Fluid Ch-1-1 Introduction and Dimensions

Fluid Mechanics
Part One:
Characteristics of Fluids Chapter 1
Dimensions,Dimensional
Homogeneity, and Units
Introduction
Course Description
• Course Title: Fluid Mechanics, CE 303
• Credits: 3 hours
• Pre-requisites: ME 201, CE 202
• Catalog Description:
• This course describes the Properties of fluids, hydrostatics with
applications to momentum and energy conservation from a
differential and control volume approach, forces on plane and
curved surfaces, equations of continuity, energy and linear
momentum with applications, dimensional analysis, dynamic
similarity, conduit flow, open channel flow.
3
Chapters
Ch.1: Introduction
Ch.2: Fluid Statics
Ch.3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics – Bernoulli’s Equation
Ch.4: Fluid Kinematics
Ch.5: Finite Control Volume Analysis
Ch.7: Similitude & Dimensional Analysis
Ch.8: Viscous Flow In Pipes
Ch.10: Open-Channel Flow

Fall 2020-2021
Assessment Date of Evaluation Weighting

Homework Assignments Biweekly 10%
Quizzes Biweekly 15%
Attendance and Participation 10%
Midterm Exam 8th or 9th week 25%
Final Exam End of the semester 40%
Total 100%
5
Text Book
“Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”, 7th Edition, by Munson, Young
& Okiishi, John Wiley & Sons
Note: The title of the book has changed to: Fluid Mechanics in last
edition
References:
• [1] Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Clayton T. Crowe, Donald F.
Elger, John A. Roberson, John A. Roberson (Author, Barbara C.
Williams, Wiley 2008, ISBN 978-0470259771
• [2] Fluid Mechanics with Student DVD (McGraw-Hill Series in

Mechanical Engineering) Frank White, 2010, ISBN 978-
0077422417
• [3] Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus

Cengel and John Cimbala McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math;
3 edition (January 30, 2013), ISBN-10: 0073380326, ISBN-13:
978-0073380322
6
7
8
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Part -1 :
Characteristics of Fluids
Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units
9
What is Fluid Mechanics ?

• Fluid mechanics involves the application of scientific concepts
such as position, force, velocity, acceleration, and energy to

materials that are in the liquid or gas states.
• Or; Fluid mechanics is a division in applied mechanics related
to the behavior of liquid or gas which is either in rest or in

motion.
• The study related to a fluid in rest or stationary is referred to
fluid static, otherwise it is referred to as fluid dynamic.

10
General Comments & Questions

• Why do we need to study Fluid Mechanics?
• Practical Applications?
11
Dams and Reservoirs

12
13
Tornadoes
14
15
Characteristics of Fluids
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously
when acted upon by a shearing stress of any magnitude
Attached
plates Solid Small deformation
Fluid
For a fluid, continuous deformation takes place with an infinite number of

layers sliding over each other.
16
Solids, Liquids, and Gases

17
Solids, Liquids, and Gases…(Cont.)

From the table, significant differences between gases and liquids are:
- Gases expand to fill their container while liquids will occupy a fixed volume.
- Liquids have much larger values of density and liquids exhibit effects such as
surface tension.
- It is easy to compress the gasses
18

• A dimension is a category that represents a physical quantity such
as mass, length, time, momentum, force, acceleration, and energy.
• To simplify matters, engineers express dimensions using a limited
set that are called primary dimensions (basic dimensions).
For a wide variety of problems

involving fluid mechanics, only
the three basic dimensions,
L, T, and M are required.
19

• Secondary dimensions such as force, momentum, and energy can
be related to primary dimensions by using equations. For
example:
“the primary dimensions of force are mass times length

divided by time squared.”
“the dimensions of a velocity equal length divided by time.”

20

MLT and FLT systems
• Instead of the basic dimension of mass M, basic dimensions of
force F could be used.
• For example, stress, is a force per unit area, so that:
but an equivalent dimensional equation in MLT system is:

21

22
Example
Solution
23

Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Velocity V LT-1
Acceleration a LT-2
Area A L2
Volume  L3
Discharge Q L3T-1
Pressure p ML-1T-2
Gravity g LT-2
Temperature T 
Mass Density 𝜌 ML-3
Specific Weight 𝛾 ML-2 T-2
Dynamic Viscosity μ ML-1 T-1
24

Units:
• While a dimension expresses a specific type of physical quantity,
a unit assigns a number so that the dimension can be measured.
• For example, measurement of volume (a dimension) can be
expressed using units of liters.
Unit Systems:
1- International System (SI): [M]= kg, [L]= m, [T] = s
2- British Gravitational (BG) System: [M]= slug, [L]= ft, [T] = s
3- English Engineering (EE) System ( The U.S. Customary System

(USCS). [M]= pound-mass (lbm) , [L]= ft , [T] = s
(1 slug = 32.174 lbm)

25
Examples:
• 25 cm = 25 x10-2 = 0.25 m
• 25 cm2 = 25 x (10-2 m) 2 = 25 x10-4 = 0.0025 m2
• 28 MPa = 28 x106 Pa
• 3 kg = 3000 g
26

Some Basic conversion factors
Length: 1 ft = 12 in = 0.3048 m ,
1 mil = 5280 ft , 1 in = 25.4 mm
Volume: 1 m3 = 1000 L (liter)
Mass: 1 slug = 14.59 kg
Force: 1 lb = 4.448 N
Pressure: 1 Pa (N/m2) = 1.45 x 10-4 lb/in2 (psi)
1 atm = 1. 013 bar = 720 mm of Mercury
1 atm = 101.3 kPa,
Power : I hp = 550 ft.lb/s = 0.7457 kW , (W = J/s = N.m/s)
Temperature :
27

The Grid method
28

The Grid method
29
Dimensional Homogeneity
• When the primary dimensions on each term of an equation are
the same, the equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
• For example, consider the equation for vertical position s of an

object moving in a gravitational field:
• This equation is dimensionally homogeneous because the

primary dimension of each term is length L.
30
Example 1
31
Example 2
Solution
32
Extra Problems
33
Extra Problems
Solution
34
THANK YOU

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Fluid Mechanics

Ch.2: Fluid Statics

Ch.3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics – Bernoulli’s Equation

Ch.4: Fluid Kinematics

Ch.5: Finite Control Volume Analysis

Ch.7: Similitude & Dimensional Analysis

Ch.8: Viscous Flow In Pipes

Ch.10: Open-Channel Flow

Assessment Date of Evaluation Weighting

• [2] Fluid Mechanics with Student DVD (McGraw-Hill Series in

• [3] Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus

What is Fluid Mechanics ?

such as position, force, velocity, acceleration, and energy to

• Or; Fluid mechanics is a division in applied mechanics related

to the behavior of liquid or gas which is either in rest or in

• The study related to a fluid in rest or stationary is referred to

fluid static, otherwise it is referred to as fluid dynamic.

General Comments & Questions

Dams and Reservoirs

For a fluid, continuous deformation takes place with an infinite number of

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Solids, Liquids, and Gases…(Cont.)

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

For a wide variety of problems

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

“the primary dimensions of force are mass times length

“the dimensions of a velocity equal length divided by time.”

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

• For example, stress, is a force per unit area, so that:

but an equivalent dimensional equation in MLT system is:

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

2- British Gravitational (BG) System: [M]= slug, [L]= ft, [T] = s

3- English Engineering (EE) System ( The U.S. Customary System

(1 slug = 32.174 lbm)

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

• For example, consider the equation for vertical position s of an

• This equation is dimensionally homogeneous because the

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