Differential Equation

CHAPTER 1 ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS:
2
5
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1, x2-3x’y C
3x?dx - 3x*dy - 3 y(2x)dx = 0 3x dx - 6xydx - 3x *dy = 0 divide by 3%,
xdx - 2y dx - x dy = 0
(x-2y)dx - x dy = 0 ans,
= A sin (wt +8); w is a
parameter not to be elim.
- Aw cos (wt +8) d
he - Aw [-w Sin (wt +B)]
-- Aw? sin (wt +) : x = A sin (Wt +3)
CHAPTER
5 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS 162
d+2
LINEAR INDEPENDENCE 162 AN EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS THEOREM 162 THE
WRONSKIAN 162 THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF OPERATION 164 SOME PROPERTIES OF
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS 164 DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS 168
CHAPTER 6
NSTANT COEFFICIENTS 169
LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH CO
+
2
THE AUXILIARY EQUATION ;169

DISTINCT ROOTS 169
REPEATEDROOTS 178 A. DEFINITICN OF EXP Z FOR IMAGINARY Z 187 A NOTE ON
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 189
2, y sin x - xy2 = 0
y cos x dx) sin x dy – 2yxdy
. - y2 dx = 0
26, X = CH Cos wt + C2 sin wt . y cos x.dx-y?dx + Sinx dy -2xydy -
Liwa parameter,
• . (Cas X-g)dx + (sin x - 2xgdgso
EGE w Sin wt) + Ca(wcos w t) ans.
d?x --Ciwiw cos wt) +Czw(- wSiswt) 4, x^4 = l CX
--w?(Cicos wť + C2 Sin wt) x?dy + 2xy dx = O + Cox divide by dx , !
:: W + w2x = 0 ans, xdy + 2xy =
2 y = cx + €2+1 Substitute,
y'= c +0+0 :: Cry!
. . y = y'x + 69')? +1 a

ns." xły = 1 + xogo + 2xy
8, y = mx + mina parameter, x ?y dx = dx + xy + 2xy dx . mito be
eliminated. dx + x3dy + 2xy dx -x}ydx = 0
ya mto Limay'. dx + xody + xy dx = 0
..y = xy't :<x2y + 1 dx + x3dy = 0 ans
y? = 4 ax cy? = x+y
zydy = 4adx
tddx
Substitute, y* (2xdx +dyl - {x ?+y]zydy .

ya dx = 2xydy 2xy dx + y’dy - 2yxdy - 2ydy =O
y?dx - 2xydy = 0 ans. divide by y,
10, y = ax + bx+c 2 xydx + ydy - 2x{dy -2ydy = 0
y'= 2ax + b +o .: 2xydx - (2
x2+y) d
y = 0
y" - 2a + 0
ans.
40 =
29dy
x2 + y
=c
y? =
2ydy )
ans,
ans:
"-O
Lef. 4 = UX
ubstitute
dy = vdx + xdv s [x csc (*)=vx]dx
+ * (vdx + xdv) = 0 X(CSC V
-V) dx +
x ( vaxt x av)=0 divide by *
(CS
C V-V) dx + vdx + xdv = 0
CSC v dx + xdU = 0 divide by x csev,
in y = -fey vdiv consider,
I vevdu : Integration by Parts, Let:
du = av dz= elav.
U=
V
2 = then, Sve "dv = veu-se d

u
O
16. (X-y In y + y ln x) dx

+x (Iny-In x)dy=0 [x-Cyin y - y Inx]ox
+ x n ) dy = 0 (x - y In ) dx + x Indy=0
Homogeneous , ist degree Let : y = vx
dy - vdx + xdv substitute, ( X-Vx In v) dx + XIN V
(vdx + xdv)-o x(1-vinv)dx + xlnu (vdx + xdu) =0 d

ivide by x,
(1-vinv)dx + vin v dx
B + x o vdv = 0 idx + x In v dv = 0 . divide by x,
+ Invdv = 0 sex + fin vou =

so
in x + vlov - V = C but : van
In x + tekin C x lnx + y in - y = cx x In x + yin y - y in x = cx+y ..(x-y) In x+yin y
= cx+y
dx + x Arctan v av = 0 divide by xi
+ Arctan video sam + farctan vovelo

In x + ( Arctan vdu = Inc consider,
Arctan v dv Let iu = Arctan v dz =dv
= 9
dv du
7 -V Witvi retan v - Levering

farctan vdv = va
rctan v-In (itua) And so, I n x + v Arctan v in C1tv*) = in C 2 Inx +
Ev A
20 Arctan V- In (I+v%) - 2inc
2v Arctan v = 2 In C + ln (1+va) -21nx
2v Arctan v = in c?(1+x2) but i van
By Aretan = In c2(1+3 2 Arctan = in <*** .. 24 A
rctan $
= x!n.c2X*ty?
ans. 18. y'dy = x (xdy-yox) e

Homogeneous , 2nd degree divide by y? i du--X (9dx - xdy.).xly
In x + S sin v dv = Inc In x - cos v = Inc In x - in c = cos v.
In = cos v but : va y/xi.

si in cos ans 15, xdx + sin ?( ) [ydx -xdy] = 0

divide by x?,
dx + sin" (*)pdx-xdy]. Leti Vai y = vx
dve_xdy-4dx Substitute,
ox – Sinvav = 0 5* - [14-cosav) dx = o

Inx - Žv + Sin 20 = Inc 4 Inx - 2v + Sin zv = 4 Inc 4 In x - 4 In c = 2v - Sin 2y
4 In ) = 2v - Sin 2v but ; v = 9/X,
4 in ) = 2 2 / 2 - Sin 2 z
)
4x In ( ) = 2y - Sin (2) - 4x In () - 2y + x sin(?
s,
an
xo
X
so that,
In y = - vete In y = e(1-1) + Inc iny - inc = e(1-V)
Inky /c) = e(t-) but : V =
in ( = et (1 )
in= ei.(4x) iyin ) = et (9-x)

ans. 19, t(s*+t2)ds - 5(52–+}dt=0
Let: S = tv
os = tav + vat substitute,
t(t?r2 + t2)/tdv + vat)
- tv(t?-2)dt =O t(2+1) (tov + vot).
- tov (V 2 -1)dt = 0 divide by t3,
t(v2+1)v + (v3+v) a t
- (V3
- V)dt = 0 t (v2+1) dv + zvat = O divide by tv,
<V270dv + 2dt = 0 Svou + d +2 fat - fo
+ in v +2'Int --inc
ans.
dv - Yox - xdy
17. [x-y Arctan Jax
+ x Arctandy = 0 Let : y = VX
x + xdv Substitute, [x-vx

dy = Vo Arctan v ]dx
+ X Arctan vívd
x+xdu)=0 X(1-v Arctan vidx
+ XArctan v (vdx + xdu)-O divide by x, dx - V Arctan v dx + v Arct ax vdx
+ x Arctan vdv = 0
Substitute,
dy = - vydu er divide by y,
dy - -v dv er sele - se vor

29
28
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CHAPTER 1 ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS:

THE AUXILIARY EQUATION ;169

. . y = y'x + 69')? +1 a

Substitute, y* (2xdx +dyl - {x ?+y]zydy .

2 = then, Sve "dv = veu-se d

16. (X-y In y + y ln x) dx

(vdx + xdv)-o x(1-vinv)dx + xlnu (vdx + xdu) =0 d

+ Invdv = 0 sex + fin vou =

+ Arctan video sam + farctan vovelo

7 -V Witvi retan v - Levering

si in cos ans 15, xdx + sin ?( ) [ydx -xdy] = 0

ox – Sinvav = 0 5* - [14-cosav) dx = o

in= ei.(4x) iyin ) = et (9-x)

x + xdv Substitute, [x-vx

dy - -v dv er sele - se vor

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Differential Equation

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C​H​A​PTE​R ​1 ​EL​IMIN​A​TI​O​N ​OF ​AR​BITRARY ​CONSTAN​TS​:

TH​E ​A​UXILIAR​Y ​E​QU​A​TION ​;​169

. ​. ​y ​= ​y​'​x ​+ ​69​')​? ​+​1 a

Substitute​, ​ y​* ​(​2xdx ​+​dyl ​- ​{x​ ​?+​y​]z​ydy ​.

2 ​= ​then​, ​Sv​e ​"​dv ​= ​veu​-​se d

16​. ​(​X​-​y ​In ​y + ​y ​ln ​x) ​d​x

(​vdx ​+ ​xdv​)​-​o ​x​(​1​-​vinv​)​dx ​+ ​xlnu ​(​vdx +​ ​x​du)​ ​=0​ d

+ ​Invdv ​= ​0 ​sex ​+ ​fin ​vou =

+ ​Arctan ​vid​eo ​sam ​+ ​farctan ​vovelo

7 ​-​V ​W​it​v​i ​ ​ retan ​v ​- ​Levering

si ​in ​cos ​an​s ​15​, ​xdx ​+ ​sin ​?​( ​) ​[​ydx ​-​xdy​] ​= ​0

o​x ​– ​S​in​vav ​= ​0 ​5​* ​- ​[​14​-​cosav​) ​dx ​= ​o

in​= ​ei​.​(​4x​) ​iyin ​) ​= ​et ​(​9​-​x​)

​ x ​+ ​xdv ​S​ub​stitute​, ​[​x​-​vx

dy ​- ​-v​ dv ​er ​sele ​- ​se ​vor

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CHAPTER 1 ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS:

THE AUXILIARY EQUATION ;169

. . y = y'x + 69')? +1 a

Substitute, y* (2xdx +dyl - {x ?+y]zydy .

2 = then, Sve "dv = veu-se d

16. (X-y In y + y ln x) dx

(vdx + xdv)-o x(1-vinv)dx + xlnu (vdx + xdu) =0 d

+ Invdv = 0 sex + fin vou =

+ Arctan video sam + farctan vovelo

7 -V Witvi retan v - Levering

si in cos ans 15, xdx + sin ?( ) [ydx -xdy] = 0

ox – Sinvav = 0 5* - [14-cosav) dx = o

in= ei.(4x) iyin ) = et (9-x)

x + xdv Substitute, [x-vx

dy - -v dv er sele - se vor