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    Module_2 (3)

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    banaagjaidy20

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    Module_2 (3)

    Uploaded by

    banaagjaidy20
    6 views2 pages

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    6 views2 pages

    Module_2 (3)

    Uploaded by

    banaagjaidy20

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 2

    Chapter 2

    First-Order Differential Equations

    2.1 Separation of Variables

    Consider the equation

    𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)

    If (1) can be put into

    𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐵(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)

    Then (1) is said to be a Separable Differential Equation. The solution of (1) can be obtained by
    integrating (2).

    𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒚
    Example 1. Solve the equation = ; 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0.
    𝒅𝒙 𝒙
    Solution:
    𝑑𝑥
    Multiplying both sides of the equation by ( ), we have
    𝑦
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥
    ( ) = ( )
    𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
    𝑑𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
    ⇒ = (variables are now separated)
    𝑦 𝑥
    Then integrating both sides,
    𝑑𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
    ∫ =∫
    𝑦 𝑥
    ⇒ 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶, since 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0,
    ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
    Solving for 𝑦, we have
    ⇒ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝐶
    ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝐶
    𝑐
    By letting the constant 𝑒 = 𝐶, we have
    2
    ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⋅ 𝐶

    𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟐
    Or (Final Answer)
    The solution of the given differential equation is a family of parabolas with vertex at the origin.

    Figure 1. Graphs of the function 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟐 for some values of 𝑪 using DESMOS.
    Example 2. Solve the equation (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏.
    Solution:
    (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
    𝟏
    Multiplying both sides by ( ), we have
    (𝟏+𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )
    𝟏
    [(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎]
    (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
    𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
    ⇒ + =𝟎 (variables are now separated}
    (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) (𝟏+𝒚𝟐 )

    Integrating both sides,


    𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
    ∫ (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) + ∫ (𝟏+𝒚𝟐) = 𝑪

    ⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝑪,
    Evaluating at 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏,
    𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟎) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝑪
    𝝅
    𝟎 + =𝑪
    𝟒
    𝝅
    ⇒𝑪= .
    𝟒
    Thus, 𝝅
    𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = (Final Answer)
    𝟒

    Try this!
    𝒅𝒚
    1. Solve the equation = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙.
    𝒅𝒙
    𝒅𝒚
    2. Solve the equation = 𝒆𝟑𝒙+𝟐𝒚 .
    𝒅𝒙
    3. Solve the initial-value problem 𝟐𝒙(𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = −𝟐.

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