IDENTIFICATION

1. A single location from which rays propagate equally in all directions.

2. Lobes in a direction exactly opposite the front lobe.
3. A type of electromagnet.
4. The portion of the total incident power that is not reflected.
5. The ratio of the electric field strength of a radiated wave to the magnetic field strength is a constant and is called?
6. Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface.
7. It consists of two parallel conductors connected at the ends with one side open at the center for connection to the
transmission line.
8. These are radiated by the antenna into the upper atmosphere, where they are bent back to earth.
9. The collection of radials is called a ________.
10. The D layer is located approximately between ____ and ____ above the Earth’s surface.
11. Usually consists of two or more half-wave dipoles mounted end to end.
12. Modified True or False. Francisco Grimaldi’s principle states that “every point on a given spherical wavefront
may be regarded as a source of waves from which further waves are radiated outward.”
13. Define virtual height.
14. The lengths of the driven elements of this antenna vary from long to short and are related logarithmically.
15. Modified True or False. Skip distance is the maximum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky wave at a given
frequency will be returned to Earth.
16. Radio waves act much like ________.
17. The actual antenna length is only about _______ of the computed length.
18. True or False. Compared to a point-source radiator, a half-wave dipole has gain.
19. True or False. Polarization is either vertical or horizontal.
20. A good method of increasing radiation resistance by having a horizontal portion at the top of the antenna.
21. Accomplished by spreading the ends of the feedline and adjusting the spacing until optimum performance is
reached.
22. Modified True or False. For best results, the transmitting and receiving antennas should have opposite
polarizations.
23. Defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with
no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.
24. The gain of a Hertzian dipole with respect to an isotropic antenna.
25. The longer the antenna, the ______ the directive gain.
26. What happens to the D, E, F1 and F2 layers at night?
27. Define wave propagation.
28. Overall gain considering losses and efficiency.
29. The relationship between the angles and the indices of refraction is given by a formula known as?
30. Example of antenna that exhibits circular polarization.
31. The degree of concentration of the antenna’s radiation.
32. A network of buried wires directly under the antenna, consisting of a large number of radials extending from the
base of the tower.
33. The result of physical antennas having finite thickness, instead of being infinitely thin.
34. Define reflection.
35. Its purpose is to increase the directivity and concentrate the radiated power within a smaller geographic area.
36. “No matter how small was made in an opaque plane, light on the side opposite the source would spread out in all
directions.” Whose discovery was this?
37. The E layer is also known as?
38. Typical directivity of a Yagi antenna.
39. Antenna that provides extremely high gain and directivity and are very popular for microwave and satellite
communications link.
40. The area where no signal can be heard.
41. It is the dielectric constant of the material between the two conductors.
42. It uses two receive antennas spaced as far apart as possible to receive the signals.
43. It is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter operating on separate frequencies.
44. Electric vector rotates about the axis of the direction of propagation.
45. Results in the decrease of refractive index far more rapidly with height than normal.
 46. When a high-frequency electromagnetic field encounters an ionized layer in the upper atmosphere, a small
amount of the field energy is scattered in all directions. It is characterized by rapid fluttering and fading.
47. Also called Dellinger fadeouts or Mogul-Dellinger fadeouts.
48. It is a stacked collinear antenna consisting of half-wave dipoles spaced from one another by one-half wavelengths.
49. It is a transformer used to match impedances.
50. The highest angle of radiation that will return the wave to the earth at a given density of ionization in the layer for
the frequency or wavelength under consideration.
51. The fluctuation in signal strength at a receiver and may be rapid or slow, general or frequency selective.
52. Propagation of waves occurring at lower E-layer of the ionosphere
53. A special coupling device that can be used to direct the transmit and receive signals and provide the necessary
isolation.
54. What do you call to any dipole that is less than one-tenth wavelength?
55. Boundary between two media with different densities.
56. It is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (parallel to the waveform).
57. Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is randomly scattered in many directions.
58. Occurs simply because of the inverse square law.
59. It is approximately 10 wavelengths from the antenna. It is the radio wave with the composite electric and
magnetic fields.
60. The typical antenna in an AM radio.
61. The energy picked up by a parabolic antenna is concentrated at the _________.
62. The watts per square meter of a radio wave ____________________ as the wave-front moves through space.
63. Both the electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave are ____________________ to its propagation direction.
64. A 20-dB reduction in the strength of a radio wave due to reflection.
65. Ground waves are most effective below about _______.
66. The front-to-back ratio of a half-wave dipole antenna.
67. It consists of a basic antenna connected to a transmission line plus one or more additional conductors that are not
connected to the transmission line.
68. It follows the curvature of the earth and can travel at distances beyond the horizon.
69. Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky wave at a given frequency will be returned to Earth.
70. The curvature of Earth presents a horizon to space wave propagation.
71. Another name for capture area.
72. Radiation pattern plotted in terms of electric field strength or power density.
73. A special type of transmission line that consists of a conducting metallic tube through which high-frequency
electromagnetic energy is propagated.
74. Antenna that provides extremely high gain and directivity and are very popular for microwave and satellite
communications link.
75. Antennas having half power beam widths on the order of 1 degree or less.
76. Travel essentially in a straight line between the transmit and receive antennas.
77. Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky waves to travel higher before being returned to Earth.
78. Modulation or redistribution of energy within a wave front when it passes near the edge of an opaque object.
79. Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle, which allows secondary waves to “sneak” around the corner of
the obstacle.
80. States that the total voltage intensity at a given point in space is the sum of the individual wave vectors.

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. An antenna with a length of 6 cm radiates a 12 cm wavelength signal. Calculate the far field distance. (3 pts)
2. An earth satellite station needed an antenna that can amplify 2500 times bigger than the input signal. If the
engineers assigned agreed to build an antenna with parabolic reflector, and operates at 3.4 GHz, what is its
diameter? (4 pts)
3. At a certain time, the maximum usable frequency for transmission at an angle of incidence of 75° is 18 MHz.
What is the critical frequency? (2 pts)
4. A 400 feet antenna is to be operated at 6200 kHz. What is the wavelength at this frequency? (3 pts)
5. Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna that is 100 ft high and a receiving antenna that is 50 ft high. (3
pts)
6. What is the electric field strength 10 km away in the direction of maximum radiation from a half-wave dipole that
is fed, by means of lossless, matched line, by a 15 W transmitter? (3 pts)
7. A radio signal travels at how many yards per microseconds? (2 pts)
8. Calculate the operating frequency of a half wave dipole if the actual length is 3.5 meter. (3 pts)
9. A mobile radio system base station is installed 50 meters above the ground and transmits 150 W at 54 MHz. If the
transmitting antenna gain is 5.17, how far will the receiving antenna be, if the antenna height is 30 m and the
received field strength is 22µV/m. (5 pts)
10. A dish designed for operation at 150 MHz is operated at twice that frequency. By what factors do gain and
beamwidth change? (2pts each)
11. Two half-wave dipoles are separated by 50 km. They are aligned for optimum reception. The transmitter feeds its
antenna with 10 W at 144 MHz. Calculate the received power. (4 pts)
12. What is the critical angle of the signal when it passes from glass, with relative permittivity of 7.8, into air? (3 pts)
13. An unknown medium was used in communication system. If the characteristic impedance of that medium is 150
ohms, what is the relative permittivity? (3 pts)
14. Find the approximate width of a pyramidal horn antenna that will operate at 10000 MHz intended to have a
beamwidth of 10°. (3pts)
15. A boat is equipped with a VHF marine radio which it uses to communicate with other nearby boats and shore
stations. If the antenna on the boat 2.3m above the water, calculate the maximum distance for communication
with another similar boat, using the shore station with an antenna on a tower 22m above water level as a repeater.
(4pts)
16. A transmitter has an output power of 50W. It is connected to its antenna by a feed line that is 25 meters long and
properly matched. The loss in the feed line is 5dB/100m. The antenna has a gain of 8.5 dBi. How much power
reaches the antenna? (3 pts)
17. An indoor television “rabbit ears” antenna is basically a dipole. To what length should each “ear” be adjusted for
channel 2 (54 – 60 MHz)? (5 pts)
18. What power density is required to produce electric field strength of 100 V/m in air? (3 pts)
19. If the power of a 500 kHz transmitter is increased from 150W to 450W, what would be the percentage change in
field intensity at a given distance from the transmitter? (3 pts)
20. For an antenna with an input power of 100W, a rms current of 2A and effective resistance of 2 ohms, determine
the antenna’s efficiency. (3 pts)
21. A half-wave dipole is driven with a 10-W signal at 300MHz. A receiving dipole 200km away is aligned such that
its gain is cut in half. Calculate the voltage into a 150-ohm receiver. (5pts)
22. Calculate the EIRP in dBW for a 25 W transmitter into a dipole with 90% efficiency. (3pts)
23. What would be the physical size of a Hertz antenna, in inches, operating at 74.784 MHz? (3pts)
24. A paraboloid is to have a power gain of 41.55 dB. If the frequency of operation is 8GHz, what is the diameter, in
feet, of the parabolic reflector? Efficiency between 50 % and 70% (5pts)
25. How much does the radiated power of an antenna increase if its current increases 3.3 times? (2pts)
26. The velocity of the signal in air is 140 and becomes 100 as it passes through another medium. What is the index
of refraction of the second medium? (2pts)
27. A 125-m antenna, transmitting at 1.5MHz has an antenna current of 8A. What field strength and voltage are
received by a receiving antenna 40 km away, with a height of 2m. (3pts each)
28. If the OWF for a communication link is 4250 kHz, what is the approximate maximum usable frequency? (2pts)
29. Determine the electric field strength 10km away from a half-wave dipole transmitter with an input of 100W?
(2pts)
30. Determine the gain of certain antenna that will produce an effective area 199m 2 at 30MHz. (2pts)
31. Determine the dB gain of a receiving antenna which delivers a microvolt signal to a transmission line over that of
an antenna that delivers a 2micrivolt signal under identical circumstances. (3pts)
32. Find the power received by a Hertz antenna if the 150 MHz if the 150 MHz transmitter output power is 50kW.
The transmitter is 100km distant and also uses a Hertz antenna. (5pts)
33. The dielectric strength of air is about 3MV/m. What is the maximum power density of an electromagnetic wave in
air? (2pts)
34. What is the distance to the radio horizon for an antenna that is 40ft above the top of a 400ft mountain peak? (1pt)
35. What is the effective area of Hertzian dipole operating at 30MHz? (2pts)
36. A parabolic dish has a diameter of 10 λ. What is the gain, in dB? What is the beamwidth? If the dish is built for
operation at 200MHz, what would be the actual diameter? (2pts each)
37. To minimize interference, a 500-MHz dish needs to have a 1° beamwidth. What diameter dish is required, in
wavelength and in meters? (3 pts)
38. The dielectric strength of air is about 3 MV/m. What is the maximum power density of an electromagnetic wave
in air? (3 pts)
39. A certain antenna has a gain of 7 dB with respect to an isotropic radiator. What is the effective area if it operates
at 200 MHz? (3 pts)
40. How much power would an antenna, with a gain of 7 dB and frequency of 200 MHz, absorb from a signal with a
field strength of 50µV/m? (3 pts)