Newton’s Laws

Newton’s First Laws:

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an
unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force. This law is often called
"the law of inertia".

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 Newton’s Laws
Newton’s Second Laws:
Resultant force acting on the body is equal to the rate of change
of momentum.

Resultant force acting on the body is directly proportional to the

acceleration and constant of proportionality is the mass of the
body.

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 Newton’s Laws
Newton’s Third Laws:
Action and reaction are equal and opposite.

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 Definition

• Force: External agency which tends to change the state of the body
• Mechanics is defined as the physical science which deals with the state of rest or
motion of bodies under the action of forces.

• Branches of Mechanics :

• Mechanics of rigid bodies

• Mechanics of deformable bodies, and

• Mechanics of fluid

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 Categories

• Mechanics of rigid bodies is divided into

• 1) Statics, and
• 2) Dynamics.

• Statics : It deals with the particles and bodies at rest or bodies moving
with constant velocity

• Dynamics : It deals with the particles and bodies which are in motion.

• For the investigation of problems of statics we must understand

what is a force?

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 Characteristics of Force

• Force is any action that tends to change the state of rest or motion of a
body to which it is applied. It occur in pair of action - reaction. It is a
physical quantity created by interaction between two bodies.

• Example : When we push a ball, it changes its state of rest. Applied force is
action and inertia force of the ball is reaction. Here two interacting bodies
are ball and the hand. Hand is supposed to exert force on ball whereas ball
is supposed to resist it.

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Law of Transmissibility of Force:
It states that the state of rest or motion of a rigid body is unaltered
if a force acting on the body is replaced by another force of the
same magnitude and direction but acting anywhere on the body in
the line of action of the replaced force.

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 System Of Forces

• When number of forces act simultaneously on

the object it is known as system of forces.

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 Internal And External Forces
• Internal forces are the forces which hold together the particles forming
the rigid body. Weight of the Vehicle is the internal force. Internal forces is
one and the only one
• External forces represent the action of other bodies on the body. Force
exerted by the earth on the vehicle is external force.

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 Internal And External Forces
• Example - In case of a beam, its weight is internal force, whereas two
reactions are external forces. A rigid body can be acted upon by only one
internal force and many external forces.
• W = Internal Force

• R1,R2 = External Force

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 External Forces

• External forces
– Gravitational force
– Frictional forces
– Magnetic force
– Air resistance force
– Turning force
– Pressure force
– Uplift force
– Balanced force
– Unbalanced force
– Drag Force
– Thrust Force

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 External Forces

Frictional Force

Balanced Force

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 Classification of Forces based on Applications

• Forces, depending upon the type of application are classified as

1) Concentrated or point force : The forces acting at specific point as in case of a

chain hoist on a beam.
Point Force

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2) Distributed force: The forces acting uniformly over a span. Force exerted
by railway wheels on railway track is a example of distributed force.

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3) Contact force: The force that result from direct contact between bodies.
When two gears rotate against each other, they generate a contact force

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4. Body force: The force due to gravitational action between bodies or due to
physical phenomenon such as electromagnetic effect or inertia effect.

It is distributed
throughout the volume
of the body on which it
acts. The gravitational
force that the sun exerts
on the earth is
distributed throughout
the earth.

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 Point Forces

• If a force could be concentrated at a point and areas on which

forces are distributed are relatively small and thus may be
approximated as point. Point forces can be taken as
approximations of real forces. Therefore let’s consider point
forces.
• Types of point Forces
1) Coplanar forces and Non-Coplanar forces
2) Collinear forces and Non-Collinear forces
3) Concurrent forces and Non-Concurrent forces
4) Like Parallel forces and Unlike Parallel forces

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 Coplanar forces and Non-Coplanar forces

• The forces which lie in the same plane are coplanar forces
whereas forces in different plane are non-coplanar forces.

Coplanar Forces

Non-Coplanar Forces

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 Collinear forces and Non-Collinear forces

The forces which act along the

same straight line are called
collinear forces whereas the
forces which do not act along
the same straight line are
known as non-collinear forces. Non-Collinear Forces

Collinear Forces
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 Concurrent forces and Non-Concurrent forces

• Two or more forces when act at the same point are called
concurrent forces. Concurrent forces need not have the same
direction.

Concurrent Forces Non- Concurrent Forces

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 Like Parallel forces and Unlike Parallel forces

Forces which are parallel to each other and are in the same
direction are known as like parallel forces whereas forces
which are parallel to each other but has opposite direction are
called unlike parallel forces. (show two examples)

Like Parallel Forces Unlike Parallel Forces

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3. Types of forces :

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Methods to find resultant of concurrent forces.

– 1) Graphical method,

– 2) Trigonometric method,

– 3) Analytical method

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• Graphical method:
This method of resultant includes
» Parallelogram law
» Triangle law
» Polygon law.
• Trigonometric method:
This method includes Cosine law and Sine law.
• Analytical method:
It includes vector approach for resolution and composition of
forces.

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 Parallelogram law

This law states that, “if two forces

acting at a point are represented in
magnitude and direction by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram,
then their resultant is represented by
the diagonal of the parallelogram
passing through that point, in
magnitude and direction.

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Law of Parallelogram
AC = Q cosϴ , OC = P + Q cosϴ
BC = Q sinϴ ,
(OB)2= (OC)2 + (BC)2
(R)2= (P+Q cosϴ )2 + (Q sinϴ )2
(R)2= P2+2PQcos ϴ +(Qcosϴ )2 + (Q sinϴ )2
(R)2= P2+2PQcos ϴ +Q2

tanϕ = BC/OC
tanϕ = Q sinϴ / P + Q cosϴ

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Law of Triangle

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Triangle law

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Polygon law

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Law of Polygon

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 UNIT 1

1. Resolution of force :

FX = F cosθ

Fy = F sinθ

FX = F sinθ
y component

θ
Fy = F cosθ

x component

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Resolution of a force into two components along any
direction:

F1 = F sinф / sin (θ + ф)
F2 = F sinθ / sin (θ + ф)

F1 and F2 are components of force F at given

direction, i.e. at an angle θ and ф with F.

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Resolution of forces in two perpendicular directions

Fx = F sin (90-θ) / sin 90 = F cos θ

Fy = F sin θ / sin 90 = F sin θ

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2. Resultant of forces :
x,y x,y
–,+ +,+

x,y
x,y
–, –
+, –

Rx = ∑FX = F1 cosθ1 – F2 cosθ2 – F3 cosθ3 + F4 cosθ4

Ry = ∑Fy = F1 sinθ1 + F2 sinθ2 – F3 sinθ3 – F4 sinθ4

R = √Rx2+Ry2 tanθ=
Resultant = Equilibrant
Resultant and equilibrant are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
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 Two Force Member

• If only two forces act on a body that is in equilibrium, then they must be
equal in magnitude, co-linear and opposite in sense. This is known as the
two-force principle. The two-force principle applies to ANY member or
structure that has only two forces acting on it.
• The forces in two-force members will always act along the line connecting
the two points where forces are applied.

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 Three Force Member

• If three non-parallel forces act on a body in equilibrium, it is known as a

three-force member. ...
• Therefore, the lines of action of all three forces acting on such a member
must intersect at a common point.

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Lami’s Theorem

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 4. Moment of a force :

O d
M= F X d F O

M= F X d
F

Moment of a force: Force X perpendicular distance from the point

to the line of action of force

The Moment of a force is a measure of its tendency to cause a

body to rotate about a specific point or axis.

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 COUPLE

• pair of equal parallel forces and opposite in direction.

• Do not act in straight line
• Separated by perpendicular distance

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Properties of couple

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Couple= Force X perpendicular distance
between the forces

Value of couple (moment) remains constant in that

plane at any point
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 5. Equivalent force-couple system:

F
d P
d P O
O d P M
O

F
F
F F
Equivalent force-couple M= F X d
system at P

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6. Resultant of parallel force system:
R
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

O
a
b
c
d
e

Varignon’s theorem:

R X r = F1 X 0 + F2 X a + F3 X b + F4 X c + F5 X d

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