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    Bodies or Fluids That Are at Rest or in Motions.: Dynamics

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    James Michael
    1. Engineering mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with forces and their effects on motion. Statics considers forces on bodies at rest or in constant motion, while dynamics considers accelerated motion. 2. The document defines key terms like rigid body, mass, weight, force, and discusses concepts such as the principles of transmissibility and axioms of mechanics. 3. Methods for analyzing force systems are presented, including resolving forces into planar and spatial components, finding the resultant of concurrent and non-concurrent forces using the parallelogram law and triangle law.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Bodies or Fluids That Are at Rest or in Motions.: Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    James Michael
    81 views23 pages
    1. Engineering mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with forces and their effects on motion. Statics considers forces on bodies at rest or in constant motion, while dynamics considers accelerated motion. 2. The document defines key terms like rigid body, mass, weight, force, and discusses concepts such as the principles of transmissibility and axioms of mechanics. 3. Methods for analyzing force systems are presented, including resolving forces into planar and spatial components, finding the resultant of concurrent and non-concurrent forces using the parallelogram law and triangle law.

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    statics of rigid bodies

    Original Title

    Statics

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    1. Engineering mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with forces and their effects on motion. Statics considers forces on bodies at rest or in constant motion, while dynamics considers accelerated motion. 2. The document defines key terms like rigid body, mass, weight, force, and discusses concepts such as the principles of transmissibility and axioms of mechanics. 3. Methods for analyzing force systems are presented, including resolving forces into planar and spatial components, finding the resultant of concurrent and non-concurrent forces using the parallelogram law and triangle law.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    81 views23 pages

    Bodies or Fluids That Are at Rest or in Motions.: Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    James Michael
    1. Engineering mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with forces and their effects on motion. Statics considers forces on bodies at rest or in constant motion, while dynamics considers accelerated motion. 2. The document defines key terms like rigid body, mass, weight, force, and discusses concepts such as the principles of transmissibility and axioms of mechanics. 3. Methods for analyzing force systems are presented, including resolving forces into planar and spatial components, finding the resultant of concurrent and non-concurrent forces using the parallelogram law and triangle law.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    1.

    INTRODUCTION
    1.1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

    MECHANICS​ ​is the branch of physics that considers the action of the forces on
    bodies or fluids that are at rest or in motions.

    The ​Mechanics of rigid bodies i​ s divided into two areas:​ ​Statics ​and
    Dynamics​.
    1) STATICS is concerned with the equilibrium of a body that is either at rest or
    moves with constant velocity.
    2) DYNAMICS is dealing with the accelerated motion of a body. Dynamics is
    also divided into two parts.
    a. KINEMATICS which treats only the geometric aspects of the motion
    b. KINETICS which is the analysis of the forces causing the motion.

    However, our primary concerned of this course is the first part of mechanics
    which is the statics of rigid bodies, for this is the fundamental of engineering
    mechanics. This is also the pre-requisite of the next engineering subject which is
    called DYNAMICS.
    ENGINEERING MECHANICS therefore, ​is the branch of engineering that applied
    the principles of mechanics to mechanical design (i.e., any design that must take
    into account the effect of forces).
    WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES OF STUDYING MECHANICS?
    1) Mechanics is applied in engineering design and analysis.
    2) Mechanics is an integral component of engineering discipline related to the
    mechanical sciences.
    3) Mechanics is pre-requisite to engineering education, such as: aerospace,
    architectural, civil and mechanical engineering.
    VISUAL OUTLINES OF HOW ENGINEERING MECHANICS ARE
    INTER-RELATED TO OTHER STUDIES OR TOPICS:
    1.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND AXIOM OF MECHANICS
    1.2.1. RIGID BODY​ is defined as a definite amount of matter the parts of which
    are fixed in position relative to one another. Actually, solid bodies are never
    rigid; they deform under the action of applied forces. However, this
    deformation is negligible compared to the size of the body and this body
    may be assumed rigid. Bodies made of steel or cast iron are example of this
    type. This is the fundamental concept of rigid bodies.
    1.2.2. MASS and WEIGHT. MASS​ is that invariant property of a body which
    measures its resistance to a change of motion, while ​WEIGHT​ is mass times
    constant gravitational acceleration, W = mg.
    1.2.3. FORCE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
    FORCE is the action exerted by one body upon another. The
    characteristics of a force are:
    (1) Its magnitude
    (2) The position of its line of action
    (3) And the direction (or sense) in which the force acts along its line of
    action
    Note: the unit of force
    For English system: pound (lb.), kilo pounds (1,000 lb.)
    For Absolute Metric (CGS): dyne (gm.-cm/sec​2​)
    For Absolute metric (MKS): newton (kg-m/sec​2​) or N, kilo newton
    (1,000N)
    The unit of mass
    For English system: slug (lb-sec​2​/ft.)
    For Absolute Metric (CGS): gram (gm.)
    For Absolute Metric (MKS): kilogram (kg.)
    The unit of constant gravitational acceleration:
    For English: 32.2 ft. /sec​2
    For Absolute Metric (MKS): 9.81m/sec​2
    1.2.4 ​EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EFFECTS OF FORCES

    The ​external effect​ of a force upon a body is manifested by a change in, or


    a tendency to change, the state of motion of the body upon which it acts.
    The ​internal effect​ of a force is to produce stress and deformation in the
    body.
    1.2.5​ ​The principle of transmissibility of a force ​states ​that the external effect
    of a force on a rigid body is the same for all points of application along its
    line of action.​ In other words, that the principle of transmissibility applies
    only to the external effect of a force on the same rigid body.

    In ​Fig. a,​ the motion of the block will be the same whether it is pushed at A
    or pulled at B, except that the internal effects at A and B are quite different.
    Consider the system of two bars in ​Fig. b​, it is hinged together at D, and it
    is not inherently rigid; it is the hinged supports at C and E that restrict
    relative movement of the bars. Since we do not have a single rigid body,
    both the external reactions and the internal effects will be different if P is
    applied first at A and then at B.

    However, if the hinge support at E is replaced by a roller support and


    another bar CE added as in Fig. c, we shall have a triangular truss
    equivalent to a single rigid body. It means to say, that the external
    reactions will be the same whether P is applied at A or at B, although the
    internal effects will differ since P applied at A tends to bend bar CD while
    P acting at B tends to bend bar DE.
    Therefore, the principle of transmissibility is valid for Fig. a and Fig. c, but not for
    Fig. b.
    1.2.6 AXIOM OF MECHANICS
    The principle of mechanics are postulated upon several more or less
    self-evident facts which cannot be proved mathematically but can only be
    demonstrated to be true.
    (1) The parallelogram law: The resultant of two forces is the diagonal
    formed on the vectors of these forces.
    (2) Two forces are in equilibrium only when equal in magnitude, opposite
    in direction, and collinear in action.
    (3) A set of forces in equilibrium may be added to any system of forces
    without changing the effect of the original system.
    (4) Action and reaction forces are equal but oppositely directed.
    1.3 FORCE SYSTEMS; CONCURRENT, NON-CONCURRENT, PARALLEL,
    NON-PARALLEL; COPLANAR AND SPATIAL FORCE SYSTEMS

    Example of Coplanar Concurrent


    Forces:

    Example of Spatial Concurrent Forces:


    Example of Coplanar Non-Concurrent Parallel Forces:

    ● Coplanar forces ​are forces lying on the same plane (x-y plane or two
    dimensions)
    ● Spatial forces ​are forces lying on the space (x, y and z or three
    dimensions)

    2. RESULTANT OF FORCE SYSTEMS


    2.1. Parallelogram Law ​states that the resultant of two forces is the diagonal of the
    parallelogram whose initial sides are the vectors of these forces.

    Example. ​Draw the resultant force of the two forces P and Q as shown in figure
    below

    Where: R is the resultant force


    P is parallel to P’
    Q is parallel to Q’
    2.2 Triangle Law ​is a convenient corollary of the parallelogram Law. It states that, if
    two forces are represented by their free vectors placed tip-to-tail, their resultant
    is the vector directed from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second
    vector
    Example.

    2.3 Law of Sines and Cosines for Oblique Triangle


    2.4 COMPONENTS OF A FORCE; RESOLUTION OF FORCES INTO PLANAR AND
    SPATIAL COMPONENTS
    2.4.1 RESOLUTION OF FORCE INTO PLANAR (RECTANGULAR
    COMPONENTS)
    From the proportionality between the corresponding sides of the force triangle and the
    slope triangle, we obtain,
    Example:​ Determine the X and Y components of the forces P and F shown in Fig.
    below.

    Solution:
    Consider the force P = 200 lb.

    Alternative Solution for P Components: By Sine Law


    Consider the force F = 300 lb.

    Summary:
    2.4.2 COMPONENTS OF FORCES IN SPACE (SPATIAL COMPONENTS)
    The spatial counterpart of the parallelogram law is that the resultant R of three
    concurrent spatial forces P, Q, and F is the body diagonal of the rhomboid shown in Fig.
    below formed by using the three forces as its initial sides.

    FIRST METHOD: ​The components of a force as determined by the coordinates of two


    points on its line of action.
    To determine the rectangular components of a space force ​F​ whose direction is
    specified by two points along its line of action is by applying the so called ​proportionality
    of force components to distance components.​ The rectangular components of the force
    are directly proportional to the rectangular components of the distance ​d ​separating the
    two points. This proportionality is an extension of the relations between the sides of a
    force triangle and its corresponding slope triangle. (See Figure below)
    Example. ​Determine the components of a force F = 300 lb. whose line of action is
    directed from the point A (-2, 1, 3) toward point B (3, 5, -3) as shown in Figure below.

    Solution:
    SECOND METHOD​: Express the components of a force in terms of the angles it makes
    with the coordinates which is called ​rectangular components.
    By repeated application of Pythagorean Theorem, we will be able to obtain this equation
    Example. ​Determine the x, y, and z components of the force F.

    Solution:
    2.5 RESULTANT OF COPLANAR-CONCURRENT FORCES

    Example 1. ​Determine the resultant of the four forces acting on the body as shown

    Solution:
    Example 2. ​The force system shown in Figure below has a resultant of 200 lb. pointing
    up along the Y-axis. Compute the values of F and required to give this resultant.

    Solution:
    2.6 RESULTANT OF SPATIAL FORCE SYSTEMS
    The principle in finding the resultant force in coplanar concurrent force is also
    applied in finding the resultant force in space. The X component of the resultant is equal
    to the algebraic summation of the X components of the forces comprising the system,
    and the same hold true for Y and Z components as well. Thus, we have
    Example 1. ​Find the resultant of the concurrent force system shown in Figure below
    which consists of forces T = 300 lb., P = 200 lb., and F = 500 lb. directed from D toward
    A, B, and C, respectively.

    Solution:
    Use point D as reference point.

    Forces Distance
    Components of Distance Force Components (lb.)
    (lb.) (d)

    11.18
    T=300
    5 -10 0 134.17 -268.34 0
    P=200 -5 -10 -3 11.57 -86.43 -172.86 -51.86
    F=500 -5 -8 4 10.25 -243.90 -390.24 195.12

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