Separation of Variables

ENDEQN30 – Dif ferential Equations

Theory Recall
Separation of Variables
A given function is a solution to a differential equation if it
satisfies the following conditions:
1. It does not contain any derivatives or differential terms.
2. It provides the functional dependence of the dependent
variable on the independent variable(s) explicitly or
implicitly.
3. It satisfies the differential equation upon substitution or
reduces it into an identity.

2
Theory Definition
Separation of Variables
!"
A first-order differential equation whose expression for can
!#
be expressed as a product of a function of 𝑥 and a function of
𝑦, that is,
𝑑𝑦
=𝑃 𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
is said to be separable.
If 𝑇 𝑦 ≠ 0,
𝑑𝑦 𝑃 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑄 𝑦
$
where 𝑄 𝑦 = .
% "
To solve this,
𝑄 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

*𝑄 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = *𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
!" $%& '#
Find a solution of
!#
= &() *"
.

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 cos 3𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 sin 2𝑦
sin 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
*sin 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = *cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
− cos 2𝑦 + 𝐶$ = sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶&
2 3
Combining 𝐶$ and 𝐶& ,
1 1
cos 2𝑦 + sin 3𝑥 = 𝐶, 𝐶∈ℝ
2 3

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Theory Example
Separation of Variables
!+ # ,-+!
Solve = .
!# + *# ! .,
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 1 − 𝑢&
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 2𝑥 & + 1
𝑢 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑢 & &
2𝑥 + 1
𝑢 𝑥
* 𝑑𝑢 = * 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑢 & &
2𝑥 + 1
Let
𝑣 = 1 − 𝑢& ; 𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑤 = 2𝑥 & + 1; 𝑑𝑤 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
*− 𝑑𝑣 = * 𝑑𝑤
2 𝑣 4 𝑤
5
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
!+ # ,-+!
Solve = .
!# + *# ! .,
Solution:
𝑣 = 1 − 𝑢& ; 𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑤 = 2𝑥 & + 1; 𝑑𝑤 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
*− 𝑑𝑣 = * 𝑑𝑤
2 𝑣 4 𝑤
1 𝑣 1 𝑤
− + 𝐶$ = + 𝐶&
2 1 4 1
2 2
1
− 𝑣 + 𝐶$ = 𝑤 + 𝐶&
2
1
𝐶= 𝑤+ 𝑣
2
𝟏
𝑪= 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐
𝟐
6
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
!" "! .,/".*0
Solve
!#
= # ! -,*#.'1
.

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 & + 10𝑦 + 25
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 & − 12𝑥 + 36
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+5 &
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−6 &
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+5 & 𝑥−6 &
1 1
* 𝑑𝑦 = * 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+5 & 𝑥−6 &
1 1
− + 𝐶$ = − + 𝐶&
𝑦+5 𝑥−6
𝟏 𝟏
− =𝑪
𝒚+𝟓 𝒙−𝟔
7
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
!#
Find the solution of 𝑒 # + 1 = 1; 𝑥 0 = 1.
!(

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
𝑒# +1 =1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
+1= #
𝑑𝑡 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 1
= −1
𝑑𝑡 𝑒 #
1
)# 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −1
1
* )# 𝑑𝑥 = *𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −1
1 𝑒#
* )# ⋅ # 𝑑𝑥 = *𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −1 𝑒

8
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
!#
Find the solution of 𝑒 # + 1 = 1; 𝑥 0 = 1.
!(

Solution:
1 𝑒#
* )# ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = *𝑑𝑡
𝑒 − 1 𝑒#
𝑒#
* # 𝑑𝑥 = *𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒
Let
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒 # ; 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 # 𝑑𝑥
1
* − 𝑑𝑢 = *𝑑𝑡
𝑢
− ln 𝑢 = 𝑡 + 𝐶
− ln 1 − 𝑒 # = 𝑡 + 𝐶
− ln 1 − 𝑒 $ = 0 + 𝐶
− ln 1 − 𝑒 # = 𝑡 − ln 1 − 𝑒
9
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
!#
Find the solution of 𝑒 # + 1 = 1; 𝑥 0 = 1.
!(

Solution:
− ln 1 − 𝑒 # = 𝑡 − ln 1 − 𝑒
ln 1 − 𝑒 − ln 1 − 𝑒 # = 𝑡
Note that
𝑎
ln 𝑎 − ln 𝑏 = ln
𝑏
1−𝑒
ln =𝑡
1 − 𝑒#
1−𝑒 (
= 𝑒
1 − 𝑒#
𝟏−𝒆
𝒙 − 𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎
𝟏−𝒆

10
Theory Note
Separation of Variables
The differential equation can be in the form
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
where
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑄 𝑦
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑅 𝑥 𝑆 𝑦

𝑃 𝑥 𝑄 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑅 𝑥 𝑆 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑃 𝑥 𝑆 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑅 𝑥 𝑄 𝑦

𝑃 𝑥 𝑆 𝑦
* 𝑑𝑥 + * 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑅 𝑥 𝑄 𝑦

11
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
Solve 𝑥 & 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 & 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
𝑥 & 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 & 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1 & 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 & 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥
𝑥 &𝑦 &
1 1
𝑑𝑦 + & 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦& 𝑥
1 1
* & 𝑑𝑦 + * & 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑥
1 1
− − =𝐶
𝑦 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
+ =𝑪
𝒚 𝒙

12
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
Solve 7𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
7𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
7𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
7𝑥 2𝑦
1 1
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝑦 7𝑥
1 1
* 𝑑𝑦 + * 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
2𝑦 7𝑥
1 1 1 1
* 𝑑𝑦 + * 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
2 𝑦 7 𝑥
1 1
ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
2 7
1 1
14 ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
2 7
13
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
Solve 7𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
1 1
14 ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
2 7
7 ln 𝑦 + 2 ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
Note that
𝑎 ln 𝑏 = ln 𝑏 , and ln 𝑐 + ln 𝑑 = ln 𝑐𝑑

ln 𝑦 - 𝑥 & = 𝐶
𝑥 &𝑦 - = 𝑒 .
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟕 = 𝑪

14
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
Solve 𝑥𝑦 & − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 & + 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑥𝑦 & − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 & + 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 & − 4 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 & + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 + & 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥& + 2 𝑦 −4
𝑥 2
* & 𝑑𝑥 + * & 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 +2 𝑦 −4
1 1
𝑥 4 − 4
* & 𝑑𝑥 + 2 * 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 +2 𝑦−2 𝑦+2
𝑥 1 1 1
* & 𝑑𝑥 + * − 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 +2 2 𝑦−2 𝑦+2
1 &
1
ln 𝑥 + 2 + ln 𝑦 − 2 − ln 𝑦 + 2 = 𝐶
2 2
15
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
Solve 𝑥𝑦 & − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 & + 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
1 &
1
ln 𝑥 + 2 + ln 𝑦 − 2 − ln 𝑦 + 2 = 𝐶
2 2
ln 𝑥 & + 2 + ln 𝑦 − 2 − ln 𝑦 + 2 = 𝐶
𝑥& + 2 𝑦 − 2
ln =𝐶
𝑦+2
𝑥 & 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4
ln =𝐶
𝑦+2
𝑥 & 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4
= 𝑒.
𝑦+2
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
=𝑪
𝒚+𝟐

16
Theory Example
Separation of Variables
Solve cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
*cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − *tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

ln sin 𝑦 − ln sec 𝑥 = 𝐶
ln sin 𝑦 + ln cos 𝑥 = 𝐶
ln sin 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝐶
sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = 𝑒 .
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝑪
17
QUESTIONS?

18