] PART 1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC, PHYSICAL AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION

PROFILE

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 LEGAL MANDATE AND PLANNING DIRECTIONS

The Municipal Development Plan of Capas, Tarlac complies with Republic Act no. 7160,
which encourages all LGUs to become self-reliant and effective partners in the attainment of
national goals. Likewise, to further reiterate this responsibility of the LGUs, the Department of
Interior and Local government (DILG) issued Memorandum Circular 2001-77 dated July 6, 2011,
requiring LGus to fast track preparation of their respective Comprehensive Development Plans
and Comprehensive Land Use Plans.

All LGUs should have a guide in responding to the economic opportunities and social
issues that may unfold in the development of Capas’ immediate vicinities. These developments
have bearing on the physical and socio-economic components, natural environments and the
local administration in Capas.

The bearing on the physical component is seen in terms of provision for new roads,
drainages, streetlights and water services including the upgrading of existing utilities and
facilities due to the demand of increasing population and expansion of settlements. The impact
on the socio-economic component is seen in terms of emerging industries in which the LGU is
being encouraged to innovate for the benefits of its constituents and the anticipated cost of
development. The benefits refer to the creation of entrepreneurial activities, employment to
industries and the increase in the value of real properties. The impact on the environment is
seen in terms of additional requirements for garbage disposal and the maintenance of
ecological balance while absorbing the change due to the investment activities and population
growth-Disaster Risk Reduction and Management and Climate Change Adaptation were given
due considerations.

In this exercise, the local government is the most important player in planning because
it has the legislative and corporate powers that will implement them. Its legislative function is
crucial in passing a Zoning Ordinance, incentive to investors and legal tools for development. Its
corporate character, on the other hand, focuses on its ability to raise locally based revenues
and to the strengthening of the skills of its human resources.

1.2 PLANNING OBJECTIVES

In the preparation of this plan, the following objectives were considered:

 To determine the status of its existing natural resources, physical facilities

and to assess the prevailing socio-economic situation of the municipality.
 To prepare a ten year Municipal Development Plan for Capas for the
period 2011-2020.

1.3 METHODOLOGIES

The updating of the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) is intended to take into
account recent developments and policies. Perceived gaps within the existing CDP and its
implementation were also attempted to be addressed.

To facilitate the updating of the CDP, a Technical Working Group was created on
November 09, 2010, through Executive Order No. 8 to render the following:

 Provide technical support to the Municipal Development Council;

  Attend capability building activities and community workshops.
 Assist MDC in the conduct of community discussions.

The TWG is headed by the Municipal Planning and Development Officer (MPDO) and is
composed of department heads and representative from the Sangguniang Bayan (SB), non-
government organizations (NGOs) and national government agencies.

The updating of the Comprehensive Development Plan utilizes participative and multi-
sectoral approaches in planning to provide sense of ownership to the people and local officials.

The revision process generally conformed with the procedure of Local Comprehensive
Planning Process existing in literature and being put into practice by LGUs in the country.

Situational analysis was first conducted to assess the implementation of 2004-2008 CDP
and identify the areas that require major change, revision or updating. The analysis was also
designed to assess the effectiveness of the previous Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) to
guide the Municipality’s overall development as well as identify the development constraints
and opportunities of Capas.

1.4 LINKAGES WITH OTHER PLANS

Although the Province of Tarlac has been identified as backward linkage supporting the
activities taking place in the Clark Special Economic Zone (through SCTEX) the Municipality of
Capas will greatly benefit in agro-industrial activities. The increased accessibility that will be
caused by this development will make the municipality attain its vision as a center of tourism
and agro-industry in the province.

The Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway (TPLEX) is being built to boost trade,

tourism and speed up transportation in the province of Tarlac, Eastern Pangasinan and La
Union. This may significantly boost tourism, investments and trade, likewise facilitate seamless
traffic mobility in the locality.

The North rail Project will likewise support the further development of Clark Freeport
Zone, and with an efficient transport facility, workers and students in Metro Manila may find it
attractive to live in Central Luzon.

The CDP is also consistent with the Tarlac Provincial and Physical Framework Plan.

1.5 EXPECTED OUTPUTS

This Comprehensive Development Plan of the Municipality of Caps, Tarlac will serve as
the basis for future development of the municipality, subject to existing laws and policies.
Moreover, this Comprehensive Development Plan will provide policy guide for the continuity of
development programs in the Municipality.

CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2.1 MUNICIPAL PROFILE

Capas is one of the oldest towns in Tarlac. It occupies a larger land area and is known to
be the third most populated town in the province. The town is composed of 20 barangays, each
with the following features:

Called Rangali in the early days, it was renamed to Aranguren in honor of the Spanish
missionary Father Gregorio Aranguring. The main products of this barangay are rice, sugarcane,
ampalaya and mongo. It is also engaged in fish production, swine farm and contract growing
chicken. Barangay Aranguren, the terminal point of the infamous Death March during the
Second World War, is located six kilometers from the poblacion.

Bueno is also part of the Military Reservation. Although there were confirmed reserves
of gold and manganese, Bueno remains the poorest barangay of Capas. However, it could be
developed into a local tourist’s destination because of its hot springs. Composed of four sitios,
the barangay thrives in rice production, sugarcane, vegetable farming and fishing. It is located
22.5 kilometers from the poblacion. It adopted its name from the word “mucho bueno” as
expressed by its American visitor.

Cubcub is an urban barangay carved out from the poblacion. Like other barangays in the
Philippines, it was created through PD No. 286 under the component of the Integrated
Reorganization Plan (IRP) of the national government. The area is a producer of rice, sugarcane,
vegetable and fish.

Cristo Rey is formerly known as Camp O’Donnell, a former Naval Transmitting Facility of
the United States of America by virtue of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement between the
Philippines and the United States of America which is well recognized in World History.

Because of the Mount Pinatubo eruption on June 12, 1991, President Corazon C. Aquino
issued the Proclamation No. 813 “Reserving for Resettlement Site purposes of the Mount
Pinatubo victims a certain portion of Clark Air Base Military Reservation located in the
Municipality of Capas, Province of Tarlac.” In consideration of the urgent need to assist the
families affected by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo by providing them with suitable resettlement
areas. From this O’Donnell Resettlement Site (the biggest resettlement site able to
accommodate a maximum of 13,000 families) was established and give refuge to many
evacuees and victims of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption from different barangays of Concepcion and
Capas. This community is divided into 147 blocks representing a cluster of settlers grouped
according to their place of origin.

On August 7, 2003, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan members of the Province of Tarlac

unanimously approved the Provincial Ordinance No. 004-2003, an Ordinance creating O’Donnell
Resettlement Area in Barangay Aranguren an independent barangay to be named Barangay
CRISTO REY.

Located just 1.5 km from the poblacion, Cutcut I is also classified among Capas’ urban
barangays. Comprised by six sitios, this barangay is engaged in planting of various crops, rice
and sugarcane. It is also engaged in livestock raising and poultry.

Cutcut II was created from the original area of Cutcut to attain local administrative
efficiency. It is composed of three sitios and thrives in the growing of rice and sugarcane and in
the raising of livestocks, poultry and fish. It is just one-half kilometers away from the poblacion.

Dolores has four sitios whose people are engaged in the growing of rice, corn,
sugarcane and vegetables. Poultry raising is also engaged by some businessmen under contract
growing scheme. Located just 3 kilometers away from the poblacion, the area has the potential
to absorb the spill-over of urbanization between Estrada and the nearby urban barangays of
Capas.

Estrada is 7.0 kilometer away from the poblacion. Like other barangays of Capas, it was
also created under the component of the IRP. The people in the area are engaged primarily in
farming. The barangay is a producer of rice, sugarcane and mongo. There is a proposed
crocodile farm to be established in this farm as of this time.

Lawy is composed of three sitios and is among the oldest settlement in Capas.
Established in 1880, it was formerly called “Pulong Lawe” by the Aetas – the first inhabitants.
The area is a producer of rice, sweet potato, peanut, ampalaya and mongo. It has two emerging
industries, mango growing and tilapia culture.

Manga also subsists in agriculture. Its people are engaged in rice farming and in planting
of sugarcane and vegetables. Livestock raising is also engaged by the residents, mostly in their
backyard. The barangay is 5.0 kms away from the poblacion.

Manlapig is 4.5 kilometers from the poblacion. Its agricultural industry is devoted to
rice, mongo and eggplant. Poultry is also an activity in the area under contract growing scheme.

Maruglo is 27.0 kilometers away from the poblacion whose area was also leased to USA
for the lease of its former US Military Bases. Comprised of four sitios, its inhabitants are
engaged in fishing and rice farming as well as in the planting of sweet potato, taro (gabi),
mango and vegetables.

O’Donnell, also called Patling was the former settlement of the Aetas once ruled by
Zamboñgol. The community was renamed to O’Donnell in honor of the first Spanish governor of
Tarlac. Lying about 100 feet above sea level, the main industry of this barangay is farming
whose main products are rice, sugarcane, gabi, sweet potato and vegetables. Mango in the area
is harvested in substantial quantity. This was also leased to US Military Bases before.

Sta. Juliana is also located within the periphery of the former US Military Bases.
Comprising of five sitios, it is the farthest barangay of Capas. Farming is the main activity in the
area with rice, sugarcane, gabi, sweet potato and vegetables are the main products. Animal
raising and gathering of banana leaves is a supplemental livelihood in the area.

Sta. Lucia was founded by the Conde and Estrada families in 1900. The barangay was
named after the child of the Conde family. The area, also a part of US Military Reservation, is
composed of six sitios whose lands are used primarily for rice, sugarcane, gabi, vegetables,
sweet potato and watermelon. Livestock and tilapia are also raised in the area.

Composed of only one sitio, Sta. Rita is located 8.0 kilometers from the poblacion. Its
industry is mainly involved in rice farming, planting of sugarcane and mongo. Livestock and
poultry are also engaged by the residents.

Sto. Domingo I is called Camino Real during the Spanish time. It is the original barangay
of Sto. Domingo which was created in 1911 in honor of Domingo Guevarra. Although its lands
are still classified agricultural, these are no longer viable for rice farming.

Sto. Domingo II was carved out from Sto. Domingo. Being the host to the stretch of a
provincial road artery, the barangay is the most progressive sub-local government unit of Capas
today. It is engaged in rice farming and planting of sugarcane.

Sto. Rosario is just half kilometer from the poblacion. Its residents are engaged primarily
in rice and sugarcane farming. Mango and root crops are also produced in the area together
with swine farming and poultry raising.
 Talaga is composed of three sitios. It primarily depends on sugarcane and rice farming.
A number of its farmers are engaged in the planting of mongo after the harvest of rice on the
first cropping season. Tinapa manufacturing is a supplemental livelihood in the area.

The map of Capas showing each barangay is shown in Figure 1.

2.2. HISTORY

Created in 1712, Capas is among the oldest towns of Tarlac together with Bamban
(1712), Paniqui (1574) and Tarlac (1686). Its creation was justified by numerous settlements
which were already established in the river banks of Cutcut River since the advent of the
eighteenth century. The settlements belonged to the domain of Pagbatuan and Gudya, the two
sitios united by Capitan Mariano Capiendo when he founded the municipality.

Historical records suggest three versions on how Capas got its name. The first version, as
told, was originated from capas-capas, the edible flower similar to that of the caturay that
abundantly grew along the Cutcut river banks. The second version, accordingly, was adapted
from a cotton tree called capas, an Aeta dialect. The third version suggested that it was through
the corruption of the first three letters from the surnames of the town’s early settlers, namely:
Capitulo, Capitly, Capiendo, Capuno, Caponga, Capingian, Caparas, Capera, Capumpue, Capit,
Capil, Capunfuerza, Capunpun, Caputol, Capul and Capan. For short, they were called “caps” or
“capas” in the local dialect.

In 1860, the Spanish colonial government included Capas, together with Concepcion,
Bamban, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac, Floridablanca, Victoria and Tarlac, in the creation of the
politico-military commandancia. The commandancia, however, had ceased from its function
when Tarlac was created into a province in 1874. Due to the floods that frequently inundated
the Cutcut River banks, the town was relocated to the upper area where it is now permanently
established.

The town had been administered by the capitan municipal who received orders from
capitan general in Manila during the Spanish time. However, the position was changed to
president during the American occupation, and later changed to mayor in mid-1938, which is
still the official title today. The following is the list of men who were responsible in shaping the
town of Capas:

Administration Period Presidents/Mayors

1900 – 1903 President Agrifino Atienza
1903 – 1906 President Mariano Tanglao
1906 – 1909 President Antonio Basco
1909 – 1912 President Felix Atienza
1912 – 1915 President Froilan Lapuz
1915 – 1918 President Gregorio David
1918 – 1923 President Vicente Frias
1923 – 1929 President Felix Atienza
1929 – 1935 President Basilio Yalung
1935 – 1938 Mayor Vicente Tizon, Sr.
1938 – 1941 Mayor Basilio Yalung
1941 – 1955 Mayor Victor Tizon
1956 – 1959 Mayor Francisco Nogoy
1960 - 1963 Mayor Victor Tizon
1964 - 1967 Mayor Segundo Delos Santos
1968 – 1971 Mayor Felino Palad
1972 – 1977 Mayor Gerardo David
1977 – 1979 Mayor Rolando Pineda
 1979 – 1986 Mayor Rafael Suarez
1986 – 1988 Mayor-OIC Atty. Arnaldo P. Dizon
1988 – 1992 Mayor Hermes E. Frias, Sr.
1992 – 1995 Mayor Orlando R. Molina
1994 – 1995 Acting Mayor Amado S. Day
1995 – 1999 Mayor Hermes E. Frias, Sr.
1999 - 2001 Acting Mayor Reynaldo David
2001 - 2010 Mayor Reynaldo L. Catacutan
2010 -2016 Mayor Antonio C. Rodriguez Jr.
2016 - Present Mayor Reynaldo L. Catacutan

The physical development of Capas had started from the scratch. It evolved from one
administration to another. Although all of its administrators have contributed to the town’s
transformation, some accomplishments have become a legacy. These consist of the following.

Felix Atienza - He initiated the building of permanent houses on titled lots.

Froilan Lapuz - He instituted the democratic yet disciplined administration.
Gregorio David - He initiated the construction of the municipio.
Vicente Frias - He continued the construction of the first municipio and started
the construction of the O’Donnell irrigation system.
Basilio Yalung - launched the construction of public market, the construction of
Capas Elementary School’s industrial arts building, garden house
and home economics building. He also worked for the cementing
of culverts around the town.
Vicente Tizon, Sr. - He began the construction of the extension rooms of the rear
annexes of Capas Elementary School, school clinic and the
propagation of fruit trees in the municipal and school grounds.

Capas has had its share in the country’s colorful history. Its people also joined the
uprising when the Philippines revolted against Spain. But the most memorable of all times,
which Capas was made famous for, was its being the terminal point of the infamous Death
March joined by the American and Filipino soldiers during the Japanese occupation. The town
was once a host to the American strategic facilities – the O’Donnell Transmitter station and the
Naval Transmitter Station – which were instrumental to the United States’ continuous
dominance over Asia. Incidentally, Capas is the hometown of Bernabe G. Buscayno or
“Kumander Dante” who carved out his name in late 1960s and 1970s, the turbulent period of
the Philippine contemporary history.
After the siege of two subsequent disasters caused by Mount Pinatubo eruption that
displaces the local economy, and the closure of American military bases that caused the loss of
numerous jobs, Capas has rose from its feet. The town is now cautiously observed by its nearby
neighbors as its potentials area now being harnessed for economic development.

CHAPTER 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL PROFILE

3.1 BIOPHYSICAL FEATURE

3.1.1 Size and Geographic Location

Capas occupies a total area of 43,148.55 hectares (LMS, DENR). The town is located in
the southwestern part of Tarlac province. A landlocked area, it is bounded by the towns of San
Jose on the north, Tarlac on the northeast, Concepcion on the east, Bamban on the south and
the province of Zambales on the west. Capas lies at the geographical coordinates of 15’15” to
15’ 26” latitude and 120’ 37” longitude.

3.1.2 Topography

Capas approximately has 46.24% rolling to hilly lands while the rest is plains to
mountains. Its northern and eastern parts form the extensive level plain with considerable
deposits of sand, loam and clay while its western portion consist of hills and mountains.

The town’s southwestern part is bounded by ridges predominantly of pyroclastic

materials that drain from Mount Pinatubo in the Zambales border.

Shown in Table 3.1 the slope classification of Capas.

Table 3.1
Slope Classification of Capas

Slope Range DescrIptIon Area in Percentage

(%) Hectares (%)
0–3 Level to very 6,875 20.67
gently sloping
3–8 Gently sloping 3,502 10.52
to undulating
8 – 18 Undulating to rolling 4,752 14.28

18 – 30 Rolling to hilly 15,375 46.24

30 – 45 Steep hills and 2,503 7.54

mountains
 45 Very steep hills 250 0.75
and mountains
Total 66.257 100.00

3.1.3 Soil Characteristics

3.1.3.1 Soil Types

The southern and eastern areas of the town are characteristics by Tarlac Clay Loam, La
Paz Fine Sand and Luisita Sandy Sand. From its central portion going to Bamban in the south
and towards north to the portions of San Clemente, the area is dominated by Tarlac Clay Loam.
The western boundary side, forming the eastern side of Zambales forest areas and mountain
ranges, is dominated by volcanic rocks of the basalt and andesite types covered by
undifferentiated Tarlac Soils. The characteristics of these types of soils are as follows:

 Tarlac Soils (undifferentiated) – are soils found in the mountains and forest areas
in the boundary with Zambales. It constitutes 31.95% of the area of Capas.
  La Paz Fine Sand – the surface relief is nearly level to slightly undulating and is
well drained both internally and externally. However, because of the texture of
the soil, crops suffer from the lack of moisture during periods of drought. This
soil, estimated at 4.54% of the town’s area, is planted to sugarcane and rice. It is
practically suited to all locally grown crops.

 Luisita Fine Sandy Loam – the surface soil has depth that ranges at 35 -50 cm., its
color is gray to whitish gray fine sandy loam. There is a small amount of silt and
clay that makes the soil compact, hard and cracks when dry. Fruit trees are
grown in this type of soil. This type of soil constitutes 6.76% of Capas total area.

 Tarlac Clay Loam – the surface of this type is dark gray to nearly black, fine
granules, sticky and gritty clay loam. Its depth range at 35 – 50 cm. and covers
some 55.75% of the total town’s area. When hard, it becomes compact and
cracks into big clods. Rice and fruit trees are also grown in this type of soil.

3.1.3.2 Soil Texture and Permeability

Capas has coarse to medium textures soil that is prone to seasonal flooding. Its
permeability, however, varies from slow to moderately slow due to the wetness of the area.
Some of its portions have rapid to very rapid permeability, the others have high class of
permeability. Permeability is affected by soil texture and crop management practices by the
farmers when they plant sugarcane and other annual crops. The town’s hilly and mountainous
portion manifests moderate to very rapid permeability due to soil compactness.

3.1.3.3 Soil Erosion and Conservation

Effects of soil erosion caused by flowing water is notable on-site and off-site of Capas.
Soil productivity is reduced on-site while river pollution and sedimentation of water channel,
dams and agricultural are among the detrimental consequences from off-site. Another erosion
feature is the riverwash or stream bank erosion primarily caused by water scouring and water
overflow as depicted in O’Donnell River. This type of erosion destroys different infrastructures
and washes out soil profile which is not replaceable. Preventive measures have not yet been
established in Capas. However, this could be remedied by building riprap stone and boulders,
filling sack of sands, along the banks and or the drastic prohibition of heavy cultivation on or
near the river banks.

3.1.4 Geology

The broad alluvial plain of Capas was believed to have come from the surrounding
parent materials of igneous rocks and sedimentary areas. The different rock types underlying
the area were influenced by climatic changes, resulting to the breaking down and weathering.
In areas where erosion is severe, the weathered part of rock outcrops was fragmented by
accumulates in low-lying areas of Capas forming the extensive alluvial plain. In undulating
weathered remains stayed in place and were seen mostly in sedimentary areas. Some parts
were terraced by farmers mainly for agricultural use. Other residual soils were observed in
volcanic hills and mountains.
Sand deposits containing predominantly of quartz and magnetite minerals were
observed in O’Donnell River. It is believed to have come from the pyroclastic hills and
mountains in the southern part of the municipality. Sand and gravel found in the area are good
for construction materials and aggregates. Non-active cones were also identified and mapped in
Barangay Sta. Juliana near the Crow Valley area.

3.1.5 Mineral Resources

 There was confirmation that Capas has positive deposits of metallic and non-metallic
minerals. The metallic deposits of manganese ore, already explored by two mining companies,
have combined reserve of 190,000 metric tons where parts of the areas are within the former
US Military Reservation in Camp O’Donnell. The deposits are normally associated with chart and
serves as lenses in the basalt.

Placer gold deposits, on the other hand, have been reported to exist at Cabatuan Creek
in Brgy. Bueno. However, there are no mining permit yet issued for mining claim in spite of the
gold panning and sluicing activities in the area. Pumice is also found in Barangay Bueno.

Sedimentary deposits of shale/sandstone sequence are positive in the low relief hills of
Brgy. Cutcut II. The sandstones have very fine quartz and powdery rock chip. Sand and gravel
are also abundant.

3.1.6 Water Resources

Capas is traversed by various water systems, such as rivers, creeks and tributaries. The
O’Donnell River forms as the principal river. The Bulsa-Moriones River flows into confluence
with O’Donnell River with Bangut River serving as tributary. Both rivers are prone to flashfloods.
Cutcut River is a minor river system which flows into Rio Chico River at the Tarlac – Nueva Ecija
boundary. A hot spring is located in Brgys. Bueno and Sta. Juliana.

During rainy season, excessive amount of precipitation causes the large volume of water
run-off, flooding the nearby areas since the rivers and the major tributaries could not absorb
the stream recharge. High tide surges and impedes discharge during high precipitation causing
the river banks to overflow.

3.1.7 Climate

The whole province of Tarlac, to include the town of Capas, falls in the first type of the
modified Corona Classification which was characterized by two distinct seasons, wet and dry.
The wet season covers the period

3.1.8 Land Use

3.1.8.1 General Land Use

Forest lands occupied the largest area of Capas which is estimated at least 15.32% or 5,
764.43 hectares. Under this classification, two categories falling under the National Integrated
Protected Area System (NIPAS) exist, such as; a national park/historical landmark and two (2)
watershed reservation areas. The national park denotes to the 1.5 hectares area of the Capas
Death March Monument located in Brgy. Cutcut II. The critical watershed areas are the
O’Donnell Watershed, covering an area of 597.90 hectares in the boundaries of Capas and
Bamban and the Balog-Balog Watershed with total area of 599.40 hectares in the borders of
San Jose and Capas. Situated within the area is the 19,972.00 hectares which is Military
Reservation. Shown in Table 3.2 below is the General Land Use of Capas as of 2011.

Table 3.2
General Land Use in Capas: 2011

LAND USE AREA (in Hectares) Percent of Total

Forest 10,410.07 24.13
Agriculture 6,088.23 14.11
Non-Functional 830.00 1.92
Residential 1,977.75 4.58
 Open Space 2,867.11 6.64
Other Use (Orchard) 597.91 1.39
Commercial 77.85 0.18
Institutional 165.10 0.38
Agro-Industrial 162.53 0.38
Military Reservation 19,972.00 46.29
TOTAL 43,148.55 100.00

Areas Covered by the CSEZ No. of Hectares

Zone B (Net of O’Donnell Transmitter Station and 3,052
Resettlement Area under Proclamation No. 813)
Zone D (Net of Sacobia Area and Resettlement Area 13,344
Under Proclamation No. 812)
Total CSEZ Area 16,396

Reverted Baselands Excluded from the Clark No. of Hectares

For Pinatubo Commission Resettlement Sites in Zones B & D:
Under Proclamation No. 812 (Oct. 11, 1991) 122
Under Proclamation No. 813 (Oct. 11, 1991) 348
For Department of national Defense Military Use:
O’Donnell Transmitter Station 370
O’Donnell Excepted Area 1,755
Zone C (Crow Valley) 17,847
For Disposition by the DAR
Zone E 7,006
Zone F 1,749
Total Areas Excluded from CSEZ 29,197

TOTAL AREAS UNDER THE MILITARY RESERVATION 45,593

Historical and recreational places which may serve as tourist attraction are also found in
Capas. Among them are: Sto. Domingo Death March Marker, Camp O’Donnell, Bueno & Sta.
Juliana Hot Spring, Death March Monument, Capas National Shrine and Tambo Lake.

3.1.8.2 Urban Land Use

Six adjacent barangays traversed by the Mac Arthur Highway comprised the poblacion,
namely: Sto. Domingo I, Sto. Domingo II, Cutcut I, Cutcut II, Cubcub and Sto. Rosario. These
barangays occupy about 2,640.73 hectares or 7.9% of the town’s total land area.

Most of the residential and the commercial areas are situated in the poblacion. They
occupy some 315.90 hectares or 52% of the town’s declared residential areas. The commercial
areas utilized 77.85 hectares or 0.21% of the total land area. Shown in Figure 3 is the updated
urban land use of barangays.

3.1.8.3 Accessibility

Capas is approximately 101 kilometers north of Manila. Whether one is using a private
car or a passenger bus, the town is accessible in three main road arteries. From Manila, it can
be reached by using the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway
(SCTEX) branching to the national road in Mabalacat or in Concepcion entering through the
national road that links Tarlac, Capas and Bamban with Estrada and Cutcut I as the gateway
barangays.

3.2 DEMOGRAPHY

3.2.1 Ethnic Origins

The Aetas were the first inhabitants of Capas. The traces of their race are still visible in
the municipality. What made their population thinner overtime were the result of colonization
and the past governmental policies that deprived them of their permanent settlements. The
policies have encouraged local migrants of land ownership which were embodied in the Land
Act of 1903 during the American period and the Tenancy Law of the Magsaysay administration.
These interventions have drastically changed the Aetas’ habitat and settlement structure which
forced the natives to settle in the adjacent mountains.

But today, IPRA Law protects our Indigenous People from further exploitation.

Today, Capas is inhabited by people of different groupings. Majority of them

representing 90% are Pampangos, 4% Ilocanos, 3% Pangasinense and 2% Tagalogs. The
remaining 1% is represented by people who came from Bicol and the Visayan provinces.

3.2.2 Population and Household

The National Statistics Office population survey revealed that Capas has a total
population of 122,084 and total household of 23,716 as of 2007. These figures represent 9.8%
and 9.2% respectively that of the province’s total for the same period. Between 2000 and 2007,
the town’s household population grew annually by 3.55%, a rate higher than the province’s
2.11 % and more than of the region’s 2.12%. With this growth rate, Capas now ranks third in
Tarlac Province among the municipalities with bigger population following Tarlac City and
Concepcion. The town has significantly overtaken its ranks in the previous population surveys at
sixth services by the local government.

3.2.3 Population Distribution Per Barangay

As of 2007, the highest household population distributed among Capas’ 20 barangays

was observed in Cristo Rey at 24,623. Far second and third were the population of O’Donnell
and Sta. Lucia at 13,378 and 9,397 respectively. Manga and Bueno were observed to be among
the least populated barangays at 1,517 and 1,255 respectively. These figures, however, do not
establish a pattern in Capas as populations in some barangays have changed drastically due to
their transfer from one barangay to another. Shown in Figure 5 is a comparative presentation
of barangay population between 2000 and 2007.

3.2.4 Population by Gender and by Age Distribution

A phenomenon that could be observed in Capas’ present demographic character is the

quite higher number of the male than the female population. As of 2007, the male, estimated
at 62,715 shared 51.37 of the total population.

Agewise, however, the town’s population structure for both gender seem to represent a
typical pine tree: a straight stem at the base, a ballooned canopy at the middle yet thinning
systematically at its upper part like a cone. Population with ages below one (1) year old
represent a thinly 2.66% of the total, serves as the base suggesting that couples observed child
spacing. However, population begins to bloat at ages 1 – 4 years old range to the peak of 5 – 9
years range. These represent a combined 22.81% of the total population. It then begins to
decrease at 10 – 14 years old range onwards as depicted in Figure 6.It is also noted that women
population becomes greater than men when they reached the age of 60 – 64 years old range
onwards indicating that women in Capas have generally longer life than men. In validating this
observation, provided in Table 3.3; the population profile of Capas by age and by gender
distribution in 2007.

Table 3.3
Population by Age and Gender Distribution: 2007

Age Range Male Female Total % of Total

Below 1 year old 1,687 1,562 3,249 2.66
1–4 6,525 5,877 12,402 10.15
5–9 8,131 7,317 15,448 12.65
10 – 14 7,570 7,029 14,599 11.95
15 - 19 6,947 6,454 13,401 10.97
20 – 24 5,556 5,353 10,909 8.93
25 – 29 5,033 5,007 10,040 8.22
30 – 34 4,306 4,026 8,332 6.82
35 – 39 4,038 3,966 8,004 6.55
40 – 44 3,418 3,159 6,577 5.38
45 – 49 2,823 2,531 5,354 4.38
50 – 54 2,228 2,077 4,305 3.52
55 – 59 1,622 1,575 3,197 2.61
60 – 64 1,054 1,128 2,182 1.78
65 – 69 718 831 1,549 1.26
70 – 74 548 703 1,251 1.02
75 & Over 511 774 1,285 1.05

Total 62,715 59,369 122,084 100.00

3.2.5 Population Density

The town’s population growth at the yearly rate of 3.55% has bearing to its available
space for settlement and to its carrying capacity. As of 2007, Capas has reached an average
density level of 3.24 persons per hectare as differed from the 2.5 person per hectare it achieved
five years ago. The small area occupied by some barangays have, of course, will result to their
being densely populated as observed in Cutcut I at 64.51 persons/ha.; Sto. Domingo I - 82.77
persons/ha.; Talaga - 14.28 persons/ha.; and Cubcub - 13.14 persons/ha. Conversely, those
barangays with bigger areas but with least population will certainly have sparse population.
These are exemplified by Sta. Lucia at 2.78 persons/ha.; Sta. Juliana 0.95 persons/ha.; Bueno
0.20 persons/ha.; and Maruglu at 0.20 persons/ha.

3.2.6 Population Shifts

While Sto. Domingo I, Sto. Domingo II, Cubcub, Sto. Rosario and Cutcut I have long been
identified as among Capas’ urban barangays, others are emerging to be classified as such. Such
observation is primarily due to the significant density level they achieved in the past three
population surveys beginning from 1995 towards 2000 and 2007. This is led by Aranguren
which is primarily due to the resettlement site and the employment training center. Except
Cutcut II, which is pulling a surprise, the others were just waiting to be classified officially, such
as, Dolores, Estrada and Talaga. O’Donnell, being densely populated next to Cristo Rey, could
already be classified to urban category for it has already complied with the 7,000 population
requirement by the National Statistics Office.

3.2.7 Population Projection

By 2020, the population of Capas would be 192,125 using a yearly conservative growth
rate assumption of 3.55%. The projection considered the population patterns in the survey
conducted in 1995, 2000, 2007. However, it is expected that the projected level would be even
higher by the end of the projection period should all programmed developments in Capas
surrounding vicinity would have been implemented by that time.

Among the factors that triggered the population increase was the transfer of AFP
headquarters in Camp O’Donnell and the full development of the former US Military Bases into
a special economic zone. Both projects will be a magnet to migrants coming to Capas who
would either work or provide services in the two facilities. Thus, the settlers would need areas
for permanent settlement, road arteries for mobility and public market for the procurement of
staple food requirements. Shown in Table 3.6 is the projected population of Capas from 2007 to
2020.

Table 3.4
Projected Population of Capas: 2007 – 2020
YEAR PROJECTED POPULATION
2007 122,084
2008 126,419
2009 130,907
2010 135,555
2011 140,367
2012 145,351
2013 150,512
2014 155,855
2015 161,389
2016 167,119
2017 173,052
2018 179,197
2019 185,559
2020 192,147

3.2.8 Doubling Time

In 2000, the population of Capas was recorded at 95,219 which grew at an annual rate
of 3.55% towards 2020. By year 2020, the town would achieve the doubling level of its 2010
population. The consequent effects of the inevitable doubling of that population are now slowly
rising in terms of demographic attitudes as exemplified by its pressure to the physical and the
natural environment, the balancing of ecology and the ability to produce food.

As to its 2000 population, its doubling time would be achieved by year 2020. By that
time, its demographic impact would be dominated by the requirement for revolutionary
technology in food production and in the design of settlement. Pressure would also be felt in
maximum utilization of vertical spaces.

3.3 SOCIAL SECTOR

 This section is composed of seven (7) sub-sector components. The discussions
addressed to these components dissect the present social characteristics of Capas as these are
instrumental in shaping the vision and mission and in the foundation of the town’s
development plan. The sub-sectors are composed of housing, education, sports development,
health services, social welfare services and peace and order. A brief discussion on the
beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program is also presented.

3.3.1 Housing

As discussed in the previous section, the population of Capas, between 2000 and 2007,
grew at an annual rate of 3.55%. Although the household size was slightly contained at 5.14
persons per household, the figure is still higher than the national and the regional averages
which were both recorded at 5.07 persons per household in 1995. Consequently, the growth
would pressure the local administration to identify additional settlement areas for new families
that will emerge from the town’s 20 barangays and the maintenance of existing resettlement
areas now being occupied by migrants displaced by Mount Pinatubo.

3.3.1.1 Tenurial Status

In 2007, the NSO validated a total of 23,716 household in the area. Of this total, only
23,443 households or 98.84% were living in dwelling units. The figure implies two possibilities.
The first was that there were about 273 housing backlogs, or 1.16% of the total; the second was
that the remaining households share with their parents or relatives in a single roof.

About 70.68% of the total households occupying a dwelling unit were located in rural
areas while the rest were established in the town’s urban centers. By tenurial status, the
households occupy the units either through loan financing, rent, free with the consent of the
owner, or free without consent of the owner (Table 3.5)

Table 3.5
Occupied Housing Units by Tenurial Status: 2008

Tenure Status of Lot Total Percent of

Total
Owned/Being Amortized 19,800 83.48
Rented 1,261 5.31
Free with Owner’s Consent 2,339 9.90
Free without Owner’s Consent 43 0.18
Not reported 47 0.19
Not Applicable 226 0.95
Total 23,716 100.00
Percent of Total 100.00
Source: CBMS 2008

3.3.1.2 Housing Materials

The housing units in Capas are categorized to permanent, semi-permanent and

temporary. The unit is said to be permanent if it is made of concrete and galvanized iron
materials. The housing units of this type are seen in subdivisions established in Cutcut I, Sto.
Domingo I, Sto. Domingo II and Sto. Rosario. Except in Bueno, these structures are also
common in many barangays as numerous families could have saved substantial amount while
their members were working in the Middle East, or in other foreign lands.

The house is said to be semi-permanent if it uses both the concrete, wooden and iron
materials. The housing units of this type built more than thirty years ago or so, are predominant
in all barangays. There are also houses which defy housing orthodoxy, with their walls made of
concrete and wood support for trusses, their roof, however, is covered with either cogon
grasses. Such type of structure has become a rural architecture when the prices of galvanized
iron and transportation cost surged to prohibitive level which the rural residents could no
longer afford. Housing using units of this type are found in Sta. Juliana and Maruglo.

As to units which are classified as temporary, these are the houses made of bamboo,
cogon, sawali or other makeshift materials. Such housing units are typical in Barangay Bueno,
an area isolated from the poblacion. Barangay Bueno’s relative inaccessibility to transportation
has forced its people to use indigenous materials within their reach for building their shelter.

3.3.1.3 Housing Structures

Many housing units recently constructed in Capas were generally oriented towards
maximum space utilization. The young generation of unit owners, comprising the majority of
the population, have already shed the typical housing architecture which customarily have two-
meter wooden stairs, placed at the entrance, with height equal to the house’s floor elevation
where a big space underneath is provided with undefined uses. Regardless of the roofing, most
houses with walls made of concrete now have floors equally leveled to or slightly higher than
the road elevation. These are usually the single detached housing units established along the
roadsides and subdivisions.

Although there are still semi-permanent house with floors that have two-meter
elevation or more, these are now being renovated by the owners. The big space under their
houses were converted to additional living room or place of economic activity purposely for dry
goods, parlor or sari sari store operation. These houses are common along the stretch of the
national highway in Cutcut I, Sto. Domingo I and Sto. Domingo II.

But the old typical rural houses, structured like stilts, cannot be easily replaced. Families
from low income group still find them convenient to live in because of its relatively cheaper
materials that can be easily sourced within the vicinity. Numerous housing units of this type are
found in all barangays but are predominant in Sitio Matadero in Sto. Domingo I and in Barangay
Bueno.

3.3.1.4 Socialized Housing

Three resettlement sites exist in Capas where the government-sponsored socialized

housing projects are located. These projects are the O’Donnell Resettlement Site in Barangay
Cristo Rey, Kalangitan in Barangay Cutcut II, a portion of the Bagong Lipunan or Zone E Pag-asa
Settlement which covers the Barangay of Sta. Lucia, Bueno and Lawy. About 4,656 families have
been resettled in O’Donnell Resettlement (Cristo Rey) while 443 families have been relocated in
Kalangitan Resettlement. These areas host the victims of Mt. Pinatubo eruption.

3.3.1.5 Projected Housing Needs

From the projected 135,555 level in 2010, Capas population would reach to 192,125 in
year 2020 which would represent an increase of 41.73%. This means that Capas would likely to
absorb some 11,005 families during the period. Although these figures would be equivalent of
the housing demand, the National Housing Authority had other estimates. The agency’s
projection for the planning period is quite higher because it included the projected units to be
replaced, the unacceptable units to be improved and the new demand from the increasing
population. Table 3.6 presents the total housing need from 2010 to 2020.
 Table 3.6
Projected Housing Needs in Capas: 2007 - 2020

YEAR Net Population Household Size Annual Housing

Increase Needs
2007 6,859 5.2 23,478
2008 4,355 5.2 24,311
2009 4,488 5.2 25,174
2010 4,648 5.2 26,068
2011 4,812 5.2 26,994
2012 4,984 5.2 27,952
2013 5,161 5.2 28,945
2014 5,343 5.2 29,972
2015 5,534 5.2 31,036
2016 5,810 5.2 32,138
2017 5,933 5.2 33,279
2018 6,145 5.2 34,461
2019 6,362 5.2 35,684
2020 6,588 5.2 36,951
TOTAL 77,022 5.2 416,443
Note: The net population increases were based on the projected population in Table 3.6 of the preceding chapter.

3.3.1.6 Existing Government Housing Programs in Capas

Government involvements in socialized housing program in Capas are still within the
domain of the National Housing Authority. However, with the implementation of R.A. 7279,
known as the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992, the local administration of Capas is
actively involved in on-site socialized housing in the area, concentrating on on-site lot purchase
in the following barangays:

1. Sitio Maligaya/Buka, Cutcut I

2. Matadero, Sto Domingo 1
3. Tayag Estate, Dolores
4. Sampaguita, Manlapig
5. Principe, O’Donnell
6. Circle Drug, Sto Domingo I
7. San Pablo, Sto.Rosario
8. Saklit, Manlapig
9. Miguel Baron, O’Donnell
10. Horacio Mercado, O’Donnell
11. Vasco Bros. /Atty. Biag, Cutcut 1
12. Virginia B. Lim, Estrada

But there is still a program which could be availed of by individual families. It is the Pag-
I.B.I.G. housing loan program under the partnership of the private sector developers and the
Home Development Mutual Fund, the Social Security System and the Government Service
Insurance System, among others.

3.3.2 Education

As of 2007, Capas has about, more or less 43,488 people who belong to the school – age
population. By school-age, this refers to the population with ages that range from 5 - 9 years
old to 15 - 19 years old. Their total is equivalent to 35.62 of the town’s population as recorded
by NSO in the same period.
 However, not all of the town’s total school-age populations were studying. Only 30,368
of them or 57.85% were in the school. The remaining 30.17% chose to stay off the school
grounds.

3.3.2.1 Literacy Rate

Tarlac is among the provinces noted for having a high rate of functional literacy. As of
2007, the province attained a literacy rate of 96%. For this record, it would be safe to assume
that Capas, ranking third among the Tarlac municipalities with high population, could have also
achieved the same status. This could be the safest assumption. However, getting a modest
education for the town’s more than Forty thousand school-age population remains an elusive
aspiration among parents. An economic analysis in the succeeding section shows that most of
the low income households in Capas suffer from income deficits. This unfavorable social
condition has constrained many children their access to education despite its being free for all
the residents.

3.3.2.2 Number of Schools

About 41 educational institutions, as shown in Figure 7 are presently established in

Capas. (These exclude the day care centers strategically located in different barangays). Of
these total, 36 are public schools while the five are private schools which are respectively under
the supervision of Department of Education. Except for doctoral degree, the level of education
being offered in the town is almost complete, from preparatory to tertiary. Between the school
years 2001 - 2002 and 2006 – 2007, Capas achieved a yearly average enrollment of 31,035
indicating annual increase of 2.81% as presented in the succeeding table.

Table 3.7
Annual Enrollment in Capas: 2005 -2010

School Preparator Elementary Secondary Tertiary Total Percent

Year y school School School Change
School
2005-2006 2,045 16,024 10,389 648 29,106 -
2006-2007 1,527 16,282 10,674 795 29,278 .59
2007-2008 1,577 16,222 11,158 1,000 29,957 2.31
2008-2009 1,586 16,917 11,334 996 39,833 2.92
2009-2010 1,598 18,234 11,535 1,330 32,697 6.04
2010-2011 2,272 18,678 11,858 1,534 34,342 5.03

Average 1,767 17,959 11,158 1,050 31,035 2.81

Sources : Based on the data provided by Deped Divisions Office, Tarlac.

Being the third in Tarlac with biggest population, it also follows that Capas is also an
area with big number of students. With its land density remain sparsely populated, the town is
also an ideal site for Metro Manila-based schools who want to expand their operation.

At present, the schools in Capas are built to one-storey structures which are made of
concrete, or a combination of wood and concrete with galvanized iron in its roof. Spacewise, all
the schools in the municipality occupy a combined area of 274,962 square meters or 27.5
hectares sharing about 0.082% of the town’s total area. This physical perspective made Capas
schools to still have adequate space for expansion as its vertical spaces are not yet utilized.
3.3.2.3 Public Elementary Schools

Capas has a total of 32 public elementary schools. Except Brgy. Sto. Rosario which is
served by private schools, each 20 barangays have elementary schools which offer a complete
course in elementary education. The presence of these schools has practically achieved the
national government mission to have a school in every barangay nationwide.

Divided into two districts, the public elementary schools are evenly distributed in Capas.
The Capas East District is composed of 13 elementary schools, namely; Benigno S. Aquino Elem.
School, Calangitan Elem. School, Capas East Central School, Capas Gabaldon Elem. School,
Cutcut Elem. School, Dolores Elem. School, Kawili-wili Elem. School, Manga Elem. School, Sta.
Rita Elem. School, AD Jimenez Elem. School, Susuba Elem. School (Main), Susuba Elem. School
(Annex), Talaga Elem. School, which cater to the barangays of Cutcut I, Cutcut II, Cubcub, Sto.
Rosario, Dolores, Estrada, Manga, Sta. Rita, Sto. Domingo I, Sto. Domingo II and Talaga.The
Capas West District on the other hand, is composed of 17 elementary schools, namely; Aquino
Elem. School, Alunan Elem. School, Aranguren Elem. School, Binyayan Primary School, Bueno
Elem. School, Capas West Central School, Lawy Elem. School, Manibukyot Primary School,
Manlapig Elem. School, Maruglo Elem. School, Cristo Rey Central School, Sta. Juliana Elem.
School, Sta. Lucia Elem. School, Cristo Rey West, Pilien Primary School, Tarucan Elem. School,
Cristo Rey East. These schools serve the barangays of Aranguren, Bueno, Cristo Rey, Lawy,
Manlapig, Maruglo, O’Donnell, Sta. Juliana and Sta. Lucia. The elementary schools in Sta. Juliana
and in Sto. Domingo I are the biggest as they occupy the area of 38,863 square meters and
23,800 square meters respectively. The smallest are established in Sta. Rita and Cutcut II with
area of 3,355 sq.m. and 3,000 sq.m., respectively.

For the last six years, enrollment in the public elementary schools is consistently
increasing (Table 3.8). There still remains, however, a significant number of the school-age
population who were not enrolled in the school. The problem is seen on two perspectives. One
is based on the inadequacy of classroom facility while the other is traced to attitudinal problem.
Although most of the public elementary schools in Capas have bigger space for expansion,
school rooms are still inadequate as manifested by the bigger classroom to student ratio of 1:46
which is 15% higher than the required ratio of 1:40.

Table 3.8
Enrollment in Public Elementary Schools in Capas

School Year Enrollment Population % Growth Rate

2005 – 2006 14,561 -
2006 – 2007 15,274 4.9
2007 – 2008 15,857 3.8
2008 – 2009 15,917 0.37
2009 – 2010 17,086 7.3
2010 – 2011 17,596 3.0
Average 16,048 3.22
Source: Consolidated from the data provided by Deped Division Office, Tarlac.

On the attitudinal perspective, it was learned that students were dropping out in the
middle of the school-year due to financial incapability and inferiority complex caused by poor
comprehensions of the lessons. In some cases, the cause is due to family problems. Distance of
the students’ residence has also something to do with their negative attitude in going to school.
Many students have to walk several kilometers before reaching the nearest school and do the
same when going back home. The experience was severe during rainy season as they were
exposed to rain and risked their lives in floods, as in the case of students in far flung sitios.

3.3.2.4 Public High School

 Public high school institutions are fewer than the public elementary schools. As of 2010,
Capas had only a total of eight (8) public high schools, namely; Capas High School located in
Brgy. Dolores, O’Donnell Resettlement High School in Brgy. Cristo Rey, Kalangitan High School in
Cutcut II, Sta. Lucia High School in Brgy. Sta. Lucia, O’Donnell High School in Brgy. O’Donnell,
Sta. Juliana High School in Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Lawy High School in Brgy. Lawy and Aranguren
Integrated High School in Brgy. Aranguren.
On the average, student population in public secondary institutions is 59% less than
their counterparts in public elementary schools. Analysis of the same period reviewed has
indicated that the enrollment ratio pupils to that of the high school students was 2:1. Both
levels of enrollment for the last six years were increasing. The latter’s enrollment, instead, had
managed to grow at an annual rate of 2.6%. Table 3.9 shows the public secondary school
enrollment in Capas.

Table 3.9
Enrollment in Public High Schools in Capas

School Year Enrollment Population % Growth Rate

2005 – 2006 8,645 -
2006 – 2007 9,090 5.1
2007 – 2008 9,547 5.02
2008 – 2009 9,669 1.27
2009 – 2010 9,803 1.38
2010 – 2011 10,097 2.99
Average 9,475 2.62
Source: Consolidated from the data provided by Deped Division Office, Tarlac.

Meanwhile, as elementary students find it difficult to go to school, the sacrifice is

doubled when they enter the secondary level. Although public high school education is
inarguably free, the majority of parents, however, find the shoes, uniforms and clothing as
expensive items for their children. Moreover, many have to take long distance yet costly travels
discouraging the families of elementary graduates to continue their studies especially when
uncertain future comes afterwards. Such is compounded by the pressure of scrimping for daily
allowance which eats up the income of a daily wage earner with a family of six dependents. This
explains why there was relatively small enrollment population at the secondary level in Capas.

3.3.2.5 Private Institutions

Four private institutions are engaged in providing education in Capas, namely, the
Montessori School of Saint Nicholas (MSSN), and the Dominican College of Tarlac (DCT) which
are both based in Brgy. Sto. Rosario. The MSSN offers preparatory and elementary education,
DCT offers preparatory, elementary, secondary and tertiary education. The Asia Pacific Christian
School, which is located in Cristo Rey offers preparatory, elementary and secondary education.
The fourth is the Wellspring High School which is located in Cutcut I offers secondary education.
Others cater only to pre-school which are not accredited by Deped.

The private schools share an average of 14.42% of the total enrollment in Capas.
However, like the trend observed in public schools, its annual enrollment does not show
significant increases. The past six school-year periods have only indicated a modest annual
growth of 2.3% as shown in Table 3.10.
 Table 3.10
Annual Enrollment in Private Schools

School Pre Elementar Secondary Tertiary Total Percent

Year School y School School Enrollmen Change
School t
2005-
534 1,463 1,744 648 4,389 -
2006
2006-
581 1,008 1,584 795 3,968 9.5
2007
2007-
663 1,189 1,611 1,000 4,463 12.47
2008
2008-
694 1,000 1,665 996 4,355 2.4
2009
2009-
517 1,148 1,732 1,330 4,727 8.5
2010
2010-
581 1,082 1,761 1,534 4,958 4.8
2011
Average 595 1,148 1,682 1,050 4,476 2.3
Source: Consolidated from the data provided by Deped Division Office, Tarlac.

Enrollment for all levels varies for the last six years that we cannot establish a trend. The
rise in tuition fees and the cost of living have either forced many students to transfer to public
high schools or have temporarily deferred their residents still consider Manila-based colleges
and universities as the most attractive institutions of learning. Families who can afford to send
their children still prefer the goodwill of metropolitan schools as the prime consideration
specifically if the target place of employment is also in Manila.

3.3.2.6 Teacher to Student Ratio

The Deped has a prescribed standard of teacher to student ratio at 1:35. However, with
the national government’s skepticism on budget allocation for education to hire more teachers
compounded with their inadequate number, the guideline was not followed. As well, what may
also cause the lack of teachers in Capas is the general preferences of qualified ones who rather
chose to work in corporate offices than practice their profession.

As of 2010, only eleven (11) schools in Capas were found to be sufficient in teaching
personnel, the rest are found to be in excess of the standard teacher to student ratio
requirement. Of these, seven (7) schools are public and four (4) are private. These were as
follows:

Name of School Teacher-Student Ratio

Capas East District:
Montessori School of St.Nicholas 1:33
Wellspring High School 1:24
Kalangitan High School 1:32
Kawiliwili Elem. School 1:29
Susuba Elem. School (Annex) 1:34
Capas West District:
Asia-Pacific Christian School 1:27
Good Shepherd Capas Christian School 1:10
Aranguren Elem. School 1:34
 Tarucan Elem. School 1:22
San Agustin Primary School 1:34
Manlapig Elem. School 1:30

3.3.2.7 Quality of Educational Facilities

Public schools are the most convenient type of educational institutions that many
families in Capas could afford. Since the government’s mission is to improve the country’s
quality of education, the noble purposes, ideally, must be reciprocated by the target
beneficiaries. However, not all the beneficiaries do not realize the importance of education
because many students still have the mediocre attitude that after learning the basics of reading
and writing, they dropped out in middle of the elementary or secondary courses then
contented to earn their living from odd jobs.

On the other hand, the quality of school facilities also affects the motivation of students.
In Capas, the library, playground, clinic, stage, home economics room and canteen as well as
comfort rooms and guidance room are of limited availability. These facilities need upgrading
which has been there for long.

3.3.3 Sports Development

The public school officials in Capas and the Local School Board were able to work
actively in the promotion of the School Sports Competition Development Program, a program
designed for school district to send athletes for the national competition. Although these
officials have exerted their efforts, the school sports programs have not met the DepEd
standards. Specific sports activities that match the students’ maximum capacity to perform
were not initiated.

One shortcoming is the promotion of sports program in Capas is the inavailability of

wide area required for conducting the sports program in each school. The present area that
each activities being undertaken in Capas is the inter-municipal and district schools competition
which is being sponsored by the local government.

3.3.4 Health Services

Provision of health services in Capas was absorbed by the local government since 1992
after the function was devolved following the implementation of the Local Government Code of
1991. The rural health office is now under the administrative supervision of the Mayor’s office
but is functionally organic to the provincial health office. The Local Health Board also exists in
Capas.

3.3.4.1 Health Facilities

At present, the town has 19 rural health centers. For practical reason, Barangay Sto.
Domingo I have not been provided with its own health center as their residents can be
accommodated to the neighboring barangays. The provision for health services are
complemented with one ambulance each barangay which is being utilized during emergency
cases. Most of these health centers are in good quality since the present administration has
given priority to the health sector.
The Ospital Ning Capas, a 20-bed capacity, primary hospital is an LGU operated hospital,
located at the Municipal grounds. The first LGU operated hospital in the province which caters
to the health services of our constituents and nearby municipality of Bamban. For more
complicated cases, our constituents go to the Tarlac Provincial Hospital for their health needs,
which is 18 kilometers away.
3.3.4.2 Health Personnel

Except for a utility worker and an ambulance driver, Capas has a total of 20 rural health
personnel who are directly involved in providing rural health services to the residents. They are
composed of two alternate rural health physicians, a medical technologist, three nurses and 13
midwives. (Refer to table 3.11)

Table 3.11
Inventory of Rural Health Personnel: 2011

Designation of Rural Health Personnel Number

Municipal Health Officer 1
Rural Health Physician 1
Public Health Dentist 1
Medical Technologist 1
Nurses 4
Midwives 17
Sanitation Inspector 2
Utility Worker 3
Driver 4

Total 34
Source : Plantilla of Personnel, 2011-Capas

As indicated in the above table, there seems to be inadequate manpower for rural
health services to the town’s present population. The table also suggests an imbalance of the
distribution of personnel as there were more midwives than nurses and medical technologist.
Such imbalance is glaring if the present manpower is matched against the combined number of
31,951 morbidity and mortality cases in Capas in 2010 as midwives has significant role in
mitigating the 20,992 cases of acute respiratory infections, 941 cases of gastroenteritis, 1,124
cases of skin problems, etc.

Capas has recorded a daily average of 35:1 patient to doctor ratio for all cases recorded
in 2010.

3.3.4.3 Nutrition

Capas has an impressive record in arresting malnutrition among its young population. Its
2010 performance showed that out of 15,591 children with ages of 0 to 5 years old, only 249
children or 1.6% were classified to third degree malnutrition. Most of the victims came from far
flung barangays; Bueno, Sta. Lucia, Sto. Rosario, Aranguren and Sta. Juliana.

3.3.4.4 Health Indices

As of 2010, Capas achieved record of having a crude birth of 20.0/1,000 population

while its infant mortality rate was recorded at 3.0/1,000 live births. Meanwhile, the crude death
rate was recorded at the low of 2.0/1,000 population. These health indices data show
contrasting views in terms of benefits and costs to Capas. On the first hand, the low crude
death rate and infant mortality rate manifest that health condition in Capas was improving. The
data suggest that even the crude death rate and infant mortality rate per 1,000 are combined,
there would still a net crude birth rate of 5.0/1,000 population.
 On the other hand, the high crude birth rate imposes pressure to Capas as there are
additional people to be nourished, fed and educated as well as protected.

3.3.4.5 Leading Causes of Morbidity

In 2010, Capas recorded a total of 29,900 morbidity cases. The year reviewed has
recorded a total of 20,992 cases of acute respiratory infections sharing 72.21% of the total
related-morbidity cases. Following distantly are Anemia at 1,635 cases or 5.6% and related skin
diseases at 1,124 cases or 3.87%. Table 3.12 summarizes the related-morbidity cases that
occurred in Capas in 2010.

Table 3.12
Leading Causes of Morbidity: 2010

Causes of Morbidity Number of Cases % of Total

1. Acute Respiratory Infections 20,992 70.21
2. Anemia 1,635 5.48
3. Skin Disease 1,124 3.76
4. Infected Wounds 1,042 3.48
5. Gastro-Intestinal Disorder 941 3.15
6. Gastroenteritis 790 2.64
7. Urinary Tract Infection 790 2.64
8. Bronchial Asthma 779 2.60
9. Hypertension 709 2.37
10. Parasitism 701 2.34
11. Conjunctivitis 397 1.33
Total 29,900 100%
Source : Capas Rural Health Unit

3.3.4.6 Leading Causes of Mortality

Generally, the people of Capas, as in other parts of the country, are not giving too much
concern on the importance of balanced diet. The lack of knowledge, or just merely ignoring it,
among adults is manifested in the town’s leading cases of mortality which could have originated
from food intake. Of the 10 recorded leading mortality cases, most are related to the effect of
imbalanced diet, such as, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and congestive heart failure, among
others.
However, the cases of mortality among adults are different from that of the infants.
While those of the adults are seemingly caused by the imbalanced diet, those of the infants are
related to family hygiene and the mother’s lifestyle especially those in rural barangays who
helped in farm chores. The improper hygiene and the heavy workloads of mothers could result
to death caused by stillbirth, bronchopneumonia, acute gastroenteritis and bloodescresia
which were common occurrence in 2010. Table 3.13 presents the 10 leading mortality cases in
Capas in 2010.

Table 3.13
Leading Causes of Mortality: 2010

Causes of Mortality Number

 Atherosclerotic Heart Disease 86
Cerebro-Vascular Accident 47
Cancer 37
Chronic Pulmonary Disease 31
Diabetes Mellitus 16
Myocardial Infarction 11
Vehicular Accident 8
Bronchial Asthma 7
Pulmonary Tuberculosis 6
Renal Failure 5
Total 255
Source : Capas Rural Health Unit

3.3.5 Other Social Services

3.3.5.1 Social Welfare Services

The provision of social welfare services is one of the national government functions
devolved to local government units (LGUs) through the 1991 Local Government Code. Although
this is an optional office under the Code, the local government has deemed it necessary as
Capas has become a hospitable host to two resettlement areas as a result of the displacement
of families from neighboring towns with the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo.

(a) Local Social Welfare Service Personnel

Capas has nine (9) personnel appointed to implement the social services within its
jurisdiction. The office is headed by a Social Welfare Officer who is assisted by a Youth
Development Officer, Social Welfare and Development Assistants, a Community Development
Assistant I and II, a Social Worker Aide and a utility worker. This office coordinates with the
operation and maintenance of 38 day care centers in the municipality.

(b) Day Care Centers

By modest standard, the 38 day care centers in Capas are not adequate to serve its
young population because although almost all of the barangays have their own day care
centers, the availability of qualified teachers seems to be a problem because of their low
honorariums.

Understandably, Capas local administration could not simultaneously provide the

demand for such services as the town still has to adjust with the requirements of the 1991 Local
Government Code over the generation of revenues from local sources

However, in equating its total young population with the available day care centers in
2010, a high population to a day care center ratio of 320:1 would be reflected. This only
validates the observation that the existing day care centers are not really enough in Capas. As
of 2010, the town’s young population, with age range of 1-4 years old, was recorded at 12,402
sharing 10.16% of the town’s total population for the same period.

(c) Peace and Order

For a town with relatively big population, incidence of crime is inevitable. However, the
peace and order situation in Capas has remarkably improved from the number of crimes
blottered in 2010. The local police force have noted eight (8) classes of crimes committed in the
municipality, such as murder, homicide, physical injury, rape, theft, traffic accident and special
laws.

Crime Distribution by Type of Crime:

 For the review period, a total of seventy-nine (79) crimes were reported/investigated by
Capas PNP. It translates into an average monthly crime rate of 5.9 crimes per hundred thousand
population per month.

Index crimes account for 37% (with 29 crimes) of all crimes reported for an index crime
rate of 2.2 crimes per hundred thousand populations per month.

Among the index crimes, theft is the most prevalent which account for 15% (12 cases) of
the total number, followed by robbery with 9% (7 cases) and murder with 5% (6 cases). Physical
injury shared 4% (3 cases) while rape shared the least with 3% (2 cases) of the total crimes.

Non-index crimes account for 63% (50 cases) for a non-index crime rate of 3.7 crimes
per hundred thousand populations per month.

Of the total non-index crimes recorded, special laws and other non-index crimes
accounts for 51% (40 cases) while cases related to traffic accident shared a total of 13 cases or
13% of the total crimes. In 2010, there was a decreased of 27.5% for index crimes while for
non-index crime it increased to 10% from the previous year 2009.