ion rules, or has its sway, in the
waking alone; the dream '1' notion hal ita Iway In
the dream alone; both these two 'I' notions cannot put
forward even 8 single step, 10 to apeak, beyond, or
leaving behind, their respective 'habitat' or 'home'.
The fact that in deep sleep neither the waking nor
the dream exists anywhere at all 18 indisputable; it is
clear that to the statement - ·'When we ara in deep
Ilaep either we are awake or we are leeing •
dream"~ - there is no meaning whatsoever. It baing
so, how should the waking 'I' or tho dream 'I'
•
descend or slip into the deep sleep 1 This is an
improbable eventualitv_ Even 80, we do say- "1
slept" I How can this be appropriate 1 We have once
before (sub-section 83) given an answer to this question.
In deep sleep we do not exist in the form of "'; we
exist there in the innate nature of the Ultimate
Realitv alone which is the essence of all
existence and all knowledge or consciousness- In
Haanduky. Mantra 'Ekee Bhootaha' (one who
has become one with all existence). 'Prajaaana
Ghanaha ' (a lump or prius of all knowledge) - - such
adjectives or qualifying phrases have been given to
Alman or the Self of deep sleep for this reason alone.
Therefore, it should be understood that for the state-
ment, which we keep on using in the waking, of the
type - "1 slept" - the reason is the fact that the
Pure Consciousness of deep sleep is the very essence
of the 'I' notion alone; in that Consciousness because
the 'I' notion also has become ' Ekee Bltoolaha' or one
with It alone. the consideration or scrutiny of the type-
'I slept' -.- is accruing 10, or arising in, us. Forgetting
this truth" some people are adamantly holding the opinion
that in deep sleep the 'I' is really existing separatel,
without doubt. But if bV the mere scrutiny or exam-
ination of the 'I' notion which we get in the waking
23
3fi4 'He MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
it is to be lurmiled that In deep sleep the 'I' notion

exists, then by the consideration or scrutiny of the
type - "I slept for luch and such 8 period or time"
- we will also have to believe that in deep sleep
there existed time as well as the function or action
of 'sleeping' Ilso, is it not 1 To say that - 'Let it also
be true' - will amount to exhibiting pride in the
waking logic alone and not relying on the experience
of deep sleep itself. While viewing the deep sleep
from the waking Itandpoint, it is but natural to think
that deep sleep was an event which had happened in
the Pllt time and then, considering it 88 a pa ••
experience related to us, to think that the present
scrut;ny 0·' consideration, which is being carried out, as
the memory of deep sleep; it is also useful for the
waking transactions. But the fact that this belief is
contradictory to the comprehensive or plenary Intuitive
experience can be discerned by the previous method
(sub-section 120) of consideration delineated with regard
to memory of the dream. If that method i. followed,
the fact that - ·Here in deep sleep too A.lman alone,
who is the Witness for both the states of waking and
dream, is common' -- will become clear. But here there
is 8 special feature: fhat is: In the experience of
the dream aparl from the Witness, the dream Itate and
the dream world too, which are the witnessed pheno-
mena, are also existing; but in deep sleep, on the
other hand, any such witnessed phenomenon whatsoever
is not seen 8t all. fhere are no time, space, causation
categories leen J the divisions of either anv objects
or knowledges too do no exist; neither there exists
at all the empirical experience .howing distinctive
features or characterlstio. like - ~.uch and such 8
thing w. ere knowing', nor 'nothing 'I known a'
all'; nor finallv showing by leparating in the

manner - 'I' end 'thil'. Becaul. it il like this, Sri
Surelhwlrlechl.rya (one of the direct disciples of
Adl Shenkl,elchearyaJ hal slid: "In deep sleep the
distinctive knowledge al in the waking does not
exilt J the,efore, the statement to the effect - '1 did
not know anything then' - is not memory at all j
for, therein time, space etc. do not come in between:
whit meaning is there to 8 statement - 'T.hat entity
which exists in Itlelf and bV itself belongs to the
pelt period of time l' ., - (Brlhadaaranyaka Jlaarllka
, -4.300). The purport of this Yaarttka is: If there
should be I memory of the type - "I did not know
anything whatsoever in deep sleep" - in deep sleep
there must have occurred a knowledge of the type-
"1 am not knowing anything now'·. By that experience
• latent impression should have baen formed, there-
after from that latent impression the memory shourd
accrue. But in deep sleep the inner instrument or
A"tQhkarana, i. 8. the mind, itself does not exist.
This being the case, how can there occur at all any
empirical or distinctive knowledge or experience , 1
From that how can at all the latent impression be
caused.., In deep sleep there does not exist time
itself. in which manner can the experience of deep
sleep be said to belong to the past period of t;me"
For some present-day Vedantins to argue In the manner-
"Becluse th. experience of the type - 'In
deep sleep I was not knowing anything whatsoever
10 '.r' -- does occur, Jeeva ('I'), time,
ljnaana or ignorance - all these three Ixisted then
in delp sleep" - the reason is their lick of capacity
to ratiocinate alon. or discern al to which aspects
.r the wakinl knowlldce have Ite.n mixed up In the
356 THF MAGIC JEWEl ;OF INTUITION
memory DI deep sleep. If 1he experience of deep sleep

is examined as it is, then Alma" alone exists therein.
The fact that - 'Time, knowledge and forgetfulness -
all have become Alman .'one' - will become crysta'
clear. rt being so, how can it be accepted that all
of them. ar. objects to the experience of the past
period of time? Apart from this, .Alman or the Self
is the Witness of all states, all times and spaces, all
knowledges and forgetfuJ natures; it being so, how
c·an He be related at aU to the past time 1 Therefore,
like the silver which appears in the sea-shell or
nacre, 8 particular Vikalpa or misconception alone which
appear. in (or i8 superimposed on) Alman or the Self
who exists by Himself appears as memory of the
type - "I did not know anything whatsoever in deep
sleep". - (BrihadaaranJaka VQarlika 4-4-301). This alone
is the correct decision or conclusion. Therefore, in
deep sl.ep ·1' does not exist, 'you' does not exi st,
'.nother' does not exist, the knowledge of the distinctive
featu res lik e 'J ' , 'you' 'another' does not e list: the
Pure Consciousness alone, whic.h i. 'conscious' without
knowing that none of these exist and which is the very
essenci of all these, exists.
128. Aplrt frDIn Pur. CansciausnfSS the ather Itates d.

nat Iliit at all:
Though we have used 10 far an expression of the

type - lIThe Pure Consciousness that exists in deep
sleep" - in reality, the Pure Consciousness does not
'exist' in d.eep sleep. If observed properly, the deep
sleep phenomenon is not a state ·at all! It is Pure
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OP KNOWt£DGE 357
Consciousness alone. The statement Ih-It it Is • state

also is a conception imagined from the waking, view-
pOint. Assume that there were two small boats in".
big ocean: just as the people who -are sitting in one
of these boats, looking at thoe portion of water around
t heir boat where there is no boat, conceive
or believe that 'there no boat whatsoever exists·,
similarlv we, who are sitting in the boats called
waking and dream which are plying on the ocean of
Pure Consciousness, are believing or conceiving that
'deep sleep is a state in which nothing is known';
just as below the boats also that very ocean exists,
for our waking and dream also Pure Consciousness
alone is the substrate. Though for illustration here the
waking and the dream have been called boats, just
like the wooden boats float on water, the 'waking and
the dream themselves - having been made of any quae",
material - do not appear on the .top of Pure Conscious;.
ness; if needed for the purposes of understanding, the"v
may be conceived to be 'boats of ice'. If observed
more incisively or deeply, there are no two
Slates like 'waking' and 'dream' ; for, the, are not two
events which occur with regularity or one after the other
in anyone time series whatsoever; nor are they
entities which exist one by the side of the other in any
one space series. Therefore, application of the princi-
ple of numeration to them is itself not proper. Just
as the water bubbles· are all water alone, the pheno ..
mena of waking and dream are all Pure Consciousness
alone - at the top, at the bottom, internally and
externally- We are calling Pure Consciousness alone 'states'.
When viewed from the standpoint of the Ultimate Reality
(or of Pure Consciousness) neither waking nor dream, nor
.nJ other state whatsoever exists at all. Ever,thing is the
nen-duII oc••n of Pure (onsel.usnell alone devoid 0' any

waftl or bankl. This eternal Itatele.. Pure Conscious·
nesl has been called 'the fourth Almtm' in the
MllanduJc,YII Up.,,'shtUl. 'The fourth one' means an entity
which hi. not even the least taint or trace. of the
three Itlt8S It any tlma whatloever.
t II. To II,thlt Par. Cln.llo.ln... dOli not •• llt at

.11 II dry lellc:
Pure Consciousn ••s means knowledge or con.cioul-

ness devoid of any quality or characteristics end
devoid of any objects or any support whatsoever. It
i. not possible at all for such I knowledge or con-
Iciousne.s to exilt: for, no one among UI hal ever
seen a. all knowledge without object. 'Existence',
'knowledge' - both these Ir. relative terms i it being
10, is it possible to include or merge both of them
in knowledge 810ne '1 A. much 8S the existence which
can exist by itself without the knowledge or conscioul·
neS8, which I. the subject, i8 improbable, 80 much
improbable Is the knowledge which can exla' without
any object with existence. Apart from thi., .fter the
knowledge is obtlined, in it the,e Ihould be perforce
a characteristic or qualitv of the type - "such and
such a knowledge". Even if it is said that no other
quality or characteristic exists, to that knowledge It
least the quality or characteristic of existence should
invariably be accepted, i. it not "I Then It will amount
to accepting the difference of 'knowledge' end 'existe-
nce' in it alone. therefore, the knowledge devoid of
buality, object, support, divilion, difference I. it•• ,f
IV THE ESSENtiAL NATURE Ot: KNOWLEDGE 369
I concept which does not exilt anywhere in the

world - thus some poeple do argue in a perverse
manner.
To realize that all this is the logic that has arisen

because of the defect of the waking viewpoint. the
experience of the deep sleep, which we have described
so far, alone is sufficient. When in deep .'eep we do
have the experience of the Pure Consciousness, if a
perverse logic or argument is made to the effect that
it i.e. the experience of the Pure Consciousnes.. does
not exist - then for that kind of logic the fruit is
Alma Halya or slaying (i.e, self-denial) of one'~ own
Being. In the same manner, in states like Samaadhi,
swoon and intoxicated or inebriated state etc. allo the
experience of Pure Consciousness subsists J if people
who have woken up from such states are asked--
'·Oescribe the essential or innate nature of your
experience 1" - then, they will say that nothing what-
soever was observable to them. Because Samaadhi,
swoon - such states are experienced rarely by a few
people, and for the present topic deep .Ieep alone
which is in everyone'. experience is sufficient, the
deliberation on those both states (i.e. Samaadhi and
swoon) is not needed in the pres;nt context. By the
examination of those states, for the knowledge of
the Vedantic Truth what benefit or danger may be
caused 1 - This topic can be analysed latisfactorily,
but it is not quite relevant here, nor i. it needed. If
the experience of deep sleep is fully analysed, w,
come to know that therein an absolute or transcen-
dental Intuitive experience alone, devoid of any object
or any division whatsoever, existed. This alone W8
have called Pur. Consciousness or Knowledge. Thus to

rAtut. what il based on or supported by experience bV
means of logic cannot bl proper. The doubt of the
type - "We have not at all leen Pure Consciousness
anywhere I' - arises only in people who cannot Intuit
the e,sential nature of Pure Consciousness. For, Pure
Consciousness is not In object. Whatever things WI
know, none of them is the es.ential or innate natura
of Pure Consciousness. That Entitv to which both thl
waking • and dream are object., that Witne ••
alone is the real Pure eonsciousness. As Itated
in the previous section, both the waking and the
dream are the false appearances that are projected
in Pure Consciousness. The truth or reality of
those appearances too is Pure Consciousness alone. Thus
when Pure Consciousness alone Is everything. Pure
Consciousness alone is ourselves; if at all we are
not able to see Pure Consciousness by objectifying It,
what defect is there at all? BV this it does not be-
come established in the least that Pure Consciousness
which is our essential or innate nature of Bling i.
Itself non-existent, is it not 1 If the fact that 'Pure
Consciousness is not an object at all' is remembered, thl.
kind of delusions are not born. By our statement that
Pure Consciousness is not an object the meanln, that 'It
is • mere subject alone' should not be con.trued. 'For,
when an object which is apart from It (i. e. Pur.
Consci ousness) is itself not existi ng at all, how can
the question of Pure Consciousness being 8 subject
arise at all? Although Pure Consciousness alone appears
8S the 'Witness' and the 'witnessed' in the waking and
the dream, even at that moment too It il really existing
in Its essential nature of Pur. or Absolute Consciousness
alone. In deep sleep especially the false appearance of
the 'Witness' and the 'witnessed' does not exist at all.

In fact, people ara dealing with Pure Consciousness
alone, which does not know or have even the taint
of the divisions of subject and object, as 'deep Ileep'
In their daY-la-day life.
13a. Pur. Consciousnesl il neither mutable nor immutabll.

In It th. milcDnclptions af the type of au_ber,
quality and form allo do not exist:
Because it lias been stated that Pure Consciousness

is an Entity without any misconceptions of the type
of - time, spice, causation, II' notion, 'you' notion,
object, subject etc. - by this itself it amounts to saying
that It is neither mutable nor immutable. For, from the
standpoint of those who believe that deep sleep is 8
atate and that in it Pure Consciousness - devoid of
subject-object division - having first existed, has got
transformed in the waking and the dream into the
subject and the object - It, i. e. Pur. Consciousness,
seems to be mutable. It will also have to be admitted
that as the essential nature of the Witness which is
observing or objectifying all the th ree states Pure
Consciousness is also immutable. But what is meant
by saying that Pure Consciousness, which is devoid
of time and space and which is. in fact, the very
essence Itself of time and space, is susceptible to
change or changes 1 In It there are no divisions, no
limbs or parts; how can It at all change? Pure
Consciousness alone is appearing in the forms of deep
.'eap, dream and waking but not that It is changed
or transformed into the forms of these states i It does
382 tHE. MAGIC J~WEL OF INTUITION
not have within "Itsel' anv cause whatsoever which

can bring about a change; an external thing, especiallv,
which can cause It to change cannot exilt at all ; for,
Pur. Consciousness is an Entity devoid of the three
kinds of distinctions or differences of the type-
StljGateeytl or of the lame speciel, JIIjQQt~'yG or belong-
Ing to other speciel, Swagattl or Innately existing within
it or inhering in itself. Even to imagine such an
indivisible or consummate Absloute Consciou8ness to be
mutable or divisible - it is not possible at all. Thus
because it hal been stated that in Pure Consciousness
there is no possibility of any change whatsoever
taking place, It has to be called 'immutabla' alone,
I. It not" But here also the meaning for tfte words -
'immutable' or 'without change', espeCially, should be
properly understood. For, accepting that certain things
or objects which are within the jurisdiction or realm
of time are not showing within themselves any change
whatsoever and are existing as they 8r e, in order to
refer to them there is a practice or conventi on of
using the expression - 'immutable or changeless'. In
the Itatementl - "Even if this plantain is kept for
one month it will not go bad" - there are causes
internally in the plantain as well 8S externally to it
for its change; even so, it remains unchanged or
immutable for one month - in this manner we think.
But in this sense or meaning also Pure Consciousness
i8 not immutable or changeless. In It there i8 no
cause whatsoever for bringing about change. W. have
just now stated that externally to It alia there does
not exist any cause for Its change. Not only this.
Illumining all those things or objects which are
subject to the division of the typel of 'being with
change' and 'being devoid of change' in the object's
qualities or characteristics is this Pure CQnscioulness J

if observed more incisively or deeply, that Entity
which his within itself and in its own nature itself
concealed all the gamut or tota lity of objects or con-
cepti like change, the thing in which the change hal
occurred, time etc., which are the causes for the
change, disintegration etc., and yet remains or exllts
in Its non-dual innate or essential nature is Itself this
•
Pure Consciousness. Therefore, if observed from the
manner in which they are used with regard to ampi ...
rical objects, the two words or expressions, viz. S",'-
kllara or mutable or changing and Nlrvikaara or
immutable or devoid of change - too do not luit
Pure Consciousness. In the same manner, Pure Con-
sciousness is not one, i.e. the word 'Monism' does not
luit It, nor is It many; is not with qualities or Suguna
nor without qualities or Nirguna; is not with form or
Saakaara, nor without form or Niraakaara; because all
these are the qualities or characteristiCS of an empiri-
cal object, it should be decided that they cannot in
the la81t affect or taint Pure Consciousness, which I.
devoid of the object-subject division.
131. Doubt regarding the ignorance or lick of knowledgl

about Pure Consciousness:
Now another consideration will have to be made

here. It has been stated previously (sub-section 128)
that because they have not known Pure Consciousness
liane, It is being dealt with as deep sleep by people,
is it not? In this statement there are two aspects or
parts implicit: 1. All that exists is Pure Consciousness
Iione J but people are not knowing It. 2. Because of
the reason that they have not known It (i.8. Pur.

Consciousness) properly alone, peopl. are misconceiving
It as deep sleep. Here, not knowing the Pure
Consciousness. and misconceiving or wrongly knowin.
It - concerning these two aspects or partl alone it is
now being expounded or elucidated. What is the
essential nature of these aspects" What is meant by
'properly knowing' Pure Consciousness 7 What is tho
reason or cause for people not knowing Pure Conscious-
neas·l Merelv because they have not known It, what is
the reason for their wrongly knowing or misconceiving
It" How 'is it possible to 'know' It properly 7 If it i.
stated that Pure Consciousness can be known, then
does it not amount to saying that Pure Consciousness
too may become an object for knowledge 1 Then, to
the philosophical truth that 'Pule Consciousness is not
an object' there wi II be danger or threat, is it not 1
Having said so far that Pure Consciousness know.
everything, now if it is said that there is a necessity
of knowing It too - does it not amount to contradic-
tion 1 For argument's sake, even if it is accepted
that somehow we can know Pure Consciousness, what
guarantee is there to believe that That alone il the
final knowledge and that another knowledge which can
falsify or ~ancel that Knowledge also cannot ariae or
be born? If answers to so many questions are not
given, the statement that - 'People have taken or
understood Pure Consciousness as deep Ileep' - cannot
become meaningful.
132. lh. diff.rent forms af ignorance:
Therefore, we wiil commence giving answers to

these questions, explaining one by one. In Sanskrit I

lack of knowledge, wrong knowledge or misconception
- both thel. are called 'Avidya· or ignorance. "Like
that or this t " - doubting in this manner i. called
'Samshaya'i "It can be like this" - reasoning in thi.
manner is called 'Sambhaavana'; "It cannot be like
this" - negatively reasoning in this manner is called
'Alambhaavan.' - All these also are the different f9rms
of not properly knowing onlv: wrong knowledge or
misconception or Vipareeta Bhaavana also is a variant
form of a lack or knowledge (B1ihadQQfanyQka YQQrtika
1-4-386. 440). Therefore, first of all the ilnorance of
Avidy., which is not knowieg the truth alone, should be
considered. 'A.r;dya' or ignorance of the form of 'not
knowing' is well-known among the common people the
world over with regard to external objects or things.
When we are kids so many things are not known to
US; as we grow older we come to know more and
more things. To those who are scientists, pundits and
artists more things are known than are known to
others. Even so, it will not be an exaggeration
if it is said that in the world more than what aspects
of objects that people know there are many aspects
of those very objects unknown by them. In the
Subhaashita or a wise saying - "Sciences are endles.
or numberless; things to be known are manv; the
time available for man 10 know is small; the obstacles
or impediments during that time also are many:
therefore, what is essential alone - that alone should
be known" - not only are morals stated, but also
the fact that the phenomenon that 'the unknown
things to man in the w~rld are fathomless' is also
mentioned. Even in the things which are known bV
the people who are said to be scientists, some aspects
••am to be beyond the ken of logJc or realoning of

man: in spite of the concerted efforts of pundits or
acholar. to know the secret or the inner truth of
phenomena like the physical substance, mind. energy
or power, knowledge, time, space, causation etc. it
has not been possible for them to go beyond certain
limits. Therefore, having assumed them to axist al
they appear to be to ona's experience in the empirical
or day-to-day transactions alone, the Iclentlsts hive
endeavoured to build up their 8clences. This I. the
Avidy. or ignorance which Is of the type of not knowing
or a lack of knowledge regarding the objects. In the same
manner, the phi losophers or truth-seekers have been
from a long time considering or deliberating upon the
question - "What is meant by 'Pure Consciousness' '1 I I
Even so, it has not been solved by them. Some
people SIV or assert that I t does not exist It all;
.ome others say that if anything Is grasped or
reckoned in a general form of 'knowledge', that alone
is Pure or Absolute Consciousness or Knowledge,
without taking into account the phenomena of 'our
knowledge', 'Your knowledge' - while knowing
empirical objects or gaining knowledge like 'such and
luch characteristics or qualities'. People of both thesa
categories do not reallv know the essential nature of
Pure or Absolute Consciousness or Knowledge I n the
lame way, it may be stated that all those who without
knowing It, i. 8. Pure Consciousness, have formed
different conceptions about It do not know Pur. or
Absolute Contlciousness. Thil alone is the ~Ayidy.'
or ignorance of the nature or form of not nowlnl Atm.n
or one's innate nature of Being or the Self. Here what
i8 said to be 'not known' is the characteriltic of the
A"tahkarana or the inner instrument of the mind,
IV THE &5SENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 387
which is related to us in the waking.
Now we will explain the nature of Avldy. or

Ilnor.nee which Is of the type of wrong knowledge or
misconception. This ignorance too is well-knowh in the
world 8S occurring with regard to external object ••
Every-day phenomena like taking or knowing 8 rope
to be a snake, knowing a sea-shell or nacre as silver,
thinking or conceiving alum to be sugar etc. - all
these are appearing invariably before us. Although the
mind conceives the various perceptions like sound,
touch etc. which are received by us through the
senses, unless and until the intellectual facultv gathers
together all those different conceptions and decides
that 'it is such and such an object', we do not obtain
the knowledge of the object or thing. The intellect
of 8 perlon who has known that - "If a thing is
endowed with 'such and such a colour', 's~ch and
luch a smell-, 'such and such a food', 'such and
such 8 taste' it is a grape" - when it (that intellect)
is seeing from a distance even, it decides instantly
the object to be a grape. But on certain occasions or
circumstances this intellect happens to know the grapes
in a picture too to be real grapes. (In the Epic - • Maho-
bhaarata' - Duryodhana conceiving a door to exist
where it did not exist really in the palace of Dharma-
raaya. and where it really existed conceivi ng that there
it did not exist. his misconceiving a floor to have
existed where actually water was there, and having been
deluded, to mistake a mere floor itself for water--
ai' these are wrong knowledges or misconceptions of
this type alone). On certain occasions, because of •
defect in the eye, instances of one moon itself being
misconceived to be two or more are also seen. All

these de\usions are misconceptions alone, i. 8. mistaking
one for another.
Whatever has bsen stated 80 far is the A,'ldya or

ignorance which is of the type of wrong knowledge
or misconception with regard to external objects. rn
the lame menner, withnut 'knowing' 8S to what i. Pure
or ~bsolute Consciousness is, 'conceiving' that 'ure
Consciousness either as waking or dream has became
quite natural among people. Here not knowing Pure
Consciousness alone is 'deep sleep': It can be called
Kaaranaavldya or cau!=al ignorance. In addition to this,
'I', 'another', 'real', ~unreal or false' - In this
manner to know or conceive Pure Consciousness alone
il waking and dream; this can be called -Kaaryaavldy.
or resultant ignorance' (Goudap.'1Qda KaQrika 1-11 ).
Because 'not knowing' the Ultimate Reality is 8 mere
non-existent category, in that form though it can be
stated that Avi(l) G or ignorance is not a cause for
misfortunes or calamities. that same Avldya when it
assumes the form or nature of wrong knowledge or
misconception it caus-:Js innumerable calamities or
ca18strophies. Although In the Ultimate Realitv of the
eSfential nature of Pure Existence and Pure Conscious-
ness or Knowledge there does not exist any divisions
whatsover, this Avid)'G formulates or projects divisions
of the type - 'I' and 'tht3 rest'; ;t causes to
conceive or believe the external world 8S the
ultimate truth and that the external world exists
always; it cau~es to feel or think that -, am very
small in the world' and that 61 will exist only for a
brief periQd only'; having attached the characteristics
of qualities of the external objects 10 its own essentill

nature of Pure Being and superimposing on It
characteristics like birth, growth, ematla'ion, death
etc. - all these are the 'sports' or 'fres play' alone of
the misconception which is this resultant ignorance or
KQorYQQYldya All these are called by the name of
'Aclhyaasl' or misconception or delusion by the Ved.ntins.
This wrong knowledge or misconception too •• the charac-
teristic of the internal instrument of the mind alone.
133. There II nQ other eluse fir the ·clu •• 1 Ignoranci

or " •• rln •• vldy.':
Now we will state the answer to the questlon-

"What is the reason for not knowi ng the Ultimate
Realitv of the essential nature of Pure Consciousness 1"
In this question it is assumed 1 hat there must be a
cause for 'not knowing' any object whatsoever. But in
the world such a state of affairs is not seen any-
where. Not knowing objects alone is Inatural' to people;
to people who want to have knowledge either bV
their own deliberation or ratiocination or through the
instructions or guidance of others. knowledge accrues.
This fact has been acceptrd by all scientists or
log!cians In any science, for that matter. any new
topic or subject-matter not known to the people is
endeavoured to be made kn'wn alone, but it is not
stated therein Iwhy· that particular topic or subject-
matter is not known to the people at all. In the
same way, in ~he scientific or philosophica' texts
dealif1g with the Ultimate Reality also it is proper or
reasona~le fo anticip9te the teaching of the method or
system as 10 how the ·Knowledge' of the Ultimate
24
Realitv can be attained, but it will not be proper or

reasonable to Ilk that the cause for people not hiving
that knowledge should be Itated. Here also it i.
justifiable to Illume that quite naturallv alone people
do not know the Ultimate Realitv. ~part from this,
the question - "Whit is the cause for Avld),_ or
ignorance 1" - il not one which a person who does
not know the Ultimate Reality can put or pose. If it
is contented or argued that - "One can ask in the
manner - 'In me, who is of the essential nature of
Pur. Consciousness. how did Avidya or ignorance of
the type of 'not knowing' ariae 1', is it not 1" - •
counter-argument can be posed - "When A,ldytl or
ignorance exists where il the knowledge to the effect
that. 'I am of the essential nature of Pure Conscious-
ness 1" In that state the feeling or belief of the type-
"From the beginning itself I am having invariably
Avidya or ignorance alone" - only exists. And the
Intuitive knowledge of the type - "1 am of the
essential nature of Pure Consciousness" - is not a
feeling or conception at all; the wrong feeling of
belief 8110 exisls to the effect that - "The
misconception of the type - ~I am endowed with
body, mind, intellect etc.' - itself is the proper or
right knowledge". After the Knowledge of PUle
Conlciousness i. attained alia this question cannot be
put; for, then there exists 8 .ense of certitude alone
of the type - "Av.ldya or ignorance did nOI exilt
in me in the past, does not exist now too, in future
too it cannot exist". - (Naishkarm)'Q Sldclhl 3-116).
We hive mentioned above itself that Avldya or ignorance
is 8 characteristic of the inner instrument of the mind.
Therefore, one who has presumed that the iDft.r
instruMent of the mind which belones to him in the
waklnl is really his - h. .Ionl Is called one endowed

with Avldy. or 'an ',norant person'. By him the know-
ledge that - 'Pure Consciousnes8 is myself' is nevar
attained at all. When people deliberate upon the
three stat •• in the manner we have described so far,
then the decision or lense of certitude occurs that-
'I am the Ultimate Rea litv of the essential nature of
Pur. Consciousness'. From that vi ewpoi nt the
phenomenon of Avidya or ignorance itself does not exist
•
at all. Therefore, it should be understood that the
question regarding the cause for Av/dya or ignorance
i. 8 mere perve,se logic or Kutarka
Some present.d:.y Vadantins, who ar. predominantly

Jogic-minded, keep on saying that there exists a certain
beginningless veil called Moolaavidya which is the
cause for not knowing Annan or the Self; that it
hides or covers up Alman and because of this alone
the Al'idyas or ignorances of the forms of - 'not
knowing' and 'wrong knowledge or misconception' as
well as 't he wor Id' are produced or projected; it, i e:
MoolaQvidya, exists in the three states too and can be
removed by Jnaana or knowledge (of the Self or
Atman). This AvidYQ, i e. Moo!QQvidya, is a mere fig-
ment of imagination or a mere logical conception of
these protagonists. For the purpose of protecting or
fostering the wrong or perverse logic which they have
adopted in the manner - 'For the world which ;s
externallv perceivable and is the object of the real
knowledge or experience and full of real things or
entities there must be a certain real or existent form
of cause necelsary and that without such a cause the
world of the form of an effect and endowed with
knowledge and material objects cannot be born and

appear' - thele disputants have hypothetical'v framed
up or formulated this ~imagin8ry) Avidya or ignorance,
i. 8. Moa'aavidya. Because the world is not another
real entity which exists along with the Ultimate
Reality, and this world i8 a Yivarla or misconception
alone of the Ultimate Reality - the world does not
desiderate any cause whatsoever. When the world is
the totality of the real and the unreal categories or
phenomena, to 8ssme that it is of the real category
alone is also not proper. Because slDace and time.
cause and effect - these appear co-existenti~lIv with
the world, to say that preceding it another causa mUlt
be essentially assumed or posited amounts to being
illogical. These disputants say that Avidya or ignorance
exists in both waking and dream, is it not? Because
in those states the time series are different, to the
question - "To which time series should the ~vld),tl
or ignorance, which is of the form or nature of a
cause, belong 1" - these disputants will remain mum
without an answer. Apart from this, the wrong know-
ledge or misconception itself, which is produced as a
result of the Al'idva of the form of 'not knowing the
Ultimate Realitv' rs the cause for the cause-effect
concepts. It being so, to say that 'for this A.,id.vQ
or ignorance of the form of misconcaption too there.-
is a cause' - ia the outcome of a lack of discrimi-
native thinking or reasoning regarding tho essential
nature of the cause-effect concept. This fact is very
clear.
The names and forms, which are imagined or

misconceived in Alman or Pure Consciousness because
IV THE ESSE.NTIAt. NATURe OF ~NOWLEDGE 373
of Av;dya. appear as the Ultimate Reality or ParlJmQotman

alone till this A,ldYII is removed bV Vioya or Intuitive
Knowledge. The ignorant people have, becau'8 of
misconception, imagined that these (i. 8. names and
forms) remain hidden or latent in deep sleep, Sushupti,
and dissolution of creation or the world. i. e. Pra/aYD,
either in the seed form or Beeja Roopa, or energy form
or ShGhli Roopa. This feed of names and forms is called
by various names like Maaya, Beeja, Shakti, Pra~riti,
etc. in the Shrutis or scriptural (Upanishadic) te>.'ts 'ar:'d
Smrills or texts written by ancient seers or Risltis.
The protagonists of A1oo/aav idya, not knowing this secret
teaching, are treating or dealing with 'Prakritl' itself
as Moo/aQv;d)'a. In the Bhashyas or Adi Shankaraachaarya's
original commentaries this 'Maayaavidyaikyavaada' or
the theory of equating ~'fJagya and Avidya is not to be
found anywhere
at aU {See Geeta Bhashya 13-26,
Sulra BhashyQ 2-1-14). Because this Moo/aavidya, which
we have referred or alluded to, is a mere figment of
imagination of some disputants, its deliberation is need-
less for this text or book, which has been presented
predominantly based on Anubhava' or Intuitive experi-
ence, based on the comprehensive or plenary outlook
or viewpoint of Pure Consciousness or the Absolute,
Ultimate Realitv of Alman. This subject-matter or
top;c is discussed elaborately and exhaustively in the
Sanskrit book -- "Moolaavidya Niraasa or Shankara
Hridaya" and 111 the Kannad. book - "Shankara
Siddhaanta". Therefore, we will leave out this
incIdental consideration here itself.
374 'HE MAOIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
13'. Thw 1IIIrilci., Avldy., which II .1 '". natura

al _ilcanc.ivinl the Uitillit. R.llity II .11. nl.ur.1 tl
p"p'l I
NoW let U8 take up the question - "Just becau ••

the Ultimate Reality ie not known, that il miscon-
ceived; what il the cause for this 1" -- for conside-
ration. Mlny objects we do not know: even 80, W8
have not misconceived them. W. keep on laying-
"What it is, I do not know" -. only. It being so, merely
because the Pure Consciousn... is not known, in that
W8 see the world with the divisions of knowledge and
its object. I What i8 the causa for this 1'· - This
alone is the real purport of the question. To this
question too, it amounts to our having given 8n
answer in the previous section itself . For, just like
the AVidva or ignorance of the type of not knowing
the Ultimate Reality, knowing It wronglv or mil~
conceiving It also is quite natural to people; it is not
possible to give or mention any cause for this
ph6nomenon. 'Not knowing the Ultimate Realitv' i.
first, 'knowing It wrongly or misconceiving It' is latar-
in this sense, we hava not 8t. all Ita ted that 'not
knowing' is the cause for 'misconceiving or wrongly
knowing'; to those who have known properly or
correctl~, there does not exist any wrong knowledge
or misconception 8t all: In thOle ·who do not know·
only that 'wrong knowledge or milconceptlon' exlstl.
For that reason alone, we have called 'not knowing'
the cause and 'misconceiving' the effect. In the
statement - "Because milk is a liquid substance, it
assumes the form of the utensil in which it exilts'·-
being a liquid substance is first, the charlcteristic of
ISluming the form of the utensil in which it exists
IV THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF KNOWlEDGE 376
has accrued to the liquid substance later - in this

manner there does not exist any cause-effect relation-
ship 8t .,1. In the same manner, in the statement-
"Because they have not known onlv, they misconceive
it" - also, to these Av;dYDS or ignoranci. w. have
mentioned a 'cause-effect' relationship only. The,. i.
no regu lation or rule at all that 'if people do not
know, they wi II invariably miscoflce;ve-• For, in deep
sleep people E:xist without knowing the Reality, but
there they are not knowing 11 wrongly or misconcei-
ving I t. Both these Avidyos or ignor8nces have come
adventitiously and quite naturally to people, and not
that one is a cause for the other. In the inner
instrument of the mind there exists 8 tendency or
proclivity. As a result of that, in general people keep
making all objective deliberations with the waking
viewpoint alone. To their viewpoint the Ultimate
Reality does not ever appear to ex;st; to them the
divisions 85 well as differences which do not exist
in It appear 8S if they are really existing. This alone
is Avidya.
There exists a very subtle difference between the

AYio),Q or ignorance pertaining to external objects and
the A,;dYIJ or ignorance with regard to the Pure Con-
sciousness which is the essential natura alone of our
dtmDn or Self. That is: The I A,ldya' or ignorance
that gets d€stroyed on knowing the objects through
the proper means or P,amacJnas is the 'Avidya' or
gnorance which exists in time alone in the form of-
"Till now I had not known in this manner; now I
have come to know·' - This is how all of UI entertain
8 belief. But the '1 notion which is the substrate or
foundation for knowing all. these things - in the

objective, Ixternal world- is the result or effect of our
'not knowing the essential nature of our real Almall or
Self' and, instead, ia the effect of our having miscon-
ceived It in the form of 8n Individual of the natura
of '1'. T~is AvidYIl or ignorance with regard to our
Alman or Self exists invariablv in all our mundane or
empirical transactions. There does not appear to
be any beginning or end to this Avidya at all. This
A~idya we have observed by means of our Intuitive
experience alone. After the fruition or consummation
of the knowledge of the Ultimate Reality, this Al'fdytl
is completely rooted out. This subtle consideration
has to be followed up with the help and guidance of
other l-e'Xts or knowledgeable person,. But in that
very instrument of the mind alone there i. another
tendency too. That is: If observed from the view-
point of the comprehensive or plenary Intuitive
experience which follows the experience. of the three
states, the Ultimate Reality is 'known' to it, i. e.
the mind, as it exists in its essential nature of
ISatchid R(JoptJ' or the essential nature of Pure Existence
and Pure Consciousness i Avidya 01 ignorance is
'falsified', i. e. both the innate ignorance of 'n ot
knowing the Self' and its misconception in the for m
of 'Adhyaasa' lose their hold and disappear or vanish.
This 'Knowledge' or Intuitive experience of the Sel f
alone ia Vidya. This Js also the characteristic of the
inner instrument of the mind alone. When observed
from the viewpoint of Avldya alone, space, time and
causation etc. appear and for this reason we say that
the cause-effect relationship too is an 'effect'. When
the question - "What is the. cause for Avidya 1" -
is being pltt, Ayidya or ignorance hal to be made the
object apart fro . n us, is It

not "I It is not possible
to make it like that at all; for, to put the question
also the inner instrument of the mind which il
endowed with the characteristics of Avidya' and 'Vidya'
I
or ignorance and knowledge, respectively, has to be

assumed to be our own. By some chance let us also
imagine that somehow we come to know that - 'In us
there is no relationship whatsoever with the mind end
that we can put the questi on too'; but then, because
in us there does not exist any Avidya or ignorance at
all, the cause-effect relationship too, which is the
effect or result of tiv;dya, will not exist. For that
reason alone, we had previouslV (sub-section 133)
stated that the question about the cause was having
the blemish or defect of being perverse logic.
13&. It i. pa.lilile to 'know' or Intuit Pur. Consciousn •••

allo :
"Is it possible to 'know· Pure Consciousness

properlv? Whi Ie knowing It, because It has to
become an object, Its very innate nature itself has
to change. is it not '1 How to know the Pure
Consciousness Itself which keeps on knowing every-
thinglall the time 1'1- Giving an answer to this question
(sub-sect ion 131 ), we wi II conclude this Chapter.
Because Pure Consciousness is our essential natur.
of Being alone, there is no need at all of relliv
'knowing' It; for, man generally aspires to know
that which is not his essential nature alone (Gee/G
Bhashya 2-16). Even so, in the present context as 8
result of 'the nuisance or harassment' of the waking
viewpoint one's essential nature of Being alone has
378 tHE MAGIC JEWEL OF INtUITION
become 8S If 'It Is far away from us'. Althougah one

i., in elsence, the Pur. Consciousness alone, 8
st•• dfast or deep-rooted belief exists a8 though •
divilion in the form of .,' and 'the rest' has taken
place and by one·s knowledge the rest is being known.
It is true that in deep sleep therein is no room or
scope for this belief, for therein Pure Consciousnesl
alone which i8 devoid of any division whatsoever
exilts in itsel', by itself (I. 8. in its Pure or Absolute
nature of Being). But there an instrument needed to
know Pure Consciousness does not exist. If both the
eyel of • person are tied up with a bandage and he
il taken round inside In extremely beautiful palace,
how can the knowledge of the beauty of it accrue to
him? Similarly, when one who is instilled with the
waking viewpoint bound up with Avidytl goes to deep
.Ieep, although there he 'attains' everyday the form
or nature of Pure Consciousness a'one, that 'object'
of Pure Consciousness remain. unknown to him. Just
81 to the people who do not know the geological
nature of earth, although they are running about ova,
• gold mine itself, the fact that 'therein, deep in the
ground, there exists gold' remains unknown; in the
same manner, although they are of the essential nature
of Pure Consciousness alone (at the core), in deep sleep
.Ithough they are immersed and 'drowned' in the ambro-
sial wate,. of Pure Consciousness only' its Knowledge
Itself il denied to them fChaandogya UpanlshtJd 8-3-2). For
this reason, in the waking itself 8 kind of 'Intuitive Kno-
wledge' is very much essential. To indicate exclusively
the fact that - "By the deliberation from the viewpoint
of the comprehensive or plenary Intuitive experience
of the Saakshl or Witness (Self or Atman) it I. possible
to acquire or attain such a 'Knowledge' alone" - WI
IV THE ESSENtiAL NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 379
have written this book.
"If to the waking knowledge the Pure Conscious-

ness becomes an object, does it not amount to Its very
essential nature Itself being changed? How can Pur.
Consciousness be known at all by this .kind of
knowledge 1" - Now let us examine this objection.
First of all, let us leave aside Pure Consciouln.eu
and begin the deliberation of the waking knowledge
itself. The fact that 'to this knowledge there must
invariably be an object' is already known to us. When
we know a book, in our inner instrument of the mind
a definite concept or Pratyaya (with a sense of
certitude) of the knowledge of the book is born, is
it not 1 Here it is clear that the book especiallv is
quite diff.rent from the mind. But what about the
definite or distinct concept or Pratyaya 1 Becaule it
arise., or is caused, in t he mind alone, it is not
possible to say that it is different or separate from it.
But because of obtaining this definite concept ih order
to know the book, has the mi nd become mutilated
or affected Iven a little bit "1 No. If we desire,
immediately we can give up the book and if we
choole to have the knowledge of 8 pen, then W8 can
be ready to create a definite concept or PrGtyaya of
it. Now suppose without any external object being
there this knowledge or consciousness started to k.10W
itself by itself. Here with the help of which object doe.
the inner instrument of the mind create a definite
concept or PrQr)'aya 1 By itself alone. Just now
having been a knower or subject, it has itself become
8n object too. It is knowing as the subject or
knower, and as the object it is giving rise to 8
380 TH.E MAGIC JEWEL Or: INTUITION
definite or distinct concept or PralytlYG. Therefore, as

much as the definite or concrete concept of the form
of the book is real, so much real alone i8 the mental
conceptual fOlm too. Because this is seen in experience
of eve'ryone, it is not possible at all to say that it is
n01 so. Because for the waking consciousness there
must perforce be some object or other, in case there
is no external object for it. it will have to keep itself
88 its own object at least. In general, because for
the waking mind it is but natural to be extroverted
alone, for people who are not aspiring practitioners
of spi ritual enlightenment it becomes difficul t to attain
the ability to remain for I long time by making their
own consciousness as an object bV themSelves alone.
Therefore, in such circumstances, more often than not,
deep sleep alone is obtained. It is said that rarely to
some people who practise concentration in this manner
a state called 'Samaadhi' is attained. But beeaus'e
we have now taken up as the basis for consideration
universal or evervone-. experience alone, that topic is
not wanted or needed in the present context.
Letit be so. P.s we have stated so far. givi ng

up the attempt of knowing the waking consciousness
or knowledge, let us make an attempt to know or
Intuit Pure Consciousness Itself. Now how shou Id that
Pure Consciousness be brought before us 8S an object 1
As we have described so far many times, we will
have tQ 'contemplate' on It, i. 8. Pure Consciousness,
in the same manner as It is the experience of everv-
one of us and also as It exists in deep sleep, is it
not? Here there Is a salient feature, and that is: For
knowing the waking consciousness it is enough if we
conceive or think that 'It is itself a knower or subject

and itself an object': for, in the waking 'knowing'
means the fransaction alone of assuming the relation-
ship of object and subject. Here for each knower or
subject its respective object has to exist perforce. But
it is not so in the case of Pure Consciousness_ If
we have to realize or cognize Its essential nature,
we will have to conceive or imagine in the mind the
essential nature of Being which we have experienoed
in deep sleep: our present waking consciousness will
have to get rid of or give up its subjectivity. But if it
gives up ifS 8\ubjectivitv, immediately it will itself
become the Pure Consciousness, which ;s beyond
~he relationship of subject-object. If it is not so,
ttJen it will never be possible to contemplate on 'either
the deep sleep experience, which has become
a non·· dual Entity, or the Absolute Reality of
Pure Consciousness. There is a belief amidst us that
by contemplation a kind of an insect belonging to the
species of a wasp becomes a wasp alone; but there,
the insect is separate and the wasp is separate. In that
manner unless we have seen in our experience that a
di fferent creature becoming another different creature,
that phenomenon does not become fit to be believed.
But in the present context, what we are stating is not
such an impossible or improbable act at all. Our
waking consciousness exists really even now as Pure
Consciousness alone; its objectivity is merely the illusorv
form or nature endowed with names and forms. Really
names and forms too are Pure Consciousness alone.
This fact is established by the pxper;ence of every-
thing 'merging- in Pure Consciousness in deep sleep.
Therefore, one who desires or aspires to know or
Intuit the Ultimate Reality, of th! essential nature
.f Pure Consriousnesl - to hi .. , then, the Pur.

(onlcloUlaelS do.. not remain as an obJect; merely by
contemplating upen the 'act that Pure Co"sciousnesl Is
object - IHs (or devoid 01 any objectivity) It will by
Itse-I' .Ive up objectivity and becomes, as It were. Pure
Conscieasnlll - "One who knows BrDI,man becomes
B,ahmllll alone" (Ma1Jdaka Upanishad 3-2-9). Therefore,
It I. possible to know or Intuit Pure Consciousness;
by saying so, there is no h3rm whatsoever done to the
phi·losophical (Vedantic) leaching of the Ultimate
Reality, no opposition or contradiction whatsoever to
everyone's or universal Intuitive experience.
131 Thl ., •• t nt •• of thl Intuitlv. I.plrllnce Of

IIlIowl"gl of till Ultlmlte " •• Iity:
Because Pure Consciousness alone is assuming or

putting on the garb of everything and is appearing to
the waking viewpoint, Avidya or ignorance too In itl
r8al natura is Pure COf'sciousne.s alone (BrihadQQranyaka
J'tltl'tlka 2-1-174). For that reason alone, in the dav-
to-day world the delusory knowledge or misconceived
knowledge too, during its sway, is appearing 88 the
correct or proper knowledge alone. tven when its form
Is changed and it assumes another form of knowledge,
it il the same case. In the workaday world in this
manne, all knowledge In itl essential nature af Being 0'
Ablolute Reality having been Pure Conlcloutn... .Ion.,
thaueh during It. respective .ppearenee It .ppears to be
the real knowledge .'one, there Is one special feature or
s.,nlficance in the Intuitive knowledge of the Ultimate
Reality of ~tman or the Sell which man has to attain In
the final Beatitude. That I.: That Intuitive knowledge or
experience, removing the particular feature of the type-

'I know' - and dissolving every characteristic of thl
type - the knower, the knowledge and the known object-
converts everything into Pur. Consciousness (Gaudapaada
Kaarika 4-1). In that Intuitive knowledge because there
does not exist any duality at all (GlJudapalda Kaarika
1-18), then about the Intuitive knowledge there does
not exist any doubt of the type - 'Is it proper (or
correct) or wrong l' In this way, because It- is
extremely certain (or is the very embodime~t of
Reality and certitude) to call that Intuitive experience
or knowledge of Pure Consciousness alone as Yidy.
or Knowledge is
legitimate or justifiable. When com-
pared to It, all the remaining (empirical) know.led.es
is Avidy. or ignorence alone.
137. Th. corrlct infer.ncI or recognition that the

Ultimate Reality apart from being 01 the n.turl .,
Pur. Existence and Pure Consciousnels i. .110 of
thl n.tur. of Pur. Happiness or Blill:
In this Chapter although we have been considering

the Ultimate Reality mainly from the viewpoint of
Pure Consciousness alone, we have kept on showing
that there does not exist any difference whatsoever
between Pure Existence and Pure Consciousness. Both
Pure Existence and Pure Consciousness having been
one and the same and because that very non-due' Realitv
is our ensential nature of Being alone, we entertain
reverence and love for its consideration more than all
other things. Just as in deep sleep our nature be-
comes Pure Existence and Pure Consciousness, It be·
comes Pure Happiness or Bliss too therein, and thil
fact is clear from the latent impression of happines8

which has followed us even after we have woken up
from sleep as well as from the pleasant or cheerful state
of the mind. From this alone although it can be
correctly inferred that just as It is the Absolute
Reality or Truth of our consciousness or knowledge al
well ~s existence that appear in the waking, the
Absolute Reality or Truth of the happiness appearing
here in deep sleep also must be the same Entity
i. e. the Ultimate Reality of AlmOIl or the Self,-
making an elaborate tlxamination with regard to
happiness also cannot be without benefit. For. If our
essential nature of Being is, Just 8S it is Pure
Existence and Pure Consciousn8ss, also Pure Happiness
or Bliss, then it will amount to our attaining the
supreme goal of human existence or life by the
Intuitive knowledge of that Pure Happiness or Bliss.
Therefors} we wi II uti I:ze the next Chapter for
deliberating upon tho Uttilnate Realitv from the view-
point of Pur. Happiness or Bliss too.
CHAPTER-THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS

(A) Alman Alone Is' P'ure Happiness
138. lh' greatness or importance 01 the deliber.tion 8n
Pure Happiness:
There ;S 8 greater benefit or fulfilment in

considering. the Ultimate Realitv from the viewpoint
V ,.HE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 385
of flur. Happin.ss or Biisl than from the viewpoints

of Pure Existence and Pure Consciousness. That is:
Although 8 man may be engaged w.ith all enthusilsm
or eagerne.s in the consideration of Pure Existence
and Pure Consciousness, if at the start itself he has
conceived that bV that consideration finallv he cannot
.chiev8 any happiness, it will be difficult to S8'1
whether he was attempting to prepare or compile the
philosophical text about the Ultimate Reality or not.
It is not common for people to engage thamselv.s 1n
many sports and recreations either through eagerness
or for getting rid of boredom or wearine.ss. But soon
their getting attachment or hatred or indifference.
towards them is certain. If people get engaged in any
work onlv because of eagerness or get rid of boredom,
as soon as the initial enthusiasm or eagerness wears
off or vanishes they get indifference developed to ..
wards it in the manner - "After all, it is thil much
onlv I" Boredam or weariness may be overcome any
time. For this purpose. it will be helpful if one
changes his interest or attention from one kind of
work to another. Observing any new object. taking
a stroll in a floral garden, playing ball game ••
hunting and such other recreations - if all such
entertainments or hobbies are remembered, the veracity
of the opinion that we have mentioned here will be
comprehended by the mind. Man pursues anything
keeping in his mind alwJVs the purpose that is served
by it or the benefit that accrues from it Without a
known or an imaginary benefit, it is not possible for
the whole lot of human beings to get engaged in any
wOlk. Because the philosophical science has the
purpose of finding out the Ultimate Realitv alone,
some people are prone to sav that in philosophy
2S
THE MAGIC JEWIL OF INTUITION
thlr. il no need to consider any other purpose or

benefit 8t all. But who are the qualified or fit
parsons for such 'purposel.s.' Iciences? Those who IIV-
'-Being engaged In logical disputations and to keep
on ••arching for the Ultimate Realltv 18 Itself the
fulfilment of lif.'. purapose" - may do that work;
but for many people who believe that reallv there
i. 8 supreme goal of human existence there ,. no
benefit whatsoever from such scientific treatises. Some
people may ask - ·'If the,. I. no benefit at all
which can b. ,elllv obtllned through one'8 own
practice. which Icience can at all help obtain It and
from where?·' But Vedanta i8 not mere logic or dry
logic: it f. the science of Intuitive experience. Even
If it il determined through logic that either there
may· exist a certain duty which enables one to fulfil
the goal of human existence or through discrimination
there may be 8 possibility of attaining the goal
of lif. - by that we cannot obtain any satisfaction
whatsoever. "I, It is keenly observed, In the cise
of Intuitive experience there exists a loal of human
existence called 'P.ramaanand.' or Supreme Happlnesl or
IlIsl; That I. attained only through 'Jnaans' or Intuitive
experience alone; for that realon alone, the pursuit of the
Ultimate Reality (Tlttwa Jljnaa.a) I, beneficial or
purposeful" - This alone Is the philosophical teachlnl
of V.danta. Therefore, for the sake of the completion
or consummate comprehension of the proce.1 of
deliberation or discrimination on the Ultimate Reality
a8 well 8S for its being purposeful or beneficial,
deliberation on Pure Happiness or Blias i. of extreme
importance and significance.
v THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 387
tHe 'Iopl.'. oplnlln rlg.rlling happin.ll:
In the pervioul Chapter. it has been established

that the existence and the knowledge or consciousness
that ere seen in our mundane experience l1r8 our
essent;al nature of Being arone. In the same manne"
to anticipate that happiness too must be existing in
our innate nature of Being alone is legitimate. Even
10, jUlt lite existence and knowledge are appear ing
continuouslv, all the time, in our Innate nature of
Being, happiness is not appearing always. If we see
any particular beautiful object. hear a pleasing sound.
smell a perfumed odour, eat a tasty or savoury food,
touch 8 soft or tender object - then only we get
happiness or pleasure; or within ourselves if we carry
on a kind of lofty thinking, then also we may beget
happiness. In Iny case, just like existence and know-
ledge appear aJi the time, happiness does not. appear
always but keeps on manifesting itse,f on the pretext
Or ground alone of any part;cular Upaadhi or adjunct,
attribu te. Therefore, the question - ' Does happi ness
really exist in our innate nature of Being, or is it a
phenomenon produced by contact with external things
or objects 1" - we should dfHberate upon and
determine.
General1v, the opinion that people entertain in this

regard is: Because of our enjoyment of outer objects
through our senses alone, to a large extent, happiness
accrues to us. Because the enjoyment ;s produced in
au r.elves, even to say that the pleasure also is our.
only' - the outer objects too must invariablv be of
••sistance only. Depending upon the nature and
measure or quantity of the object. to be enjoyed

etc. alone we believe that happiness exiats In the
things or enjoyment and are accumulating or amalslng
them. Therefore, the opinion of the common people il
that by the enjoyment of outer objects alone happlne.1
accrues. People who are discriminative and belong to
higher strata of society lay: Although it II true that
the external adjuncts are the cause for our happiness,
there is no rute or regulation at all that really the
gross phenomena like sound, touch, smell etc. alone
should exist. For, happiness is 8 special characteristic
of the mental concept or thought. It is to be perceived
in our daily life that the intellectual or learned parsonl
acquire from any recreation, hobby or poetry and
mental pursuit of fine arts greater happiness than the
happiness that is obtained by the uncultured or unrefined
people from the consumption or enjoyment of grol.
objects like sound, touch, smell etc. Therefore. for
wise or intelligent people, despite the absence of the
external object, the mind alone becomes the cause for
happiness: from the outer objects or things too.
little pleasure may accrue, but the Pure pleasure or
happiness that il obtained from poetry, fine arts etc.
cannot be gained from them - This is the opinion of
some wise or intellectu'al persons.
141. 'he Witn... or S•• klhl lion. I. thl EI.I •••

of H.ppinl.l:
In both these opinions stated above the opinion

that happi ness 4S a particular specia I characteristic of
thought which is caused in our mind alone is implicit:
it also becomes established that happiness il clused
V THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAP91NESS 389
1)y • certain adjunct alon8. But does happiness lie. in

the adjunct (Upaadhi) 1 Is It that from that adjunct alone
happiness emerges out and manifests itself 7 - It is
nec ...ary 10 deliberate upon these questions. For this
consideration, to follow the method of examining the
three Itates alone, which we had adopted with regard
to Pure Consciousness, will be more beneficial. For,
W8 have not undertaken the task of considering merelv
the fact as to how happiness accrues in the
waking i we have begun to find out the Absoi-ute
Reality of Happiness Itself. Therefore, here also the
Ifrategy or reasoning which stands on the support of
comprehensive or plenarv Intuitive experience alone
hal to be our means or instrument. Hence, let us
take up for examination the states one by one. In
the waking, with ragard to knowledge or consciousness
of the form - "1 know this object" - just as there
ar. the divilions of the type - Ithe knower', 'the
means of knowledge· and the known object'
(Iub-Iection 96), in the case of enjoyment also
of the form - "I enjoy this object" - the
divisions of the triad of 'the enjoyer' (Bhoktru)
'the means of enjoyment (Bhoga)' and 'the enjoyed
object (Bholya)' exists. Just as we usa the knowledge-
oriented senlSI (J1Iaanendriyas) like eyes, nOS8 etc. to
obtain knowledge, for enjoyment too some knowledge-
oriented lenses as well as action-oriented organa
(KarmendrIYGs) we are utilizing S just as knowledge
appears in a certain form of thought or concept
(Yrittl Roopa) in the inner instrument of the mind,
enjoyment too appears in a certain form of concept
(Yrltl; RODla) alone in the mind. What we have to
consider now is: Does the outer object always cause
the concept" To do so which is that extra-ordinarv
complteDce or ability .xi'tina In It" If It II true

tnlt happiness accruel from the outer object Iione,
then that lame object .hould caul. In everyone
happinesl in the lame measure and Qualitv, Ind It
should always be clusing hlppine... But It i. not 10.
If one particular object causal happine•• to one perlon,
it causes milery to another; to one perlon Iione-
although now it his given happine••, at another time
from that same object misery i, caused. If In object
is constantly the caule for hlppinel. alone, why dOH
it happen in this manner '1 - To the •• qUlstion. there
are no answers at all. Allo to the question - "I'
without the outer object itself it I, poslible for happi.
ness to accrue, then why doe. the mind d ••,derate 8n
object at all 1" - there I. no anlwer available her.
in thil context.
This knotty problem or qUlstion can be lolvad or

untied in a particular manner. Whatever may be the
object, if it is dear or lovable - we gat happinesl J
if not, we do not get happin.... If to • particular
person sweet eatables or food is desirable, to another
they ar8 not wanted even the lea8t Z to him there f• •
liking for substances like 8 dish prepared out of •
particular kind of bitter vegetable alon8. In thl.
illustration the kind of happine.. that accrue. to the
first person by consuming the sweet eatables -- the
aam. kind of happiness accrues to the other perlon
from the bitter substance alone. To both the.e
perlons because their relpective foods are dear alone,
they have become things which yi.ld happines.. Thul
the Itatement that-- 'Being dear or lovable is in itself
the caus, for baing the melnl for getting happiness'
V THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 39-1
I. true J out of this a truth emerges and that l . -

'Secause love is a quality or characteristic of the Inner
Instrument of the mind alone, man smear. the
protective tin-coating of love which exists in himself
Ilona on to the outer objects and makes them lovable or
dear to himself J therefore, while saying that - 'The
ouler objects are the cause for happiness too' - it i8
evident that the love alone, which is in his heart or the
Jnner instrument of the mind, is reallv the cause for
his happiness. But now in our deliberation another
problem or difficulty arises. That is: Why in man
love with regard to a particular object and revulsion
or hatred towards another object arise '1 If in the
outer object there ,. no kind of happiness at air,
whit Is the cause or reason for the mind to become
fascinated by, or enamoured of, it 1 Apart from this,
mere IV by the ri.e of any concepts or thoughts (Jf,ltt/)
of love in the mind why should happiness accrue 7
In all the concepti or thoughts of the mind there
does not exist happiness - why is it 1 In this on.
particular concept which gives rise to happiness what
is the special feature?
141. The opinions of loma plople r.garding the r".tloll-

shIp of 'quality' and 'thl Igentship 01 qUllity'
.pplaring in happinesl:
In the previous section we have exemplified some

difficulties that appear in the consideration of happiness,
is it not 1 The fact that between these difficulties
and the difficulties that we have pointed out previously
(sub-sections 91, 92) with regard to Knowledge, 8 kind
382 fHF MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
of close comparison as welJ 8S r.'ationship exists cannot

remain without flashing to the minds of the ,eaderl.
For this to happen one important caul. i. I The entity
of 'I' alone, which is the substrate or support for the
knowledge or consciousness that exista in the waking,
is the substrate for happiness too. We have already
(sub-section 97) mentioned that the old logicians we,e
saving that the phenomenon of '1· is in its e.lentis'
nature inanimate or insentient and in it there existl 8
quality of knowledge or consciousness, il it not '1 In
the same manner, they we,e laying that happine••
too is a quality alone of Atmtm who exi.tl
in the form of 'I'. In their opinion knowledge,
happiness, grief, desir., hatred, effort, righteousness and
unrighteousness :a•• all these are qualities alone of Alman.
Just 8S it is improper or unreasonable to say that to
Alma" who is insentient like a Itone knowledge or
consciousness il a quali tv, in the same way beeau ••
it is unreasonable to say that happiness;s a quality
of Alman also, even with regard to this lubject-matter
\00 some present-day Vedantins are Ilying: Just al
Alman, being of the essential nature of knowledge alone,
Is also of the nature of havingt he qualitv of knowledge,
Alman being of the essential nature of happiness Iione.
is also of the nature endowed with the qualitv of
happiness. But just as it il not possible to determine
and state the difference between the agent possessing
the quality of knowledge having the nomenclature of
'knowledge' or Jnaana and the quality gOing by the
name of 'knowledge' or Jnaana, in the same way the
mutual di fference between '.Aanandtl' or happj neSI, which
is the agent possessing the quality of AantJndll or
happiness, and the quali ty called Aanallda or happines8
cannot be stipu lated. It is clflar thai these people,
V THE ESSENTIAL NAtURE OF HARPINESS 313
on the stf\ength of Yukt; or reasoning (logic). say tbat

if the esssential nature of happiness itself does not
exilt in Atn.an or the Self who knows happiness, then
to Him the knowledge of the type of - "This Is
happiness" - itself cannot accrue, and have given
importance to the waking experience and have conceived
this division or difference of 'the quali ty' and 'the agent
possessing, or one who is endowed with, that qualitv'.
'42. Th. hl.pinl.s hiving thl forms of 'the quality· .n~

·tll. 1.lnt p.o ••••• I'" thl quality' i. not ind.plnd.nt
or Ib•• lutl:
let this be. Even in the case of the happiness

having the forms of 'the quality' and 'the agent
possessing the quality· conceived in the manner - "1
em 8 happy perlon· - if it is observed 'whether it is
Independent or whether the happiness that exist's In it
ha. come from another l' - then by virtue of -the
strategy or reasoning that we have mentioned
previouslV (sub-section 9i) with regard to Existence
it becomes evident that the root cause of this
differentiation of 'the quality' and 'the agent
pOlse.si ng the quality' exists in the Witness or
Saakshi who comprehends or witnesses the entire
waking state. The happiness of the Saakshi or Witness
is not a thing that has come from another source or
entity ; for, It never becomes bereft of love or liking
at all. If being dear or lovable alone is the hallmark of
happiness, then it amounts to saying that the Saakshi
or Witness alone is the most lovable or the dearest
Entity. For example: "Every creature in the world,
loving itself alone, loves the remaining things or
object... Husband, wife, children, wealth. Cllte r

righteonsness, political ethics (RQQjtl Neell). physical
sciences, philosophy or spiritual Inquiry - all the ••,
for whOle lake are they dear or lovable? I, It not
for the entity called 'I' 1" - (Brlhadaa,anyaktl Uptmblrad
4-6-6). For whom are the object. wanted" For one'.
own ••If. Whateve, I. wanted for one'. own people
too il really for on8'. own sake only- All the thinge
which become closer and closer or more and more
intimate to one'. self, everyone invariably lovel more
and more 2 one lovel one'. own self more than
everything else. This fact need not be taught by any-
body; this ;s a special feature to be found In everyone
right from his birth till he i. alive. Why should one
love one's own •• If 1 The physical Icl.nti... I.Y I
"For one'. own protection". But to the que.tion-
"Why should one protect one·8 own Ie" 1" - they
do not have an anlwer. All of us have al.umed that
whit I. lovable or dear alone is the root cause for
happiness, i. it not '1 By this assumption, becau ••
the entity of 'I' i8 dear or lovable more than every-
thing e188, it amounts to laying that the,. .Ione
el. e. in the entity of 'I') happiness J. established.
If there does not exist any happinell In one'. own
•• If why is that in one'. own self one hal 80 much
love '1 Whatever things are conceived to be "one'.
own" by man, he loves all those things. Beclu,.
the common run of people have understood that the
body alone is 'one'. own self' they are ready to
discard or renounce anything whatsoever for the
.Ike of their body. But after 8 little discriminative
thinking they come to know that more important
and lubtler than the body Is P,QtlnG or the Itf.
force. If one is alive onlv. one cln deSire for
V 'HE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 396
happiness. is it not'1 In the sarna way, more than

PrQQnG or the lifa force mind il still nearer or closer
an Alm"n to us: Buddhl or discriminative power of the
intellect is the innate Alman more than the mind.
AhamkDllrll or the ego (the 'I' notion) is the innermost
Atm.", more innate than everything els8. This alone
(i,e. the ego or the 'II notion) everyone il dealing
with in the form of '1' - '1' in the waking. .This
alone has been understood to be one's real ·essence
of Being by all those who have a pronounced sense
of Identification with the waking. When observed
from the waking viewpoint. in this phenomenon there
ara two kinds of characteristics. Doing such and
Iuch 8 thing has to be obtained or has °to be
avoidedJ such types of desire, effort and fruit having
. been attained, happiness or grief have to be experie-
nced. All these together comprise one characteristic.
This is being called 'Kartrutwa Bhoktrutwa' or agentship.
Injoyership. The energy or capacity which promp1s
one to engage himself in the task of obtaining what
is desirable and of avoiding what is not desirable ;s
itself 'Kartrutw.' or alentshlp (doerlhip); after having
accumulated objects, the capacity or energy which
enables ona to enjoy them and to get either happi-
ness or grief is itself called 'Bhoktrutwa' or enjoyer.hip·
By virtue of its having the agentship as well as the
enjoyership the entity of '1' or the "1' notion has been
allotted a higher status or place than all other things
in our day-to-day dealings. As this dealing of
doership lind enjoyership goes on, the object., the
sansei. the .ffort, the action, the enjoyment - aU
these thrive only for the sake of the entity of
'I- alone and not that they exist for their own
lekl. W. have stated 'that for the entity of 'I'
alone and not that they exist for their own

lake. We have Itated that for the entity of 'I'
agentlhip and enjoyership alone is the first character-
istic, is it not 1 'Jnaatrutwa' or knower,hlp I. the
second char8cteristi.c. What i8 meant by 'JnaalrutWQ' or
knowerahip - we have previously (sub-section 96) itself
stated. It can be stated tha·t knowership too exists
in our daily transactions for the sake of agent&hip and
enjoyelship alone. for, man by virtue of his
capacity of 'knowership' knows the objects through
proper means of knowledge and then attempts to
obtain what Is wanted or desired by him and ~ ••p
away Ihings which are not wanted or desired. I,
that attempt succeeds or is fulfi I led, he become. happy.
To keep on doing in this fashion is called 'Vyavahaar.'
or day-ta-day tranlaction. Hence in our workaday
world transactions, knowledge is for the sake of
action. action is for tha sake of enjoyment; therefor.,
it means that 'Bhoktrutwa' or enjoyer.hip alone ie
the capacity or energy more important or higher than
all other things in our daily transactions. Becaus.
of the existence of Bhoktrutwa 01 enjovership in the
entity of '1' alone, people get elated or boosted up
with the conception that life is full of happinel'~
thrust themselves forward, as it were. for the procu-
rement of the objects. Why say more '1 There is no
transaction at all without the 'I', the enjov.r I On
the threshing floor of a farm land called 'VYQ,ahQlUa'
or dai Iy transacri ons this enjoyership of 'I' ;8 the
threshing apparatus and around this alone each person'.
life in its entirety is revolving. As is conducive to
this 'I' - the enjoyer, to the extent one has succeeded
in procuring objects in sufficient quantity with the
least fatigue or weariness and in keeping at hand
V THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 391
persons who are w-anted by him and in keeping

far away people who are not wanted-- or if need be In
overcoming their opposition or rouffng them - and ha.
luccaeded In his attempts to reduce the number of
miseries and to Increase the number of pleasures - he
is supposed by the general public to be an adept or
efficient person in his empirical dealings. 'Although-
people have such an abundant love for this entity
•
of 'I', can we believe that alone, i. e. this 'I' notion
alone, to be the culminating point or place for love l' If
this question I. posed, the answer is: From the waking
viewpoint we are not able to see any entity which Is
greater than this 'I' notion. But 8S we had mentioned
previously, if the comprehensive or plenary (Intuitive)
viewpoint Is followed, we take a firm stand in ou;
innate or elsential nature of Being of the Witness
(Saales"i) - who observes the entire waking state itself,
which comprises 811 the phenomena like the 'I',
'the means of enjoyment', 'the object of enjoyment'.
Then the excessive or profound identification with the
entity of this 'I' notion collapses or is depressed. For,
just a5 in the empirical transactions of the waking the
'I' notion endowed with enjoyership (Bhoktrutwa) Is Itself
the Innermost 'I' more than all other phenomena, In the
similar way In the comprehensive or plenary viewpoint
the Witness or Saakshi il the innermost -I' more than
the entltv or the '1' notion which is the enJoyer or
Bhoktru_ Really, That (Saakshi) alone is the Ultimate
abode of the phenomenon p'oing by the name of 'I f.
Thererore, for That Witnessing Principle or Pure Conscious-

nesl alone we have the highest IO"le more than all other
things. Henre this alo~e is the essential nature of the
•
Ablolute or Ultimate Reality of Happiness.
141. Till •••• nc. ., thl Intit, .lllld '1' I. It•• lf

"."lnl.1 ar BII •• t
'.r.
What Is eetabliahed bV the .eries of deliberation.
made .0 far 1 It il this much: All the cre.turel
entertain an abundance of love toward. the entity
called 'I': for the relson that they ar. of the form
of - 'this il mine' - alone. the means of enjoyment
and the objects of enjoyment are wanted.
It il not possible at all to .ay that for the sake
of on8, person, another can enjoy. The antlt, of '1'
endowed with the capacity or abilitv of enjover8hip, by
subjugating everything in empirical dealings, ia cr •• tlng
in us the delusion that it Is itl.lf the fountainhead
or spring of happinesi. Even so, thi8 il not true.
For, to this 'I', JUBt 88 there il the relationship of
happiness, there is the relationship of misery or grief
too. The person who reckon. in the menner -- "If I
exist, all else exists" - if he reckon. that - "All
this life Is full of misery alone and that there 18 no
solution to this at all" - then he will become ready
to commit suicide itself. To the word 'I' the real
meaning is: The Witnessing Principle, AlmDn or the Self
of this entity or phenomenon of 'I' which is our else-
ntial nature of Being. That Witnessing Principle (Pure
Consciousn •• s) is an Entity which it never unwanted.
It 18 not possible to shun or discard It; If observed
from Its viewpoint, the earlier pronounced attachment
that we entertained towards this entity or phenomenon
of '1' Is decreased or is slowlV defused. The ~appine8'
that existed in this phenomenon of 'I' and through
that the happiness that appeared In the mental concept
as well as in the objects il re.lly this Wltn.ss
elone, the fact that - ·'Tha Witn ••s alone i. the
V THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS
8SIenee of happlnel." - becomes established or

determined, In f he Tal ttireeya Upanishad, after indicating
five selvel which are 'al.8 and are projected by A,ld".
or ignorance, like Annamaya Alma or the self full of
the food concept, PrQQ"amaya Alma or the self full
of life force concept. Manomaya Alma or the self full
of the mental concept, Vijnaanama)'Q Alma or the self full
of the discriminative concept, AanandamaYQ Alma or the
aelf full of the happiness concept - the real A(mtlll
who Is of the essential nature of Pure Happiness or
BIi.I, which In truth i. the essence of the empirical
happiness, i. taught. In that Jilt 'Manomaya Alma is
the one who knows the outer objects; Vijnaanamaya
Alma means the one who decides, after discrimination, and
.performs action iAanandama,." Alma' means the enjover
who il the innermost self when compared to all other
things. It is described in this manner there. That
Aa1landamaYIJ Alma himself we have called here - 'I'
the enjoyer. In the Shruti or the scriptural text it hal
been stated that - "To Him love (Prira) itself is the
head, delight or pleasure (Moda) is the right side and
excessive elation (Pramoda) is the left side. Because
He is dearer than all other thing!, love itself is Hi,
head. Through the outer objects, Moda (pleasures)
and Pramoda (excessivo elations), which are like
stimulant', are themselves His two sides. His essence
Is the Witness or Saakshl who is of the nature of Pure
Happiness or Bliss (Taittireeya Upanishad 2-5). When
this is Intuitivelv discriminated or ruminated upon,
then it becomes self-evident that in the essential
nature of Saakshl or the Witnessing Principle of Pur.
Consciousness there does not exist either any
difference or any division.
(8) Differeoces ,. Happi.ess
144. Th. thr.. IIV.II ., hlppl •••• :
In this Chapter the path that we had treaded or

followed in the topic of Pure Knowledge or Consclou.-
ness alone will have to be followed. Having raised the
lame objection., we will have to Itate the lame kind
of solutions. In some circumstances in their respective
deliberations there exists so much close relationship or
resemblance between these two considerations that it
can be safely stated that for the present deliberations
it agrees if the word 'Knowledge or Consciousness' i.
removed and in its place the word 'Happiness or
Bliss' js substituted. Therefore, we will briefly mention.
bV way of analysis, many considerations which we had
previously stated and hare we will explain only extra
or special feature.. Readers must read once more the
respective sections with the respective number. and
should. contemplate upon or imagine more explanations
needed in accordance with the respective circumstances.
This is an indication which agrees not only with this
section alone but also to all sections of this Chapter.
If the statement that -- -A.nllnda or Pure Happines.

or Bliss is Alman alone who is without difference! and I.
indivisible - is itself true, wherefrom did the state, come
or emerge? How did -the divisions of happiness and
grief or misery which exist in It occur 1 Because people
have believed that among them there exist happine.s
and misery with differences, the transaction of aspiring
either to help or cause harm mutuallv among them8elv••
goes on, is it not" If really no happlnels whatso-
v 'rHE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 401
ever accrues to us at all frem objects, why did the

regulation evolve that when they, i.e. the objects, are
there onlv happlne.s is obtained 7 It being so, it has
to be laid inevitably that In the states some kind of
happiness exilts, i. It not? - Such doubts arising with
regard to the theory or teaching of the non-dual Pure
Happiness or Blils Is true. Answers to these can be
given by conceiving levels or gradations in happiness
too just as previouslV (sub-section 98) we had mentioned
in the case of Pure Existence and Pure Consciousness
also. The Happiness of the Witness (Saakshi) who sees
the states is Paaramaarthilc. or the Absolute or Pure
Happiness of Bliss. For, It is not 8 thing which accrues
from any other object or thing; not desiderating sony
time, space, causation categories and being devoid of
birth and death, It is an Entity which exists 8S .It is
alone. Because the happiness which is produced on
account of the objects exists only as long as thei r
transaction lasts, it is Vyaavahaarika Sukha or the empirical
happiness. Even from an imaginary thing for the time
being happiness can accrue. For examplu, out of
jealousv or envy to a wealthy person another person
having or possessing more money will be causing
misery or grief; to a lazv person doing work itself
will cause misery etc. Anybody may ask: How can
poverty, debt, illness or disease etc. be called happiness?
But they also are mean! to remove the hurdles or
obstluctions that exist for our happiness to manifest
itself. This becomes clear if the phenomenon of grief
or misery is fully analysed and understood. Let this
be. The happiness that accrues from this kind of
illusorv objects as well as from mere imagination is
Praatibhaaf.ika Sukh. or apparent (not rell) happiness.
Although in the ancient texts, just as in Pur. Existence
26
8S well as Pure Consciousness the differences af the

type of I'QQramaarlhlkll or Absolute, VYQQvfJhaarlka or
empirical etc. 8re shown. the same kind of differences
baing shown in the case of happiness allo il not to
be found, but on the Itrength of the same strategy or
reasoning here in this context too to imagine levela
or gradations in happiness is not Illogical or
unjusti fiable.
Now then, what is meant by grief or distress '1

Let LIS consider. When people in their empirical or
day-to-day transactions find greater happiness they call
the PrQatibhQQsika or apparent happiness alone grief or
distress. For example, if 8 person counteracts his grief
or distress that itself he may misconceive as happiness:
for this reason alone, people think that when the
heavy load carried on the head is lowered, the weight
having been got rid of - is itself 'happiness'. 8S also
when a disease is cured by taking medicine one thinks that
he has acquired happiness. Thus even that which we
are ca IIi ng 'grief or distress' really belongs to the
three levels or gradations of happiness that we have
mentioned above and for that reason alone even if
it is said that - 'Apart from happiness there does
not exist any grief at all' - it il proper i in empirical
transactions people are dealing with the 'ower level
happiness Itself al grief from the viewpoint of the
happiness of a higher Jevel or gradation. Therefore,
if observed from the absolute viewpoint, to the
philosophical truth or teaching that - 'E\lerything il
Pure Happiness or Bliss alone' - there does not
exist any harm or danger from either the differences
in happinelS or the divisions of happinesl and grief.
145. The happinesl af the workaday world aliI i.

r•• lly Ih' Absolute or Ultimate Reality of Pur.
Happinl's Dr BlilS .'onl:
Really if it is observed minutely, the happiness of

the workaday world too is the Absolute or Pure
Happiness or Bliss alone and there is no other inde-
pendent happiness apart from It. Here also what
strategies have been previously (sub-section 99) stated
in the Chapter on Pure Consciousness the same kind of
strategies or reasoning methods should be remembeted
and utilized. If by the performance of our actions the
re~pectiva object which we wanted, or wished for,
presents itself before us, the concept in our inner
instrument of mind gets rid of its cover of darkness
or ignorance and becomes pleased or delighted; then
in it the Pure Happiness or Bliss of Alman, who ;8
the SaQkshi or Witness, manifests Itself. Because this
has appeared or manifested on account of the outer
object, people are thinking this to be Vishaya Sukha or
the happiness caused by the object: furt her, they are
also thinking that it is ca used by the objects and they
understand it to be a characteristic of Atnlan also
(Taitlireeya Bhashya 2.4, 2-8). But really the phenomenon
of happiness is one's own essential nature of Being
alone and not a characteristic or quality. nor is it an
agent having that as its characteristic - this fact as
well as the fact that - 'It has no birth, death
etc.' - has to be reckoned or discerned iii the same
way 8S stated previously (sub-section 102) with regard
to Pure Consciousness. It is true that happiness
appears differently in different people; health, strength,
knowledge, penance or austerity, celibacy, renunciation
etc. - as all these excellences go on increasing in a
person happiness also increases. It is true that WI

all believe this to be 8 fact. But in such circumltance.
it should not be understood that in happiness It.8lf
there .. rises quantitative or qualitative differencel.
As stated above, one and one happiness alone through
its relpective concept CYrittl) manifests itself more and
mores. That's all. For that reason alone, the scriptural
are propounding: "This person alone makes the
creatures happv." - (Ta;ttireeya Upanishad 2-7);
"Dependent upon parts (Amsha) of th is Happinels alone
all the other creatures are thriving. '.- (Brihadaaranyaka
UpanishGd 4-3-32'.
• Happlnl.1 I.
14&. lh. dilferinci that app •• r. In
'M •• yikl' or illull' y t
The • Witnessing Pure Consciousness or Being ia

different, the state which i. . an object to It is
different: within the state, 'I' and 'the rest' - such
8 division exists; it is seen that from different objects
happiness of different measure or proportion accruel
and there is a division of 'happiness' and 'grief'. In
all such ways we have experiences and yet can it be
said that happiness accrues without any object being
there 7 As against the experience of the type that
happiness is of three kinds - Paaramaarth,ka or Abso-
lute, JlyaQ,ahQarlka or empirical, Praatibhaslka or appa-
rent or illusory - to say that 'Happiness il one and
one only' - is it not contradictory 1 Although grief is
being perceived by the eyes, people who argue in the
fashion - 'Everything is Happiness alone' - between
the opinion of Iuch optimists or wishful thinker. and
V THE ESSENtiAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 406
this theory that is being propounded now does it not

mean that there is a close relationship? -- In this
manner anybody may raise an objection.
To this objection, as has been stated previouslV

(sub-sections 103, 104) In connection with Pure
Consciousness, taking into consideration the states of
dream and deep sleep a solution has to be suggested.
Because the Witness is not confined to anv
state whatsoever, because the states cannot
exist independently apart from the Witness, the
fact that-'·The states and the happiness that apPQllrs
within those states - both are the Witness alone of
the essential nature of Pure Happiness or Bliss"·- becomes
indubitable. Even though in the dream the happiness
and grief that are caused on account of different
kinds of objects and the difference in thei r (i. ,.
happiness and grief} measure or proportions are seen
therein, in the dream the Triputi or triad of Bh.ktru-t
Bhoga-BhogYIl or the enjoyer - the means of enjoyment-
the object of enjoyment is caused merely bV appearance
or projection. All of us have believed that there in
the dream this Triputi or triad is really not existing
at all. But even at that moment this same Witness
alone is observing that apparent or false appearance
of the triad. Then for all the happiness and grief
that appears to us, there does not exist any cause what-
soever other than the Witnessing Pure Consciousness·
which is of the essential nature of Pure Happiness or
Bliss. Therefore, in the waking too although the
division of 'happiness' and 'grief' is appearing to us,
all that is Pure Happiness alone. Because this is a
decision or conclusion arrived at on the support of
Intuitive experience, It Is not possible for anyone to

refute it at all. The grief that the pessimist imagines
too thus is really Pure Happiness alone; the optimism
that - IEverything is Pure Happiness or Bliss alone'-
is itself justifiable or proper. But without showing this
Intuitive experience, merelv saying that - 'Everything
Is Happiness' - by observing from the waking view-
point alone amounts to dry or perverse logic onlv. In
the empirical world just as the difference of opinion
that has arisen between the Idealists (JlijnQQnQvQQd;n~')
and the Realists (8aahya 'Yastu Sat)'QtwavQQdins) cannot be
solved or mitigated, in the aame manner the difference
of opinion that exists between the Optimists
CAtlslloQ,aadins) and the Pesllmists (NlrDQshoa,aadills)
cannot be done away with or endell by mere logic.
(C) Pure Or Absolute Happiness or Bliss
147. In deep I'lep everything I. Atman alone 01 thl

I.sentia' naturl of Pur. Dr Absolute Happin.s. .r
BII •• :
If the experience of deep sleep is brought in to fOCU8

especially, this opinion ""ill be further strengthened. For,
there no world whatsoever exists; therefore, there the
triad of ·the enjoyer', 'the means of enjoyment' and 'the
object of enjoyment' or the Trip uti of Bhoktru-Bhogtl-
Bhogya does not exist: hence, there does not exist at all
any difference whatsoever in happiness. Even so, no one
V 'HE ESSENTIAL NAtURE OF HApPINESS 40'
can ever say that this is a state devoid of happiness.

How is this 7 BV means of reasonings which we have
previously (sub-section 105) mentioned in connection
with Pure Consciousness this can be discerned or
Intuited. Some people may think that in deep sleep
we did not have any happiness and that was merelv
an abence or non-existence of the grief or distress
which is caused by the non-existence of the senses,
i. 8. the means of enjoyment; but this opinion ;s not
proper in the least. After waking up we· get a know-
ledge of recollection of the type - 'No grie, or
distress whatsoever occurred.' The opponents may ask:
~'Then we had happiness - such a memory is it not
there at all, is it not 1" The answer to that is:
The fact that - "There 'we', 'happiness' - this kind of
division was not there at all" - is established by
universal experience, is it not "1 There we did not
exist in the form of 'I': nei ther did happiness exist
as vur charcteristic. It being so, how can the
recollection of the type - 'I had happiness' - occur?
For that reason alone, the experience of the type-
'Now I am having happiness' - does not exist at all
in deep sleep. Deep sleep is Absolute or Pure Happi·
ness devoid of particular or special features. There
I.', 'you', 'outer object', 'happiness' - none such
characteristic feature exists; all of them exist in the
form of featureless Absolute Happiness alone. ,..hat
nature or form is our own essential nature. Therefore,
the recollection of the type - ·1 slept happily·-
occurs in the waking. What exists therein, i. e. in
deep sleep, is not mere non-existence of gri ef or
distress, and for this truth the witness or proof or
evidence is the fact that everyone of us hankers
after happy sleep alone; if in deep sleep
there did not exist any happiness in a positive

form, could we have prepared so well
our bedrooms so that we could get ,Ieep without
any hindrance? It i8 enough if one compares the
unlucky face of a person who by Providence did not
get sleep with the lerene or peaceful flee of on.
who ,'ept weJl and ha. got up, immediately the
importance or greatness of the happiness of deep sleep
becomes manifest. For the waking happinel8 10 many
conditions or stipulations are to be fulfilled. By the
difference in the mind', state, monetary wealth, age,
strength, the objects around we have di fferent levell
of happiness too. The happiness which we have
enjoyed for 8 long period aauses boredom: It it
disappears espeCially we get grief or distrs.s .nd
agony. But look at the happiness of deep sleep: It
does not have dependence on external things, nor
any increase or decrease, it is always our own.
Nothing else can oause hindrance to it. For. in it
there is no cause whatsoever which can bring about
any increase or decrease. Not knowing 8 aecond thing
which is the cause for fear is itself the happiness of
deep sleep. None of the phenomena like satisfaction
of the mind, the happiness or pleasure from an
object, elation etc., which are obtained in the
waking. can ever be equal to that happine8s of deep
sleep. The waking happiness is 'Su-kha', i. 8. unearthed
or realized after a great deal of difficultv or .ffort;
the happiness of deep sleep is 'Sularaam-khtl', meaning
an entity which exists like the infinite IkV deVOid of
any time, space, causation; an entity which il our
essent;al nature of Being ItlBlf. Therefor., it is
proper to call it - 'Aananda', i. e. Pur. Happines8 or
Bliss - a .profound name indeed. Becau.. it il such
V TH~ ESSENflAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 400
In •••• nlial nature of Pure Bliss or Aananda alan.,

the Icripture ia praising deep sleep in the following
manner J I'Thll il pure like clean water; being of
the nature of Pure Consciousness, it is one end one
on1v without • second. This alone ia Brahmtl Loka
or the celeltial region of B,.hmlJfI; this alone i. hi.
(J~evG'.s) lupreme wealth or asset; this alone is his
Supreme Bliss or PafamQananda; in fact, the other
creature. ara thriving bV enjoying small drop. or bits
of this Pa,amaananda or Bliss alone" - (Brihadaaro"Yllktl
Upanishad 4-3-32). If oblerved properlv the deep
.Ieep phenomenon il not 8 state at all J it is Absolute
or Pure BIi.. ·alon8. Without knowing this truth, we
ar. looking at It from the waking viewpoint and .,.
delling with It II 's,.ep'.
141. 'n the waking hlppin... tal thar. dal. not 1.I.t
lay divi.ion Ir differenci Z
Ona should never think that in deep sleep every-

thing 'turns into' Ihe form of Pure Slias and as soon
as one wakes up it gets divided into 'I', 'object',
'happiness and grief'. We have previously (sub-Iection
84) itself mentioned that between deep sleep and
waking the,e doss not exist any cause-effect relation-
ship whatsoever. Be.cause we believe invariably that
Pure Blisl (AantJnda) somehow gets split up into
happinea. and grief in the waking, the question-
"How did this bizarre or queer jJ effect coma into
being 1" - gets germinated in our intellect or mind.
To thl doubt - "When we are asleep, why is it no
f.lt in our experience that all happiness .nd grief
g.tl di •• olved end turns into Pure or Ablolute Blis.
410 THE MAGIC JEWEL OF INtUITIOM
form 7" - too, this Ilona il the caul.. The tl'uth Is

not like this (sub-section 108). Pure or Absolute
Bliss or Happiness .Ione is the Entity that exiats;
apart from 't nothing whatsoever exists at all. But
seeing It from the crooked waking viewpoint we are
seeing that Pure or Absolute Bliss alona in the
divided forms like 'I', 'object', -happiness - grief'.
This is the viewpoint of 'AvidYIJ' or ignorance. If It
i. to be properlv observed, then one must observe
from the viewpoint of our Almtln or Self who is the
Wit'nesl of the three states even. Th"en we come to
discern or Intuit that Pure Blisa or Aa"QndG never got
split up at all and that in It the appearance itlelf
of the phenomena of the three states is -8 delusion
caused by the waking viewpoint. The wrong "knowledge
or misconception that happiness in the waking accrues
afresh on account of the external causes is produced
by our forgetting alone the truth of our essential
nature of Being as the Witness.
149. Why do happiness.. or pl ••• ur.. .ppl.' to be

man, and varied 7
Whenever the objects which we have conceived

in our mind to be dear or lovable come before
UI the dullness or turbidity of the mind fiowl
away and the mind becomes transparent or pure;
then in its thoughts or concepts CYriltl,) the
shadow of the Pure Blils of our ellential nature
of Witness is born. Just 8S when the waves of the
ocean arise, even if the ignorant people think that
,here appears one moon In each of the wave I, In
reality, all thOle are merely the reflections of the
V THE ESSENTIAL ~IATUAE OF HAPPINESS 411
moon alone and there is no harm or threat to the

truth of the oneness of the moon from the manifold-
ness of the reflections, in the same manner in the
wavss of the mind's thoughts or concepts the reflec-
tions alone, born within them, of the moon of Pure
Bliss we are dealing with as 'happiness'; some
Vedantins are reckoning those, i. e. reflections 8S
happinesses or pleasures, alone to be the happinesses
which are the characteristic features of Jeevaatmon or
•
the individual soul -- (Ta;ttireeya Bhasltya 2-5), Just
as when the wave i. not there the reflection of the
moon is also not there, simi lar Iy in the states like deep
sleep (Sushupti) , trance (Samaadhi), swoon (Moorchha'
in which there are no mental concepts or thoughts
or Vritlis this kind of happinesses with special' fea-
tures do not mani fest themselves at ai', and this is
in our experience. For the phenomena of happinesses
appearing as many, and in them divisions of the
type.- Saalwika or those endowed with the quality
of SaltK'Q or goodness. Raajasika or those influenced
by the quality of Rajas or passion, and Taomasika
or those endowed with the quality of Tamas or dark-
ness, dullness and ignorance - appearing (Geela
18-36 to 39), and happiness appearing as opposite
of Dukha or grief or distress - for all these there
is no other cause whatsoever than these. mental
thoughts or concepts or Vrillis. If we endeavour to
find out the difference between two stipulated or
specific happinesses without taking into account or
discarding the adjunct of the mental concept and the
object which appeared o.r manifested itself as the
cause or l~illlilia for the happiness, it is never possible
at all to show either any division or difference in the
.s~.ntial or innate nature of happiness. As soon as
412 tHE MAGIC JeWEL OF INTUITION
we discern or Intuit that - 'The modification or change

of form of the thought or concept which i. an adjunct
can never attach itself to the Innate or a.sential
nature of Happinesl with which the adjunct is mentally
8.lociated'- thil flct will be completely acceptabl. to
our mind. All of us have Iccepted the ••sential
nature of Pure BIi •• of ~Imtul or Self, who is the
Witness of the concept or thought (Y,ltll); when it is
sufficientlv possible to mention or state with the help
of reasoning or argument that 'the division as well 81
the difference in happiness il caused by the difference
in the adjuncts alone~, the greater defect of imagining
endless kind. of happinessl' or plea.ure. will be
Ihadowing all people believing in the theory of the
manifoldnell of happiness. Just al when a Iweet
drink which is prepared In I clean big vessel is filled
into several small vessels smeared with different thing.
or extraneous matter, uncleaned and made of different
shapes, to decide that - 'The taste, the colour and the
form or shape of the part of the sweet drink which
appears in thele respective smaller vessels are of the
original sweet drink alone' - it cannot be proper at
all, similarly we must think in the case of happiness
too. For all these reasons, It is quite reasonable or
justifiable to say that one and the .ame Absolute or
Pure Bliss alone appear. 8S endowed with the
phenomena of 'quality' al also 'the object poslesling
quality' and 'various divisions or differences' too.
(D) The DiffereDI Forms Of Pure Happiaess Or Bliss
150. 'h. Itatlmlnt Ibout tb. thr •• IIVIII II Absolut. or

Pur. Iii.. i. midi frDna thl waking vilwpoint :
Now the fact that the theory of - 'Everything I.

Alman·., Pure or Absolute Bliss alone' - is not
contradictory to the statement - 'In happinesl there
are three levels' - becomes very clear. For I from
•
the waking viewpoint we take the waking happiness
as the yardstick for measurement and the happiness
at a lower level than that as PraatibhQQsika, or
apparent - not real, and the happiness which we
believe to be at a higher level than that as
.PaaTllmQQrthika or Absolute or Pure in this manner
we have divided happi nesses. Although this division
is useful for our empirical or day-to-day dealings,
it is not helpful for the determination of the
Ultimate Reality. When observed from the viewpoint
of the Intuitive experience of the Witness (sub-
section 65) which is needed for this task, everything
is the one and one only Pure or Absolute Bliss of
the Ultimate Reality. The forms with special
features which appear only when seen from the waking
viewpoint cannot really belong to the essential nature
of the Entity If it belongs in that manner. then in
the dark when we mistake a rope to be a snake and
get startled or shrink with fear and then because
when a lamp is brought we do not see the snake-
there we wi II have to believe that - 'Really the rope
had become a snake ar.d when the lamp was brought,
it. i. 8. the snake, again entered into the rope
(where it belonged)'.
414 THE MAG·le JEWEL OF INTUITION
1&1. tbl phlnDmlnl 01 bltng with special ".turl. lid

being devoid of special t.aturl. etc. seen In '.r.
Biisl is also dUllto the ~aking viewpoint Ilane:
There is a great di fference between the Pure Bliss

of deep sleep and the happ;nesses or pleasures of the
waking. In -deep sleep there exists Pure Bliss devoid
of any division or difference whatsoever; but in the
waking there is happiness in which appear the divisions
of 'qualitv' and 'the entity posseseing that qua'ity·. -birth
and death', -the differences caused by the substrate and
the object.' The waking happiness exists differentlv in
each individual and exists in different measures in
different human societies. Can these two with such
opposite qualities or characteristics be said to be of
one and the same species of Pure Bliss 1 Now it
must be clear to the readers that it ;s possible to
find out a satisfactory solution to this objection in
the same manner· as statad before (sub-section 108)
in connection w.ith Pure Consciousness. When it is
known on the strength of the comprehensive Intuitive
experience of three states that -
the 'One and the
lame Absolute or PlJre Bliss exists in art forms'-
tn~ argument or logic that is put forth on ths basis
of~ thd parochial waking viewpoint cannot attain any
value whatsoever. All the happiness9s or pleasure,
of the waking are caused by the differences in the
adjuncts. These adjuncts \00 are vis.;b\e to the Av/dyQ
Drisht; or viewpoint of ignorance of the w'lking e lore
and really they Ct. e. the adjuncts) do not 'have any
independent existence whatsoever. From the I-,bsolute
point of view they too exist as the cssenrial nature of
Pure. Bliss alone. Just as the water of the ocean being
as it is on the top becoming an ic(;burg. it float&. on
v THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 415
Itself, in the sanle manner on the top of the ocean of

Absolute or Pure Briss it is appearing to the waking
mind's eye as if this Happiness rtself with these
'apparent' adjuncts and such other differences ;s
floating and moving like an iceberg. Even then every-
thing is that very ambrosial ocean of Pure Bliss
alone.
(£) The Divisions Of Happiness And Grief
1&2. It is not prope, to say that there exists a divilion

In happiness I
The same answer is sufficient for the question-

"Even though everything is ~bsorute or Pure Bliss
alone devoid of special characteristics, why do the
divisions of 'happiness' and 'grief' occur 1" For, when
('bserved from the Absolute viewpoint of the Ultimate
Reality the one and only Pure Bliss without a second
exists. In I t there is no number. Apart f, om I t there
does not exist at all either any stale or any divisions
of 'happiness' and 'grief'. In the states different people
being imagined or conceived and then imagining among
them different kinds of happinesses and griefs are
caused - all this is the result or outcome of the
waking viewpoint. M~re explanations required for this
truth may be known bV referring to the objections
and the satisfactory answers that were given previous-
ly (sub-section 67) i.1 connection with Pure Existence.
til. Thl dlfflcultl..

or an, •• II..
wlkln. r.I,lrdl.. h.ppin ••• :
thlt .,p••' '''I
I.
There il yet another device or strategy (Iub-

section 112) to lay that there is no contradiction
or opposition between the phenomenon of the appea-
rance In our waking of the divisions among the
happinesses or pleasurel, the divisions of happiness
and grief and the divisions of the quality of happiness
and the agent or person possisling this quality of
happiness, on the one hand, and the philosophical
teaching or Siddhaa",a that - 'There exists one and only
Absolute or Pure Bliss alone'. That is: To determine
the essential nature of the happiness that appears to us
in the waking. our waking intellect or mind il not
capable or qualified at all. What is happiness? Do diffe-
renl kinds of happinesses accrue to us from different
kinds. of objects" If so, what is the difference In
their innate or essential natures? If it is said that there
exists a cerlain difference in the essential naturel,
then that amount. to being something other then
happiness and will have to be grief alone. But will
the statement that the special feauture or characteristic
of happiQesl il grief or distress be acceptable to or
palatable to the intellect or mind? If thi. difference
is not produced from the essential nature itlelf of
happiness, then it must be caused bV another adjunct
or UpQQdhl. Which is that adjunct 1 Is it en object
or is it the substrate of Jee'VaQtmall or the individual
soul?
The elsential nature itself of an object is nOI

possible to be determined in the manner - ·"11 is .uch
and such" (sub-section 69): it being so, i8 it possible
to know on the basis of that indeterminable object

as to how either the division or the difference in
happiness is produced? Fur\her, the essential nature
also of the Je . . va or individual soul, who is the
substrate, is limilar. Because on different occasions
each one of these follow; ng, viz. the body, the vital
force or Praona, the mind, the intellect, the ego, we
deal with them as I'. really does an individual soul
or JeevQ exist or not '1 It is true that with regard to
the phenomenon - 'I exist' - there is no scope for
any doubt whatsoever to arise; but if it is deliberated
upon, to the question as to - "Which is my
essential nature 7" - many doubts arise and t.rouble
us. When the plight of the essential nature of the
'I', which is di rectly or Intuitively known, is like
this, what can be said with regard to the other
Je~l'QS or souls whom ',' has to imagine and know"
Anyhow, from the waking viewpoint the essential
nature of Jeeva or the individual soul, who is the
substrate for empirical happinssses or pleasures,
cannot possibly be det9t,nined. Theref0r. it is not
possible to determine as to what is happiness or the
divisions that exist in it. Even so. the waking
intellect or mind is saying as though the e••• ntial
nature of happiness etc. is determined. BV this
reasoning it becomes established that all this Is
MatJ) ika or illusory.
164. Th, division. of happiness and Drilf tDD .r.

M•• yikl Of illusory _Ionl:
Now let us consider a little the object on "Can

grief also be said to be happiness alone 1" Hera also
27
811 the strategies which have beln mentioned above

will be convenient and helpful fa us. For, when
observed from the waking viewpoint, if questions like
- "What is meant by grief 1'· "Is there any increase
or decrease, any division or any difference in
grief 1" -- 8,e put, here too the intellect or mind
takes to silence alone. There;s no doubt about the
fact that the symptomatic division of the type-
'What appears to be convenient is happinesl; what
appears to be inconvinient or hazardous is grief' - is
beneficial to the day-to-day transactions. But the
divisions of east and west directions is also of thlt
much benefit only, is it not? Rama's farm is to the
east of Bheama·s farm, to the west of Kaama'. farm;
the farm is itself - is it in the east or in the west?
- If such 8 question i8 put, what i. the answer '1
The division of elst and west is relative;-- that means
8 thing is to be determined by comparing it with
another alone, and independently there is nothing like
east and west at all in the absolute sense - In this
manner an answer wi II have to be given, il it nof?
Similarly, the empirical transactional division of the
type - 'Compared to a thing that i. convenient or
beneficial, the thing that is inconvenient should be
called grief' - is to that extent proper. But does
grief .xist independently, in and by «tself 1 What ia
its elsential nature 7 Does it exist really apart from
happiness 7 - This;s the crux of the problem now.
Here our intellect or mind becomes still, silent! For,
what i. pleasurable to one person is grievous to another;
what is pleasurable at 8 particu'ar time to one per.on,
at another time that same thing becomes the source of
grief. Because to many people the elefect in the
symptom of the type - 'What appears to be grief
alone is grief' - is likelv to be self-evident, that

problem we will not elaborate upon too much here.
For, who are these 'many people'? How many people?
Who his to reckon them and how, and then gather
them together? After gathering them all together, how
to determine what appears to be distressful or miserable
to them? If it is to be determined from their state-
ments alone, then what about those statements which
do not have the support of our own experience; in that
case will ,hat be sufficient to determine the essential
or innate reality of grief 1- Such questions will come
up before us one behind the other and confront· us.
Therefore, the phenomenon of the divisions of happi-
ness and grief too is a thing appearing to the waking
viewpoint in it. 'indiscreet or unwary' state alone
and not an absolutely real entity: thus it becomes
established that 'all that is Maayika or illusory alone'.
165. The Absolute or Pure Bliss that is common to

waking and dream is one and the sama:
By comparing waking and dream, much more strength

is acquired by the present deliberation or consideration.
That can be done in the following manner: In the
drean. too, just as in the waking, it appears as
though there exist divisions in happiness, as also the
div:sions of 'happiness' and 'grief'. Although later on
the phenomenon of dream appears as a delusion, at
that moment it appears to be true just as the waking
alone, and therefore. it is not possible to delermine
that 'such and such a state alone is the real waking'
These facts we have mentioned in connection with
Pure Existence (sub-secti ons 71-81) and Pure Consci ous-
riesB Club-sections 114-119). If those dtlv;ces onlv are

adopted here also and observed, it becomes clear ,hat
for both waking and dream one and the same Pure
Blils is common. To wit, none of the objects ssen in
the dream, nor the pleasures accruing from them, nor
the 'I' which was the substrate for those pleasure.
exists now. There is no support whatsoever to say that
the object, the pleasure and the enjoyer, which exist
now - were existing there (in the dream). Thus
although no part of a state whatsoever exists in another
state, now the 'memory' of the type - 'In the dream
I experienced happiness' -- is occurring; now we have
got the knowledge from recollection to the effect
that then (in the dream) really we had happiness.
Between the knowledge by recollection of the happiness
experienced in the waking yesterday and thia know-
ledge - there does not exist anv difference what-
soever. If the previous condition in which there was
•
experience of happiness is brought to mind, it is not
possible to show any difference whatsoever in the ex-
perience of happiness. Here in the previous wa\Cing
state there ;s at Jeast a scope for U8 to believe that
~hes8 very things existed; therefore, there, i. e. in the
waking, it may even be said that happiness accrued
from the adjuncts of the objects. Sut in the dream
there is no scope to say so I How should the experie-
nce of ,happiness there, i. 8. in the dream, be substan-
tiated or proved? It is easy to refute the whole of
the dream as baing false, but it is not so easy to lav
that the 'experience of the dream' it881f was false: in
the present context, especiallv, the question - 'Altho-
ugh the dream was false onlv, there without any adjunct
or any object being there how did the experience of the
happiness accrue l' -- wi II renlain firmly unanswered
For this, one anlwer alone will be capable of giving

latisfaction, and that is I The Witness or Saakshl is of
the essential nature of Pure or Absolute Bliss. In It,
although the appearance of the experience of happiness
accruing in accordance with the object is illusory, the
Pure Bliss especially cannot. be false; because It is
common to both the states, the memory of the type -
'In the dream I enjoyed happiness· - has been prod.
uced. Barring the Witness if all else is illusory, then
there i8 no cause for the memory of all these, viz. the
previous time, the previous state and the object· .that"
existed in it I For this doubt, a satisfactory "answer
hal to be found out by that devico or strategy alone
which was stated or utilized during consideration of
Pure Consciousness (sub-section 121).
161 Thl hlppiolss Ind • riel that appaar in waking Ind

dre.m .re not caused on. by tbe other:
Here in this cont~xt too it will be good to keep in

mind that -- 'Because the dream also during its time
seems to be waking alone - just like the waking, to
think that it (i. 8. the dream) is false is merely the
predilection of the waking viewpoint alone and not a
significance of taking the viewpoint of Realitv- There
is no rule or rAgulation that the happiness or the grief
which we experienced in the waking alone comes in the
dream j there is no rule or regulation that the dream
happiness or grief comes in the waking. To the one
who had eaten a feast bellvful in the waking it may
become agonizing in the dream as if he had starved
for many days. In the waking one who hal been put
in a cell handcuffed may in his dream become an
emperor and, having taken thousands of brave mIn

captive. in 8 war, he mav rejoice. The waking scholar
may be a dream dullhead, the person gifted with the
power of retaining in his memory hundreds of things
here in the waking may not even ,emember, the,e in
the dream, 88 to how much il three plus four. Just
as the essential natures of the objects in th898 two
states may change, jUlt as their knowledges may
change into ones with extremelv opposite natures,
similarlv for the plealur.. or happiness8s and grief.
too to appear In an extremelv and mutually opposite
manner in their relpective states - there i8 no
hindrance at all. We hive previously (sub-sections 77-78)
stated e.laborately how there is no support whatsoever
to believe that one state i8 the caule for the other.
Therefore, what is deduced" The dream happinesses
and griefs are not in the least inferior in their
character to the waking happineslel and griefs. It il
true that now in the waking no one ventures to
experience the dream happiness or to mitigate the
dream grief; so what 7 In that state, i.e. dream state,
WI were struggling with the sam. interest or zeal to
acquire happiness and to prevent grief - this fact il
established on the strength of experience. Therefor.,
here what we have to understand is this much: The
waking .njoyer, the means of enjoyment and the object.
of enjoyment, the mind that observes the objects -- all
these do not exist apar.t from the Witness who observed
the waking; the dream enjoyer, the means of enjoy.
ment and the objects of enjoyment, the r.,ind which
S88S those objects - all thel. do not exist aplrt from
the Witness who observes the dream - (MQtuldukya
Ka.rlka 4-64, 66). All thele er. reallv in their essential
or Innate natur.· mer. appearance. J they are not c8uled
one by the other. All this is from the essential nature

of the Witness or Pure Bliss alone; in that nature
no grief whatsoever has ever appeared at a II.
(F) The Essential Nature Of PUfe Bliss
157. The Pur. Blils that .xists in deep sl.lp:
Now it can be seen as to what the ultimate

result of the series of considerations that we have
made 10 far is. Just as in the case of Pure Existence and
Pure Consciousness, here also to determine the issue
the deep sleep alone is the important means ·for us.
When we are observing from the Pure Bliss viewpoint,
there is a greater possibility of our misconceiving deep
sleep • For. it is our belief that deep sleep is a 'state
of void' alone, devoid of either happiness or grief.
But because there - as in the case of the waking-
there is no possibility at all of any happiness
or grief from 8n object being caused or gained, to
lay that - 'Therein. i.e. in deep sleep, neither happiness
nor grief exists- - amounts to the rejection of some
thing which can nevar be obtained (Apraopta Nishedha)-
just like saying: "The stone does not have happiness".
Apart from this, we are making this statement without
even knowing what the cause is for saying that-
"here in deep sleep neither happiness nor grief exists·.
Because there is no possibilitv of any happiness
accruing to a stone, there is no happiness for a stone;
because there is no need 8t all of any happiness
accruing to our AtnlQn or Self. there is no happiness
in deep sleep. Although from the waking viewpoint W8
can say - 'Ther. in deep sleep we do not have

happiness· - because in the waking we believe that
we do hive happiness, in deep sleep we do not exist
in the form of 'I' at all. We exist in our essential nature
of Pure Happiness or Absolute Bliss alone. To the
Absolute or Pure Happiness or Bliss wherefrom and
why should happiness accrue once again" In the
waking what we are calling - 'happiness' - is nothing
but a concept or thought having a reflection or an
image of Pure Happiness or Bliss; it can exist only
when the inner instrument of the mind exists. It
cannot 8t all exist without there being an object. In
deep sleep the concept also has become Pure Happiness
alone; the object too has become Pure Happiness alone.
Therefore, in deep sleep although the Itatement that-
'We do not have happiness' - is true, there in deep
sleep we, i. e. our 'I' notion.• mind, happiness,
object - all these have become Pure Happiness alone.
Here (in deep sleep) 'Alman, being Blissful, is enjoying
Pure Bliss' .... thus the scriptural or Shrut; stalement
(MQQnduk),a Upanishad 5) has this alone as its essential
purport. In the waking as well as in the dream, happi-
ness has to accrue to us afreshj in deep sleep it is
not so. 'We ourselves are of the eSlential nature of
Pure Happiness or Bliss. There the enjoyer (Bhoklru).
the means of enjoyment (Bhoga) and the object of
enjoyment (Bhogya) - all have become one alone.
Therefore, this can be called - Shuddha Aananda or
Pu,. Bliss.
1i8. DI.p 11 •• p i. not of thl natur. 01 thl abSlnCI 0'

grl.f :
Although it is true ,hat there is no grief in deep

sleep, it Is not a state of the nature of non-existence.

Our Alman alone exists therein. It is wrong to think
that there we observe our Atman in the form of non-
existence of grief, non-existence of happiness,
non-existence of object, non-existence of the 'I' notion
etc. For, existence (Bhaava) and non·existence (AblJaava)
- both are phenomena concerning an object. Arman
is a Witness wh'l is an eternal subject who observes
non-existence too just as He observes existence. Apart
from this, non-existence is a phenomenon known only
through its counterpart; for example, unless there
exists the knowledge as to what is an earthen· pot,
thera is no meaning at all to a statement about-
'Non-existence of an earthen pot'. Therefore, where
there is a pos$ibility of the knowledge of an earthen
pot, there alone the knowledge of the non-existence
of the earthen pot is possible. In deep sleep there i.
no p08sibllity of any existence or 'ts knowledge
accruing: therefore, there is no scope there in deep
.'eep either for any non-existence or for its know-
ledge. Hence for our beliefs that deep sleep is a 'non-
existence of grief' etc. it is established that the waking
grief etc. Iione are the counterparts. Therefor. all
that we believe that deep sleep is of the nature of
non-existence is from the waking viewpoint alone.
If it is observed from the viewpoint of the experience
of the deep sleep, A.lman alone who has transcended
the divisions or distinctions of existence and non-exi-
stence exist. there in the essential nature of Pur.
Bliss. This Pure Bliss alone which is beyond existence
and non-existence is the Ultimate Reality that is to be
known by Vedanta (Naishka'inya Siddhi 3-113). Not only
this. Oeep sleep means our essential nature of Pur.
Biisl. Without knowing this our es.ential nature, we
are calling It alone 'deep sleep'. The reason for our

recollection of this essential nature 8S 8 psst event in
the manner - "I slept hlppily" - should be under-
stood 8s mentioned in the Chapter on Pure
Consciousness (sub-section 127). If it is Itated -
"We we.re in deep sleep" - it means - "We were
In our essential nature of Pur. Blis." - alone.
Because the essential nature of In entity can never
change, we are even now existing in that elsential
nature of Pur. Bliss alone. Because we had merged,
or become one with, this essential natura of Pur.
Bliss alone, when we wake up our body becomes
light, our mind becomes clelr or tranlpa,ent, imbued
with liveliness or vivacity; the Intellect is capable of
deciding or determining a topic or problem and deciding
a Une of action; everywhere the world leems to us to
be full of happiness alone.
1&1. Waking .nd

811.. .Iane:
dr •• '" toa Ir. "lff"lnt lor •• al '.r.
Because in deep sleep, as stated above, the three
phenomena of 'happiness·, 'one who experiences happi-
nesl' and 'the object of happiness" - all of tham
have become one, it is possible for us to observe the
whole w.rld to be full of happiness or bliss. 'he
reason for us to see the beauty, the splendour and
greatness that exist in the world end rejoice with
blilB or happiness is the fact - I'That world tOCl i. a
different form of our essential nature of Pure Bliss or
Happiness alone". Why say more? Waking and dream-
both these are the big waves which hive awelled up
and risen from that ocean of Pure Bliss. The foam,
bubbles and drops that are variously seen in those

waves are all that ambrosia of Pure Sliss alone. Here
In this waking world the other souls that are seen
are alia our essential nature of Pure Bliss alone: when
this truth is known or cognized, in us friendship and
affection towards them are produced. When we do
not know this fact, hatred and enmity are caused. So
what 1 Just as friendship, love and pleasure etc. too
are parts of that ocean of Pure Bliss. similarly hatred,
enmity etc. too are its parts only. Merely because
the foam is dirty, will it cease to be water. Because
of names and forms, Pure Love (Prema) -too acquires
the forms of discontentment and fear; and even
those are, in reality, Pure Bliss alone putting on differ-
ent garbs. If we desire that all thesa should appe.r
to us as they are in the form of Pure Bliss alone,
then we should shun th~ addiction to, or craze for,
leeing them through the magnifying lens of waking and
observe them with the viewpoint of the essential
nature of the subtle Intuitive experience. Then it will
be fully reckoned that apart from our Pure Bliss there
does not exist anything whatsoever.
110. lbl stltlmlnt that Pur. Bliss dOl. nit Ixi.t .t ell
i. dry logic :
To the argument with an objection - "We have

not seen at all anywhere Pure Blisl, which mean.
happiness which;s devoid of - objects, increase and
decrease, birth, growth and death, blending or
mixing with grief, support aod the object.
supported I a reconci liation has to be obtained
II --
bV the satisfactory answer that has been mentioned

previously (sub-section 129) in connection with Pure

Consciousness alone. We are always (eternally)
of the innate nature of Pur. Blils alone, and it i.
not possible 8t all to observe It as 8n object. For
the fact that we existed in deep sleep in that form or
nature of Pure Bliss, our Intuitive experience alone is
the witness; and for that nature to be existing even
now in the essential nature of the Witness (SaQksh/)
or Pure Consciousness or Bliss, our Intuitive experience
alone is the witness or proof. Even when It exists in
the forms of 'the Witness', i. 8. Pure Consciousness
as the Self tJr Alma", and 'the witnessed I, i. 8. the
ego and its paraphernalia, because they exist without
the divisions of time-space-causation concepts It
is not~;ng but Pure Bliss alone. Because th-e Witness
or the Self is the Witness of tim~_ space and
causation themselves, It is devoid of the divisions
of\ time, space and causation too. Because the time-
space-causation complex is 'It8al f subsumed in the
'witnessed' category alone, apart from. or beyond,
the generality of the witnessed category in 'the form
of the witnessed' no time, space, causation complex
exists at all. Thus the witnessed category too il not
affected by the time-space-causation divisions. There-
fore, even when Pure Blise ex ist. in the forms of 'the
Witness' and 'the witnessed', It exilts devoid of
any divisions or distinctions alone. It should be
understood that just as, the Intuitive experience of Pure
Consciousness- exists without any distinctive feature.
or varieties (Nirvikalpa) , in the same manner this Pur.
Bliss too exists without distinctive feature. alone.
Because It does not have any divisions of time, space
and cau~ation, this Pure Bliss is neither with change.
nor without change (Iub-section 130); even the
V THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS 42&
phenomenon that this Pure Bliss appesrs in the forms

of the waking and the dream also is an illusory form
or an unreal appearance (VivarIa) alone and not
entities existing by themselves apart from Pure Bliss.
This truth should always be kept in mind. Then there
is no scope for the objection based on dry logic of the
type - "How were the states and the happiness and
grief that- exist in them born or caused from thae
changeless Pure Bliss 1 I I - to rise at all.
1 &1.
thlrl i.·.
Although Pur. Bli.1 is eternally our Issantial natur"
benefit accruing from the deliberation
balld on thl scripture.:
If we always exist in the essential nature of

Pure Bliss alone, why should there be any
deliberation on the Ultimate Reality at all? What
we want is Pure Bliss or Happiness; that, as
you say, is ever and eternally secured only. It being
so, why should the scriptural texts be written or
composed., Why should they be read at all? -
Thus anyone may ask. This too is the result
of not deliberating properlv. For, though we are of
the essenti al nature of non-dual, eternal Pure Bliss,
without knowing or realizing this fact we are seeing
from the waking viewpoint alone and are taking it that
we are mutable and are of the innate nature of grief,
and from that misconception we are feeling distressed.
Therefore, if this calamity caused by this m sconception
is to be got rid of, then the right knowledge alone
is required. Even though there are hundreds of rupees
in a box belonging to a person, if he does not know
that in his box there is money -- then what benefit he
could get from that money cannot accrue to him. In

8 train to 8 person who ;s yelling out of delusion that
he has lost his ticket, if he were 10 get rid of that
grief then the knowledge that the ticket exilts in his
pocket alone is needed by him Similarly, although
we are reallv .Alman or the Self alone of the essential
nature of non-dual Pure Bliss, as long 8S we have
taken ourselves to be mutable or distinctive and grief-
stricken. despite the fact that th.t essential natura of
Pure Bliss exiats in us onlv It· is of no avail at all:
the grief that is caused bV misconception is tormenting
us invariably. If a ratione I scripture al well as 8
preceptor - both of w,",ich can provide the right
knowledge that can remove this misconception - show
us the path of right deliberation and teach us the
method of observing in accordance with our Intuitive
experience, though Pure Bliss is our essential nature
alone it will appear as if It has been acquired by us
afresh. Therefore, after the goal of our pursuit is
known (i. e. A.lman of the essential nature of Pure
Bliss is cognized) even if the scriptural text becomes
futile. it ;s not to be regretted; for those who have not
known the Ultimate Reality of Arman there Is essentially
a purpose or benefit accruing from the scripture.
If it is contended in the manner - "Knowing also is
futile only, is it not 7'· - it is n01 so. For, it is
seen in our experience that there ;s the benefit of the
nature of the miscorception being removed bV proper
or right knowledge. To argue in the manner - "It is
not possible to remove misconception" - is contradic-
tory to what we have seen in our experience. When
it is being sp.en that misconc~p~ion is r('moved bV
Intuitive knowledge of the non-dual Pure Bliss, the
statement of people who assert - quite contrary to
this - in the manner - "Right knowledge is futi Ie "

-- is not believed by anyone. To say that what is
seen is not at ell »reasonable is itself not proper or
justifiable. For, what il seen is a fact, i. e. it is in
experience. If it is argued that the fact that it is seen
also is not reasonable. then for that argument too the
lame strategy or dialectic reasoning should be made
•
applicable (Brihadaaranyaka BloQshya 1-4-1 0). For.. after
~ particular phenomenon is seen, to reason out that
•
--'It should not have been seen' - itself becomes
faulty or wrong deliberation. It smacks of a lack
of proper discrimination.
162. W. can knDw, i. I. Intuit. Pur. lliss which is our

Issentia- natur.:
Because Pure Bliss is our essential nature alone,

to know It that essential nature itself will have to be
objectified, is it not 1 How is this possible" - This
kind of an objection is also raised. To that a solution
can be stated. just as an answer had been given
previously (sub-section 1 35) to the same kind of
objection raised in connection with Pure Conscious-
ness. For, as Pure Bliss is a concept which we have
formed from the experience of deep sleep in our
day-to-day transactions, in order to know or objectify
Pure Bliss we will have to imagine our essential
nature that existed in deep sleep. Then. our
present waking knowledge or consciousness will have
to cut itself asunder or it has to get lost or obviated;
immediately our individualitv as well as knowledge Of
consciousness will get submerged in that essential
nature Itself: we ourselves become Pure Bliss alone -
devoid of the divisions or distinctions of 'subject' and

'object'. Thus because one who knows Pure Blil. be-
comes Pure Bliss Itself, thereafter once again there is
neithE-r any cause left or will remain behind to
know that concept or feeling of 'subject' and ·object'
nor our essential nature of Pure Bliss will get
transformed into an object. "There is no ClUle or
realon for one who knows the Pure Bliss or Brahman
to be afraid of anything whatsoever" -. (Taillireeya
Upanishad 2-9). For, because one is the endless
Braltman -alone there does not exist at atl anything
else apart from oneself. "If there is • second thing
onlv, one will have to be afraid of it - ;s
it not 1"-
(Brihadaara1lyaka Upanilhad '.4·2)
VI CHAPTER - CONCLUSIONS
(A) The Gist Of What Has Been Stated So Far
13. 1 he IntuitiVI viii on of Satchid •• nand. or Pur.
Existence • Pur. Consciousness - Pur. Bliss:
So far we have deliberated taking recourse to

three viewpoints, viz·, the Pure Existence viewpoint,
•
the Pure Consciousness viewpoint and the Pure Bliss
viewpoint, in order to find out the Ultimate Reality.
Just like three participants in an event stating their
respective stories or accounts, Existence, Conscious-
ness and Happinels - these three phenomena which
VI CONCLUSIONS 433
we see in the empirical world have presented their

re.pectlve stories or accounts in front of the judge,
i. 8. Ixperience. Because here the account of one is
limi lar to the accounts of the other., after reading
one's statement the other two statements appeared to
us to be 'echoes' of the first. In the end when
examined it was declared that existence, consciousness
or knowledge and happiness - all these phenomena
are one and the same Ultimate Reality and that
Ultimate Reality alone is appearing to us here in tlvee
ways, putting on different garbs.. Tl]erefore, the
philosophical truth or teaching cf this declaration may
be called "Satch.idaananda Darshana" or "the philosophy
of Pure Existence, Pure Consciousness and Pure
Bliss."
164. lhe opinion Df Vedantins
There exists a doubt among some aspirants with

regard to the teaching - "There exists an Ultimate
Reality'·. There is an opinion of 'some people' that
what appears to us - that alone is the Ultimate
Reality for us and apart from that there is no Ultimate
Reality. It is the opinion of some others that it ;s
impossible for man, who exists or lives in one part
of the world for some period of time onlv and then
dies, to know by means of his little intellect or mind
the Ultimate Reality; some others opine that because
the world that appears is flowing like a river of
change continuously without a break, in it apart from
change there does not exist any Ultimate Reality at
all. The Vedantins have determined that these two
opinions too are not proper and that although the
28
world that appears before us is of a nature of change

alone, there exists an Ultimate Reality which is beyond
change and man can find That Entity or Truth out.
'he philosophical Truth that Vedantin. talk about is to
be found elucidated in the Upanishads. Although in the
Upanfshods there exists a consideration of rituals as
well as meditations, what is predominantly taught in
the Upanishads is the knowledge of the Ultimate
Reality or Brahman alone. Because JnaQntl or Intuition
(knowledge) means the proper knowledge alone, the
knowledge that is in keeping with Intuitive experience
alone has been taught in the Upanishads in an aphoris-
tic form. The statements of these Upanishads need not
at all be believed because of the reason that they are
sentences of the Upanishad! alone: it is the opinion
of the Vedantins that everyone can deliber8t~ upon
the Ultimate Reality in the manner taught in the
Upanishads and find out Intuitivelv the Ultimate RealitV.
165. The method of the Ilamlnltian of Ih. thr ••• tate.

thlt Vedantins atilizl:
For the deliberation on the Ultimate ~ealitv in the

philosophical school of Vedanta a certain extra-ordinary
method is taught. After examining the three states,
finding out the Intuitive experience by means of
reasoning or ratiocination and deciding It alone i. that
method. In the world because all the others reckon
the waking alone as important and see the other reFl'ain-
ing states from the waking viewpoint, theirs is 8n
incomplete (partial or parochial) viewpoint. Because
Vedantins alone examine with an unbiased outlook the
three .tat,s which are perceptible to Intuitive experience,
VI CONCLUS IONS 435
compare each with the other state, discard the

worthless by means of reasoning and find out as to
what is the Ultimate Reality of the whole gamut of
experiences - theirs is a paramount philosophical
teaching born on the strength of a comprehensive
outlook or viewpDint. In order to realize that that
phi losophical teachi ng or truth is one that can never
be falsified in any period of time, the means or the
expedient is to attain that Ultimate Reality of VedaJlta,
whirh is beyond time, in one's Intuitive experience
alone. The protagonists of the ·other schools of
philosophv too are stating that they are also utilizing
experience and reasoning. But by experience what
they mean is of the waking; the reasoning too is of
the waking alone. Therefore, what experience they
refer to is incomplete and their reasoning is non-
pervasive. What the Vedantins adopt or follow - that
complete or comprehensive Intuitive experience and
pervasive reasoning -- thAy are more powerful than
those adopted by the other schoors of philosophV.
Without realizing as to what is rneant by a state there
are people who deliberatt! upon t he three states. But
by their method the non-dual Ultimate Reality of Atn10n
or the Self is not established. For, they are considering
the essential natures of Alnlans or selves which are
distinct by virtue of their respective bodies (Maandukya
Bhas/'ya 3).
166. The a•• ancI of Vedantic philosophy:
The essence of Vedantic philosophy ;s implied in

one verse
Brahma Satyom Jagan MithyaQ Jeevo Brahmaiva Naaparaha

J"vanm"ktasfu TadvldwQaniti VedaQntadlndimaha
Meaning: ,I Brahman is ahe Reality, the world is 8

delusion, JeevQ or the loul is Brahman or the Ultimate
Reality alone and not anything els8: one who hal
known this is a JelvanmuktQ or an enlightened or
emancipated one while in this body itself - Thus the
drum of Vedanta Phi losophy is proclaiming." To wit,
there ;s an Ultimate Realitv which is eternallv true
(Sat yam), Pure Consciousness or Knowledge (Jnaallam) ,
Pure Bliss. or Happiness (Aanandam). This Ultimate
Reality is called "Brahman". The word BrGhman means
gre.ter or bigger than all other things, an Entity
beyond the limitations or reltrictions of time, space,
causation categories. There is another name, Bhooma,
for this Entity. Bhooma also means super-abundance -of
greatness alone. Wherein nothing else is leen,
nothing else is heard, nothing else is known, That
alone is Bhooma (ChQQndo,fJ'Q Upanishad 7-22 1). This
has yet another name - Akshara. A.kshara means
indestructible. It has no changes like birth, growth,
withering or emaciation, wearing out, destruction.
Therefore. It has the name of 'Sat' or that which
reaJly exists. Purusha is one more name for It;
because It exists in toto or completely everywhere,
It has been given this name. Because Brahman or the
Ultimate Reality pervades all distinctions or divisions
like time, space, states of consciousness etc. and
Itself shines in their forms also, to Brahman the name
of 'PurushG' suits in all respects too. The other Purusllas
(Jeevas) are not Pu,ushaJ in the true sense; jf they,
"i. e. the souls or Jeevas, are called Purushas, then this
VI CONCLUSIONS 437
BrGhmD" will have to be called Purulhottama. It has

al80 the nomenclature of 'Atman'. Alman means the
elsential nature or core of Seing. Whatever moving or
immobile creatures there are in the world, whatever
inert or insentient things exist in this world - for
all those thing. this Brahman alone is Atman or the
essential nature of Being. In all these names one
opinion or purport is implicit; that is - Brahman is
Ananta or endless, eternal. There ar. no time, sPlice,
things devoid of It. Apart from It a second· entity
does not exist at all. So much meaning is implicit in
the lentence - "Brahma Satyam" or "Brahman, the
Ultimate Reality, is Satyam or the eternal or Absolute
Truth or Reality. I '
If Brahman alone is true, where does the world

come into the picture? Where do the souls or
JeevQs come into the picture? In other words,
neither the world nor the Jeevas or souls can
be taken into the reckoning at all is it not 1
In front of us there is a world comprising various
kinds of creatures, things. ,.his world further comprises
time, space and causation complex too; in this world
louis or JeeVQI, endowed with different levels of
knowledge or Intelligence, and with difrerent mental
make-ups or temperaments are performing different
kinds of actions and are experiencing or enjoying
various kinds of fruits or results according to their
actions. How did all this come about"1 When these
kinds of multifarious things exist, how can it be said
that 'Brahman alone i. the Reality'" - Thus the
common people may get a doubt. To get rid of this
doubt, one should undertake the examination of the
three state. of conlciousness. In the waking alona

this world appears to us: but thi. does not exist in
our dr.am. It keeps on appearing as if in each dream
there exists a different world altogether. The world
that· exists in the waking dOlI not exist in any dream
whatsoever: that means 'I' , 'other.', the moving and
Immobile creatures, inert or insentient thing., the earth
and the sky - all these are different. Not a single
part of the waking world appears in the dream. Even
we attain a different form therein in the dream with
different adjuncts like the body, the life force or Praana,
the mind, the senses etc. Just as a worm gets
transformed into 8 butterfly, we cannot say that because
of some different cause therein, i.e. in the dream. we
attain a transformation. It is also not possible to think
that just as a man becomes a woman as a result of·
a curse, there in the dream we obtain a different
physical form; for, without any relationship whatsoever
with the waking time and space a new-found world
with a time-space-causation complex of Its own appears
there in the dream. Thus because in the dream the
waking world does not exist at all, beclul. in the
deep sleep neither the waking and the dream states
nor their respective worlds axist at all, it becomes
evident that apart from the states or devoid of the
statel a separate world does not exist at all; what is
called 'the world' or the phenomenon of the world ia
nothing but an appearance that is seen or observed
within a Itate alone. Becausa our essential nature of
Being. which is the Witness that observes this appear-
ance, exists in all the three stites, this our essential
nature of Being, the Witness or SQakshi, is nothing
but the immutable Brahman alone which appear. in the
forms of the Itates, comprising time, splc:e, causation
VI CONCLUSIONS 439
categories. Because the world is merely an appearance

that i. seen for the time being, in that particular form
it is not absolutelv real like Brahman, and hence it
is Mithya or an iliusionJ or better than saying that
it il illusory, it can be stated that it also is real in
the form of Brahman alone. Whether it is, said that
the world II Illusory or that it is real in the form
of Brahman alone - both mean the same.
In front of us many. souls are appearing. Thev

perform various 'kinds of acts, and in accordance with
the time-space-causation regulations they are experi-
encing the fruits of their actions, is it not 1 fo this
doubt also now an answer has been found and this
fact becomes evident. For, the souls appear to be
many because of the adjuncts like the body, the senses,
.
the life force. the mind, the intellect. the ego etc •
These adjuncts are seen or they appear only in our wa-
king. In the dream they do not appear; in fhe deep
sleep especially, everything has merged in one and the
lame essential nature of Being, devoid of any adjunct
whatsoever. Therefore, the statement - "Various typel
of souls or persons exist" - is made from the waking
viewpoint alone. If it is observed from the compre-
hensive viewpoint of the three states, one and one
Atlnan alone exists. Nothing whatsoever, second to or
apart from Him, i.e. Atntan or the Self, exists at all.
To the sentence - ·'Jeel'D is Brahman alone" - this
alone is the meaning.
Knowing in the mannar - "Like the other souls

or J'tVQ!, I am also a Jetva" - is also dona
from the waking viewpoint alone. But when we

know or understand in the manner -- "J,evGI are
many"~ - what il the meaning we attach to the word
'Jeev'" 1 If JeevQ means 'I', then 'I' cannot be many.
The 'I' notion is not· an object too. If for the word
'I' the meaning of 'I' notion (AhanJpratyayi) is given
up and the meaning of 'subject' (Yishayi) is attached,
even then 'subject' cannot be manYJ that which
objectifies all else, that alone is the lubject. Such
a thing is one and one only. Further, if
for the word 'I' the meaning of 'Witne.s' is
attributed especially, then the Witness il never
many and Its manifoldness cannot even be
imagined. Anvway, the phenomenon of 'many J,evlU
or souls' is merely a notion or concept that people
have formed in their day-to-day transactions (J'YQvahaartJ)
alone, and there does not exilt any experience whi~h
can establish the manifoldness of JeevQs or souls, nor
does any device or strategy whatsoever exist to do so.
Not only this; this phenomenon of J~evQtwQ or
soulhood itself does not at all withstand the onslaughts
of reasoning (logic) and experience. For Instance, W8
keep saying -- ··The 'I' who experiences the happiness
and grief of the waking al well as the dream is the
Jeeva or the soul,·' But to say that the '1' which exists
in the waking and the 'I' that axiltl in the dream ar.
on. and the same, 'what support of an experience il
there 1 1n the deep sleep the phenomenon of the ·1'
itself does not exist. It being 10, which is the 'I'
that experiences all the three states? Ita ablolute
truth is the Witnels of the three states alone, that
'Witnesl' is really Brahman alone. Therefore, to know
VI CONCLUSIONS 441
or understand that we are of the essential nature of

the knower, the doer and the enjoyer is wrong or
faliacioul. When observed from the viewpoint of the
three states, we are not of the essential nature of the
knower but of the e.sential nature of Pure Knowledge
or Consciousness Itself; we are not doers and enjoy.,s
but are of the essential or innate nature of immutable
Pure or Absolute Bliss .Ione. Therefore, the ultimate
truth i. nothing but that - "1 am of the essential
•
nature of Pure Existence, Pure Consciousness, Pure
Bliss alone. I I Recause for one who has Intuitively
known or experienced thus in the above manner no
shackles or restrictions or binding whatsoever of
SamsQarG or the mundane life (of a circle of births and
deaths) exist. he is ever Liberated or Emancipated. This
opinion is implicit in the sentence -- 'One who knows
this Truth (of the essential nature of A.lman or the
Self) is a Jeevanmukto or a Liberated or Realized Soul
while in this present human body. "
187. 0., 1 •• lnCI ot aling I, indivi.ibll Ind

undifferentllted :
In the world that appears to us there are divisions

of the types - real, unreal: knowledge, ignorance:
happiness, grief - existence, knowledge or consciousne.s
and happiness seem to be the qualities or characteristics
of certain objects; they seem to have birth and
destruction too. Even 10, these divisions and difference•
• re mere appearances only. Although it appears that
W8 observe these division. in the waking and
experience them too, in deep sleep we exist in the
form of Pure Exiltence l Pure Conscious"e•• and Pure
Blisl, devoid of divilions and differentiations. Because

in deep .'eep these names and forms have merged in
our essential nature of Being alone, to say that - 'In
the waking divisions and differentiations have been
caused to thlt eSlential nature of Being by those names
and forml' - also is mere misconception or delusion.
Because our thinking or believing that - 'In deep Ileep
there does not exist anything whltsoever and that
there we luffer from forgetfulness and that the,e is
non-existence of happiness and grief- -- is from the
waking viewpoint alone: from that belief or thinking
lhere is no harm or danger to the philolophical truth
or teaching based on a comprehensive or plenary
viewpoint of the three 8tates of consciousness.
168, EVln the phlnomenl of the three It ••• S of CDR-

eeloulnlll is merel, I device or Itrltlgy to know
or Intuit the Ultimate Rellity:
It should not be believed that in the waking the

Ultimate Reality gets tran,formed into the forms of
lee,,, or the loul and the lagal or the world J there
we experience SamsQQra or the mundane .xi.tence and
in deep sleep all these somehow dissolve and get
merged in one Reality only. For, deep sleep, dream and
waking - among these three phenomena there is no
kind of relationship whatsoever of time, space and
causation. These three states are merely the fal ••
appearance. that are leen In the Ultimate Reality.
These do not exist one by the lide .f another, nor
do they occur as event. one after another. Only by
observing from the waking viewpoint one hal to bring
to mind the concepts of the dream and the deep
VI CONCLUSIONS 443
sleep; by comparing with the dream and the deep sleep

states one has to form the concept of the type--
"'his il waking". When we do not compare one
with another, no state is in itself waking, dream
or deep sleep. Such a dream alone is the phenomenon
of Al'DsthaatraY4 or the three states of conci ousness I It
being so, how unjustifiable it is to imagine the Ultimate
Reality as having been in one particular form in one
of thele states and then It having got transformed
into another form in another state I Some people
imagine or conceive that in the waking there exis-ts a
world made up of gross elements, in the dream that
very world gets transformed into a world made up of
subtle elements and in deep sleep it, i. e. the world,
assumes the form of "Kaaranaavidya" or "the causal
fgnor.nce". This also is a vain or futi Ie imagination
or concept Iione. For this too there does not exist
any support of any experience whatsoever. In deep
sleep as well as in the waking and the dream Alman
or the Self (Saakshi or the Witness) who is of the
essential nature of the Ultimate Reality or Pure
Consciousness ever exists in the form of Pure
Consciousness and Pure Bliss alone, exists ever devoid
of the manifested world - (Brihadaaranyaka BhaslJya
Vaartika 4-3-1908, 1~09). In deep sleep we are not
conscious of the world. whi Ie we are conscious of it
in the waking and the dream - this type of division
or differentiation itself is Maa}'a or illusion caused
by the waking viewpoint. For, as it is stated above,
deep sleep, dream and waking - these three are a kind
of dre.m alone -.. (Aitare}'Q Upanishad 1-12). This' dream
is caused to a Jee,a or soul when he is in the sleep
of the form of being ignorant of the UJtimate Reality
of Alma". When he wakes up from this beginningless
,Ielp by Knowledge (of the Self), he,comes to know-

".Atm." doe. not get born; He does not have deep sleep
or dream; in lact, apart from Him there does not exist a
second entity at all"- (Gaudapaadll KaQrika '.16). Vedan-
ta philosophy does not say that the phenomenon of the
states exists absolutelv or in the ultimate analysis at
all; to those who say that thele three states exist, it
depicts or indicate. the es.ential nature of the
Witness of thesa three phenomena and then delineates
that that essential nature of the Witness alone is the
Ultimate Reality and that in It these phenomena of
the three states too are a mere concept or imagination
only. To the statement of the elders or our traditional
teachers - "By superimpositiDns and rescislionl
(Adhyaarop. and Apav8ada) the Reality which i. devoid
of the manifold world is explained or described .Iabo-
ratel,. ,. This alone is the real Vedantic teaching.
119. Th. eXlmination of thl I.p.riinci of the Pr••• nt

momlnt I
Any dialectician canframe an indiscriminate 0'

illogical question like: "Statements aobut 'previoul
states' are all memory; to talk about 'future statel'
is mere anticipation. Therefore, our experience il
purely belonging to the present moment, is it not 1 It
being 10, how can your formulating the phiiosophic.1
truth on the foundation of dream and deep sleep be
sustained or firmly supported 1 Now we are not
sleeping, nor are we seeing any dream also) we are
in the waking. Even the waking, blrring the present
moment, all the rest can be included either in the past
memory or the future anticipation. 'he previous
object dOls not exist now, future obj.ct il not yet
VI CONCLUSIONS 445
born. Besides, if the present moment is taken up for

consideration, that too as loon as it is taken up
for consideration - it escapes or slips away and
becomes a thing of the palt It being so, where
is the question of the determination of Realitv on
the support of the experience of the three states 7'1
Even then, there is no harm or danger to
the philosophical teaching of Vedanta. Even if
one remains stubborn in saying -- IThe present
moment's experience alone is beyond doubt or is
certain l and all else. being either memory or anticipation.
cannot be the means or proof'-- it is not possible to
discard or refute dream and deep sleep experientes
(which are universally accepted). For, even when
siying - •At the present moment I am awake' -- we
have invariably the experiences of dream and deep
sleep which are quite queer when compared to the
waking. If the concepts or beliefs of dream and deep
sleep are given up, absolutely, i. e. without any trace
or taint of relativity, the concept or belief of waking
itself cannot arise or be there. This fact we have
previously indicated. It is not possible to bundle up
these dream and deep sleep experiences either in
memory or in anticipation or expectation, saying that
they are either events previous to the present moment
or future events compared to the present moment.
For, the fact that - •Memory as well as antici-
pation must be related to the present flow of time'
- we come to know only by the nature of the
knowledge or consciousness of the series of the
previous and the future wakings. But whether it is
deep sleep cr dream, like the previous and future
wakings, we do not reckon it in our experience
that they belong to the line of the present series
or flow of time. Although now dream and deep sleep

are perceptible to our Intuitive experience, the facti
that - "In the deep sleep there does not exilt time
itself at all and in the dream another queer flux or
flow of time exist." - we reckon in our experience
itself. Therefore, in what we now assume as the
experiehce of the present moment tho.1 phenomena
also must perforce be included Now what Ire all the
things that the pre.sent moment's experience comprise"
The objects that are being known (viz. dream, deep
sleep, the present moment's waking) end the waking
'I' -. the knower. It il not possible for any one to
avoid or evade these two phenomena. The ", that
witnesses the dream, the deep sleep and the waking
is one alone; there are no three witnesses like one
for the experience of the dream, another for the
experience of the deep sleep and vet another for the
experience of the waking. Besides, deep sleep mesns
the 'I' alone who is of the essential nature of Pure
Consciousness; for, I am now experienci"g That, and
in That it appears to me that there does not exist
any object whatsoever. Dream and waking - if these
phenomena are observed keenlv. both of them cannot
co-exist: that means, If dream is laken into the reckon-
ing, the waking goes out or skips out, and If waking
is taken into the reckoning, then the dream skips out.
Therefore, to say that - "Mutuallv exclusive phenomena
like those two, viz. dream and waking, exist in one
and the same moment of time" - wi II amount to
rank indiscrimination: they will disappear merely bV
confronting them mutuallv. Because the present moment
belongs to waking, waking does not exilt in dream
and because dream does not exist in waking, the
phenomenofl or concept of 'moment' also will
VI CONCLUSIONS 447
disappear. Anyway it amounts to our saying - "Barring

the Witnessing Principle, viz. our essential nature of
Pure Consciousness or Saakshi, nothing else whatsoever
has existence at all.' Therefore, the facts -
I 'Because
we assumed the dream to be a memory or recollection
alone, the present moment appears to be the waking'
and 'If dream is observed from the dream viewpoint
alone, the waking moment is not in any way superior
or inferior to the dr(~(lm' - are established. Especially
if observed from the deep sleep viewpoint, everything
is brushed aside and the Pure Consc;ousness arone
remains in Its own glory; for, to say - 'I am now
experiencing deep ,sleep· - it is contradictory. The
fact that it is not memory has been mentioned above
already. Therefore, it becomes established that our
essential nature of Being alone is appearing as the
three states and all of them are equal to one another.
It becomes evident that the phenomena of deep sleep,
dream and waking - all are the Ultimate Reality alone
of the essential nature of Pure Consciousness t and not
anything else. Therefore, the philosophical truth that we
mentioned in the previous section, viz. "The states are,
like the reflection of our face that is seen in a
mirror, merely universal phonomena which are used as
a device to know or Intuit the form of reflection of
the Ultimate Reality and not independent entities exist-
ing in and by themselves per se" - stands out as the
final verdict of the philosophical science of Vedanta
170. The reRson for not discussing her. the thlorl ••

about appearAnce of f.I.1 objects (Khhyaltiv •• d •• ):
In this book so far we have not discussed the

theories on Khhy.atl The nacr. - silver, the rope-snake

ate - how do these false object. appear 1 - Theories
dealing with such questions are called Khhy •• tlv •• da
or theories regardin the appearnce of f.lle objects.
Akhhj'aali, A"yathaQ, Khhyoati, A alma KhhYQali, ASQt
KhhYQQli, Anlr'Qchaneey. KhhpQQti etc. such many theories
about Khh}'Qoti exist among the disputants or dialectician.
of our country_ Among the .thinkers and philosophers
of the Western countries too these kinds of
theories are abundant. As these theories of KhhYQati
or appearance of fals8 objects ar8 based on the logic of
the waking viewpoint, they cannot become the final
verdict; .the defect of logic, viz. 'The re is no
finalitv reached in logic' - is ever inherent in those
theoFies. Here in this book we have made an attempt
to the extent possible to bring home clearlv the
profound philosophical teaching that - "The pheno-
menon of a false object is not different from the real
Pure Existence; the phenomenon of false knowledge
is not different from the Ultimate Reality of Pure
Consciousness or Knowledge; the phenomenon of grief
or misery is not different from the Ultimate Reality
of Pure Bliss or Happiness." In our methodology
the auspICIOUS phi losophical teachi ng that Pur.
Existence-Pure Consciousness-Pure Bliss alone, from
the waking viewpoint, is manifesting Itself as the
divisions or distinctions of 'real' and 'fal$8' etc The
existence, ignorance and grief of the false appearance
are merelv the semblance or fallacv of the Ultimate
Reality - that means, that part of names and forms that
appear in them are merelv the semblance of the Ultimate
Reality. Even then, ft-.a parts of Pure Existence, Pure
Consciousness and Pure Bliss of the Ultimate Reality 8ra
concealed 'or hidden in them invariably- (Brihadoaranyaka
VI CONCLUSIONS 449
YQQrtikG 3-3-41). ,.herefors, just like we include the

1"11<8, which is a semblance of the rope, in the part
'thil' alone which i. appearing alona with the rope
liane, similarlv our methodology becomes a means to
Include the appearances of false forms in the
Entity or Reality of Pure Existence - Pure Consciou8-
nels-Pure Bliss onlv_ Because the philosophical teaching
evolved from this methodology stands on the support
of the comprehensive or plenary Intuitive experience,
•
thera is no fear or threat that this will be a.sailed
or falsified some time or other.
'71. Thl exaMination 01 the opinion 01 thOl1 who say

thlt- 'Because the knowledge of the Uttiml.a
Reality il beYlnd the ambit of logic, attainmlnt
af the Intuitive Ixperience which becomes ani
with thlt Rlality alona is the right pith' ;
The meaning of the statement about the Intuitive

knowledge of the Ultimate Reality of Pure Existence-
Pure Consciousness-Pure Blise (Salchidaananda TOltwa
Jnaana) , which we have propounded in this book, can
be understood bV everyone. As some among us
Vadentins say, we have not made any unacceptable or
illogical or unjustifiable division of the type - 'The
knowledge of the Ultimate Reality' is one, 'Its
Saakshaatkaara or materialization (IiteraIlY)1 i. 8-
practical attainment of that Intuitive experience' il
another. Some ancient protagonists were saying that
after knowing or understanding the unitary knowledge
of the Reality. stated or enunciated in the V,dQI,
through the means of the Vedic sentences, it is ess.n-
tial to get that knowledge 'materialized', and for that
29
purpose one has to practice Yoga. EVI" today, lome

people have the same opinion. "The Ultimate Reality
is not accessible or attainable through dry logic.
Therefore, merely by discussing no benefit whatsoever
accrues. Getting rid of the mundane materialistic
concepts 8S well as behaviour, we must imbibe sublime
or profound feelings of love and devotion towards
God and cultivate relevant behaviour too: by the
strength of that practice alone the 'materialization' of
the Ultimate Reality wil·' occur·' _.. Thul some people
among the present-day Vedantina are saying For the
knowledge to accrue the mind has to be pure; if the
mind has to be purified, then the disciplines like
AmoonitwQ AdambhitlVQ etc,,, i e shedding of egoism,
practising humility etc. are extremelv essential; in this
respect, no one has a different opinion. But Some
peo pl. are Df the opinion that apart from the theoretical
knowledge of Atman or the Self (the Ultimate Reality),
the practical Saakshaatkaara or materialization or actual
experience of Atman should be attained. and If that
Saakshaatkaar. has to accrUI, Yoga practices as well· a.
sublime devotion or love too are essential. Thl. especially
can never be proper or Justifiable. For, SQakshaatkQQra or
materialization of the Ultimate Reality is not a scienti-
fic knowledge or Vidya by which one's being become.
'PosS€Ssed' or sublimated' bV God: we should neve,
think or believe that 'attainment of Pure Consciousne8s
of Alman' is a kind of excited, elated or inspired
state; even if such a kind of emotion or
feeling or highly elated or inspired state is attained by
anyone, it will never remain as a permanent statc.
In case it remains permanent, can it be determined as
the Ultimate Reality" If the SaakshaatkaQrll of the
Ultimate Reality were to be attained bV practising Yoga
VI CONCLUSIONS 451
exercises or some other kinds of repetitive practices or

exercises (PrasankhYQana) , that resultant state would be-
come merelv the experience of that particular indivi due I
aspirant alone and not the lubject-matter or goa' of the
scientiric treatise of the Ultimate Reality. To correlate
the extra-ordinary experiences of Yogis to the science
of the Ultimate Reality will demolish or destroy the
fundamental or basic ru Ie or principle that the deter-
mination of the Ultimate Reality must and should be
dona on the support of the universal or everyone's
experiences here and now only. Many among us do not
have tha experiences of Yoga; it being so, to say that -
•
"Yogis can create their own dreams, can transform them
too; they are endowed with the extrovert or external
knowledge or consciousness in their deep sleep; they
are having the k,10wIE·dge of the bC'dV which ;s created
or attained after this present body dies; although
events of the past, the present and the future are
concealed or hidden from us laymen, for them Yogis
these are perceivable" etc. etc - is nothing but
betreying one's incapability or lack of suitable quali-
fication In the examination or discrimination about the
Ultimate Realitv. The facts that 'Yoga is opposed to
the philosophical truth or teaching of Vedanta' (Brahma
Sutros 2-1-3) and 'The Samaadhi that is attained through
Yoga is not necessary for attainment of the purpose
or benefit of Vedantic science, (8I'ihQdaara1lyaka
Bhash.va 1-4-7) - have been clarified by our forbears
themselves. Another point ;s : The goal or purpose of the
human birth or existence ;s not to become one with the
essential nature of Truth (Satya), ":onsciousness (Jnaana) ,
Bliss (.4ananda) at ell. Really, all human beings-
why human beings alone? For that matter, all creatures,
even inanimate or insentient objects - are all of the
essential nature of Truth, ConsclousneSI and Blisl .loRe.

But only lIecausl we do not 'know' that It I, 10, all th.
vicissitude. of mundane exlstenc. ar. bellil ".perlenc.d'.
We are having the misconception that we are endowed
with the mutabilitv or the distinctivenel. of the waking
ego; we ar8 having the innate belief that the body,
the life force, the mind, the intellect, the ego-
which exist in the waking, are all fences or hindrances
which never spare us or which we can never get rid
of. This alone is Ayidy. or Ignorance. In deep sleep
we may. not be having the 'binding' of these pheno-
mena; in Yoga Samaadhl and suoh other states too that
binding or restriction may disappear. So what? All
of them are ·liberation' for merelv a fleeting moment
of time or small spells of time. As soon as we wake
up from deeD sleep. as usual all the vicissitudes of
mundane human existence are manifesting themselves
before us. EVen after getting out of SamQQdhl or
trance all the divisions or distinctions like 'I'. 'the
rest'; the distinctions of the 'knower', 'the means of
knowledge' and 'the known object'; the distinctions
of 'the doer't 'the agent of action', 'the action'
and 'the fruit of action'; the distinctions of
'the enjoyer', 'the means of enjoyment' and
the object of enjoyment' - all these will necelsarily
manifest themselves; like us many louis will
eppear ; once again the belief that - 'these
things or phenomena. seen are real' - will raise its
head. For a real evaluation of the phenomena like
Saakshoatkaara or materialization of a deity that i8
invoked by a devotee and Yogo Samaadhi or Yogic trance,
it will become quite essential to make an elaborate
examination of the Yoga philosophy. That topic is
beyond the scope and objective of this book. For the
VI CONCLUSIONS 453
time being, it i. enough if it is .remembered that

the fruits of any spiritual disciplines or practices of
this type are not eternal. Therefore, what is to be
attained by us is neither the disappearance of these
distinctions or divisions, nor their destruction; it il
the destruction of the belief or faith of reality that
we have naturally, but misconceivably, pledged in
them. If as a result of making our deliberation based
•
on the comprehensive or plenary viewpoint of the
three statel of consciousness it is realized or cognized
that - "All this is the division or distinction
brought about or wrought by the viewpoint of
Avid}'Q or Ignorance (of the essential nature of Pure
Consciousness or Alman)" - then immediately we will
Intuitively know that -- "The world of thas kind of
various division. and differences never existed at all
apart from my Atman of the essential nature of Pure
Existence-Pure Consciousness-Pure Bliss·' - and we will
have solace or a sense of fulfilment of Life's goal.
Therefore. we have described here the methodology
of the three states of consciousness alone which
teaches such an auspicious and profound philosophical
Truth.
(8) BeDefits Of The IDowledge Of The Ultimate RealilY

112. The disput •• IS will .s confr.ntatlona or conrlict.
among pkilosopbi,al Ichaols will Ind:
Anybody may ask the queltion - I'What is the

benefit accruing from the knowledge of the Vedlnta

philosophy 1"
,. First and foremost, the scientific treatise on the

Ultimate Reality wi II propound a phi losophical or
spiritual Truth which is beyond doubt.
2. Because the viewpoint that is followed in this

school of phi losophy has taken for consideration all
the three states and because what objects the other
disputants can imagine or conceive a re incl~ded in
Ihesa three states alona - (GaudapQada Kaar/ka Bhashya
4-88), we wi II not be responsible or answerable to the
defect of incompleteness, inadequacy or a lack of
comprehensive outlook of the type -- 'Such and auch
an entitv or category or realitv of an object or
phenomenon has not been taken into the reckoning',
i. e. no defect whatsoever of contradiction to any
'empirical or mundane experience can ever be levelled
against this Vedantic teaching.
3. Because we have exemplified or demonstrated that

the defect of incompleteness or a lack of comprehen-
sive or all - consuming outlook lurks in all
theories or doctrinal systems which can deliberate on
the strength of the logical viewpoint of the waking,
it will amount to our putting up a restrictive or
prohibitive fence or fortification around dry logic,
which has no finality or stability. A. time and space
too are confined within the state alone, there ia no
room for the doubt that - "The deliberation based
on the three states of consciousness may, at 80me
time or other in the future, be falsified. "fheretor.,
VI CONCLUSIONS 455
there is no possibility for any doubt whatsoever

lurking in our mind regarding the final philosophical
Truth taught by this school of philosophV. Because
for the other schools of philosophy which take into
their consideration only a part of the objective sphere
that part of their sphere of view or inquiry alone
becomes the subject-matter of their deliberation or
discrimination, there is no opposition whatsoever
•
between them and the comprehensive philosophy of
Advaita or non-dual Ultimate Reality. Therefore, what
Sri Gaudapaada has stated, viz. ' 'This phi losophV
does not give any scope tor disputation, nor does it
give any scope for opposition ll
- (Gaudapaada Kaarika
4-2) - i. quite in accordance with facts and RealitV.
Anyway, thus that - 'This philosophy of the Ultlmat.
R.ality reaches a finality' - is in itself the first and fore-
most benefit accruing 'rom this Intuitive knowledge.
'73. Thl fruits that accrue to a Jnaani or a realized

10.1 aDd the benefit thlt the world obtains from
thl Jnllnl:
As • result of the establishment or determination of

the 'Knowledge of the Ultimate Reality' beyond doubt,
the mind begets a kind of unrivalled and unsurpassed
satisfaction. In the minds of those who do not know
this truth the innate identification or affinity with the
waking remains as a Gordian-knot which cannot be
untied. In them both 8S regards their own essential
nature of Bt'ing and as regards the deliberation about
the external objects, misconception alone has spread
with all its ramifications. It is their belief invariably
that - 'We are of an innate nature of doership and
enjoyership J therefore, by performing various kind.

of actions and religious rites, by acquiring desirable
fruits of action in this world, in other future world.
or in other future births too and by avoiding undesirable
fruits we must attain salvation or eternal happiness."
As a result of thi. innate belief in their heart the
tree of desires has got its roots strongly and firmly
established or ensconced. But for those who have
known the truth that - "Our essential nature of Pur.
Consciousness or the Ultimate Reality is beyond the
triad of - action, the means of action and the fruit of
action j It is of the essential nature of Pure Existence-
Pure Consciousness-Pure Blils; That alone il our
Atman or Self: heretore there is no desire J beeau ••
there is no desire, there doel not remain any action
•
that we have to perform (to achieve any fruit of that
action). Not only that, because they come to know
that they are not of the essential nature of enjoyers
at all, but at the same time that they are of the
essential nature of Eternal Bliss. the fruit. or results
of the past actions that they had performed also
cannot affect them; onlv if that past action germinates.
then alone it can give its result or fruit, is It not"
If the I~tent effect or impreslion (SamskQQra) of action
has to germinate, the manure as well as fresh flowing
water which sustains it, viz. the feeling or belief of
doer.hip and enjoyership is essential. In the cas. of
the JnQQn' or an emancipated soul because both the ••
are not existent, there is neither any .cope 01
possibilitv of his palt action getting germinated nor
the lowing of the seed, of any fresh actions. It being
80, the Shrutl or scripture says that by JlItUUUJ or
Knowledge the three fruits of removal 01 all doubt.
(Sakala Sam shay. lIivrutti). destruction of delir. (Klima
VI CONCLUSIONS 467
Naasha) and destructioD of action (Karma Kshaya) will

accrue. -- (Mundaka Upanishad 2-2-8). "That Saakshl
ChaltanYII or Witnessi ng Pure Consciousness, by virtue
of which one il observing (Intuiti ng) the dream state
8S well as the waking state, that Chaitany a or Pure
Consciousness alone is one's Atman or Self, who i.
greater al well as more pervasive than both these
atates - One who knows this truth does not grieve."
- (Kathopanlshad 2-1-4). "When one knows that all
existent objects are nothing but Atman alone, then
what does it mean to say that to that person who
has realized oneness or unity (of the Ultimate Reality)
there is attachment, there is grief 1" - flshQQvaasya
Upanishad 7). 6'To one who is devoid of the. body,
the onslaught of the desirables and the undesirables
cannot exist at all." - tChaandogya Upanishad 8-12-1)
etc. etc. Such scriptural texts are singing the praises of
the sublime fruits that accrue to one who is rid of
Ignorance or A,vidya (of one's essential nature of Pur.
Consciousness or Alman). Why state more '1 To tho.e
holy people who have realized without doubt the fact
that - "The phenomenon of the three states itself
il a false appearance that is imagined or conceived in
(i. 8. superimposed on) the Ultimate Reality of the
essential nature of Pure Existence-Pure Consciousness-
Pure Biisl which is our own Atman or Self" - there
i. no birth, no old age, no death, no disease, no
misery or distress, no affliction from desire etc., no
elation, no fear. no gain, no loss, nothing to be
known, nothing to be done or performed, nothing to
be achieved; they are in all respects people who have
attained all that is to be attained in life, i. e. they
have achieved life's goal. - (ChaQndolya UpaniJhad
7-26-2 i Brihadaaranyaka Yaartika 2-1-276, 277, 278);
being alreadv of the essential nature of Brahman or

the Ultimate Reality, now they have merged in the
essential nature of Brahman. - (BrihadaaranyakG Upanishad
4-4-6).
What we have .tated 10 far I. the benefit Iccrulng

to the Jnaanls, who are liberated. Further, what II
the benefit accruing to the people who are In the region
or environment where Jnaanis live or exist '1 - This
question may be deliberated upon to 8 little extent.
Although JnQQ"i, are people who have the sense of
fulfifment in all respects, they are not in the least
lethargic; although they hive no work whatsoever to
be done for their own lake. they will be performing
acts for the welfare or well-being of the people in
general without any sense of attachment and will be
prompting or inducing others to perform their respective
duties or discharge their respective responsibilities (Geela
2-25, 26). Whatever work they may be doing, there il no
possibility of their giving up or losing grip over their
.ense of non-doership or Akartrutwa Buddhl-- (Geeta 4-18).
The whole gamut of action the means of Icti()" action.
the fruits of action - all these have become, to their
Intuitive visi on, Brahman of the essenti aI nature of
Pure Existence- Pure Consciousness-Pure Bliss alone
(Geeta 4-24). Therefore, while performing any particular
action the conviction that they are of the essential
nature of non-doership alone subsists and persists with
them (Gee,a 5-8). Because they have invariably 8 sense
of the existence of B,ahman everywhere without any
difference of superiority or inferiority (Geeta 6-18), they
have an equanimous attitude or outlook everywhere
without any fee lings of enmity or friendship (Getta-S-S).
VI CONCLUSIONS 459
Because in them the disciplines or qualifications

mentioned in the Geela like the characteristics of
non-hater etc. (Ge'ta 12-13 to 19) and the characteris-
tics of non-egoism etc. (Geeta 13-7 to 11) exist
effortlessly and innately, i. a, as their very nature,
they are suitable to serve 88 models or exemplar. to
be emulated by the people who have a desire to
perform or observe the discipli nes for sel f-purification.
Even the common run of people who are not Mu":'uk~shus
or aspirants for Liberation obtain the fruits of their .
desires by worshipping them or paying homage to them
alone. For, because they have attained oneness or
unity with God, the Almighty, their wish alone would
be /shwara's or the Lord's or Creator's wish, their
blessings alone become Ishwara's or the Lord·.
blessings. - (Mundaka UptJnishad 3-·1-18).
"4. This .Ionl II the found.tion for the doctrine. or

l •• chings of I univ.rsal religion I
The fact that the truths or teaching. of a universal

religion will be established indisputably is the second
benefit accruing from this Intuitive Knowledge. Does God
exist or not" What is the relationship between a JeevQ
or soul and Irhwara or the Lord 1 What is the relation-
ship between the world and Ishwara, the Lord., What
is the essential nature of lshwara 1 Is He with form or
devoid of any form 7 Is He with qualities or
characteristics or without qualities or characteristics?
What is the value or worth of the preceptors of
religion and scriptur&1 texts of religion 1 Which are
tha disciplines to be practised 1 What i. the
essential nature of the fruits accruing from them"
Do rebirth and other worlds Cas mentioned in all

religious textl) exist 1 What is their value or worth 1 -
Such and the like considerations or questions of 8
universal religion or 8 religious faith acquiesced In by
all right-thinking people of the world can be established
on the foundation of everyone'. experience. This
supreme benefit is possible to be achieved by this
philosophy. Because the Ultimata Reality alone, which
is of the essential nature of Pure Existence .. Pure
Consciousness-Pule Bliss, is, in the empirical sphere,
called 'the Supreme Lord' (PQrameshwara) for both the
world and UI, the human beings in general, it is
possible to find out satisfactory answer. to all these
questions. The statement that - "lshwara or the Lord,
being the omnipresent or all-pervading Reality, exists
everywhere" - dOls not become a mere vorel state-
ment, but becomes an eternal truth to the letter;
because the attainment of oneness or unity with lshwarG
or the Ultimate Reality alone becomes the supreme
•
goal of life, all the dealings and actions in accordance
or in keeping with that goal will become good,
auspicious or virtuous action.. All other. opposed to it
become vicious or inauspicious actions. Further. for
these actions too the fruits or results also will be
suitably established. It also. becomes established that
the actions and their respective fruits are belonging
10 the atate of empirical or mundane dealings alone
wherein we have accepted the doership and enjoyership
to be real. All those religious texts in which it has
been taught so al to be in agreement with thie
Ultimate Realitv - they will all become genuine
religious texts, all those who preach and practise in
Iccordance with the teachings about this Ultimate
Reality wi.1I be the genuine religious preceptor.. For
VI CONCLUSIONS 461
such and many other main aspects of r.liglon, barring

this Vedanta philosophy, no other school of philosophV
whatsoever can provide any reasonable justification
based on universal acceptance. Thera are many
more important topics pertaining to a universal
religion which are to be deliberated upon, but in this
book which is predominantly philosophical we have
not taken up all such topics for consideration.
t7&. A IGund lupport Ir foand.tlon provld •• I.t Ithici

Ind morll.:
By the means of this philosophical teaching a firm

support il provided for ethics and morals. This is the
third benefit. What is meant by a religious or righteous
act 1 What is meant by irreligious or unrighteous act"
How should man behave in a society or community?
What is the purpose of political science or the ethical
principles on the basil of which the political systems
should operate 7 Is there any utility or purpose served
by divisions like castes (VarntJ) and stages of life
(Aashrama) ? -- Such and many other like questions
belong to the consideration of ethics or morals. In
giving an answer to these questions we can formulate
the general dictum, viz. 'What is suitable or helpful
for the knowledge of the Ultimate Reality is a righteous
act and the three-fold attitude alone which causes or
creates a motivation or desire for such a righteous
act becomes ethics or mora Is'. This can be treated 8S
the principal aphorism. Because selfishness of the type
of having innate identification with one's 'I' notion
is itself an enemy for all ethies or morals, all
authoritative texts on morals or ethics preach that one
should give up or conquer the identification with 'I'

notion I. 8. one's egoism. But for man this 'I' notion
or egoism has becnme 10 very fascin.8ting I Why Ihould
one get rid of it at all? - Such a predicament or
difficult problem Is born. So far whatever authoritative
texts on ethics or morals that man has formulated by
dint of his intellectual excellences or capabilities have
not been able to provide 8 fuliV suitable or latisfact-
orv answer or ~olution. But in the methodologV
propounded by Vedantic philosophy an excellent,
reasonable justification Is available for this problem.
For instance, the teaching that - "Although
the 'I' notion or egoism itself is really wanted
more than all else, this identification with the
cl' notion is not the Absolute or Ultimate Reality J
our Alman or Self alone, of the essential nature of
Pure Existence-Pure Consciousness-Pure aliss is the
innate nature of the Ultimate Realitv_ 'his ego or 'I'
notion alone, which is, in truth, the reflection of
Pure Existence (Sadaabhaasa), the reflection of Pure
Consciousness (Chidaabhaasa) and the reflection of Pure
Bliss (Sukhaabhaasa), has become popular or well-known
as the 'I' notion in our empirical or mundane dealings.
If this egoism or 'I' notion is subdued, the essential
nature of Alman or Self, which is the substratum for
this ·1' notion and which is of the essential nature
of Pure Existence-Pure Consciousness-Pura Blisl,
becomes bordly manifested. That alone is the lupreme
goal or purpose of our carrying on all our J'ya,ahaara
or empirical dealings. Therefore, ethics or moral. in
keeping with such 8 goal or prime purpose must be
followed I., societv·' - wi II become the authoritative
ethical science in accordance with Vedanta.
VI CONCLUSIONS 463
178. The gflater valul thlt will accrue 10 the empirical

Dr physiCI' sciencl.:
The tact that by this viewpoint all the empirical

sciences will get a greater value is the fourth benefit.
All the multifariousness that appears in the world
is the greatness or exceJrence of lshwara or the Lord.
For, the phenomenon of the world does not exist
apart from lshwara or the lord or Creator: it is one
of His magnificence or superhuman power. If· any
extra-ordinary thing - whichever part of this world
It mav be existing in - is praised or adored in
exclusive or superlative terms, it amounts to elaborating
upon that Supreme Lord's magnificence or greatness
a'one. From that point of view, all the empirical or
physical sciences become a part of ladhyaatma Vidya or
the Knowledge of the Self or Atman alone. Similarly, the
phenomenon of the mind which is a means to
know the external world becomes a handy mirror of
the essential nature of Pure Existence-Pure Consciousness
-Pure Bliss. Making the phenomena of existence,
knowledge or consciousness and happiness which are
reckoned in this mind as doorways arone we fathom
or discern this Ultimate Reality. By the character
or calibre of the mind arone man shows himself
to be divine or Satanic or devilish. Therefore, the
elaborate science which teaches the innate natura
of mind also is a big section or part
of AdlJyaatltla J'id, a or the Knowledge of Alman or the
Self. Hence we have to assume that the consideration
of the mind and the extern!!!1 objects as steps to the
Intuitive know!edge of th~ UI imate Reality. It is not
possible a: &lll to discard or condemn any science
whatsoever as b3ing mund3ne or empirical. But how
far do.. the boundary or limits of the physical

sciences extend? Why can't thay jump over thOle
boundaries or limits and proceed beyond 7 If in
addition to these questions the fact that the Ultimate
Reality of the essential nature of Pure Exi.t8nc8-Pur~
Consci-ousness-Pure Bliss is the substrate or foundation
for the objects or substances of all those .mpirieal
sciences is brought to mind or realized by us, then 8
path or way shows up to solve the question as to
how arid in what manner the physical sciences should
be developed and how to make them helpful to'
human beings in general.
177. A guide far educational .ystlm.:
Because all knowledge is born for the sake of the

progress of man, whi Ie our young people .,e being
educated the question as to which method should be
followed or adopted is provided with 8n excellent
indication bV this philosophV of Vedanta. AI we read
the history of the methods adopted in the Pllt In
education, it becomes clear that at various periods of
time the educational systems were different. When
there arises a conflict among these systems, It has
become difficult to provide 8 final satisfactory anlwer
or solution to the question as to how much aspect of
a particular system should be uti lized or adopted. If
it i. true that the goal of human life itself il to
Intuitivelv know here and now the UltiMate Reality
of the essential nature of Pure Existence - Pur.
Consciousness - Pure Bliss, then the question 88 to
which ethics or morals should be followed in the
system of education wi II become a very important
VI CONCLUSIONS 465
aspect. In this matter too

the Vedantic philosophy
guides us to find an amicable solution.
(C) CIDclusi,e Remarks
171. Thl Ultlmatl Rellit, Ihould b. learnt through the

doorway of the Itlt.. Ilona:
So far we have propounded in various ways the

fact that when the experience of the states of waking,
dream and deep sleep is taken Is an object and
considered from an unbiassed viewpoint. the auspicious
or blissful philosophical truth that the Entity of the
essential nature of Pure Existence-Pure Consciousness-
Pur. Bliss alone is the Ultimate Reality will evolve.
In order to determine the Ultimate Reality these
states alone are the doorways for us. Although the
Ultimate Reality is appearing to us in the forms of
these states alone, It exists in Its essential nature
alone. In case the Entitv called the Ultima'e Realitv
were ex isting separate from these three states, then
it would not have been possible for man to know It
at all. For. barring the experience of these three
states man does not have any other experience at all.
Therefore. if the Ultimate Realitv is bevoud the
experience of these three states, the scriptural texts
which teach such an Absolute or Transcendenta I Truth
30
468 fHE MAGIC JEWEL OF INTUITION
would themselves have become futile or worthless,

or it would have amounted to saying that the Ultimate
Reality Itself does not exist. - (MQQndukya BhashyQ 7).
But the real position is not so. The Ultimate Realitv
Itself is appearing in the forms of thel. three states
of consciousness; in It alone -- deep sleep, in
which the Ultimate Reality is not 'known'; waking and
dream, in b01h of which It is misconceived - these
three states are occurring 88 phenomena. Therefore,
If these deep sle.p, waking and dream are falsified or
lublumed by means of right Intuitive Knowledge,
then the Ultimate Realitv manlfeltl Itself II It il.
t71. lhe Ultimate R•• lity I. known by Intuitiv. l.perlln.1

alone:
If the question - "What is the essential nature

of the Ultimate Reality 1" - is put, an answer
following the metJ-.odology or the line of consideration
or Intuifive reasoning adopted in this book can be
given in the manner - "It is of the eSlential natura
of Pure Existence - Pure Consciousness - Pure Biisl
(Satya Jnaana Aananda or SatchidQanandG SWQroopa)". For,
by the deliberation that we have carried out so far
It is established that It I. the essence of existence,
knowledge and happiness. But if properly observed, to
call It the essence of existence etc. also is wrong
only. for, existence, knowledge and happiness are the
names that we have given or alsumed to some
phenomena which we have perceived from the waking
viewpoint alone. To the question - ·'How does the
Ultimate Reality exist in Its essential nature or In
Itself per se 1" - how at all will it be 8 proper
VI CONCLUSIONS 467
answe, if a name which is formulated

from the
(biassed) waking viewpoint is given? Existence,
knowledge and happiness are the names that we give
to objects or phenomena in the waking for the sake
of various transactions that we carry out But really
speaking, In the Ultimate Reality there does not exist
any cause whatsoever for the transaction of any word.
It is not a substance (Dral') a), not a quality (Guna) ,
not an action (Kr;ya) , not any relationship (f\ambandha).
neither the category of genus (SoamaQnya) nor the parti-
cular (Vishesha) , not non-existence (AhhaQva): It is not
a knower (Jnaatru), not 8 known object (Jneya);· not
a doer (Kartru), not an action (KriJ'a), not a means
of action (Kaaraka), not a result or fruit of action
(Pha/a). It being so, how can It at all be proper to
call It by any name? All words are the names. of
abjects or phenomena that exist in the waking. But
.
the Ultimate Reality does not exist in the waking;
the wakif'g itself is a certain appearance that is
'illumined' or that 'shines' in the Ultimate Reality. The
objects that appear in the waking and their names-
are nothing but the false appearances onlv that are
manifested in It, i. e, the Ultimate Reality. Therefore,
that Fntity which is apart from these two phenomena
of the name and the object having the name and which
is their essence alone - that alone is the Ultimate
Reality - (Maandllkya BhQshya 2). The division of 'the
name' and 'the named' is itself false. The name, the
named, their division - all these are the Ultimate
Reality alone, which is extremely queer from their form
of appearance. Even calling that Ultimate Reality by
names like 'BrQ/,man'. 'Aksha,a', 'Bhooma', etc. is
also done by imagining or positing cr superimposing ,
relationship between that Ultimate Reality and the
states alone, and not to indicate or denote It directly

_ (BrihadoQranyoka JlQQI'tika 2-4-263). No name whatso-
ever is 8 directly· signifying or denoting means for
Brahman; not only this, 'Brahman or th. Ultimate
Reality Is an object of Intuition lor word. like Ie_lit,
(Saty.a). Knowledge (Jnaana), Blisl (Aanand.), Indestructible
C-kshara)' - even such a transaction Is carried out for
the sake of courtesy or a formality. This fact should be
understood clearly. In our daily parlance, the meaning
that has somehow attached itself to 8 word is called
literal meaning (VaQchYQQr,ha), and we call the intended
or signified meaning of any word or sentence the
allegorical or emblematic meaning (Laksh),Darlha). All
the concepts of I!ahallalcshaila', Aja!,allakshanll' and
'Jahadajahallokshana' - are formufated in -order to indi-
cate the objects which are seen in the waking;
therefore, no word whatsoever can indicate even by
indirect means the Ultimate Realitv. Even 80, just
as the word, bV assigning a symbol or mark,
indicatos by significance an object which is far away
from it, in the same manner words like 'OmkaartJ' etc
and words like •Brahman', 'Akshara' etc, indicate or denote
the Ultimate Reality. By the mere indication of word,
which do so somehow, regarding the Ultimate Realitv,
which is our very essential nature of Being, we on the
pretext of those words Intuitivelv know that Ultimate
Reality. Just as those who are asleep, as soon 8S
they are called bV their names, get up or wake up
(Bril"QdQQran)'oka J'aarriko 1-4-861), similarly with the help
of these words which indicate or signify the Ultimate
Reality the wise aspirant Intuitively knows the Ultimate
Reality. In this sense, it is conventional to say that
the words tpach symbolicallv the .6bsolute or Ultimate
ReaHtv_ But in this regard the absolute truth is: ·'No
VI CONCLUSIONS 469
word or percept whatsoever can ever objectify this

Ultimate Reality" - (Taittireeya UpaniJhad 2·~). If the
percepts start to objectify th8t Reality, immediately
that percept itself will merge or mingle with the Ultimate
Reality Itself - this fact we have previously (sub-
lections 135, 162) explained. Therefore, when
wa lay that our .4tman or Self who is of
the essential nature of the Ultimate Realitv,
is of the innate nature of Reality (Satya), Knowledge
(JnQQna), Bliss (Aananda) , bV recalling the manner in
which in our daily parlance words and sentences denote
their meaning, we should not think or conceive that-
"lhc Ultimate Reality is our Alman or Self; between us
and That Reality there exists an emotional relationship
of 'my Lord· or that these concepts of Reality, Know-
ledge and Bliss are different from one another or that
they are blended or mixed into one another'~ - (B'ih~.
dtlaranyaka Yaartika 2-3-12). Observing in accordance
with Intuitive experience we should determine that the
Ultimate Reality, Atman, Reality, Knowledge, Bliss
all these are one and the same non-dual Entity.
18D. Thl description 01 thl Absolutl or Ultimata Realit,

from tb. Absolute viewpoint:
If the Ultimate Realitv is to be indicated

from
the Absolute viewpoint alone, then it will have to be
stated in the negative manner like - 'not this, n01
this' alone. To indicate this Ultimate Reality there is
no other device at all (Brihaduaran)Qka Upallishad 2-3.6J.
It il not dream, It is not waking, nor is It 8 form in
which both these have joined together; not deep sleep,
nol to be known, not one that is known, not to be
known by Imagining with the help of Iymbols or mlrka,

not I thing to be contemplated upon in the mind
IIon8. not a thing which I. suitable to be described
by mouth as 'such and Iuch', not • Itate, not a thing
having 8 Itate (.~lIandukYIJ Upanishad 1). Therefore, to
lay that - "It ia of the e•• ential nature of Reality.
Knowledge, Biisl. i. e. Sal,. JllaQ"a danQ1Jda SWllroopa,
also is not proper or correct in the absolute 8en.e.
Thera is no difference whatsoeve, in It, no increase
or decreale, no inauspicious .'pect, there i. nothing
.econd to It at all. Even saying that - "It II our
A.tman or Self: we should achieve the fulfilment of
life'. purpose by attaining It" - all such things are
laid from the empirical viewpoint alone and not from
the Absolute viewpoint of Ihe Ultimate Reality or Pure
Consciousness. Really nothing whatsoever i. born,
nothing is destroyed; there il nothing like anyone i.
bound by SQmsQGra or the mundane existence of rep-
eated births and deaths, no one who il desirous of
attaining Liberation by practising SaQdhana or religious
or spiritual discipline.; there i8 no on. who has attain-
ed Emancipation through J"Qa"a or Knowledge of the
Self. This alone is the ultimat. truth (Gaudapallda
KQQrika 2-J2). There is a convention of calling the
Ultimate Realitv 'Turiya' allo. (MlNllldukya UpD1IllhDd 1).
Turiya meanl the fourth one. The Ultimate Reality
which 18 apart from the nature of Jee'tuJtmtm or the
soul who appears with the adjuncts (UPQUI,16) of the
three Itates of waking, dream. deep Bleep and is .ever
devoid of any adjuncts whatsoever is • he essence of
these three stat.l. 'hat Realitv hal no relationship
with thesa three stites at all. Because all the three
alat•• are 'misconceived' or imagined (through A,ldy.,
in that Ultimate Realitv, That Re.litv is eternally devoid
VI CONCLUSIONS 471
of any state. In this sense alone That Reality is Turiya

or the fourth one onlv; really, to say that - ·'Sepa-
rate from these three states' and adjoining or in Une
with them It ia the fourth (in number )" - is not the
purport of the scriptural texts at all. Some present-
day Vedantins have erroneously taken or understood
that 'Turiya' is a fourth state and that alone is
Samaadhi or trance. Some others misconceive It to be
Tur;yaQteeta - yet another state beyond the 'Turiya'.
These aspects have been erroneously incorporated bV
people who have 8 pronounced proclivity towards the
DvailD philosophy of Yoga (of Patanjali). A true Vedan-
tin should not entertain such delusions or misconcep-
tions.
181. No contradiction or apposition between the 'rIal'

and the 'Ulusory' natures of the world whla
ob.lrvld from two diff.fent viewpoints, viz.
Impi ricI' 0r Vyalvlhlarika and Absolute or
Pllram •• rthikl :
Because when we observe from the Absolute

viewpoint the belief that we have a waking state itself
becomes false, to believe that such many wakings
were experienced In the past through the means of
memory and to anticipate in the future too many such
wakings will occur to us - all these become delusions
only. Because the phenomenon that - 'Outside there
exists 8 world' - stands on the strength or support of
this waking alone, that too becomes a delusion: the
belief that - ·'We exist in the world and carrv on our
day-to-day transactions invariably" - also becomes a
delusion. Similarly, the beliefs that - ~'Like us. many
louis are carrying on empirical transactions in that

world"; "Births and deaths keep on occurring to UI,
and after our death, as 8 result of the actions or Karmal
performed in this life we experience future births" ,
"Just as in this world, in the other future worlds
too which yield the fruits of actions we Will be
experiencing the fruits of our actions'· - all such
beliefs will become delusions only. Although in our
empirical or mundane translctions, being endowed with
the three states (A,aslhaavatlwa) , bei ng a IOU I (Jeevatwa) ,
manifoldness of loul. (JeevaanekatwQ) , the reality
adduced to the external world (BGahYlJprGptJ1lchGSDttwa),
the transmigration of soul. (/eellQ's PraplJ1IChQQ",argatatwa),
being- endowed with the natures of doer.hip and enjoye,-
ship (Kart!" Bhoktru SwabhDQVatwa). transmigration to other
births and other worlds (Janmaantara LokatJ"tara GamalltJ)
- all these we strongly believe to exist on the
strength of the evidential means of perception
(Pratyaksha). inference (Anumaano) etc., but none of
these can stand up against the onslaught of discrimi-
native reasoning based on the comprehensive Irnuitiva
experiences. It becomes established by the devices of
Intuitive reasoning (AnubhavGQnga Ta1kQ) mentioned by
us in this book that - "From the empirical viewpoint
alone, which is the waking viewpoint and i. misconceiv-
ed because of A'idya or ignorance of the 81senlial
nature of one's Being as the Self or Alma" (Pur.
Consciousness), all these beliefs get value or validity
in our workaday world, but after carrying out discrlmi·
native examination from the comprehensive li .•.
Intuitive experience) viewpoint of the three state. none
of these beliefs is sustained or lubltantiated. "
VI CONCLUSIONS 473
But merely by saying that - "From the Absoluta

viewpoint none of these exists".... in our mundane
workaday dealings none of these fail to appear. In
the dav-to-day world and in our empirical dealings
too if deliberation is carried out, it will become
evident that these cannot stand the test or rigour.
of logic or dialectics. But howevermuch logic may
demolish them, proving their non-existence, it is not
•
possible for our innate faith in them to disappear.
For that reason alone. we have stated that to thesa
there is a Yyaavahaarika Sattyatwa or empirical reality.
From the Absolute or Ultimate Reality viewpoint these
do not get destroyed but are falsified (Baadhita). When
any object of the type of the rope-snake appears
owing to delusion, after one goes very near it and
fully examines it, it may not appear thereafter; like
the reflection seen in water, the blueness of the sky
etc. - even after the correct
knowledge is attained
they may sti II continue to appear. For us the disappear-
ance of the Illusory object is not at all important:
if it is said that - "It is not real" - in reality.
the phenomenon of the world dOes not exist at III
even in the form of a delusion. The conviction or
sense of certainty that we obtain to the effect that-
"By Intuitive knowledge of Alman or the Self, even
that which gets falsified does not exist at all, and
further, even the dealings of 'knowledge' and 'ignorance'
are also a delusion onlv" -- is important for us. In
fact, that alone is the fruit of Intuitive Knowledge.
Just as an axe cut. asunder a tree, Knowledge
(JnDa"a) does not cut asunder At;Qya or Ignorlnce,
but JnQQI14 or Knowledge indicates the essential nature
of the entity and falsifies its ignorance. The Knowledge
that - "The world and the repeated births and deaths
projlcted by delusion (Bhratlnt/) did not exist in the

palt, do not exist now at present, will not exist in
the future too" - is itself the falsification of Avldya
or ignorance (Sutra Bhashya 4-' ·13; Sambandha VaQrlika
183). Therefor., saying that - "A Jeevanmukta or an
'emancipated one' while in this body keeps on carrying
out day-to-day dealings like others and is helpful to
all people Club-section 166) I. --
Is true from the
empirical viewpoint alone. From the Absolute or
Ultimate Reality viewpoint the statement that - "There
are no bondage and liberation etc. at all "-- is
also true. There is no mutual contradiction or
opposition at all between these two viewpoints.
Similar IV, with regard to the opinions too
of the type - "The world exists reallv, the world
il ill.ulory, the world does not exist at all - It i.
Brahmall alona" atc. etc. - we should gat the apparent
contradiction. reconciled bV means of adopting the
two diff.rent viewpoints.
181. Th. luprlml pr.achlng .f the Upanishads:
So far we hive expounded the 'philosophical

teaching' part of Vedanta alone; Vedanta Is the phi 10-
lophieal Truth that il preached in the Upanishad, which
form one part of the Vedal. As we have stated in the
firat Chapter of thi. book, in the Upa"ishads not only
the ••• ential nature of the Ultimate Reality is indica-
ted but also consideration. regarding the Vedic faith
Ir. profuselv mentioned. Karma or rituals and religi-
OUI rites. UplldJllntJ or meditations, Sr;shtl Stltlthi Pra/aya
or creation. sustenance and dissolution, louis, rebirths,
other worlds, Maaya or illusion etc.- are also mentioned
in the Upll1llshDds. Between them and the philo-
VI CONCLUSIONS 475
sophieal Truth, which is the supreme preaching of the

Upanishads, what is the relationship that exists? How
should we relate the considerations regarding Yoga and
Bhakti or devotion, mentioned in Smritil like the
BlragavQd Geeta .tc. to this phi losophica I teaching of
the Ultimate Reality of the Upani&hads? In the teach-
ings of other Vedanta schools like those of Vishishtha-
advaita etc- to what extent are the teachings which
are in agreement with the supreme philosophical teach-
ing described so far 1 In them, which are thole aspects
that are opposed to this philosophical teaching? Just
"like Vedanta other schools of philosophy exist in our
country as weI, as in the Western countries, is it not?
From among them, from the point of view of'imbibing
the rea I essence, how much and what aspect or part
should we grasp'1 How many aspects will have to be
discarded or rejected and why '1- To consider all the ••
problems following this viewpoint of Vedanta - is
also a big task. If that task is fulfilled by adopting
the all-comprehensive and Intuitive method of the three
states of consciousness as delineated in this book, the
doubt in the minds of the ordinary people of the type-
"Just like Vedanta, in other philosophical systems too
there might be a possibility of vet other philosophical
teachings or truths emerging or evolving in accordance
with reasoning and experience" - will not raise its
head at all. Such doubts will vanish completelv-
The Ultimate Reality alone which can neYI' be fal-

sified is the one Entity really existing J That alone is
the essence of the world. which is appearing frolR the
empirical viewpoint, comprisin, multitudes of sentient and
insentient things. That alone is being called P.ram.atman
or the Supreme Being or Sell which has pervaded Ivtry-
thing by Its ess.entia. ".tur. of Pure Existence-Pure Con-

sciousness.Pur. Bliss. What we have now known to be
our Atman of the nature of the transmigrator, soul -
that alone Is in reality of the essential nature of Satchi-
daananda Swaroop. or Pure Existence··Pur. Consciousness-
Pure Bliss. This alone II the Supreme preaching of the
Upanishads- (ChaandoIY. Upanishad 6-8-7,.
A. thrs philo.ophical Truth of Vedanta is arrived

at on the strength of the topics propounded in the
Upanishads that are stated to be the religious texts of
ancient selrs or sages, it is but natural for many con-
siderations pertaining to the eternal V~dlc Religion
becoming quite essential to be scrutinized and studied
for 8 thorough understanding of the topics and the
philosophy in general. However, 8S we have alreadv
pointsQ out, the phi losophical Truth or Reality of
Vedanta is not the exclusive possession of the -people
of any particular religious faith whatsoever. In order
to make it known that it is possible for people belong-
ing to any period of time, to any nation, to any religi-
ous faith, to deliberate upon and realize the Ultimate
Reality and utilize this knowledge to suit their ,el-
pective situation or circumstances in life, we have given
separately its purely philosophical teaching portion
only. If this book creates, even to a little extent, the
belief that in order to find out the Ultimate Reality
that can never be falsified or negated the path that
is taught in the Upanishads is the only proper one. we
will feel our mission is fulfilled. Let the Suprema
Lord who is the Alman of everyone bJess them to
gain that staunch belief.
'Om Tat Sat'
~
APPENDIX
SCIENCE AND SPJRITUALITY
(A Brief Comparative Study)
INTRODUCTION
In this space age when the phvslcal sciences have

taken stupendous strides macroco.mically into the
stellar region and microcosmically into the very core
of matter and its minutest particles, man's mind is
wholly 'captured and captivated' by the marvels of
modern science and he is not in a mood to consider
any propositions and precepts of any brand of
phiiosophV. In truth, he feels all the teachings of the
various re ligions or faiths are suspect and they
engender and encourage blind faith and superstition.
Yet it is an eternal truth that man cannot live

without any f9irh of some kind 01 other, first in
himself and then in things external to him. For
example. he has an abiding faith and credulity in the
·real existence' of the world and its permanence; so
also, he puts faith in his own existence for a parti·
cular period of tirne and plans for his future progress
and prosperity. Thus he has perforce to have faith
in himself and tho things and people in the
external world for his living or existence. If we
consider a bit more c~refullYI everyone's existence 01
life can be div:tjed into the subjective aspect or the
2 SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY
'I' aspect and the objective or the 'this· aspect.

The 'I' aspect includes the body, the senles, the mind,
the intellect and the ego, while the ·thil' aspect
comprises the external vast universe, both in its
macrocosmic and microcosmic aspects, with its animate
and inanimate things, time. space, causation etc. It
should not be difficult for any intelligent person,
especiallv an educauted ons, to discern that the
physical sciences have purely an objective approach and
not a subjective one. In other words, the physical or
empir;cal sciences use all their sophisticated appliances,
gadgets and. highly sensitive instruments to probe into
things or matter external to the scientist, who uses
them, but not to know or find out what his 'I' is
made of or comprises. In fact, for this latter consider-
ation of the subjective aspect of life no instrument,
l10wevermuch delicate, sensitive and powerful it may
be, is of any utility or consequence at all. Although
modern psychologV is 8 science pertaining to the 'psyche'
or the mind, it probes into an external mind of
another person other than that of the psvchologist,
and this mordern sCience, despite its great achievements
In discovering curative theories and a large number
of medicines, it has adopted purelv 80 'objective'
approach again.
Thus the physical sciences have directed all their

attention towarde the objective aspect of life, whereas
all thereligions and spiritual teachers of the world
have taken up for consideration both the subjective and
the objective aspects of life in their entirety
and have propounded their teachings or tenets for the
general well-being and progress of humanity. Just
INTRODUCTION 3
.1 there are differences of opinion among the scientists,

there are differences in the teachings and doctrines
of various religi-.;us teachers and preceptors too But
Vedan!a, 8S 8 highlV scientific philosophical system
using a universally acceptable and comprehensive tri-
basic outlook or viewpoint and taking life's experiences
in their totalitv. rises like Colossus of Rhodes above
811 controversies41 conflicts and contradietions of Nature.
Its greatness 8S "the science of all sciences'l lies in
the fact that all rules, regulations, conventions,
concepts and procedures that the physical or empirical
science. adopt in their development and systematization
Ire not only subsumed tn it. "Ultimate Realitv" of
Pure Consciousne~s or A.lman but are instantly compre-
hended, assimilated and trancended. In fact, all
these mundane concepti become inadequate,
unsuitable, and irrelevant when the Ultimate
Reality of Alman or the Self (the Witnessing Principle)
in every human being, irrespective of his or her caste,
nation, race, sex, age, period etc., is Intuited here
and now in keeping with the teachings and
guidance of the high IV rational scriptural texts, viz.
the Upanishads. Unfortunately, these pedagogic methods
were traditionally handed down from the Guru or
preceptor to the Shishya or disciple in secrecy and
personally and in due course, as decadence set in,
thfJ most rational methodology of "Superimposition
and Rescission" inlplicit in and through the Upanishadic
lore was almost lost to the world. However, Sri
Shankara, the doyen among the exponents of Vedantic
philosophy, has elabora~ed enough on this traditional
m€lhouology in his extant BhoshyQS or commentaries
and that is based on supra-rational Intuitive experience.
allowing no room for any ambiguity, anomalies or

misgivings.
In these days of highly advanced studies and

discoveries in Astrophysics and Cosmology, on the
one hand, and the Nuclear or Sub-atomic Physics and
Genetic Technology, on the other, it has become
almost a feshion for a horde of pseudo-scientists, who
profess to be rationalists to the core, to decry or
belittle the hoary Indian Culture and spiritual traditions
and treatises. saying that all those ancient works,
customs and concepts were irrational, unscientific,
bordering on superstition and blind faith. Their
criticisms and bizarre opinions betray their own
lack of acquaintance with and understanding of
the voluminous philosophical or spiritual literature in
Sanskrit and 8 false notion of pride in believing
that scientists alone can lay claim to critical faculties
and a· genuine scientific temper or spirit. It will
ther.,fore be of immense benefit for the thoughtful,
discriminating but unbiassed minds to make 8 compa-
rative study of the latest theories, speculations and
discoveries of soma of the most important branches of
physical sciences. like Astrophysics, Nuclear or Sub-
atomic Physics and Biochemistry and Genetic Technologv
and the supra - science of Advaita Vedanta and its
universal appeal to humanity In general and irs
comprehensive outlook on life in its entirety.
T he scientific study of the macrocosmic aspect of

the universe dealing with the physics of stars, plenE-ts,
galaxies. quasars. Black Holes, the Sig Bang and the
INTRODUCTION 6
Steady State theories adopted to explarn the origin of

III thlse celestial phenomena goes bV the name of
Astrophysics, whi Ie the study in depth of the
microcosmic aspect dealing with the behaviour and
structure of matter at its very core or nucleus, the
forces which bind and rule these fundamental particles
of matte, etc. are ca lied by the name of Nuclear or
Sub-atomic Physics. The intermediate range of things
in the empirical wt)rld, the realm of living matter
found on the surface of earth are dealt with in
Biology and Biotechnology or Genetics. The entire
edifice of modern science is built on a concept of a
cosmic evolutionary process. and it deals with three
aspects of that evolution. viz. the inorganic, the organic
and the psycho - social. While doaling with the
inorganic phase, modern science analyses the subtle
processes of change that are taking place in the
minutest particles of matter even in the realm of the
protons and the neutrons, known together as the
nucleons or 'the building blocks' of matter. Stretching
this study to all the matter that exisfs in the
vastness of the stellar region. mode,,, astrophysicists
have built up their complex theories about galaxies,
stars like Sun and planets like our earth and moon
etc. which revolve round the Sun. The time duration of
this evolutionary phase is measured in bi Ilions of
"ears or light years. The organic phase deals
with the chemical reactions among th6 val ous kinds
of elementary matter on earth and such other
planetary bodies leading to the formation of
complex and highly organized macro-molecul,,-s like
amino acids, proteins, enzymes and deoxyribonu.cleic
acid or DNA culminating in the formation of living
cells which are capable of mult~plication. metabolism
31
and adaptive regulatory actlvitV. Thlse or;g'na1 unice-

llular organlsms evolved to become living multf--cellular
bodies with diverse features ending up in the evolutio-
nary marvel of the human being. The third psycho-
locia' phase of the evolutionary process deal. with
the slow stages of transformation of the primitive
cave-dwelling primate called man into the cultured and
civilized modern man, who exhibits I high sense of
ethical and moral values and has developed fine arts
and the skill of building high IV sophisticated cities
with skyscrapers and a network of metal roads 8S well
8S huge machines and factories Thus modern science
considers that in the human being the cosmic evolu-
tionary process has reached its consummation right
from the bare protons and neutrons of the intarstellar
spice to the complex neurons of the human skull.
The theories and splculations evorved with regard

to galaxies and quasar.. through the study and
observation of which the modern astrophysicists hope
to find the exact origin of the univer.e, ar.
changing with such swiftness that It il .nybody·.
guess a8 to what they will be able to prove or
disprove the next moment. However, their astounding
and revolutionary scientific discoveries in recent
decades have helped to induce and inculcate a
comprehensive outlook on the universe and its origin, as
allo bringing humanity closer through the corridor. of
science. The modern astrophysicists and astronomer.
believe that by observing the distant galaxies and
quasars they gat valuable clues which will ultimatelv
lead them to the origin of the universe, .ine. tho••
heavenly bodies represent the Itate of the universe
some ten to 20 billion years ago. The farther we go
INTRODUCTION 7
In epaca, thl farther we go back in time. The

Icianlist. elso hope that by this observation of distant
galaxies and quasars thay may be able to resolve the
long-drawn controversy between t he two opposing
theories of cosmogony, viz. the B;g 8ang Theory,
which states that the universe had 8 definite beginning
and is continuousry expanding and changing its
structure, 8S against the Steady State i heory, which
states that the large· scale structure of the universe
remained the same in the past and will continue to
femain the same in the future too. Ast.rophysicists
have carried out detailed studies on nearby ga1cfXies
and it is now almost certain that other gRlaxies also
contain matter similar to our own galaxy, called
"the Milky Way:', and 81'9 made up of simifar stars.
It has also been discovered that the galaxies sr e
flying away from each other at tremendous speed and
the farther a galaxy is from us, the faster it moves
away from us. The recently discovered galaxies are,
in fact, receding away from our galaxy with speeds
comparable to the speed of light. As of today they
Ihould have moved a few billion years out - nearer to
'the edge of the.; universe' The light that is leaving
them will be received by us on this earth planet
after more than 20 billion years.
The Big Bang Theory postulates that the universe

begin 8S a huge fire ball of extreme d~ns;ty and
temperature. The den;stv was so high that a tea-
Ipoonful of matter would weigh ma'1Y bi Bions of
tonnes, and the temparature tens of billions of degrees.
The huge fire ball then began to expand. exploded
and the fragments got cooled. During t he expansion
and the consequent explosion matter got concentrated
in certain places to give r;18 to the galaxies of Itars.

The distant galaxies thus give information about that
early history of the formation of galaxies which will
ultimatelv lead to an answer regarding the formation of
galax;.. 8.
the universe. It is very difficu It to observe the distant
the fight received on earth from these
galaxles ;s very limited. However, the astronomers of
the University of California, U. S. A., have recently
discovered, using very sensitive and sophist;~8ted
electronic detectors, to photagraph nine galaxies in the
farthermost reaches of the universe which are at least
10.000 million light vears away, and one of fhem,
ne8r the Constellation of leo, is believed to be even
more thCJn 12,000 million light years away. To under-
stand the distance involved, one should know the
speed of light, which travels with extra-ordinary
speed of about 3,00,000 kms. per second. It can
circle round the earth in a matter of about one tenth
of a second and cove, the distance between the earth
and the moon - about 4,00,000 kms. - In a little more
than a second. Light from the Sun, which lies some
150 million kms. takes about eight minutes to reach
the earth. One ligh. year is the distance that light
travels in a year, approximately about ten tri "ion
kms., i. e. one followed by 13 zeroes, The nearest
star to the solar system - Alpha Centauri - is
situated at a distance of a little more than four light
years. Our Sun is just an ordinaty star among more
than a hundred billion stars in the MilkV Way Galaxv-
It takes more than a hundred years for light to travel
from one end of the Milky Way Galaxy to the other.
The light received from the farthermost galaxy detected
by the California University astronomers ;s 20 million
times as faint as the faintest star that can be seen
INTRODUCTION 9
with the naked eye. In future when the Space Te18-

cope is placed in orbit, the astronomers may be able
to observe the distant galaxies in large numbers and
in greater detail.
In 1963 Prof. M. Schmidt, who recently visited India,

identified the . first of the 3,000 odd quasars, which
are exceedingly luminous objects bigger than a star
but smaller than a galaxy, normallv emitting X-reys.
While taking the spectrum of one of thole objects-
3. C 273 - the brightest quasar recorded so far,
Prof. Schmidt noticed a peculiar shift towards longer
wavelengths, which ultimately led to the conclusion'
ahat these highly luminous objects emitting excessive
energy were flying away in the universe fa"stest.
According to Hubble's law, the larger the red shi ft
in 8 spectrum the faster the object is receding from
the observer. So it came to be known that quasars
are the farthest objects in the universe being scanned
by the human beings. "Quasars are point-like objects
with fuzz or loose volatile matter around them and
are moving between 10 to 90 per cent the veloc; tv
of light, i. 8. 3,00,000 kms. per second, and are
probablv not much larger than the solar system, " Prof.
Schmidt said and added that the slowest quasar is
receding at a speed of 20,000 kms. per second, whereas
for 8 normal star it is about 600 kms. per second.
The farthest of the quasars is some 15 billion light
years away, with a red shift of 3.78. No object has
been recorded exceeding that limit and so the scientists
are coming to the conclusion that more distant objects
are reallv not there. This argument could lead the
hypothesis that galaxies were formed two billion
10 SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITV
year. after the "Big Bang&'. The light from the

quasars taking billions of years to feach UI could be
telling the story of the earlv epoch after the Big Sang.
The distant quasars CQuld, indeed, be guiding UI how
to reconstruct the tale of the origin and evolution of
the universE'. something that has been intriguing mankind
for eons. Quasars were still surrounded by layers of
mystery, although more than 100 of the.a distant
radio sources had baen discovered over the past two
decades. These dist&nt fast moving bodies had been
so far identified with X-ray observations 81 they emit
X-rays. They are not detected optically and about 30
10 40 per cent of the diffused X-rays found in the
galaxies are supposed to be due to X-rays emitted from
quasars. Prof. Martin Reea, of the Institute 0.' Astrono-
my, Can-abridge, st~tes that the radiation energy of •
quasar is derived Ir.om the gravitational potential ener-
gy associated with a supermassiva and highlV compact
object, which could be a "Black Hole". He Is of the
opinion that these radio objects could also be used to
predict the later stages of galaxy formation and .1
probables of the nature of the dark matter which
occupies a largo part of the universe.
Of late, astronomer. have discovered strong evidence

that many galaxies -- including our own "Milky Way" -
might have been once quasars, huge objec~8 that one.
produced the light of billions of Iuns. They say that
quasars, located up to 10 billion light year. 'rom
earth, produced an intense brilliant glow during the
universe's infancy by sucking in enormoul quantltie.
of surrounding gas and dust, which were helted to
incandescence by being squeezed in the gravity of In
INTRODUCTION 11
immense central Black Hole. Some astronomers theor-

ize that since quasars seem to have vanished long ago,
they used up this fuel and bagan producing a waning
light, eventually evolving into normal galaxies. Many,
if not most. of these galaxies CQuid be dead quasars,
but the spectral lines of the light from the galaxies
may just be too weak for us to see. Detecting these
quasars-like emissions is like trying to see stars in
the da~tim'e on earth. They are of the opinion
that we cannot examine our own galaxy, i. e. Milky
•
Way, because the centre is obscured by clouds of gas
and dust, but if our ga laxy was once 8 qualsr, it was
a rather modest one containing a Black Hole with a
mass of onlv about five million suns.
Astropyhsicists at the University of California,

U. S. A., have reported strong new evidence that massive
"Black Hole" exists in the centre of our MilkV Way
galaxy, surrounded by a cavity 96 tri Ilion kms. wide.
The team, which includes the Nobel Prize - winning
physicist Charles H. Townes, made a key discovery
that gases at the inner edge of the gaseous ring at
the ga'axy's nucleus swirl at a faster rate than gases
farther away, indicating that the gases surround a
single massive object. Calculations by the team show-
ed that the invisible matter in the Hole is compressed
so tightlv by its gravjtv that its mass must be rour
million times greater than that of the Sun. So dense
is the centre of the Black Hole that neither tight nor
any other form of radiation can escape. Gases at the
inner edge reach speeds of 4.02,000 kms. per hour to
6,92,000 kms. per hour, according to these astrophysi-
cists, and ar. surrounded by a huge cavity of low
density gas. rnside this cavity - 10 light year. or

about 60 trillion miles across - is a cluster of Iterl.
Beyond the cavity is another swir ling circle of hotter,
glowing gases Mr. Townes says: "It is now clear
that the dis1ribution of mass in the galactic centra il
mOlt unusual. With this new evidence the csss for 8
Black Hole now seems quite convincing. Of course,
we must all con1inue to examine it. The orbits of the
gases indicate that the Black Hole sucked in enor-
mous quantities of gases in the past million years,
and this huge collapse of gas triggered a Super Nova
-size explosion in- the Black Hole, producing a cavitv
detected around the galaxy's centre". (A Black Hole is
s collapsed star so dense that not even light rays
can escape its gravitational pull. Thus. it is not visi-
ble and its existence can only be inferred from itl
effects on objects around it).
The recently proposed "Super Symmetric .String

Theory'·, which predicts the existence of a "Shadow
Universe", can be tested through the cosmic pheno-
menon of gravitational lensing, according to Prof. B. P.
Burke, of the U. S. National Radio Astronomy Obser-
vatory. This extra - ordinary phenomenon of gravita-
tional lensing, in which galaxies themselves act aa lens-
es, was an important astrophysical and cosmological
tool which could be used to study a number of
heavenly happenings, including 1he new theory which
predicts the existence of a new universe. Prof. Burke
recently stated here in Bangalore about the detection
of a new case of gravitational lensing in which two
images of a single quasar had been recorded. With
this case of double imaging of a quasar, he laid, the
INTRODUCTION 13
total number of such known lenses in the cosmos had

gone up to seven. Three cases were detected through
radio telescopes and the rest by optical means. Prof.
Burke said the total number of such 'cosmic lenl81,
could be around 1000 or so, keeping in mind the
large number of quasars discovered 80 far. He said;
"But to detect all such lenses would take a lot
of time.·· Explaining the phenomenon, Prof. Burke said
that several quasars had turned out to provide good
demonstrations of lensing caused by bending of- the
light or radio waves from distant quasars as it passed
close to an intervening object such as a galaxy_
Predicted by -Einstein's Theory of 'Gravitv, the lensing
effect could be a test of the fundamental parameters
of the universe. The images received depended on the
type of lens, i. 8. the size and structure of the
galaxies.
In an enlightening article - "Gravitv: Is il the

clue to creation "/" - Eugene Mallove writes: Gravitv
a Iways has appeared the odd-force-out in physics. It
is strong enough over large distances to organize the
world of planets, stars and galaxies. Yet it is
phenomenally weaker than other forces. In the microcosm
of atoms and subatomic particles, gravity plays no
perceptible role. Today there is a revolution brewing
in physical theory that is totallv changing our under-
standing of how gravity works, how mechanistically
the earth keeps the moon in its orbit. This theory
also fits gravity into the other mysterious forces of
Nature. This "Unified Field Theorv" is the "Holy Grail"
of physics. Einstein died still seeking it. Some of the
fundamental forces have already been unified in the
14· SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY
lalt decade, and it appear. that the last force to fall

in line wi II be gravity. Theoretical physicists a,. hard
at work on a theory of "Quantum Gravity" called the
I Superforce'. by physicist Paul Davies, who wlites in
his book with that title that for 1he firet time in
history we have within our grasp a complete
scientific theory of the whole universe in which
no phvsical object or system liel outside I
small set of scientific principles. All the
mysterious subatomic particles will live in
its framework and interact with each other
according to well-defined rules. The ·'Superforce" il
not an extra-strong force. It is a theory that would
relate gravity to the rest of nature in a comprehensive
mathematically stated law, as elegantly 81 Einstein's
E - MCz expresses the relationship between energy and
mass. . The four fundamental forces become aspects of
one force and this unified force we call the
"Superforce". In Super force theories the very fabric
of space and time acquires a complex structure far
beyond our normal apprehensions of space 81 uniform
emptiness. Physicists working on the Superforce speak
seriously of the universe having eleven dimensions.
The three space dimensions of length, breadth and
height that we are aware of, time and then leven more
Ipace dimensions. They say wa ara normallv unaware of
the other dimensions because they manifest themselvel
only 10 a small extent, and thon only in the world
of subatomic particles.
The al80 connects with new thinking

Super force
about the origin of the universe that describe. the
first moment. of time and Ipace 100 bi Ilion to 20
INTRODUCTION 16
billion years ago at the start of the "Big Bang",

which created space and time. Summarizing the
profound new direction of physics. Davies states-
"The world, it seems, can be buift more or less of
structured nothingness. Force and matter are mani-
festations of space and time. If true, it is a
connection of deepest significance. I, Gravity was the
first force of Nature to come under scientific ser utinv
back in the 17th century. Our ent; re scientific and
technological age was ignited by the study of the
motion of bodies under its influence. Ascribing
mathematically precise laws to the inner workings of
Nature was a revolutionary concept essential to techno-
logical development. But the road to success was no·t
easy_ Galileo needed the courage to challenge the
Aristotelian view that heavier bodies fall fSlter than
lighter ones. In establishing Aristotle's error by proving
that all bodies accelerate towards the ground identi-
cally, Galileo started a path that Newton and then
Einstein pursued with a vengeance.
Issac Newton, a sickly ninth child born in the

year Gali leo died, 1642, was a 23-year-old 'college
student escaping to the countryside to avoid the
bubonic plague. In that interlude, Newton formulated
his law of universal gravitation ..- all objects exert
gra"itational attraction on each other. The pull of
gravity between two objects increasos the closer they
8r8. And if one object comes twice 8S close to
another, the attraction is not doubled, but squared.
It was astounding to be able to describe the motion
of heavenlv bodies with rules that would also· govern
sma. I objects. This sufficed for centuries to describe
accurately the course of planets and their moons, the

tides and the fall of apples 10 the ground.
In 1916, Einstein In his Theory of General Relati-

vity further revealed that this mysterious force of
gravity even ected on light. In a famous 1919
eclipse observation, it was confirmed that a star's
light would ·curve a predicted amount as it passed
near our Sun. Einstein explained gravity as the
curvature of four - dimensional space - time continuum
caused by matter. But the question which science is
8till wrestling with is - "How does this happen?" W.
can describe in great detail the electrical forces that
make a radio wOlk. We sti II have on Iy the vaguest
idea, however, by exactly what mechanism the Sun
holds the earth in its orbit. The latest thinking is
that all matter emits particles of force called gravitons
and gravitinos that go out in t he universe and create
the effects that we understand 8S gravity. It is the
answer to this question·- "How, machanisticallv,
does gravity work 7" - that may finally unlock the
riddles of all the forces in the universe, and how
space and time were created in the ,fBig Bang".
The modern history of making the fOlces that

control nature fit together starts with the 19th c6nturv
notion that electromagnetic waves, such 81 sunlight,
travelled through an invisible medium in space called
"The Ether", much the way sound travels through air.
The trouble with that theory turned out to be that,
unlike sound, the speed of light is unnervingly
constant for all observers, no matter how fast
INTRODUCTION 17
they were travelling toward the source of that

light. Einstein resolved the paradox by dispensing
with the ether and formulating an intimate relation
between space and time - his Theory of Special
Relativity. Commonsense notions of time became
extinct. I'Now" for us here on earth is not the fame
as "Now" in 8 speding spaceship. The flow of time
was inextricablv connected with space. Events occurred
in a four dimensional space-time rather than in space
alone. At about the same lime, the notion of the
atom being a hard billiard ball had been dealt
blows by accumulating contradictory evidence. It began
to ~how the structure of an electrically charged nucleus
surrounded by electrons. A new theory of "Quantum
Mechanics" had to be developed to explain atomic
phenomena. In quantum mechanics, light, for example,
could have dual attributes of particle and wave. It
also does not behave according to cause-and-effect
rules. Rather, its behaviour is described bV the laws
of statistics. Subatomic particles, which are also
covered bV quantum mechanics, make transitions in
their states of motion, position, spin etc. that are
impossible to predict. (This is called "The Principle of
Unoertainty" by the particle physicists.). Thev behave
unlike anything in the real world. The probabilitv of
(;ccurrence of a behaviour can be computed with great
preciSion, but the exact time, location, form etc. of
the behaviour cannot be predicted.
Quantum mechanics, in esseace, tells us that at

the subatomic level "things just happen, and don't
ask why 1" In quantum machanics, scientists are
confronted with physical behaviour that they have to
'8 SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY
admit exists, but that to the average parson Just

Ie ems to make no sense. Events occur that have no
observable cause; particles appear to act on each other
instantaneously over vast distances. Some of these
particles - by the definitions in the theories that
scientists have been forced to create - will never be
detectable no matter what our technology, because they
exist in a zone of uncertainty where no conceivable
detection experiment will ever be able 10 get into.
This capriciousness continues to shake our world view.
Einstein. though 8 major contributor to the develop-
ment of quantum mechanics, refused to believe 1hat-
"God plays dice with the universe' /I. Today we know
that 'God does play'. As 8 theory, Relativity is simple
and elegant. Quantum mechanics, in con1ras!, is
so bizarre that one phyeic'ist claimp.d - 'Anybody
who says he underslands quantum mechanics
doesn't". Yet quantum mechanics is essential 10
modern techrology, from semiconductors to biochemistry ..
And it now appears that it is central to our under-
standing of gravity. A pioneering theory of quantum
mechanics has been developed to explain why one
negatively charged electron will repel another negatively
charged electron much as the south pole of a magnet
will repel the south pole of another magnet. The
theory is that electrons give off ~'exchange particles"
that actually reach out and repel the other electrons
at 8 distance. In the case of electrons these
·'exchange particles" that do the repelling are called
'Photons·, and these photons, in turn, ale merely
visible light. In this example there are two kinds of
particles - the electron and the photon that it throws
off. The electron is the kind of particle that theorists
think of 8S being associated with matter, while the
INTRODUCTION 18
photon is the kind of particte that they think of 8S

being mainly 8 force carrier. All kinds of particles
that belong to the 'Mass-V' general class ara lumped
together as "Fermions". An kinds of particles that
ere mainly force carriers are lumped together as
·'Bosons·' Now, 8S it turns out, electro-magnetism
is not the on1v force that can be explained ,as the
Iction of particles on one another. Two more of the
"Big Four" forces in the universe. the strong nuclear
force, responsible for holdi ng the atomic nuoleus
together, and the weak nuclear force, responsible for
the decay of some particles, can a Iso be explained in
this particle mQde. They too are manifestations of
"Mass-V" fermion particles emitting mainly force-
carrying "Boson" particles, which actually produce the
results that we understand as basic for~es. So
exchange particles appear to explain electromagnetic
force and the two nuclear fCtrces, but until recently
there was no corresponding exchange particle for the
last of the major forces in 1h~ universe - gravity.
Her. is where quantum. mechanics begins to fit
in10 our understanding of the "Big Bang" that
started the universe. Until now, ··unifving" these
forces has meant that we understand them in basic311y
the same way. As a result "f particle~ that were
discovered at the powerful European Cern Nuclear
Acce1erator in 1983, researchers now began to think
that at the earliest instant of the Big Bang these
forces were literally unified. The electromagnetic end
the weak force reallv were the same force. Onty 0'"'8
kind of force existed between particles at that time.
This was all before the first trillionth of a second of
time, when temperatures were 1.000 tri Ilion degree.
above absolute zero. As the universe rapidly expanded
20 SCI ENCE AND SPIR ITUALITY
It cooled. Apparentlv, at these lower energy levels

the forces came to acquire their specializltion in
order to perform the functions thEtV now do. Now
there has also been a conjectured unification of the
strong nuclear force with the electro-weak force in the
so-ca lied "Grand Unification Theories'· or GUTs. If
these theories are valid, they produce 8 prediction
that all protons in the universe will ultimately decay.
'Thus, to check the theory scientists have been hard at
work to detect the extremely rare decay of the proton.
Some believe that evidence of "proton decay'l hal
been found already at the Kolar Gold Mines and at two
other research centres in Italy and Japan. If thil
force-unification were ever literally true - if all four
fund.amental forces, including gravity, were once
really one or unified - it would have been earlier
than the Big Bang: it would have been an almost
inconceivable one-ten-million-trillionth of trillionth.
So now scientists think that they have three of the

four major forces brought into one fold, both
conceptually and possibly literally, Onlv gravity i.
still the odd pace force out. If someone could make
gravity fit. into a new theory, he or she would explain
the "Superforce". Theorists since the early 1970s have
been trying to find a way to express the mechanism
of gravity in quantum mechanical terms. In short,
the question is - "Are there particles of gravity 1
And if so, how exactly do they work on one
another 1" The brilliant British physicisf, Stephen
Hawking, is· one who believes that a complete Super-
force theory wi II soon be at hand that wi II be able
to explain -all of Nature. The particles for gravity are
INTRODUCTION 21
designated the ·'graviton-· and the "gravitino" by

physicists. Yet the pendulum of physics is swinging
again, bringing in new geometries of higher dimension-
al space, to explain the particle interactions of the
Super force. In particular, a five-dimensional space-time
geometry, developed bV Kaluza and Klein in the 191.0s
to tie gravity and electromagnetism together is now
being dusted off to understand the Superforce. By
adding sevan space dinlensions to four - dimensional
space-time continuum, physicists have been able to
describe their menagerie of .particles as the "curling
of space-time" at incredibly small scales. We are
unaware of these added dimensions because their
manifestations are far too small to observe.
Down at dimensions a bi Ilion trilli," times. smaller

than that of an atomic nucleus, space has a foam-
like structure, according to this theory Gravitational
theorist Bryce Dewitt writes that - "An observer who
attempts to penetrate the fourth spatial dimension is
almost instantlv back where he started. Indeed, it is
meaningless to speak of such an attempt, because the
very atomF of which the observer ;s composed are
larger than the cylindrical circumference (of the
fourth dimension) The fourth dimension is simple,
unobservable as such.· ' Our notions of space and
time are sorely tested by quantum machanic attempts
to explain the Superforce. Bryce Dewitt writes-
"In a universe governed by quantum gravity, the
curvature of space-time and even its very structure
would be subject to fluctuations. Indeed, it is
possible that the sequence of even's in the world
and the meaning of the past and the future would
32
be susceptibta to change." Paul Davies writes-

"The orderly arrangement of points, the smooth
continuity of the space of classical geometry disappear.
in the froth of space-time. Instead we have 8
melee of half-existing ghost spaces all jumbled
together In this chaotic shifting sea, the common-
sense notion of 'place' fades completely away. I' If the
Superforce seems remarkable to us, it has also put
many physicists in awe. The final numbing suggestion
it offers involves mass-related 'furmion' particles giving
off the force-related 'boson' particles. The physicists
thought that nothing could be more fundamentally
different in their behaviour. Yet now it il suspected
that jf we gain an understanding of the Superforce,
these two radicallv different clasles of particles might
be tied together by an underlving .ymmetry rule,
The Super force may not be the last Important

development in gravity research, though it might well
be the fina-I theory. Might we get control over gravity
someday, much as we have mastered electromagnetilm?
Physicist Robert Forward has speculated that it might
be possibre to communicate via ripples in space gravity
waves. Now the prospect seems remote, because high
densities of matter moving at near-light velocity would
have to be obtained to make gravity - wave transmitters.
But gravity-waves could pe.netrate the solid body of a
planet with eass. Forward has suggested that tiny
Black Holes left over from the origin of the universe
might hover in the cores of planets and asteroids. If
we CQuid mine asteroids from them, electric911v charge
them and move them around, we might have a source
of high density mass for future gravitational engineering
projects What about anti-gravitv" According to Robert
PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY 23
Forward, there are at least three ways of getting anti-

gravity through known physical laws, and other
potential ways through speculative extensions of physics
Unfortunately, anti-gravity would be a costly proposition.
requiring exceedingly high density materials (the
density of some dwarf starsJ. If we could fashion a
very dense flat slab of material and support it on
luper strong pillars (sav, made of diamond 1), the
region beneath the slab would have a near-zero
gravity field due to the cancellation of earth's gravity
by the upward pull of the slap. This Newtonian anti-
gravity machine might not be very practical (except
for amusement parks) but Newton himself could have
conceived it. Forward has also described dense twilting
doughnuts of mass and other configurations that would
give rise to anti-gravity fields allowed by special and
general relativitv. Whether humanity could ever harness
these stupendous machines for space flight or other
purposes is an open question. Gravity was once
the dUlty curiosity of high school physical labs with
their inclined planes, spring scales and stop watches.
It now appears that science has came full swing to
view gravity as the central creative force in the
universe. We knew that gravity stoked the fusion
fire. of stars. that it made planets and moons round
and that it plotted the course of galaxies
But we did not suspect that an enlarged view
of gravity would be the key to all physics and
the origin of all things.
Physics ADd Cosmology

Yet physicists seem never to reach any finality
and declare that 'this arone is the Absolute or

Ultimate Realitv' Recentlv physicists in the U. S. A.
have once again speculated about the existence of a
fifth force at wo,k in the universe. Thase scientists
have carried out a new analysis of data presented by
a Hungarian scientist way back in 1922. "Hypercharge"
- as the new force is called - opposes gravity and
depends on the nature and composition of the falling
object, thus contradicting Galileo's 17th century princi-
ple that all falling bodies accelerate at the lame rate.
The team of physicists who re-examined the 60 .. vear
old data Rublished their findings recentlv in the journal
- "Physical Review Letters". Though the force allo
challenges Einstein's principle of equivalence, a part of
the General Theory of Relativitv, it is beJieved that
"Hypercharge" is weak enough not to fundamentally
alter Ei nstei n 'S theory. The fi fth force is postu Isted
to be 100 times weaker than gravity and acts within
a distance of about 200 metres. Such a force will not
have any discernible effect on planetarv motion at all,
Commenting on the findings of the study, Dr. Ephraim
Fischbach, Professor of PhYSics at Purdue University
and leader of the team of physiCists which conducted
the study, said - "When you see something as
fundamental as a new force, it is likely to change many
things. We will have to rethink many views of particle
physics and cosmology, " according to reports by
"New York Times".
The fate of the universe may be to continue

expanding forever. This is the conclusion, reporled to
an international scientific coneference at Honolulu
recently, of new evidence on one of the cosmology's
most fundamental questions. Eternal expansion on what
scientists call an ·~Open Universe'l is one of the two

alternatives that cosmologists have debated for decades.
The other - "Closed Universe" - is that the universe's
present expansion will gradually slow and reverse into
a contraction. Eventuallv, the contraction would com-
press all matter back into a small space. The "8ig
Bang" the theory that the universe was sent scatter-
ing in one massive lxplosion, therefore, would I.aad
to what has been dubbed "Big Crunch". The deciding
factor is whether there i"s enough matter in the
universe to produce enough collective gravitational
•
pull to slow and reverse the expansion. Many
cosmologists find 8 "Big Crunch" philosophicallv satis-
fying because it would be easy to envision a crunched
universe rebounding into a new Big Bang. In this
view, the universe repeatedly renews itself. But if the
galaxies simply keep racing apart, a time will come
when all the stars die, leaving a universe of
'lifeless cinders' that grows steadily emptier. The
report does not settle the question, but it does lend
weight to the belief in an "Open Universe". The
evidence was developed by Victor E. Viola, an Indiana
University chemist, and reported to the International
Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies, a meeting
of scientists from the United States, Japan, Canada,
and 35 other countries bordering the Pacific Ocean.
Viola's findings are based on theories of how each of
the chemical elements was formed. The simplest
elements - hydrogen, helium and one isotope of lithium
- are believed to have originated in the first momenta
of the Big Bang as he energy of the primordial
fireball condensed into protons, neutrons, electrons and
other subatomic particles. None of the other elements
could form until more than a million years later, after
28 SCIENC:E AND SPIRITUALITV
the formation of stars, whose nucllar r.lction.

rearranged subatomic particles; welding them into
heavier elements including those nace-ssary for IIf••
Mr. Viola told 1he meeting - "There is ona element,
however, an isotope of Lithium, that we think II too
fragi Ie to have been formed. in 8tar. or In any other
procesl we cln think of, except in tha Big Bang.
This is Lithium-7, the amount of which in the univer ••
wi II depend on the amount of matter present in the
Big 8ang at the stage at which Lithium-7 wa. formed.
W. think we nave a pretty good handle on the cOlmlc
abundance of Lithium-7 and from that we think we can
estimate the baryon density of the primordial
fireball." Baryons are the heavy subatomic particles
like protons and neutrons and they account for nearly
aU the known mass of the universe. Mr. Viola .tated,
"Our calculations show that to produce the ·amount of
Lithium-' in the universe there can only hive been
about nine per cent of the masl in the form of
baryons, necessary to close the univer8e". In other
words, the universe appears to have leIs than on8-
tenth the mass needed to produce enough gravity to
halt the current expansion.
There is, however, one unresolved question about

the mass of the universe. Its answer could rever ••
the conclusion. This is: "Whether a mysterious particle
called the 'neutrino' has mass, and If .~, how much 7"
Neutrinos are unusually tiny particles with no electrical
charge and they fly through space in all directions.
The universe is awash in neutrinos, billions of them
penetrating every human body every lecond. Becluse th.y
are 80 small, they almost pasS' completely through the
earth without touching any other particle. For many

year. it was believed that neutrinos have no mass at
all. Recently, however, some physicists have reported
that neutrinos may have a very small mass compared
with other particles. The evidence is preliminary, but
if their mass is large enough, there are so many
neutrinos that they could provide enough mass to
'close the universe'. Until the mass of the neutrino
is established, however, the report of the Honolulu
meeting corroborates evidence from other lines· of
inquiry that the univerle has bu.t one life. - ~'The
Washington Post".
Some astrophysicists say that a quirk of physics

probablv brought about the creation of earth and
sky and the eventual evolvement of man. In th.
beginning of the universe before the original "Big
Bang" lome 16 to 20 billion years ago, there
were equal amounts of matter and anti-matter.
Dortmund physicist Professor Konrad Kleinknecth, who
led a recent international meeting of scientists at
Nordkirchen Castle near this West German city of
Dortmund, said: ·'Yet now there is no proof that
anti-matter exists, despite the most intensive
searches. We do not know what happened to it.
The 'act ;s that there is no evidence at all that
any of the estimated 100 bi Ilion galaxies out
in space consists of anti-matter." If matter exists,
then so should its opposite. This means that a sort
of 'ki lIer radiation' must be somewhere to be found
in space. Further, it ought to be possible to find
out how this comes into being, and to establish such
phenomena as when negative-charged electrons impact
with their equallv heavy but opposite - charged

"brothers". It was Soviet scientist Andrei Sakharov-
now banished to the Soviet city of Gorki - who
was one of the first to come up with a possible
explanation. In his view, it is In upset in the
symmetry between matter and anti-matter which lies
behind the existence of what we today call the MilkV
Way, the stars, the planets and thus the earth,
people, plants and animals. Astrophysicists tend
nowadays to the view that there is no anti-matter at
all to be found In space. Prof. Kleinknecth says:
"Probably, only a billionth of the matter still exists
which was produced in the original Big Bang.· ' It
could be that, as a result of small irregularities in
the density of matter - and in the last analysis as
a result of pure accident -- that matter and anti-
matter were not mutuallv destroyed and turned into
radiation. Latest research has furth·er shown that
cosmic background radiation - proved as supplving
"fingerprints" of the original Big 8ang - il much
more evenlv spread than originally presumed. This in
turn leads to the assumption that mattar released
in the Big Bang was spre~d in a reasonably even
way - but unstable, says Prof. Kleinknecth. The ••
surprising results would leem to back the conclusion
that the neutrinos, which are dispersed throughout
space in great numbers. form sufficient mass to stop
space from expanding. This in turn means the universe
•
would one day collapse like a balloon suddenly losing its
air and would be obliterated - perhaplto be born anew.
In the 19208 an international group of physicist'.,

including Niels Bohr from Denmark, Louil de Broglie
from France, Erwin Schroedinger and Wolfgang Pauli

trom Austria, Werner Heisenberg from Germany and
Paul Dirac from England, had discovered that the
number of electrons in the atoms of an element
determine the element's chemical .properties, and
today we know that the whole periodic table of
elements can be built up by successively adding
protons and neutrons to the nucleus of the lightest
atom, viz. hydrogen, and the correspondi ng number
of electrons to its "atomic sheU'" The interactions
betwe.en the atoms give rise to the various chemical
processes, so that all of chemistry can now in
principle be u'nderstood on the basis of the laws
of atomic phYlics. Dirac and Schroedinger are, in
fact, the founders of quantum mechanics. Dirac has
'also enhanced our understanding of the subatomic
world, and it is 8 st"range world of particles and
antiparticles, according to him. It was from his mathe-
matical study of the micro-world of atoms that he
was led to the beHef that each particle must have a
corresponding anti-particle. His theory was supported
by the findings of the American scientist, Carl David
Anderson, in the course of his research in cosmic
rays. Anderson called the anti-electron "positron'·.
'he concept of "mutual annihilation" emerged later-
that is of the electron and the positron combining and
in the process leaving no matter but only energy.
The idea of anti-particles has had fascinating develop-
ments, as it was extended 10 anti-matter and an anti-
universe. All this has deepened our knowledge and
understand;ng of nature. but paradoxicallv, at the
same time. it has led to the opPosite view - that
nature can never be fully understood. Dirac himself
believed that one is guided by Intuition rather than by
SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY
an exact knowledge of facts. According to him,

natural phenomena are too complex to be Ipelt out
with precision. Hence his view of Reality comprehen-
ded only 8S an "approximation". In this he comes
close to Heisenbergiah philosophy.
The age-old tradition of explaining complex

structures bV breaking them down into simpler
constituents is so deeply ingrained in Western thought
that the search for these basic components il still
gOing on. There is, however, a radically different
school of thought in particle phvslcs which 8tart8
from the idea that na"ture cannot be reduced to
fundamental entities, such elementary particles or
fundamental fields. It has to be understood entirelv
through it. self-consistency, with its component.
being consiltent both with one another and with
themselves. This idea was first mooted in the "~S-matrix
theory" - the lette, S standing for 'scattering' which
refers to collision or -'scattering' procesles or the
majority of particle reactions - in 1943. Later on
this "S-matrix theory" has been supplemented bV
another theory called ·'Bootstrap theory", originated
bV Geoffrey Chew, who has developed the idea into
a general "bootstrap·' phi losophy of nature, which
constitutes the final rejection of the mechanistic
world view in modern physics. Quite contrary to the
Newtonian mechanistic world view, thle boot.t'IP
hypothesis envisages explicitlv that the world cannot
be understood as an "alsemblage of entities"
which cannot be analysed further. In the new
world view. the universe is seen aa a 'dynamic
web' of interrelated event.. None of the properties
of any part of this web i. fundamental;

they all follow from the properties of the other
parts, and the overall consistency of their mutual
interrelations determines the structure of the entire
web.
The renowned ,Indian astrophysicist, Prof. Jayant

V. Narlikar, recentlv at the 10th annual meetin.Q of
the Astronomical Society of India at Bombay, was of
the viewpoint that-"After all, the universe might have
had no beginning at all. I I In his presidential address
on - "The very early universe - problems and
prospects" - Prof. Narlikar said that a universe
without 8 beginning and without an end was not new
to cosmologv. Till 1965 the "Steady State theory"
offered such an alternative to the "Big Bang theory".
Hi. current area of research called "Quantum Cosmo-
logy" has now taken up the legacy at the earlier
Steady State theory which ruled out the concept of a
"beginning" for the universe. The flurry of activity
in the study of the very earlv universe was due to
the particle phvsiclsts, Prof. Narlikar felt and did
not conceal his attack on the particle physicists
for thei r 'inconsistencies'. He stated: "The particle
physicists who, as the high priests of physics, had
hitherto looked upon cosmology as a somewhat
dubious part of physics, suddenly realized that
the very early universe offered the only
scenario for testing the authenticity of thetr holV
grail, namelv. the Grand Unified Theories (GUTS) and
the more esoteric ideas about super symmetry (SUSV).
So the investigations of the state of the universe
were swiftlv elevated from speculative parascience to
the most fundamental area of theoretical physics. ,.

Particle physicists through their Grand Unification
theory predicted the existence of many species of
subatomlc particles called "Neutrinos', and their
likely mass ranges. By the same theory, particles of
very heavy mass called "Monopoles·' were predicted
88 relics of the early universe. Prof. Narlikar
pointed out that these predictions of particle physicists
paled certain problems to the present universe. If
there were too many species of massive neutrinol that
survive to the present day, then they would push up
the mass density of the universe to uncomfortable
high values. Similarlv, the magnetic monopoles were
so massive that they could not be destroyed after
creation. When particle physicists found too much
of these "relics" uncomfortable, they lought to
"destroy" them.
Yet another new theory of the universe was

propounded by a team of international astronomers.
'hey opine that the universe will go on expanding
forever and not end with a Bang. The team'.
Australian spokesman, Dr. Bruce Peterson, .aid the
universe would eventually become a cold and dark
eternity. as all its stars become extinguished after
running out of their nuclear fuel. This lightless
void would have uniform temperature of about absolute
zero. Until now, the more popular theory of the
universe has been that the force of gravity
would eventually bring a halt to the present
expansion of the universe which would result
in it beginning to fall back on itself - a process which
would end with the "Big Bang", Dr. Peterson said.
He said calculations showed that there was not enough

matter in the universe for its gravitation to overcome
the forces of expansion generated by the Big Bang.
This meant that the universe would literally be
without end. Dr. Peterson said that long before the
universe became a lightless void our planet would
have been swallowed up bV an expanding Sun.
At the time of gOing to the press in mid-February

1986, there was still another newspaper report coming
in, stating that an American astronomer has suggested
that our MilkV Way ;·s enveloped in a g;gant;;
cloud of Black Holes. 'The New York Times" reported
recently that the astronomer of Yale University envi-
sions two modes of star formation, one of which, earlV
in the history of the galaxy. J)roduced the giant stars
that have now coJiapsed l forming the hypothetical
cloud of Black Hole. Such an invisible halo would
account for the gravity that controls otherwise unex-
plained motions of stars within the MilkV Way. Visible
material is insufficient to explain them. Similarly.
multitudes of Black Holes around other galaxies could
explain what keeps clusters of galaxies from ftying
apart, the astronomer believes. He ;s of the opinion
that star formation is most likely to occur in giant,
luminous clouds of hot molecules, such as the one
observed in Orion. The life of those giant stars is
relativelv short and they eventually collapse into Black
Holes, believed to be concentrations of matter so
dense that not even light can escape. Gas blown off
the collapsing stars forms a disc. Within the disc
small, cool. dark clouds become abundant and produce
smaller stars like the Sun.
The US Government is spending • 130 million and

using its space shuttle to S8e once and for all if
Albert Einstein was right when he laid gravity can
bend time in space. The experiment, conducted by
Stanford University researchers, may solve lome of the
mysteries of the universe and eventually taka Icientlst•
• step closer to building 8 spaceship that can tr.va'
cl·ose to the speed of light. "I consider thl. the
most challenging test we'll undertake in this rrUllenni-
um", said Prof. Frank McDonald, Chief Scientist for
NASA. He added : • For the firlt time, NASA will
have gone out to check one of the fundamental forcel
in nature. And regardless of the outcome, the test
will have enormoul applications for technologv." The
project. which the NASA budget has supported for the
past 20 years, is called "Gravity Probe 8". It is
scheduled to be conducted in an orbiting satellite in
1990. preceded bV a 1988 test in the space shuttle.
Actually. the experiment will test only a single part
of Einstein's general theory of relativitv called
"Gravitomagnetism". That part of the theory predict.
that moving masses, like the earth, generate a field of
gravity that can distort or "curve" the field of gravity
aboard an orbiting space vehicle", If "Grlvitomagnetism"
is proved, then the scientists will have some
evidence that gravity can make time pass at different
speeds in space, relative. 10 earth. "To check grav;toma-
gnetism we have built special gyroscopes that work
with spinning quartz balls which are· believed to be
the roundest objects ever made on earth, " Stanford
physicist Francis Everitt said in a telephone interview
from his office in Palo Alto, California.
Recentlv three Indian physicists have proposed an

astrophvsical method for detection of celestial objects
moving with speed greater than that of light. Exist~nc~
of particle. called "Tachyons" moving faster than light
had been proposed several years ago but had not been
observed. Light travels at 3,00,000 k'ilometres per
second. A method for detecting such objects in space
has been proposed by Dr. Alagar Ramanujam of N.G.M.
College in Polachi, Dr. G. A. Savariraj of the St.
Joseph's College in Ti.ruchirapalli and Dr. T.S. Shankars
of the Indian Institute of Technology in Madras.
Rtaporting their work in the physics journal, "Ramana",
they said tha1. tachyonic objects can be detected
bV the characteristic patter" of radio signals they
emit when moving at superluminal velocity. According
to the scientists, a tachyonic object in space will give
out radio signals that would initially appear to an
observer on earth to come from a single source.
Immediatelv after that, the signals would appear to come
from two sources. The appearance of a single
image of the source, immediately followed by
double image for certain time and again 8 single
image, ia an indication that the source is moving at a
speed faster than light, they stated. According to
these scientists, there is speclIlation that t he source
of gravitational radiation claimed to have been observed
by American scientists in 1970 'Imight be a dense
aggregate of techyonic matter" , Developing their
theory on the nature of tachyon radiations from first
principlas, the scientists found that tachyon emissions
are cone-shaped. An observer outside the cone first
lees 8 single source and then finds it split into two,
they Slid. According to them, such novel features
of radiation from a moving object "do not seem to

have been noticed ear lier.'·
From these varied and even contradictory theories

put forth by the present-day astrophysicists and
cosmologists and by their experiments it is evident
t~at any attempt by the scientist to know the exact
nature of physical Realitv is thwarted both in the
macrocosmic and the microcosmic realms, if these can be
absolutelv segregated and dissociated at all'. Modern
nuclear physicis"tl with their high energy particle
accelerators are becoming more and more confused and
confounded as to what can be cs lied al "elementarv'·
or "fundamental" particles. MOlt of them consider
particles as ·'mere manifestations", as Sir Cvril Hensel
Wood puts it, of the strange properties of the
space-time continuum. Yet. inspite of all these
misgivings, confusions. speculations, we find that
·'the Exclusion Principle", discovered by Wol fgang
Pauli, brings in order, system and structure into the
subatomic realms of nuclear phenomena by constructing
a nucleus with many protons and neutrons as we1l as
building up stable atoms with a central nucleus and
peripheral electrons. Inspi.te of the proliferation of funda-
mental particles, we find a principle of order and integ-
ration giving rise to stable configuration and structures
of higher complexity and wholeness. Nuclear physicists
may not be able 10 tell us what is the essential
stuff of matter but they cannot deny or refute at the
same time the pre.ence of order and harmony in the
universe on the basis of which all their so-called
theories or models, laws and principles stand and
can be sustained. Their anatysis of matter has made
BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 37
the solid.looking substantial lumps of matter vanish

into ethereal waves of probability and gholtly-Iooking
fields of influence. What our eyes see as matter and
what the nuclear physicists say it is - these two
are totally different pictures or accounts. According
to these subatomic scientists, our senses 'deceive us 88
to what the physical Reality is and they reveal onlv
the appearances or what are apparentlv real things'.
All said and done, thus the investigators of physical
s.ciences into the macrocosm through Astrophysics and
into the microcosm through Nuclear Physics do not
seem to give any insight into the essential and
ultimate nature of Physical Reality. At their respective
frontiers matter eludes their observation owing to the
very laws of the universe Let us now consider
BiologV, the third and last branch of science which
studies matter in its most comp'ex 'living form'.
BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
Investigating the most complex organisations of

matter, the modern Biological Science has split
itself intn Biochemistry and Biophysics. Biochemistrv
deals with the various chemical reactions that are
taking place inside a Hving cell as well as in the
entire living organism, whereas Biophysics studies the
phvsical behaviour and structure of the various large
molecules which are the constituents of the living
33
cell. Thele latest Biological studies have brought into

focus the fact that the initial constituents of living
matter were produced by the action of ultra-violet
light and electric discharges on earth-. ammonia,
methane and water vapour-rich atmosphere about three
billion years ago. The resultant amino acids and other
organic compounds further underwent polymerisation to
form enzymes_ proteins and- finallv the macromolecules
of deoxvribonucleic acid or DNA and ribonucleic acid or
RNA. These big complex molecules comprising thousands
of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, notrogen. phosphoru.
etc. somehow organized themselves into an organic
unit called "the living cell" in the warm
seas of those ancient times. Starting from such
unicellular organic structures through specialization and
differentiation more complex mUlti-cellular organisms
were formed, following a self-division process. At
each stage of this biOlogical evolution higher forms
and processes of organization, integration and complex-
itv were developed. These multi-cellular units further
evolved following the laws of genetic mutation,
differential reproduction and natural selection to become
the multifarious creatures, extinct and extant in the
universe, culminating in the marvel of creation, i. 8.
the homo sapien or modern man, who ;s described as
the most complex, highly. integrated and organized
formulation in the universe. Thus man, the dominant
species of this planet, i. 8. earth, today occupies the
pinnacle in the order of evolution and ;s "ruling over
the forc •• of Nature". The .nsentient and Inert matter
has transcended its inherent limits and has achieved
its consummate fulfilment and glary as a Seif-conscioul

and sentient whole.
The two major 19th century developments in

biology were Darwin's theory of natural selection and
Mendel's I-aws of heredity. Darwin explained how
various species came into being, while Mender showed
how hereditary characters got transmitted from one
generation to the other. Earlv in the 20th century
biologists identified a substance called deoxvribo
nucleic acid going under the popular name of DNA,
which appeared to be the repository of genetic infor-
mation. It is explained by biologists that the DNA from
parents got "replicated" in children, thereby passing
on hereditary characteristics and tendencies. In the 50s
James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the famous
'~double helix" structure for ON A which explained the
process of genetic replication, or in simple words, how
the parent DNA or gene became the child DNA or
gene. Detailed study of the- deoxyribonucleic acid has
revealed that its molecules consist of amino acids, two
lets of bases known as "purine bases" and "pyrimidine
bases" and a sugar known as 'deoxyribose" A base
is chemically similar to an alkali. Every organism, from
the smallest bacterium to the most complex human
being, starts its. life as a single-cell and
through various chemical processes this unitary cell
splits, except in single-celled bacteria, and various
organs, like the limbs, ears and eyes etc. develop .. The
DNA contains all the basic information about all this
development. E:very phase of development of the
organism depends upon the synthesis of a particular
protei n. These protei ns are complex lubstances abundant
.to SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY
and widelv distributed in all living o"rganisms and they

occur as very large molecules comprising hundreds or
thousands of amino acid units. Determination of the
problem as to how the required proteins are synthesi-
zed at the precise time will lead the 'biologists to the
secrets of "gene expression" or hereditary traits.
Research in molecular biology at present focusses on
two major aspects, viz. the problem of protein synthesis
as related to gena expression and finding out the base
sequence of different types of DNA. However, thare
is one big problem confronting biologists and that is
calieCit "morphogenesis", which is about how organs
like the limbs, eyes and ears develop. Recently in the
80s Rupert Sheldrake proposed a new theory to explain
morphogenesis, which states that the fi rst
time a new organ or, for that matter even
8 new crystal, i8 developed it has- a range
of options before it, limited onlv bV thermodynamic
considerations. According to the laws of thermodynamics,
a form which consumes less energy is more
likely to materialize than a form that consumes more
energy. FQr a limb or a crystal there might be several
possible forms of roughly similar energies. Which form
the limb assumes the first time around could be a
matter of chance. However, once the first form is
fully developed, 8S in the case of 8 human arm or
leg, all future human arms and legs are "more likely'
to assume this form than any other form. This principle
is called the principle of "formative causation ".
Modern science used the concept of field" 10

explain how certain impulses are transmitted. The
propagation of electromagnetic waves, normal light
waves, for exa.mpJe, requires an electromagnetic field.

Simi larly. to transmit the i"nfluence of formative
causation, Sheldrake postulates the existence of what
he calls "morphogenetic fields". This theory explains
morphogenesis by referring to already existing forms
and. therefore, escapes lhe complexities that any
protein synthesis - based explanation must necessarilv
involve. Thousands of proteins must be synthesized in
8 precise sequence and the parts of DNA or genes
that control this sequence must switch 'on' and 'off'
with incredible accuracy, However, many mainstream
scientists GO not accept Sheldrake·s ideas, though
Sheldrake has cast them in a 'falsifiable' form, ;,e. a
form that is capable of being tested experimentallv,
The problem of morphogenesis, then, is likely to be
unresolved in t he nex~ two decades, despite many
experin1ents based on his ideas being carried out to
find out the veracity of his theories. In fact, in a
recent .issue of the "New Scientist" Sheldrake has
reported on some new experiments which appear to
lend cautious support to the idea of formative
causation, More experiments are being devised which
can test Sheldrake&s hypotheses. If these gain support,
a revolution would be in the making not only in
biology but in all other sciences where the question
of form is a major one, for example, crystallography.
There is much more that is happening in biology,

especially in the area known as genetic engineering,
or more technically, recombinant DNA research. In this
a portion of Oi\lA with some desirable property (sav.
the ability to synthesize insulin) is cut and introduced
into the DNA of some organism, usuallv Esch~richia coil,
8 slngl. - celled organism that occupies the human

gut. Escherichia roll then can also sythesize insulin,
something it cannot usually do. In this field, techni-
que "as developed very fait, though there are as yat
u-ndetermined danger. arising from unrestrained use of
the techniques. Recombinant DNA research would con-
tinue to be a major fle~d of research endeavour for
many year. to come, but the emphasis is more likelv
to be on the technology side than on the pur.
science- si-de.
"Nedelya", the weekly supplement of Izvestia slya

in one of its recent issue that heredity is the mojor
longevity 'actor. The weekly quotes 8 study of 40,000
long livers (80 years and over) and their relative. made
by the Institute of Gerontology at Kiev. The study
covered the Abkhaz Autonomous Republic in Soviet
Georgia, an!l Hunza in Kashmir artH vilkabamba in the
Andes mountains of Equador. Scientists do not know
vet a gene that confers long life but have found that
longlivers do not have the harmful genes which incre-
••• the danger of contracting 'diseases which shorten
life, according to Nedelya. Soviet gerontologistl believe
-that long life is programmed in the hereditary appara-
tus. The Kiev study covers fami lies with longlivers
in successive generations and seeks to answer the que-
stion whether long life i8 transferred from generation
to generation by the father or the mother. Relearch·
ers have discovered a rare bacterium which may be a
living fossil from the beginning of photosynthelil, the
procesl by which plants convert sunlight into oxygen
and make life on earth possible. Scientists at Indiana
University in Bloomington say the bacterium may play
a key role in understanding how the process of

photosynthesis evolved billions of years ago when
earth was a young oxygen - poor planet. In a report
recentlv to the National Science Foundation, which
sponsored the research, Or. Howard Gast and Research
assista"nt Jaffrey Favinger said the bacterium has
properties never before seen.
Scientis.t:; have bacome so fami liar with

the fine
structure of li\:in9 cells t hat their manipulation and
culture now appear commonplace. Intact chromosomes
can be lifted out of cells for genetic studies. Plant
protoplasts (cells devoid of their cell walls) can be
made to grow into whore plants and much has been
learned of plant metabolism by grafting experiments-
for example, the grafting of tomato tops to potato
tubers dernonstrated the energy storing capacity of
tubers, although the hybrid was of little practical
value. Hybrids of potato and tomato cells have
also been grown and are called "pomatoes /
fancifully and not "totatoes" as one scientist
humorouslv remarked. But perhaps the most exciting
development has been in the sophistication of techni-
ques used to create novel h~br;d cells from two or
more different cell types. One example of this has
been the production of specific antibodies (mondclonals)
made by fusing tumour cells and lymphocytes. Now
Barry Mac Donald and William Wimpery. of the Depart-
ment of Biology at the University of Hamburg, have
taken this research to its logical conclusion by creating
the first hybrid from a plant and anima I cell. Placing
an electrode into the culture medium and delivering
an extremely short burst of current (a matter of "ono-
seconds) they found that the two different cell typel

fused together in pair. if the electrodes were immersed
in the solution long enough. The medium contains
a high concentration of long chain poly saturated
fats, similar 10 those found in some natural vege-
table products. Cell pairs were removed and incubated
in a warm (40 degrees Centigrade) oven By experi-
menting with the duration of incubation they found
that fusion occurred after only a few hours and that
viable hybrids could be grown in a liquid culture
medium containing glucose monodium glutamate. a
mixture of vitamins, sodium chloride and extracts of
Rephanus brass;ca (common mustard). Using these
techniques Mac Donald and Wimperv have used fused
cells of Lycopersicon escu/entllm with cells of Bostourus.
The res1,IIting hybrid grows like its tomato parent but
develops a tough leathery skin. Field trials have shown
that the mature "plant" has an otherwise normal
foliage, although its flowers are pollinated only by
horseflies. Attempts are now being made by the
authors to cross these hybrids with wheat cells hope-
fully to produce a wheat· tomato - cow • super - hybrid.
Whether or not the fruits of such a hybrid could be
commercially exploited is not yet clear . However,
Mac Donald and Wimpery feel that they are on to
something very exciting.
An Australianmedical team has developed a

hormone which can increase animal production bV 25
to 30 per cent and, in some cases, by as much 8S 70
per cent. The team headed by Dr. Bob Seamark and
Or. David Kennanay of the University of Adelaide'.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, "found that
chemical compounds in the pineal glands of sheep

differed according to the time o·f the year, I, and that
this difference was occasioned largely bV how. the
animals viewed sensonal light. As autumn approached
and days shortened, autumn -breeding sheep responded
by producing a substance called melatoninr which
triggered the mechanism in their bodies to prepare
them for mating, an Australian Information Service
release says. The scientists found that the use of
synthetically - produced melatonin could cause sheep to
breed whenever they wanted. Scientists have identi-
fied a viral gene which implanted in bacteria can
significantly increase production of bio--medical
products including interferon, a protein produced by
animal cells which gives some protecti·on against virus
attack and its protective action is believed to be
through its effect on the host cells rather than
directly on the virus. The gene, implanted by a team
of sci entists at Retgers Uni versi ty in the U ni ted States,
has resulted in an eightfold increase in the production
of interferon and other important medical products.
Dr. Lee Simon, microbiologist in charge of the project,
says that several years ago he discovered that the
T - 4 Virus, which infects only bacteria, can prevent
bacteria trom destroying proteins. These proteins
constitute 86 per cent of biomedical products, but
there was a problem that within 30 minutes a T - 4
Virus can destroy a bacteria. Dr Simon says: "The
task. then, was to isolate the portion of Ihe virus
that stabi lises, and thus preserve genetically engine-
ered proteins. ,. It took almost two years to find the
correct gene. "We shotgunned it,·" he says describing
the way his tea:n took part in finding the virus's
NOA and tediouslV tested segment after segment.
4& SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITY
"Science Digest". quoting Dr. Simon, says the

resulting gene, called the Pin Gene (because it
inhibjts proteolysis or protein breakdown) was then
inserted into the common bacterium, Esch"e,;chftl Coil.
along with the gene for interferon. ·'The rS8u'ts Wdre
striking and vary consistent," says Dr. Simon .
Bacteria with the viral gene outproduced those without
It by • wide margin. Simi lar results have been
obtained with bacteria bio-engineered to produce other
substances. The only problem now is that viral gene
seems to stow the growth rate of bacteria I
colonies.
The Governmental Institute of Phvsical and

Ch~mic.1 Research in Tokyo has announced the
discovery of 8 new gene that effectivetv extract.
such proteins as growth hormones and interferon from
Colon Bacilli, produced through gene-splicing technology.
Colon Bacilli, intensively used in biotechnological
production of cancer-fighting interferon and other
substances, allow extraction of a marginal amount of
the proteins, but the Institute scientists laid extraction
of the proteins from Colo" Bacilli becomes much
easier with the help of the new gene and thus
contributes greatly to industrialization of biotechnology.
'''Kyodo'' report••
Dr. Andrew Murrav. a Harvard· Medical School.

researcher, said recent1y that he and Dr. Jack
W. Szostak, his colleague, had created the first man-
made chromosomes, the genetic material that passel
Parents' traits to offspring and can be used to identify
birth defects. The researcher. said the chromosomes

could be used in basic applications, but warned that
its use in human genetic research was sfi II limited. A
Belgium company says it has made a breakth.ough in
genetic engineering that can help plants to protect
themselves against harmful i.nsects by producing their
own pesticidas. Mare Zabean, a director of plant
genetic system, said that the company researchers had
implanted a gene of bacterial origin into tobacco plant
cells. Afterwards, the plant was found to produce
Bacillus Thuringiens;s
proteins - acids long used in
biological pesticide sprays. He said: "This provides the
potential for the plants to defend themseJves against
destructive insects."
Thirty-six-year-old Indian scientist Dr. v. P~abhakar

Choudhary, who hails from Gunfur in Andhra Pradesh.
and his four American colleagues working in the US
have succeeded "in cloning the gene for the enzyme
whose deficiency causes Gaucher~s disease, the most
common Jewish genetic disorder. The cloning
of the gene for Glococerebrosidase, an enzyme that
helps regulate fat within a cell, is considered
8 big step forward towards improved diagnosis
and understanding of this neurological disorder
which affects some 20,000 Americans. The
method used to find the genetic information for
Gaucher·s is also applicable to other disorders and the
breakthrough in this field m&y lead to locating defec-
tive genes that cause up to 300 disorders, says a
research paper on the subject. The scientists say that
the cloning of the gene may offer within a decade a
cure for the disease by either changing or replacing

the defective gene in the cells of its victims.
Another Indian Dr. H. K. Jain, Director of Indian

Agricult~ral Research Institute, has warned that misuse
of genetic engineering such as evolving virulent strains
of bacteria and viruses for biological warfare could
prove detrimental to human survival and it could also
destroy the genetic weal1h of plants and animals on
earth. Dr. Jain stated during the 15th International
Congress of Genetics Scientific Programme that the
tremendous potential of genetic engineering for making
new drugs and raising crop production should not be
misused. He expressed concern that with the develop-
ment of high-vield rice and wheat varieties, tradi-
tional crop varieties which man has been evolving
for the past 10,000 years, were bound to get lost.
Some 15 years ago there were 30,000 rice varieties in
use in the country, but now it is onlv , 5 and the
number will dwindle to about five or six in the
next five years, he opined.
For the first time human gene responsible tor

raising blood pressure has been identified by Australian
scientists. They claim, in doing so, they have made a
major contribution to the search for a treatment for
h1gh blood pressure that ;s 'free from side effects'.
The research has been carried out at the Australian
National University and the University of Sydney.
Or. John Shine, leader of the team of scientists, says
it involved discovery of the gene t hat produces renin, an
enzyme secreted by the kidneys which triggers off a
chain of reactions to raise blood pre.sure. The resear-

cher. say 1hey will not be able 10 use recombinant DNA
techniques to make colonies of bacteria that will pro-
duce human renin for "harvest'· For the first time
scientists will be able to run adequate experiments on
how to inhibit the action of renin, which until now
has been available onlv in minute quantities extracted
from human kidneys, which contain concentrations
of renin, just one part per million. Knowledge of the
structllre of the renin gene may enable the resealchers
to design an agent that acts on the gene's regulator
"switch" and turns off renin production. Dr. Brian
Morris of Sydney University, said a treatment for high
blood pressure that inhibits renin had "a good
chancel' of being f~ee from si de effects, a ,problem
current treatments su ffer from. An Indja-born scientist
working in Canada, Dr. Sarang Narang, has created
an artificial gene that can produce human Proinsu/in
from yealt cells. Proinsulin is a precursor of insulin.
which is used by 60 million diabetics in the world.
At present, this vital hormone is extracted from
pancreas of slaughtered pigs and cattle, There is not
enough insulin to. go round and it has the draw-
back of being of animal origin. But now the totallv
Ivnthetic gene which codes for human Pro;nsuJin
hal been produced bV Or. Narang, opening the way
for microbial production of human insulin.
Boston University researchers sav they have found

8 crude form of a subslance that causes blood
vessels 10 generate in laboratory animals, a finding
that may be useful in "eating heart disease, stroke
and cancer. The unidentified substance comes from
60 SCIENCE AND SPIR,,.UALITY
omentum, a membrane that encases organs in the

abdomen. B.o·od lubstitute fluids capable of performing
the crucial oxygen-carbon dioxide tranlfer in the body'
are currently being tested and could be on the US
market within 8 few years. Two sources for the
substitutes are fluorocarbon emulsion - synthetic
drugs not derived from blood or blood components-
and haemoglobin solutions, which are natural. One
fluorocarbon emulsion product called /Iuo$ol has already
been tested in large numbers in Japan, and It il
being studied in the treatment of heart disease and
stroke.
It would be any farmer·,s dream to have food

crops that can grow in saltv soil, resist insects
without pesticides and get their own nutrients for
growth. And what if he could also have a cow 8S
big as an elephant and capable of vielding 46,000
pounds of milk a vear? These are no figments of
imagination. Latest strides in biotechnologv and the
gene revolution, the second greatest turning point in
world farming after the green revolution, have put
the impossible within reach. Scientists say that they
have currentlv the abi litV to 9 row wheat sustained by
salt water, corn that can survive 8 drought and
tomatoes tha,t are square in shape to make their transport
and processing more efficient. Genetic alternationa to
allow higher yields and resistance to disease and
weather will be in widespread use by the year 2,000,
according to "The New Plant Genetics·' - a three.
year study released in New York recently, w"ich
examines how genetic engineering can aid the world'.
28 most important food crops. However, mora than
the technological problems the economical problems

are causing a serious hindrance for the development
of this type of genetic manipulation, as contributions
from food and seed production corporations have
severely cut down ·their budgets. The study forecasts
about 16 to 20 per cent over-all increase in food
production.
Some scientists have succeeded in producing

organisms which ·'eat" oil so 8S to be able to clean
oil spills, and in producing enzyme - producing
bacteria which literally consume metals like magnesium,
.
manganese, iion, cobalt etc. and they can help in
mining of these metals in their pure form. The
credit for engineering a bacterium which could clean
up crude oil goes to Cr. Ananda Chakravarthy, a
young biochemist from Calcutta; who has been doing
research in the Medical Centre of the University of
Illinois in Chicago. By chemically manipulating the
genes, he collected into one cell a lot of different
plasmids, building diverse capacities into one single
cell. The new bacterium that was evolved could
simultaneously reduce severa I components of crude 0; I
into protein and carbon di-oxide and could c'ean up
crude oil eight times quicker than the usual process.
Dr. Chakravarthy'S application for a ·patent right for
this process has bgen granted by the United States
Supreme Court.
Harvard Medical School· scientists claimed that

they had discovered where the deadly AIOS
CAcquired Immune Deficiencv Syndrome) virus
reproduces in the human cell and called the

find an important step towards an eventual
cure. The reproductive pr!)cess' of the
virus, which can replicate its own molecules , ,OOO-foid
within each cell, takes place in a different portion of
the cell's genetic meteria I from that of anv other
knoY/n virus, the researchers stated. Dr. William
Haseltine and his team of researchers said AIDS virus
reproduction starts in a part of the cell known as
RNA (ribonucleic acid) rather than in the DNA (deox-
yribonucleic aCid) which is the substance thought
to regulate genes. Dr. Robert Gallo, of the National
Cancer Institute, Bethesda, U. S., who is one of the
co-discoverer of the AIDS virus, said recently in
Bangalore that viral diversity Was a worry when it
came to vaccine development. He stated that more
than half the types of cancer in the world are caused
by viruses. AIDS was caused by one virus, but the
manifestation~ were many. He opined that the AIDS
virus did not originate in the U. S., but must have
found its way from the green monkeys of Africa.
Vitamin 'A' and carotene in eggs together help cut

down a. substantial percentage of cancerous cells in
the human body, according to a Canadian medical
report. Carotene is described as an orange or red
substance which acts as a source of Vitamin 'A'. The
report published in the issue of "The Poultry TImes·'
in Bombay, said experiments conducted in the Philippines
by Canadian Research Centre'. (CRe) Dr. Hans Stitch
covered a group of 36 men and women. Nobel
Laureate Har Govind Khorana held out the promise
of a bacterjal clue to the mechanisms of the human
eve at the recent 16th International Congress of

Genetics in New Delhi in December, 1985. In the
mOlt popular session of the Congress, the pioneer
Indian-born geneticist spoke of a recent startling
discovery by him of a prolein in Ihe hae/o bacteria
which is driven by Vitamin 'A' - the same force that
controls the optical mechanisms of the human eve.
In the field of clinical genetics one significant advance
had been the a·pplication of the post-natal examination
of f08tal cells which can help detect serious genetic
disorders far in advance· of the birth of the child.
Early detection of such a disorder, &s early al the
fifth week of pregnancy, can help one decide
on whether to terminate the pregnancy at a stage when
it may be safer and psychologically less depressing,
said Dr. D. S. Borgoankar of the Wilmington Medical
Centre, Delaware, U.S. The 15th International Congress
on Genetics was told by scientists that they have
achieved a significant breakthrough in developing
monoclonal antibodies which could be used in evolving
anti·cancer antibodies. The newly developed antibodies
identify proteins which initiate division of cells during
the cell division period, according to Dr. Potu N. Rao,
India-bor" scientist now settled in the United States.
Scientists have extracted human genetic material

from 8 vesr - old Egyptian boy mummified around 400
Be and have grown it in tissue culture in a labora-
tory, the British scientific journal, "Nature", reported
recently. Mr. Peter Newmark, the weekly's Deputv
Editor, said it is the first time scientists have been
able to extract specimens of D~'A from an ancien,
human or earlier primitive man and reproduce the
34
genetic material in a controlled envi.ronment. Mr.

Newmark said the fdea of restoring on extinct
animal species by cloning remained far - fetched.
He told the Associated Press that the modern
genetic engineering methods of cloning to reproduce
DNA from specimens thousands of year. old
could have a profound impact on the study of
evolution. The rapid advances in medical science and
surgery justifiably evoke the comma-nt: 'What are
things coming up l' A dramatic progress has been made
in the last few months in successful liver transplants.
The surgical frontier is being extended to the brain,
giving new hope to the paralysed and other. 8ufferlng
from disease traceable to brain rmalfunctionl. fhese
accomplishments of brain tissue implants have largely
gone unnoticed. However, they hold immense potentially
for improving conditions hitherto treated as incurable.
Recent researchs indicate that science stands on the
threshold of promising new discoveries in this virtually
virgin field. So far, pat·iants suffering from Parkinson's
Diseas81 due to degeneration of a section cf their
brain which supplies dopamine, received erratic and
onlv temporary help from a drug. Scientists now reason
that if feotal brain tissue could be implanted into a
patient's brain at the right spot, perhaps, effective
levels of dopamine could be produced. American
Icientists have remain.ed relatively hesitant on the
subject. Swedish neurosurgeons have attempted just
such a procedure. Thev have tranlplan1ed tissue from
• patient·s own adrenal glands. One Parkinso.,·s Disease
patient experienced initial improvement and a lessened
need for drugs. A second patient, a 46-year-old
woman, is reportedlv doing well. The results are
thought to be encouragi ng.
Researchers need to Jocate the most effective site

implantation. Results depend upon right placements. One
researcher fears that a human brain mav' need many
grafts to produce enough dopamine to ease a patient'.
tremors and rigidity. The procedure could perhaps be
used also to cure Alzhemier's Disease, in which brain
cells die. What we ar.8 seeing today is only thd
beginning ot 8n idea which scientists are attempting
to follow up to cure brain-connected diseases. Doctors
ara approaching the subject with 'fundamental optimism'
and do not predict as to when crucial research will
yield reliable c~res. As brain implant research presses
ahead, researchers face ona major complication. Their
only source of experimental materia's is human embryos
whose availability is restricted. In 1974 Congress
ordered a moratorium on all research involving the
human foetus, but one year later, the prohibition wag-
lifted. A recent conference of neurosurgeons hal
summed up the position neatly. It savs: "The moment
the scientists decide the time is right, we can expect
that a deluge of people suffering from irreparable
loss of function, will demand treatment." The confer-
ence thinks that future research will depend on
decisions on public policy issues. Ooctors say that for
brain implantations there is no substitute for foetal
tissue. The young embryonic tissue is less likelv to be
rejected by the host. Young nerve cells have 8 plasticity
that permits them to become integrated into their new
environment. Thev grow rapidly and can form
connections more easily. But the use of foetuses poses
serious legal and ethical problems Women might be
encouraged to grow such material for transplantation
purposes. Pregnant women may be pressured or bribed
to abort. Such malpractices will be "dehumanising",
lome philosophers and religious people feel. As against

thie the argument that a foetus can be considered as
"an anatomical gift" is equally impressive. Parents
can donate a foetus IS they would a kidney. If a foetus
i. considered 8 cadaver, the parents could have the
option of donation. While some peopl. have advanced
"high moral values" to debar use of a foetus to provide
relief to a living person, others are unmoved bV
concerns for the dead in order to better serve
the living.
Laser (acronym for Light Amplified by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation), which has over the years
become a major scientific phenomenon since its
invention in 1957, is today replacing several conven-
tional methods in industrial, technological and medical
applications. One of the countries which has carried
out advanced research in this field and introduced
new uses of laser is the Soviet Union. The country's
scientists and technicians have developed a number of
laler~based gadgets, which have applications apart
from other fields, in micro-surgery and bloodless surgery.
which includes complicated heart operations A Soviet
mlchlnery and equipment exhibition held recentlv in
Bombay had on display an array of the latest and
lophi&ticated laser gadgets now used in the Soviet
Union in several fields of science, technology, industry
and medicine. One such important gadget, developed
by the Lebedev Phvsical Institute under the Acactemv
of Sciences, is a laser installation which can carry
out operations on .ischaemic patients. Two operations
were performed in 1985, it i. learnt. By
using the laser equipment, the life-saving channels
BIOLOGY ANO a:VOLUTION 57
in the myocardium (one of the patientl operated upon

had some 40 of them made u'sing the traditional
process) are drifted by pulsed beams produced by the
laser. It took the powerful beam only 500 microse-
conds to make a channel in the cardiac tissue, fUling
it instantly. Very soon the artificial channels were
overgrown with a layer of endothelium cells, lining
the inner walls of blood vessels, and these started
functioning 8S reliable auxiliarv arteries. Another
important factor noticed after the operation was the
brief period required for the patient to recover. The
day after the operation, the two patients could sit
up in their beds and in '8 few more day. they were
discharged from the hospital and placed undtJr the
observation of rehabilitation specialists.
Another field of application of laser is in optical

quantum generators. Surgeons now have an extremely
sharp, minute and sterile instrument possessing some
entirely new characteristics, The laser beam scalpel
makes it possible to perform bloodless operation.,
rendering blood transfusions, suturing, bandaging and
even using painkillers obsolete. It alia speeds up
recovery of the patients. Ophthalmological laser
beams developed in the Soviet Union have been
patented in 13 countries, including the US, Canada,
Britain and France. A laser beam provides a unique
opportunity to perform a very subtle operation without
cutting the eyeball or coming into direct contact with
the affected tissue. Soviet doctors use laser beams to
remove cataracts and treat glaucoma and other eve
disorders. Organs in the body like liver, paneraal
and spleen can also be subjected to laser Iurgery.
68 SCIENCE ANO SPIRITUALITY
Thele organs react to conventional surgery in a

specific way. Firstly, the minutest incision results in
profuse bleeding; secondlv, the traumatised pancreas
starts releasing an acid agent that burns anything
around: thirdlv, conventional ways of blocking blood
veasell and lutUlJng tissues ar. of no U8a. Us. of
laser beam In such operations" by surgeons in US.
Japan and some other .countries had failed, but In the
Soviet Union this problem was .olved by the special-
ists of All - Union Research· Centre for Laler
Application in Surgery. Thev devised the following
technique: first. the narrow strip of the organ to be
operated on was dried up by special forceps and
then cut by a laser beam. They have also designed
special suturing devices based on dosed compression.
The computer - laaer unit developed at the Institute of
Botany under the Ukrainian Academy of -Science and
installed inside an aircraft can determine the Itate of
agricultural crops on any area, 8S well 81 make
recommendations for crop care and foreca.t vield.
Laser computers and fibre optics communication
systems capable of transmitting hundreds of thousands
of telephone conversations and any number of TV
programmes at a time are no longer science fiction.
Soviet scientists have also designed a TV screen of
lotal area of 12 square metres. The image il
projected on it by 8 laser tube with three light
"guns" very small in diameter.
Sir Jagadiih Chandra BOle, the Indian 8cienti fie

wizard, was a fine example of the 'fertile union
between the immemorial mystycism of Indian
philosophy and the experimental methods of Westarn
science.' In 1902 Bose published a monograph on

"Responses in the Living and the Non - living",
which was to create a revolution in scientific thinking
and a tremendous excitement in the non - scientific
world owing to the pantheistic nature of its scientific
conclusions. In fact, Bernard Shaw, as a vegetarian,
was rather unhappy to find that a piece of cabbage
was thrown into a state of violent convulsion when
scalded to death. Considering electric response to
stimulation as the criterion of 'livingness', Sir J. C.
Bose tried to show that under similar conditions,
electric responses coutd be obtained from both living
and non • living specimens bV stimulating. In a sense.
he became the biographer of plants. Very much
attracted by deep investigation of the properties of
electric waves, he began to investigate the physiological
properties of .plant tissues and to show the
similarity of their behaviour to that of animal
tissues. He conducted some experiments with
an apparatus which he called 'coherer' or 'the
electric eve' and in due course he turned a biophy-
sicist. He 'demolished' the demarcation line between
physiological processes and physical phenomena. The
physiological process was but an expression of the
physio - chemical process flowing from those responsive
processes in Ii fe already foreshadowed in non - life.
constituting a pattern of continuity without any break
in the chain linking up the Jiving and the non-living.
Sir J, C. Bose perfected his instruments and in 1911
completed the Resonant Recorder, which could estimate
time values as short as one thousandth of a second. To
measure linear growth movements in plants he construc-
ted in 1917 his compound Lever Crescograph, which
would show a magnification of 5,000 times. Then
eO SCI~NCE ANO SPIRITUALITV
came the Magnetic Crescograph, which magnified one

million times; the "Bubbler" 01 Photosynthetic
Recorder ; n 1922 for measuri ng the rate of photosyn.
thesis of plant.. And the Diametric Contraction
Apparatus in 1927 to show diametri·c expansion and
contraction in plants under the .ffects of heat and
cold, poisons and stimulants. He became legendary
figure in science circles and was profusely a honoured
by science bodies and the British Government.
PSYCHOLOGY AND CONSCIOUSNESS
Psychology and the latest psychiatry can, generally

speaking, be taken as the scientific extensions of the
psycho-social phase of science. No wondet then in
psychology the scientists have acknowledged the
principle of the very intricate and mutual inter-relation
between "psyche" (the mind) and "soma" (the body)
end much of their therapeutic methods and medicines
are devised on this fundamental principle. The first
mental health revolution unshackled the insane, and
by calling them 'lick' it managed to treat them as
human. Its monuments and symbols are the extensive
and huge, but isolated, state mental hospitals. The
second mental revolution eams from the spread of
dynamic psychiatry (mainly Freud's) and WIS character-
ised by individual, one-to-one psychotherapy. Now,
the third revolution throws off the constraints of the
doctor-patient medical model - the idea thlt mental
disorder is private misery - and relates the trouble
and the cure - to the entire web of social and
personal relationships in which the individual II caught.
PSYCHOLOGY AND CONSCIOUSNESS 61
In Indian society particularly with its strong tradition

of familial control over matters economic, social,
cultural, psychological and eve'" spiritual, families are
a crucial microcosm and have a pronounced effect on
the individual'. outlook on life, nay on hi. aspira-
tions end behaviour. Formi ng the most basic of larger
networks of kinship, caste and community, they enjoy
a primacy that cannot be exaggerated, and it can be
said with a degree of certainty that the familv has,
with regard to an individual's mental health develop-
ment, the capacity to create, to enrich, to conserve
or preserve but at the same time to damage and
destroy effective personality growth. For this reason',
mainly, psychiatry sees the role of the family in the
complex matrix of inter ... personal dynamics as a vital
link in the cur8 J rehabilitation and tolerance of
the mentally ill. Naturally, the family is seen by-
psychiatrists as 8 two-edged sword, positive 01
negative as the case may be, its influence depending
on the kind of role-relationships sustained within it,
the particular climate of acceptance and tolerance it
creates, the value svstem it ,dopts, and more
importantly, the supports or stresses it offers its
members in crisil situations.
The two-day seminar organized bV the All-India

Institute of Medical Sciences. New Delhi. in 1984
was an important event in which physicists, biologists.
biochemists, biophysicists and experts in other related
disciplines from all over the world were engaged in
trying to solve a mystery which still elude. science-
viz. the relation of the brain 8S a phVsical entity to
intelligence, consciousness, creativity and the various
areas of experience where the human mind 18ams to

be more powerful than matter. Granted that the mind
i8 entirelv based on phvsical brain function, it is
Itill very far from clear that physical descriptions of
brain structure and function can explain the complexi-
ties of the human mind. The brain of a mathemati-
cian looks just like the brain of 8 pairiter or even a
moron. Scientists have not vet been able to
unravel the crucial physical feature8 which give indivi-
dualities of mind. If human brain works by reprssenting-
science tells us that perceptions are representations-
then we need to know the code, i. 8. the rules of
representation, 'which modern physics or rather
departments of science have yet to formulate. Altho-
ugh the technological revolution has created computer.
and robots which can even think and mimic certain
other functions of the brain, in a large number of
situations, the mind 8eeml 10 have definite power and
control ove, matter. Apart from the area of intellectual
creativity, there are areas of experience involving the
phenomena of hypnosis, extrasensory perception,
telepathy, telekinesis, which often shade off into the
occult regions of witchcraft, magic and astrology and'
hoaxes by charlatans and godmen. They are difficult
to explain in a scientific fashion. They are also hard
to analyse scientificallv, due to the fact that they ara
not essi IV reproducible in laboratory conditions. Yet,
because they involve, in one way or another, many
human beings and still defy scientific explanations, they
give strong popular support for the existence of mind
in its own right as an entity divorced from,
or undetermined by, the p.hysical constituent. of
the human body.
Professor B. D. Josephson, a Nobel Laureate who

Is with the Physics Department of Cambridge
Universltv, attended the New Delhi conference and in
an interview with Mr. Sumanta Bannerjee, of "Deccan
Herald", "posed the dilemma of modern science in
explaining human mind behaviour when he said: "The
present focus of science has' been on' the materialistic
aspects of nature, and this has been so successful
that many scientists declare the spiritual aspect ~o be
non-existent. This state Of affairs is a reflection of
the fact that science has only developed to a
certain limited degree. As it advances and experiment.
and theories develop, the spiritual side will 8tart to
become important in observations and theories."
Elaborating on this point, he said: "If one were to
study living existence, one would find that the
detailed organization could not be accounted for in
terms of current scientific principles. There are
problems in connection with certain areas like
creativity, process of insight, etc. which modern
biology cannot explain. " It seems current principles
of science are inadequate for a proper description of
nature at the micro level, a limitation termed by
Prof. Josephson as · 'the descriptive inadequacy of
modern science. " This limitation is more acute in
the description of the biological system. Even quantum
machanics, which at one time was expected to explain
this, cannot actuallv describe what is going on at a
quantum level, especiallv in complicated .ystems. It is
because of this limitation and crisis of modern science
that attempts are being made by some scientists to
establish some connection between modern science and
the spiritual scriptures of the past.
Taking part in the discussion on "Biophysical

Basis of the Mind'l, Dr. R. K. Mishra, Head Qf the
Department of Biophysics at the AII·lndia Institute of
Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, stated: "The
most important difficultv in having 8 thor.ough-go;ng
Inalysis of the matter is the question of consciousn •••
which cannot be- explained. He said that in the
Vedas and Nyaaya-YaisheshlkD philosophies conscious-
ness is considered as an atomic phenomenon and
averred: "There ;s an a10m of Chetana in Nyaaya-
Vaisheshika also. Therefore. the fundamental facet of
nature is consciousness; it ia coextensive with
nature Dr. Mishra then dealt with the self-organizing
system of nature, which gets more and mar.
organized - a system for which the distinguished
mathematician John von Neumann gave the term
-'finite automate". Dr. Mishra further stated: •'We
propose that if we have 8 loose structure in the
scheme of things, finite automate made of loole
structure will have mind-like properties. They will be
able to select something, reject something, identify
and therefore form or trace, a behaviour patter" and
this can go on organizing itself. It is 8 complex
system, with everythi ng affecti ng everything. "
What then is the relation between mind and

brain 7 Are they different but causally linked (like
parts of a mechanism) or are they causally independent
yet somehow synchronized? Is consciousness a result
of interactions at the quantal atomic level, where
the macroscopic laws of classical physics do not
apply, according to the scientists? But is consciousness
generated by brain function 1 While scientists are atill
groping for theoretical answers to these questions, inte-

resting experiments are being c.rried out in universities
in the West, which teond to postulate the existence
of the mind as an active thing, existing in some way
in its own rjght. Prof. Froehlich, a Fellow of the
Royal Society, is working in Chadwick Lat.oratorv In
England with neurons. The human brajn (apart from
the cerebellum, which does not seem to be involved
in cognitive functions) contains about ten bUlion
"switching elements" called neurons. Most neurobiologists
believe that the neurons are the active .Iements in
brain function. Prof. Josephson informed the conference
of the experiments being done in the Stanford Research
o
Institute on mind and matter. Even ordinary people

can be trained to view distant locations or in
psychokinesis, which involves using instrumentations to
pick up small deformations of matter. Small deformations
can be made bV persons without the interference of
external instruments. bV bending, with their hands·
over the tool. Not every one can do such things, but
some people have this natural skill. Exppriments with
noise interacting with matter or picking up information
from a distance, or spanning time are made while
e)(cluding et&ctrical or acoustic disturbances. Similar
experiments are being carried out at the Mind Science
Foundation Laboratory at San Antonio.
An interesting aspect of such experiments is the

role of children. According to Prof. Josephson, in
matters like extra-sensory perception (ESP), oxperiments
suggest r hat children start off being good at it and
then it declines, speciallv al Ih~ Slpe when they start
abstract thinking. I, The explanation could be that
children may be born with such abilities, or it may

be a question of not allowing abstract thinking. Prof.
Josephson feels that the analytical part of the mind
seems to Interfere with psychic functioning. Referring
to this problem of inadequacy of theory to explain 'Ithe
sixth sense'- that the brain displays, he said that if
that faculty of the brain exists it mUlt also pos.el.
energy, as psychokinesis shows. "Then how can the.e
various paranormal experiences be taken as evidence
of 8 new field of force generated by this new
faculty 1" - he asked. Prof. Josephson felt that:
"The situation could change if we could have 8 good
theory which could work on presupposing a connection
between quantum theory and the mind, and may be
able to describe mathematically such phenomena.· '
An interesting fall out of the experiments il the

rediscovery of the truths enunciated in the Indian
scriptures. If they are stripped of their religious or
ritualistic interpretations, they may be found to have
voiced concepts towards which modern scientists are
helitatingly moving forward today. The atra.. in
Indian phi losophy on Reality as One - that mean.,
where the apparent differences of 'subject' and 'object'
have merged or vanished - probably anticipated in
some respects the atress on uncertainties as In
Quantum Mechanics, which tells us that the observer
(the subject) can never be essentially separate from
what he- observes (the object); that observations upset
the micro-events providing information: that there i.
an essential interaction between the observation and
what is observed on the microscopic scale. and there-
fore we can "onlv observe probabi lities" (10 quote
Sir Arthur Eddington, who - to explain the resolution

limits that are imposed by the di·screteness o'f energy
transfer - compa red our search wi·th that of the
fisherman who never discovers fish smaller than the
holes of his net), since the very act of observing
affects what is observed. Although philosophical
contents and interpretations of the ritualistic and
meditative aspects of spiritual scriptures were later on
•
"mystified", the ancient scr;ptures. perhaps originallv
might have expressed the basic problem of
relations betw~en mind· and matter. Since
modern scientific terms like 'particles', 'light -
speed', 'light years' etc were not available, they
perhaps talked in a vocabulary that was relevant to
the contemporary society - the language of symbols,
myths etc. 'Western scientists today. unable to find
theoretical explanations for various phenomena in
modern science, are perhaps harking back to the old
Indian scriptures on finding several parallels in the
approach of our seers and sages towards this world
and human beings and their supreme gOdl of life
when taken in its totalitv of experiences. The
scientists are of late trying to decode the concepts
and methodology that are implicit in them and
interpret them afresh into 8 language of science and
mathematics which is 'more meaningful' to us living
in this nuclear age.
The bootstrap hypothesis of Geoff rey Chew,

mentioned earlier, not only denies the existence of
fundamental constituents of matter, but accepts no
fundamental entities whatsoever - no fundamental
laws, equations or principles - and thus abandons
another idea which has been an essential part of

natural science for centuries. The notion of funda-
mlnlal lawl of nitur. was derived from the belie'
in a divine lawgiver which was deeply rooted In the
Judaeo-Christian tradition and religions. In the words
of Thomas Aquinas: '·There is a certain Eternal Law,
to wit. Reason, existing in the mind of God lind
governing the whole universe." The notion of an
eternal, divine law of nature greatly influanced
Western philosophV and science. Descartes wrote about
the 61aws which God hal put into nature': Newton
believed that the highest aim of his scientific work
was to give evidence of the 'laws impressed up·on
nature bV God.' To discover the ul timate fundamental
laws of nature remained the aim of natural sciences
for the three centuries after Newton. In modern
physics a very different attitude has now developed.
Physicists have come tQ see that all their theories
of natura. phenomena, including the 'laws' they
describe, are creatio{'s of the human mind; properties
of our conceptual map of Realitv, rather than of
Reality itself. What makes science so successful is the
discovery that approxi"mations are possible, and if one
is satisfied with an approximate 'understanding or
viewpoint' of nature, that cannot be designated 88
the Reality or Truth in its finality.
Julian Huxley stated in his book, "Religion

without Revelation", that - "Science has gone a
long way towards proving the essential unity of ell
phenomena -- There seems to be no escape from the
belief that all reality has both a material and 8
mental side." J. B. s. Haldane, eminent biologist
69 BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
Itltes In one of his lectures on "Unity and Diversity":

." think that only two of the discoveries of this
century in physics are of profound phi losophicil
imporlance. One is Einstein's discovery that time and
space are aspects of the same kind of relationship.
The other is that the distinction between the particles
of the same kind is not absolute - It helps me to
believe that the distinction between you and me, or
the nearest mosquito and me is nothing absolute
either. " Charles Sherrington, a Noble Laureate and
one of the greatest Neurophysiologists was of tha
opinion that mind or spirit should not be explained
away in terms of matter. In his book, "Man and
Nature", he writes: "Biology cannot go far in its
subjects without being met by mind. Though. living
is analisable and describable by natural sciences, that
associate of living, i. 8. thought, escapes and
remains refractory to natural science, repudiates ft as
something outside its ken. I. Einstein himself, the
modern science Colo~sus, has made many statement8
smacking of his Jewish religious influence, and he
had. said that beyond the phenomenon, what the
thinkers and mystics call as I 'noumenon" may be what
the religionists ca II God.
Si r George Porter, Fullerian Professor of Chemistry

and Director of the Royal Institution. UK, made
his mark as an originator of methods especially a
technique called '-flash photolysis" to initiate and
record extremely fast chemical reactions. Every
chemical reaction takes some time before it ia
complete. The time taken varies from reaction to
35
70 SCJENCE AND SPIRITUALITY
reaction. Some reactions are fast enough

to be almost spontaneous, and the reaction times in
luch calss are measured in nanoseconds (one
nanosecond is one-billionth of • second) and today
reaction times of the order of a new hundred femto-
seconds (one thousandth of a nanosecond is ona
femtosecond) can be studied, thanks to techniques
developed mainly by Porter, Roland Norrish and others.
'he knowledge gained from the development of experi-
mental techniques for studying fast reaction. (for which
Porter shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry with Norrish
and the German chemist Manfred Eigen in 1967) has
been utilized bV Porte,'s group at the Roval I.nsti.tutian
to study photosynthesis and also create artificial
photosynthetic systems. In his opinion, science was
becoming a new religion, but a religion based on
acqu·isition of more ind more knowledge and one
which could provide conclusive and immutable answers
to questions about first causes, purpose of life etc.
Science, he .says, is "an approAch to a new code of
ethics, to an understanding of ourselves and an under-
standing of the purpose of life." In some sense, Si r
Goeorge says, science has destroyed religion. The
great religions could answer questions like - "What
we ar. '1 Where we are" and Why we are 1" with a
deliberate finalitv. But science cpnnot do it. In his
opinion, if one accepted the premise that science was
the new religion (albeit secular), then one is led to
the conclusion that the only purpose of life is to
dis.over the purpose of life. This is not sophistry, but
is a major problem of our times. With science
displacing religion as an approach to truth, the
religious dogmas of yesteryear no longer suffice 8S
rudders in the journey of life. In a very real 88nS8.
VEDANTA AND REALITY 71
human beings today are deprived - have been deprived

- of the religious certitudes without science having
erected any new certitudes in their stead. If we can
somehow reconcile ourselv6's to this los's of certitude
we would then be in a position... to develop new
truths (or approximations to them) based on the Iur.r
empirical knowledge provided by science. AI for
•
applied science. it is quite possible to pervert the
knowledge gained from research, he says. He is ona
with many leading scientists of the world who would
(and do) separate the categories of development end
use. Sir George averred: "Social responsibility of •
scientist might well be a form of social irresponsibility."
VEDANTA AND REALITV
If all the three phases of evolution in this univer ••

as depicted and revealed by Astrophysics, Nuclear
Physics and Biology in the macrocolmic, the microcosmic
and the psycho-social aspects, respectivelv, are taken
together and examined dispassionately with a compre-
hensive and Intuitive viewpoint right from the single
hydrogen atom to the comp'ex living unit of homo sapien,
then the subtle truth of all creation flashes before our
mind, and that is: At each and every stage in this
complex phenomenon of fusion and transformation, the
process of evolution advances into larger whol.s
through fusion an1 integration of matter. Especiallv in
the biological phase, at each stage more and more
consciousness or awareness is manifest in the units,
reaching its consummation in the self-conscious,
highlV intelligent human being, whom the philosopher.
describe as an image or a replica of the Ultimata

Reality Itself. This pronounced orderliness 18eml
apparently to contradict the second law of Thermodyna-
mics, viz. with the passage of time, entropy or disorder
and disintegration must increase. However, no biologist
in his true wisdom CiJn reject the overwhelming evidence
against disorder and disintegration as evident in the
evolution of rnert matter into a living organism. Being
the final product of this complex evolutionary process,
this 'integrating and unifying force' is most distinctlv
and predominantly manifest in man, who shows an
immense capacity to act intelligentlv with insight and
foresight and through his natural faculties who can
intuitively visualize the highly systematized empirical
science. .s also intuitively experience here and now
the transcendental sup.r-sensory philosophical truth as
enunciated bV the scriptural text., the authoritative
iources for the philosophical science of the Urtimata
Reality of Brahman or Alman.
Evolution reveals a scale of forms and structurel

of greater. orderliness, complexitv and coherence. The
highest of such forms thrown up bV cosmic evolution
is the human being, who is the culmination of this
tendency to integrate and unify diverse elements into
a harmonious whole. The story of cosmic evolution,
as science tells us today, is the story of the phased
transformation of matter 'from the bare protons to
the paragon of aJl animals, i. e. man'. So, to gain
an insight into this mysterious force operative,
creating order, integration and unltv in the cosmos,
the proper study for mankind must be the analysis of
this multi-dimensional man himself as 8 self-conscious
being, and this is the basic theme of Advaita Vedanta,

the Indian philosophical science as propounded in its
authoritative scriptural sources called the Upanishads.
Dr. Raja Ramanna,. the Chairman of the Atomic

Energy Commission of India and one of the leading
international physicists, says in his two articles-
"Advaita is related to science" and "Super Symmetry"~
in Hindu. July 1984: "Advaita was not just an
.Ioteric puzzle,. which few could understand, to be
dabbled in bV elderlv people, but a presentation of-
the logical consequences of all thinking closely related
to science. My brain was triggered into a condition
to understand, at least partially if not fully, Advaita
not as a confusing recondite philosophical tract, but
88 one of the most fantastic logical attempts \0 under-
stlnd all knowledge with reference to what is truth
and reality. __ The Advaita of Shankara is inevitably
the one and onl·v attempt to define truth and reality
comprehending all knowledge derived, as it were,
out of pure logic with all its implications ..... In such
a strictly defined department as mathematics
unresolvable paradoxes are unavoidable. It is only to
be expected that in a wider field of knowledge when
the role of human consciousness plays a greater part·
and words do not have a one-to-one meaning but a
one-ta-many mapping, the possibilities of confused
thinking and reasoning is great and this is what Shankara
warns us of, all the time .... Indian logic with
reference to inference (Anumaana) has its own form of
syllogism, and starts with a major statement which is
some sort of 8 generalisation (Jlyaapri) from which by
reasoning (Hetu) we arrive at something particular.
'4 SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALITV
'hi. inference may be different for oneself (Swaa1,ha)

end for others (I'araar,ha). All leading schools of
Indian philosophy assume that generalisation is the
groundwork of inference - an assumption of great
Importance in understanding Advaita. It is only the
materialistlc schools of the ChQarvaakas who object to
this and claim that from generalisation nothing can be
obtained which is new.
"It il clear that as science progresses, more

fectl observed on the structure of the universe will
ba explained in 8 uni'fied way. In other words, a
few laws and generalisations should be sufficient to
explain all aspects of nature that we can observe in
the physical sense. This has been constantly happening
in Icience. The work of Galileo and Newton unified
.,1 astronomy and mechanics, the electro-magnetic
theory unified electrici.ty, magnetism and light and
more recently it seems that just three laws are
re'1uired to explain everything in nature and afforts
Ire in progress to unify even these three laws al
well. In the process of unification, the laws of
nature are now expressed as symmetries of various
types, be it the geometric symmetry 'of the crystal or
symmetry of interactions or symmetry in quantum
behaviour. It is ultimatelv the symmetry of the
process that becomes the law of physics. Obviously
if there is to be a total unification of physical laws,
it has to lead up to some very highlV complex degree
of symmetry. If further we are made up of atoms
and molecules, these symmetries must be such as to
Inc;lude tven human consciousne.s. It will mean •
hyper.super symmetry of some sort. S.om.times the
physical laws appear not as pure symmetries of a

process but as a result of a break in the symmetry.•
Much of fundamental physics is based on broken
symmetries. We shall see this is of some r.levance
to Shanksra's Advait8, in the sense that if the
supreme Brahman can be considered as the supreme
symmetry. the break from this symmetry (Maaya) is the
cause of the real world. While essentially we are
made of atoms. dUI to the complexity Qf the
combinations, something like consciousness appears
nearly In all living beings. It is so highly developed
in man that he can ask questions about himself and
even control nature. If, how&ver, all this has to
remain within the regime of physics, only a supreme
symmetry and I or a departure from rt can explain the
real world. It is a well-known fact that physically
entities which are identical from the molecular and
atomic point of view exhibit different phases of
existence and t .. ansformations from one phase to the
other. An example of this is Iwater' which appear.
as ice (solid), water (liquid) and steam (gas). The
physical laws which hold good for one do not necessarily
hold good for the other. I stress on the importance
of the existence of different phases in phvsical
structure because, as we see in discussing Advaita,
consciousness can also appear in different phases
•
in the brain, each having its own· region of validity.
"1 have referred to the fact that we are all made

of atoms and molecules and we must also take
note of the fact that the sub-structure of atoms and
molecules is so complicated that on. has to give
up the idea of a particle as such and think in terms
of interactions and fields .s more important entities.

This appearance in physics of quantities like wave
function, qUirks etc. which are not even observable
directly bV us are closer to many abstract philosophical
ideas which hitherto hid no support from science.
Now science itself is forcing these ideal on phiiosophV-
• • • Shankara says that. all knowledge can be compre-
hended if we assume that consciousness has three
phases of existence: 1. The waking condition (Ja.Jgrtlt
or objective experience), 2. the dream state (SwDpna,
which includes impressions or Vaasanas of the waking),
·3. the dreamless state (Sushupti, where objective
experience does not exist). The first of these refer.
to the stage in which all observations are made
through our senses like the eyes, ears, nose, touch
etc. and all of science ;8 based on this phase. W.
also cannot ignore the fact that some sort of a
consciousness is oparlting even when one is asleep.
The thoughts in a dream mly be just residues of
what has happened during the day: or they may be
illusions as a result of mal-operation of the bodily
systems, but we must take note of the fact that
several mathematicians, physicists and artists have
received inspiration during this phase. Bertrand
Russel has said when writing his famous work- "Princi-
pia Mathematica" - that while at the end of the day
he was unable to prove any of the conjectured theorems,
in the morning within a few minutes of starting he had
the answers to all of them. The brain must have
been active all the night whi Ie he was asleep. Many
poets have been inspired in the same manner. Modern
psychologists may not accept the dream state 81
another phase in human consciousness, but the fact
VEDANtA AND REALITY '7
remains that the brain is active while the r.lt of the

body is in a transformed phase.
"Says Shankara in J'ivekachu dOllman I (V. C.) :

'Just 8S in Swapna (dream) the universe existing in
one's own self is seen as if· it were external, so, be it
known that even in the Jaagral (waking) state this
universe exists within and appears to be external'--
'In dream things appear bv the light of one's •own
self. There is, then, indeed no other light. The
wise have concluded that the case is just t.he same
even in /QQ'Tal' •...'Both waking and dreaming are
subject to the illusion that intellect imposes on u••
In this respect there is no difference between them. I
The third and last phase is more difficult to follow
... In Indian phi losophy this phase is ca lied SUShUpli',
a dreamless sleep.... where consciousness is totallv
separated from the body. Here there are no ideas
or contradictions and objects in the waking and ot-her
states do not bind it. What is important to note is
that each slate has its only validity and relevance
for that particular state. That Shankara was not being
merely mystica I in this thinking i, clear from the
sloka in V. C.; IThe universe does not exist apart
from the sense perceptions and the perceptions of its
sepalateness il false like the quality of blueness of
the sky. Has a superimposed attribute any meaning
apart from its substratum 1 It is the substratum which
appear. like that through delusion.'
"We attempt to summarise the ~tandpoint of

Shanka,a as to what is ab.olule truth Ind
78 SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALI'V
reaU-ty. We di Iferentiate between absolute truth and

relative truth, in that the latter refer. to that
which we observed in waking and dream states of
consciousness and il of an ephemeral nature.
Purely for the sake of general argument, let UI admit
that our statea of consciousness have different. stat ••
of existence, not necessarily as enumerated by Shankara
under the name of AVQsthtltltrtlytl, but enough to accept
the waking state and SamQQdhl 8S the two limiting
states of consciousne... In between there may be
many others. If we define truth al something that
cannot be contradicted and remains invariant in space
and time etc. the laws of physics can claim to be
absolute truth as long as we perceive it in the waking
state of consciousness. But what of the other states,
where time and relative measure of things are different.
For example, in the dream Itate the mystical associa-
tions may dominate. In the final state of Sushupti, it
is. considered as the one in which no ideas exist and
there is no thought of anything regarding which I
contradiction or doubt may ever be conceived to
exist. In these various statls there must be something
which is common to 811 of them In 88 far al truth
is concerned. The nature of absolute truth is also luch
as not to admit of any contradiction or doubt and
also be jndependent of time and space.
IIWhen can we find a situation where there can

be no contradiction and things remlin invariant in
space and time involving alf knowledge? It can only
be in the pure state of abselute supreme symmetry,
i. e. the state of Sushupti. this, according to Shanksra,
can be the only absolute truth and realitv and none
CONCLUSION 79
else is possible. This state can be called by several

names, dependi.ng on the various states of enlightenment
the person finds himself in. It can be God, absolute
Brahlnan, super symmetric state and 10 forth--- In
trying to find an intersection between the 'various
states we have arrived at an all-embracing state difficult
to define.. Translating this into terms of the language
of set theory, we started with a set of states of
consciousness and looked for their intersection to get
the truth component, but we have arrived at a stage
where intersection and union has merged into one at
lome absolute infinite level."
CONCLUSION
Vedanta is truly a ·'science of aU sciences, par

excellence"- a super-science, for the simple reason that
it is wholly based on Intuitive experience, which is the
birthright of every human being as it is also naturally
gifted to everyone by the Almighty. Our very existence,
all our mental faculties and excellences 8S well as our
physical activities and skills which we pursue - whether
consciously or unconsciously - are supported and
sustained by this magical wonder of Intuition. Vedanta,
as a philosophical science, is supra-sensuous and
supra-mental" and barring this god-given Intuition,
nothing else can reallv help an aspirant or student to
grasp or divine its genuine, pristine pure teachings or
truths. In truth, knowing or cognizing the Ultimate
'ruth of the nature of one's own essential nature of
Being with the help of this Intuition alone is the prime
purpole or goal of all human existence and endeavour.
Having been steeped and trained in the traditiona I

method of teaching as well as 1earning this Ultimate
Reality, called in Vedantic parlance Brahman or Alman,
based on this Intuition alone, Shankara delineated in
his own 'inimitable stvle the immaculate and irrefutable
methodology implicit in and through the Upanishadlc
lore in his extant Bhashyas or CQmmentaries on the
Praslhaana/faJi. viz. the ten principal Upanishads, Bhagavad
Geelha and Brahma Sutras. Living up to the appellation
of "Loka Shankara" - a world teacher and bene-
factor. Shankara adopted an extra-or,Unary but exclu-
sive method of "Intuitive reasoning", cilled "A.nu-
bhavQQngll TOfka or Shrauta Tarka" in Vedanta, which
is an all-consuming and all-comprehensive reasoning
based on I ntu i ti on of Ii f e' s tota Ii ty of exper i ences,
which are completelv exhausted without any relidue
in everyone's three stales of consciousness, viz.
waking, dream and deep sleep.
As a result of the natural processes of decadence

and degeneration in the calibre and culture of the
aspirants and seekers of Truth, his unique fool-proof
methodology was not properly and fully discerned bV
post - Shankara Vedantins, barring his direct disciple
Sureshwaraachaarya, and this pristine pure methodology
implicit in Shankara's original Bhashyas - and not the
later commentaries - fell into oblivion. The present-
day scholars and preceptors of Shankara's Vedanta,
i. 8. Advaita Vedanta, completely contrary to their vision-
ary master's and teacher's teachings, have adopted
a purely logical or dialectical method of approach in
interpreting Shankara's BhashyQI as also the Upanilhadl
and have totatlv missed the mark. Akin to the
CONCLUSION 81
Icientist's Inferential theories, their interpretations are

mainlv based on Anumaana (inference) or Tarka
(dialectics) with the result the Ultimate Reality they
have 'deduced' lacks veracity and conviction. But, in
this book, "The Magic Jewel of Intuition", the
Intuitive relsoning based on the fundamental and
traditional method of " Adhyaaropa Apavaada". or
Superimposition and Rescission and its collateral
principles of reasoning based on - (a) SaQrvafrika
Poo,nQ A"ubhavQ or universal and comprehensive tri-
basic Intui.tion; (b) two important viewpoints in under-
standing subtle truthr of nature, viz. Vyaa,ahaarika
Drlsht; or empirical viewpoint and Paaramaarthika D,ishti
or absolute, transcendental Intuitive viewpoint - are
utilized with a high skill and ingenuity by Shri
Satc·hidaananda Saraswati Swamiji of Adhvaatma
Praka8sha Ksarvaalava, Holenarsipur, Hassan .District,
whose Kannada original called "Para17lQQrtha ChlntDamanj'·
is the only source. In fact, this book is a free
translation of that original book.
A true student of Vedanta should never commit the

blunder of believing that Shankara's method is based
on mere, pure dialectics. It was mainlv for this
misconception among the present-day scholars and
commentators of Shankars's BhQshJ'QS that his unique
method was forgotten or overshadowed and eventually
he was ' 'dubbed" by many as a "great logician".
True, he used an all-consuming logic or dialectical
method of a very high order alright. but it is Ie••
appreciated and understood that his teachings about
BralJnJQn or Alman. the Ultimate Reality, were not
baled on mere logic alone but on the comprehensive
universal Intuitive experience of Pur. Conscioulness

ever present equally in every human being but is very
subtle and latent, 10 to speak.
If Shankara's unIque method is properly discerned

and digested, the Vedantic teachihgl can be simplified
in ~his following manner: Man is completely engrossed
in his mundane existence and its needs, which go by
the name of "necessities of life". A human being, in
general, is an extrovert and is more concerned with
his relationship with, and dependence upon, the thi·ngl
and persons in the external world. To recapitulate
what was stated earlier in the introductory remarks of
this Appendix - he is more interested and involved In
the "this" aspect of life, totally oblivious of the "1"
aspect of life. If only he discriminates a little
cautiously with all insight and patience, he can realize
that without the "I" or the subject in him the "this"
or the object cannot come into the reckoning. No one
in the universe can '-know" the existence of the
external world without his being conscious of his
"I"-hood or Pram""trutwtl (the cognizership). Although
this Pram.atrutwa is coeval and c03xistential with the
objective "this", called Prameya, logical priority, to
borrow Radhakrishnan's phrase, demands that without
the "1" nobody can ever cognize ttl" "this",
and this fact is universa IIV and eterna Ily true.
FolloY/ing the traditional method of teaching, Shankar.
has called the innate identification with the body and
conceiving or believing it to be identical with the "1"
notion as AdhytlQstl or misconception and A'VldYIl or
ignorance. Due to this natural (Nai.rargika) and hence
causeless cause of su.bjective Avldya, man apprehend.
CONCLUSION 83
the external world, the objective 'Ithis" with its

multifarious names and forms - both animate and
inanimate - called MQQya. Shankara nev.r equates this
subjective Av;dya wi·th the objective Maaya but has
utilized these terms in vogue in the Upanishadic lore as
a device to divert the attention of the seeker towards
the reallv real AbsOlute Truth of Saakshi ChaitonY4 or
Pure Consciousness, which is the substratum for both
the "I'· and the "this" aspects of life when taken
as whol es. Thi$ Saak~'hi Chaitanya is real and both the
"I'· and the "this" are apparently real and hence the
latter two aspects of life will be falsified (Baadhita)
when the reallv real Saakshi Chailanya is Intuited and
established as the non-dual Realitv. The method of
Avasthaatraya or the three states of consciousness, viz.
waking, dream and deep sleep, is a sure clincher in
this expository system of Vedanta. This book, '-The
Magic Jewel of Intuition", hits the bull's eye, so to
speak, in explaining and convincing the subtle truths
of Vedanta as taught by Shankara and guides a
true aspirant on his right path to attain the real
purpose of life.
'·OM TAT SAT"

Some of the important Kannada books of Swamiji
Translated to English by Sri D.B.Gangolli
51 Book Name Tl'llnslatlon of

"Paramartha Chlntamanl" : This magnum
The Magic Jewel of opus explains the subtle and secret
1
Intuition teachings of Mandukya Upanishad using
Avasthatraya Prakriye
"Sankara Vedanta Sara": excellent
The Essential Adi
2 reference book and a constant guide for a
Shankara
genuine student of Vedanta
"Vedantartha Sara Sangraha": Secrets of
Intuitive Approach to
3 Adhyasa, Adhyaropa Apavada Nyaya
Sankara Vedanta
revealed
The Basic Tenets of
4 "Sankara Vedantada Moolatatvagalu·
Sankara Vedanta
The Pristine Pure "Sankara Siddhanta" : Explains pure
5 Advaita Philosophy of Sankara Siddhanta and exposes the wrong
Adi Sankara interpretation of Vyakhyanakaras
The Philosophical "Adhyatrna VidyelJ
6
Science of Vedanta
For full particulars of price lists, please contact:
Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya

http://www.adhyatmaprakasha.org
Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya
Holenarsipura, Hassan District Bangalore Branch. 68. A.P.K
473211 Road, II Block
Ph : 08175 - 273820 Thyagarajanagar. Bangalore 560
028
Ph : 080 - 26765548

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The Magic Jewel of Intuition

(The Tri Basic Method of Cognizing the Self)

Adhyatma Prakasha Karyalaya

ADHYATMA PRAKASHA KARYALAYA

http://www .adhyat~aprakasha. org

Written by Sri D.B.Gangolli

ADHYATMA PRAKASHA KARYALAYA

Price •• Rs: 300/·

My friend, Shri D. B. GangoUi, is a keen student

The advent of Shri Satchidanandendra Swamy

The present book by $hri Gangolli is a free

method that the author has employed to evaluate

Th,e book provides answers to an earnest seeker

Shri Gangolll deserves the gratitude of all those

I am happy that the work started by Sri Satchi-

Although no particular scripture or Sanskrit

Upanishad 3 - 5 - 1). The conviction about our own

Its subject-matter being quite unlike that of any

of logical deduction, or the task of widening the

written svmbols t n order to Inlti I the Ideal 0 f

Hera in t hi s treatise 'the Ir i·basic method' or the

Shri K. A. Krishnaswamy Iyer" monumental work-

This book is a free translation of the Kannada

The benefits that accrue from adopting the

likelihood of many error. creeping In inadvertently

I have to express here my deep gratitude

particularly its dynamic and enterprising secretary,

Adhyatn1Q Vidya Pravina Shri H. S. Lakshminarasimha

B 1-5, Dattaprasad Co-op. Housing Society

FOREWORD .... -- ... _. Page (i)

CliAPTER II: DISCRIMINATION ABOUT THE

A) The Viewpoint of the Three States of

A) Atman or the Self Himself is the Real

CHAPTER IV: THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF

CHI\PTER V: THE ESSENTIAL N4TURE OF

APPENDIX- A BRIEF COMPARATIVE STUDY OF

(A) The UDiqueaess of Vedanta Philosophy

1. What is meant by Vedanta 7

2. '''.re is no certainty among the philosophers

There is no unanimity yet among people about the

philosophy taught in keeping with their respective view-

It is the same state of affa'irs among the Western philo-

which does not take any subject-matter that is deter-

cal scienci 01 the Ultimata Reality is one which denotes

3. There is no wall-established method Dr system of reasoll-

Just as there are differences of opinion regarding the

arose a controversy with regard to the question of the omni-

4. V,dantins have accepted only reasoning and experience:

supreme 'Intuitive experience' as well as the supr.ml 'intuitivi

5, Vadaotins lay that tbey follow. comprehensive view-

The Ultimate Reality can be compared to Chln/aoman; (8

knowledge, while some say It is of the form of meaning; some

Among the Vedantins also there are different schools

Vedantins refer to, there has to be unanimity (among them)

Itic tenats of the Vedas, or followers of other creed. or

6. The viewpoint·af thl thr•• stat.s of Consciousnl.1 of the

Vedantins say that they carry out discriminative think-

enough or valid for their empirical transactions or dealings,

a profound phi losophical teachi ng wi II follow from this