Impact of Security Issues and Analysis over Wireless Sensor 2012

Networks and their Integration with the Internet

RESEARCH PLAN PROPOSAL

Impact of Security Issues and Analysis over Wireless Sensor

Networks and their Integration with the Internet

For registration to the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

IN THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE

THE IIS UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

Submitted by

Ayush Sogani
Enroll. No.: IISU/2010/177

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Aman Jain

Professor & HOD (CS)
Deepshikha College of Technical Education, Jaipur

Department of Computer Science

July & 2012

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Impact of Security Issues and Analysis over Wireless Sensor 2012
Networks and their Integration with the Internet

1. Topic
Impact of Security Issues and Analysis over Wireless Sensor Networks and their
Integration with the Internet

2. Introduction
Wireless Networks:
Wireless network refers to a computer network that is not connected by cables of any
kind. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise
(business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building,
or as a connection between various equipment locations.

Sensor Networks:
A sensor network is a group of specialized transducers (A transducer is an electronic
device that converts energy from one form to another. E.g., Antenna) with a
communications infrastructure intended to monitor and record conditions at diverse
locations. A sensor network consists of multiple detection stations called sensor
nodes, each of which is small, lightweight and portable.

Wireless Sensor Networks: (Wireless Communication+ MEMS)

Wireless communication and MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), the two
technologies modernized together as the way we want and have resulted in the
development of Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless sensor networks are composed
of large numbers (up to thousands) of tiny radio equipped sensors. Every sensor node
has a small microprocessor with enough power to allow the sensors to autonomously
form networks through which sensor information is gathered. Sensor nodes in such
networks are ad hoc deployed, self-configurable and battery powered.

3. Review of Literature
3.1 Introduction
Wireless Sensor Networks are currently receiving significant attention due to infinite
possibilities available with them. Researchers have focused on different research
challenges that have limited capabilities i.e., security, deployment over Internet,

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power, and localization.

Most research is currently being conducted in the following areas:
• Developing techniques that will enforce secure, private and reliable networks.
• Deployment and Integration of WSN with Internet & recent technologies and
impact of different security issues.
• Improving reliability of data transfer (connecting WSN with TCP/IP
networks).
• Increasing network lifetime (Energy Consumption).

Cheap, smart devices with multiple onboard sensors, networked through wireless
links and the Internet & deployed in large numbers, provide extraordinary
opportunities for instrumenting and controlling homes, cities, and the environment,
this is a technology of future, the Networked microsensors technology[1].
These sensors are becoming smaller. It is possible to fit them into a smaller volume
with more power and with less-production costs. This becomes possible with the help
of Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology [2].
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are abbreviated wireless networks of small, low-
cost sensor nodes, which collect and distribute environmental data. WSNs helps in
monitoring and controlling of physical environments from remote locations with
better accuracy than other known monitoring systems such as remote sensing. These
tiny sensor nodes leverage the idea of sensor networks based on collective effort of a
large number of nodes. Sensor networks represent a significant improvement over
traditional sensors. As they have the capabilities to route data back by a multi- hop
infrastructureless architecture to the base station or sink, which is the entity where
information is required. The sensor nodes unite together to collect desired
information from the environment by performing in-network data processing and
aggregation (data diffusion).

A sensor device consists of the following components:

Sensing Unit: It helps to sense and measure physical data from the target
area.

Processing Unit: The processing unit plays a major role in managing

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collaboration with other Sensors to achieve the predefined tasks. The

processing unit needs storage for tasking and to minimize the size of
transmitted messages by local processing and data aggregation [3].

Transceiver: Three communication schemes for deployment in sensors are
optical communication (laser), infrared and radio-frequency (RF). Laser
consumes less energy than radio and provides high security, but requires line-
of-sight and is sensitive to atmospheric conditions. Infrared needs no antenna
but is limited in its broadcasting capacity. RF is the most easy to use and
requires antennas.

Power Unit: Batteries used in sensors can be categorized into two groups;
rechargeable and non-rechargeable. In unapproachable conditions, it is
impossible to recharge or change a battery. Therefore, power management is
a critical research issue in Wireless Sensor Networks [4]. Two major power
saving approaches has been defined. First, unused devices can be shut down
and activated when required. This is called Dynamic Power Management
(DPM) and second approach is Dynamic Voltage Scheduling (DVS), power
can be varied to allow for a non-deterministic workload [5].
The figure of sensor device components is shown in Appendix Fig 1.

Many wireless sensor network applications cannot run in complete isolation; the
sensor network must be connected to monitoring and controlling entities through
known wireless/wired networks like IP-based networks. Such interconnection
achieves many advantages and increases sensor networks benefits such as:

Controlling and monitoring sensor networks remotely.

Providing security at the gateway node

Integrating data collected from sensor networks into data mines.

Ability to combine multiple remote sensor networks into one virtual
sensor network.

3.2 Sensor Network History

The development of sensor networks requires technologies from three different
research areas: sensing, communication, and computing (including hardware,

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software, and algorithms). Thus, combined and separate advancements in each of

these areas have driven research in sensor networks.
Since the early 1950s, a system of long-range acoustic sensors (hydrophones), called
the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), has been deployed in the deep basins of the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans for submarine surveillance. Beams from multiple
hydrophone arrays are used to detect and locate underwater threats. Recently, SOSUS
has been replaced by the more sophisticated Integrated Undersea Surveillance System
[1].

3.3 Implementation of Transport Layer Protocol

Wireless sensor networks require several attributes such as fault tolerance and
scalability. The relatively short lifetime of a sensor is an additional factor when
deploying sensors in a target area. Message loss may be a serious problem.
Developing a reliable transport protocol for wireless sensor networks to support more
applications deployment is an important issue so that the loss of data can be prevent.
TCP to wireless sensor networks is expensive because of its three-way handshake
mechanisms and packet header size. UDP is considered to be more suitable for
sensors although it was designed to provide unreliable data transport [2]. Few new
mechanisms are intended to enable the use of TCP/IP for wireless sensor networks:
spatial IP address assignment, header compression, application overlay routing and
distributed TCP caching (DTC) [7].

3.4 Integration Future Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks with the Internet
For practical deployment, a sensor network does not work in isolation. For many
important applications, however, it is required to integrate these sensor networks to
the existing Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
The task of connecting WSN to the existing Internet brings with it several challenges
[9]. Any network wishing to be connected to the Internet needs to address the
question of how it will interface with the standard protocols like the IP. The
characteristics of WSN make them different from traditional IP-based networks as
summarized in Annexure Table 1. The chief among these are that WSN are large-
scale unattended systems consisting of resource-constrained nodes that are best-suited
to application-specific, data-centric routing.
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Giving IP address to every sensor node is not the right approach to integrating sensor
networks with the Internet. For this purpose a gateway level protocol approach is
developed for both homogeneous networks (where all nodes have the same capability
in terms of processing, energy and communication resources) and heterogeneous
networks (where some nodes are more capable compare to other nodes). Application
level gateway solution is used in integration of Homogeneous networks and the
Internet and an overlay IP network (router) is constructed in case of Heterogeneous
networks that sits on top of the basic wireless sensor network.

3.5 Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks position unique security challenges because of their inherent
limitations in communication and computing. The deployment nature of sensor
networks makes them more vulnerable to various attacks. Sensor networks are
deployed in applications where they have physical interactions with the environment,
people and other objects making them more vulnerable to security threats.
Security goals in sensor networks depend on the requirements of the user to know
what users want to protect. Four goals are determined in sensor networks. They are
Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication and Availability [10].

Confidentiality is the ability to hide message from a passive attacker, where
the message communicated on sensor networks remain confidential.

Integrity refers to the ability to confirm the message has not been altered, or
changed while it was on the network.

Authentication Need to know if the messages are from the node it claims to
be from, determining the consistency of message’s origin.

Availability is to determine if a node has the ability to use the resources and
the network is available for the messages to move on.

Few attacks [10] are also identified in wireless sensor networks, they are:

Passive Information Gathering

Node Malfunctioning

Message Corruption

Traffic Analysis

Wormholes

Hello flood Attacks
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Impact of Security Issues and Analysis over Wireless Sensor 2012
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Denial of service Attacks.

3.6 Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet: A Security Analysis
Access to the information produced by sensor networks has not been considered
intensely. Once the data is retrieved from the sensors, the user of the network will be
able to read it directly through the base station. This access to the data must be
challenged and a security mechanism must be defined for the user authentication.
This can be achieved by integrating the sensor networks into the Internet. Sensor
networks must be secure by themselves, and the interactions between the sensor
networks and the Internet must also fulfill with certain security properties [8]. The
integration strategies are shown in the Appendix Fig 2.
In front-end proxy solution, the base station serves as an interface between the data
acquisition network (sensor network) and the data dissemination network (the
Internet). The base station collects and stores all the information coming from the
sensor network, and also sends any control information to the sensor nodes. There is
no direct connection between the Internet and a sensor node: all incoming and
outgoing information will be parsed by the base station [8].
In the gateway solution, the base station acts as an application layer gateway, in care
of translating the lower layer protocols from both networks (e.g. TCP/IP and
proprietary). As a result, the sensor nodes and the Internet hosts can exchange
information directly.
In the TCP/IP overlay solution, sensor nodes do communicate with other nodes using
TCP/IP. Therefore, the main function of the base station is to perform as a router,
forwarding the packets from and to the sensor nodes. These nodes must implement
the protocols and standards used on the Internet, such as the TCP/IP stacks and web
services interfaces [8].
Sensor networks are not integrally secure. Its nodes must be deployed near the source
of the events, and they use wireless communication channels for exchanging data.
Therefore, any nasty challenger can manipulate the sensor nodes, the environment, or
the communication channel on its own benefit. Besides, if that malicious outsider
gains access to one or more sensor nodes, it may be possible to deploy the
information flow that navigates the nodes. Therefore, a sensor network must be

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designed from hardware of its nodes to their application layer to protect or reduce the
effect of such attacks.

3.7 Encryption and Key Management Approach with In-Network Processing in

Wireless Sensor Network and Security Analysis
A sensor network is a combination of three different nodes: normal sensor nodes,
aggregators, and a querier. Aggregator collects the information from the normal
sensor nodes available in the sub-network with the help of a suitable aggregation
function and then transmits the result to the higher aggregator or to the querier (query
generator). A communication gets established between these nodes and a meaningful
information is derived which reflects the events in the target field. The major
problem faced by wireless sensor network is through the transmission of data from
one intermediate node to another node. Hence security becomes a very important
issue, as the information transmit between the nodes in a hierarchical sensor
environment, only the authorized sensors should have the cryptographic keys by
which they can decrypt the encrypted information. Thus a requirement of different
access control policies occurred at each level of the hierarchical network. Sensor
networks require protection against eavesdropping, injection and modification of
information like traditional networks does. Therefore the requirement is of such a
network where the message should be transferred in a confidential way. Opponents
that eavesdrop communication between the sensors, aggregators, and the sink shall
not obtain the exchanged information. This is achieved by encrypting transmitted
data. Therefore, Cryptography becomes the standard defense mechanism. If the
encryption key is not distributed properly with a proper research then this key will be
available for all the nodes and intruder can easily retrieve it and take the information
from the cipher text. Therefore, key management and aggregation are the important
problems in wireless sensor networks on which lot of research is still required.
End to end encryption for wireless sensor networks is a challenging problem. The
communication inside the network consumes a large amount of the total energy of
the WSN. To save the complete energy resources of the network it is approved that
sensed data need to be shared and aggregated. If end to end encryption is preferred,
then distributing usual encryption algorithms implies that intermediate nodes have no
possibility for efficient aggregation allowing shrinking the size of messages to be
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forwarded. This approach of usual encryption algorithms combined with the

necessity of efficient data aggregation provides only the possibility of encrypting the
messages hop-by-hop. This means that an aggregator has to decrypt each received
message, then aggregate the message according to the matching aggregation function
and, finally, encrypt the aggregation result before forwarding it[11].
For point-to-point communication, end to end cryptography attains a high level of
security but requires that keys must be set up among all the end points and be
unsuited with passive participation and local broadcast. Link -layer cryptography
with a network-wide shared key simplifies key setup and supports passive
participation and local broadcast, but in this case the intermediate nodes might
eavesdrop or alter messages. Therefore, an evaluation of the network traffic is carried
out to calculate the measure of the attacker’s ability to compromise a message
traversing a particular route. An intelligent attacker can easily guess the vulnerability
of traffic and initiate attack on the nodes by observing the network topology and
gathering information from the hidden data aggregation and homomorphic
encryption. There is a resource expenditure associated with the attacking of nodes
and extraction of keys from the memory. Hence, the best attack strategy is the one in
which a set of nodes are attacked with minimum total resource expenditure. Thus
through this proposal it can be seen that aggregated consideration of information
from the concealed data aggregation and privacy homomorphism protocols can lead
to a major reduction in resource expenditure[12].

3.8 Comparison Based Analysis of Different Cryptographic and Encryption

Techniques Using Message Authentication Code (MAC) in Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN)
In today’s scenario, when technologies are growing very fast and frequently, people
are adopting these new concepts like wireless sensor networks (WSN), cloud
computing, pervasive computing, etc., in their daily life. Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN) are becoming popular day by day, but there are some issues in wireless
sensor networks such as energy consumption, processing time, memory usage,
resource limitation and security. Keeping in mind about all these issues, different
cryptographic techniques such as symmetric key and asymmetric key cryptography
are investigated.

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Impact of Security Issues and Analysis over Wireless Sensor 2012
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Cryptographic algorithm plays an important role in the security protection of wireless

sensor networks (WSN). Different encryption techniques like stream cipher (RC4),
block cipher (RC2, RC5, RC6, etc.) and hashing techniques (MD2, MD4, MD5,
SHA, SHA1, etc.) are compared with each other by selecting different comparison
problems.
After performing simulation of these algorithms it was found that public key is not
energy efficient and is expensive in terms of both computation and communication
as compared to symmetric key. As sensor networks have limited resources, therefore
most of the researcher used symmetric keys in WSNs. Thus it was concluded that
symmetric key techniques are more feasible for WSNs as compared to public key.
More comparisons are applied on different encryption techniques and it was
concluded that RC5 is feasible and consumes less energy/resources as compared to
other algorithms (AES, MD5, and SHA1). Finally, it was proposed that RC5 is a best
algorithm to create Message Authentication Code (MAC) in sensor networks [13].

4. Motivation to the Work

Current research in the areas of wireless communications, micro-electromechanical
systems and low power design is progressively leading to the development of cost
effective, energy efficient, multifunctional sensor nodes. Sensing, communication,
processing and battery units are the primary components of a sensor node. Individual
sensors have the capacity to detect events occurring in their area of deployment.
Reliable and secure data transport is an important feature of dependability and
quality of service in several applications of wireless sensor networks. Routing
protocols providing an optimal data transmission route from sensor nodes to sink
(active node) to save energy of nodes in the network. Data aggregation plays an
important role in energy conservation of sensor network. Data aggregation methods
are used not only for finding an optimal path from source to destination but also to
eliminate the redundancy of data, since transmitting huge volume of raw data is an
energy intensive operation, and thus minimizing the number of data transmission.
Also multiple sensors may sense the same phenomenon, although from different
view and if this data can be reconciled into a more meaningful form as it passes
through the network, it becomes more useful to an application. These sensor nodes

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have a critical piece of information that is to be sent to the sink (active node). To
manage and hold the information by the sensor nodes for a long period of time is not
possible due to the lack of energy, computation and communication capabilities and
it is also unsecured to put data in sensor node for a long period of time because of
their inherent limitations. Therefore, there must be a secured platform available that
can take the information from the sensor nodes and store them securely. Now days
Internet is the best platform where we can save the information generated from the
sensor nodes. Due to inherent limitations in sensor networks security is an area
where lots of research work is to be taken place and the complete integration of
sensor networks and the Internet is still under research work. During this integration
process security is always been a challenging issue. Therefore a schema is required
which gives a completely integrated secured Internet based sensor network. These
limitations and the requirement of such a schema, gives motivation towards
development of an Internet based secure sensor network.

5. Objectives
Recent advances in wireless communication and embedded computing technologies
have led to the rise of wireless sensor networks technology. These nodes can be
deployed in many fields including health, environment and battlefield monitoring
and represent a big source of varied data. In order to support huge amounts of data,
today solutions are based on different Internet Applications. Accordingly, it seems
obvious to bring wireless sensor networks to the Internet. However, this integration
process raises many key challenges. Among them security, localization and power
management are few problems and may be the most critical is the security of sensor
networks, the interaction between these networks and the Internet.
1. The goal of this research is to study how possible is the integration of
wireless sensor networks with Internet and to assess its impact on different
security issues and analysis.
2. A schema would be defined for the Internet based wireless sensor networks
and propose optimization solutions based on data aggregation and several
security mechanisms to maximize the security and privacy issues.

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3. An Algorithm will be proposed which will define the best security

mechanism and method, which can be implemented in between the
integration of wireless sensor networks with Internet.
4. This research also proposed a security framework to provide countermeasures
against attacks in wireless sensor networks using different cryptographic
techniques like symmetric key and asymmetric key encryptions techniques.
5. This research will be consistent with the next generation Network (NGN) to
support pervasive computing (Anytime Anywhere).

6. Plan of Work and Methodology:

Work Plan (Including Gantt chart):
For the first 6-7 Months: In depth study on existing applications for integrating
wireless sensor networks with the Internet.

Description: At the end of this step, we will have a good knowledge of Internet based
applications, wireless sensor networks and the existing solutions for their integration
and also know about the key challenges of this issue.

Document: Description of existing agendas while pointing out for each one the
benefits and the drawbacks.

At least 10-12 months are required for: Proposing a schema for Internet based
wireless sensor networks.

Description: During this step, we will focus on the real integration of wireless sensor
networks with Internet using simulation tools or/and real platform. At the end of this
step, we would be able to show a demonstration of the work done.

Document: Mainly a description of the proposed schema as well as difficulties and

solutions to realize the integration.

7-8 months for: Data aggregation and Security mechanisms will be optimized and
implementation of secured network schema in Internet will be defined.

Description: Based on the previous schemas, we will focus on data aggregation and
security mechanisms in order to make best use of security issues. Then, we will
evaluate the performance of the given proposals.

Document: Description of the proposed approach for security level and comparison
with existing solutions.

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Methodology & Tools to be used:

Methodology
RRBegins
Research

Review of Previous Study (Literature Review)

Analyses of Existing Data and Applications for security in Wireless

Sensor Networks and Integration with Internet

Study about different schemas of Wireless Sensor Networks and

their Integration

Development and Implementation of schema for Internet based

Wireless Sensor Networks

Creation of Experimental setup of Wireless Sensor Networks using

simulation and various other tools

Improving the already existing security algorithms/ finding new

algorithms and implement them in the schema

Experimenting different comparison matrices like energy consumption,

resources, memory usage, processing time and security.

Final Results

Different approaches can be considered to connect a Wireless Sensor Network

with the Internet and analyses the security of their interaction.

For this purpose, these are the following tools that can be used:

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TinyOS – A Linux based simulation tool which is used to design and
configure the Wireless Sensor Networks. Different security mechanisms can
also be configured using this tool.

OMNeT++4.x - is a component-based discrete event simulator. OMNeT++

uses building blocks called modules to implement their simulation. Modules
are connected in a hierarchical nested fashion, where each module can contain
several other modules. Regarding simulation of WSN and IP networks,
OMNeT++ relies on external extensions. The two most prominent ones are the
INET Framework for IP network and Castalia for WSN. The OMNeT++ 4.x
Integrated Development Environment is based on the Eclipse platform, and
extends it with new editors, views, wizards, and additional functionality.
OMNeT++ adds functionality for creating and configuring models (NED and
ini files), performing batch executions, and analyzing simulation results, while
Eclipse provides C++ editing, SVN/GIT integration, and other optional
features (UML modeling, bugtracker integration, database access, etc.) via
various open-source and commercial plug-ins.

WiSeNet Simulator is a free and open-source utility that is designed to

develop a platform for the evaluation of secure routing protocols in Wireless
Sensor Networks.

Other simulation tools like NS2, MetLab, etc. are also available. The version of the
tool used for the research work will be the latest version as per availability.

8. Place of Work and Facilities Available

The research work will be undertaken in the Laboratories available in the university
campus and the software’s and hardware’s provided will be used as a part of the
research work.

9. Limitations & Alternative Plan of the study

Some experiments and consultation may be required for the research work. Different
labs may be used as per the requirement of the research.

10. References
[1] “Sensor Networks: Evolution, Opportunities and Challenges”, Proceedings of the
IEEE, Vol. 91. No. 8, August 2008.

[2] “A Survey on Wireless Sensor Networks Technology”, Research Trends and

Middleware’s Role, University of Cambridge, 2005.

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[3] “A Survey on Sensor Networks”, IEEE Communication Magazine, August 2002.

[4] “System-Architecture for Sensor Networks Issues, Alternatives and Direction”,

ICCD’02, 2002.

[5] John A. Stankovic “Research Challenges for Wireless Sensor Networks”, ACM
SIGBED Review, 2004.

[6] Marcos Augusto M. Vieira, Diógenes Cecílio da Silva Junior, Claudionor N.

Coelho. Jr., José M. da Mata “Survey on Wireless Sensor Network Devices”,
Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2003. Proceedings. ETFA '03.
IEEE Conference.

[7] A. Dunkels, T. Voigt, and J. Alonso. “Making TCP/IP Viable for Wireless Sensor
Networks”. In Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Wireless Sensor
Networks (EWSN 2004), work-in-progress session, Berlin, Germany, Jan. 2004.

[8] Rodrigo Roman, Javier Lopez “Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks and the
Internet: A Security Analysis”, Internet Research, Volume 19 issue 2, Emerald,
2009.

[9] Z. Z. Marco, K. Bhaskar, “Integrating Future Large-scale Wireless Sensor

Networks with the Internet”, USC Computer Science Technical Report CS 03-
792, 2003.

[10] Tanveer Zia, Albert Zomaya, “Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks”,
International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications, 2006.
ICSNC '06, IEEE, 2006.

[11] C. Castelluccia, E. Mykletun, and G. Tsudik, (2005). “Efficient Aggregation of

Encrypted Data in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proc. Second Ann. Int’l Conf.
Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services (Mobiquitous ’05).
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[12] Rachna. H and M.S. Patel, “Encryption and Key Management Approach with
In-Network Processing in Wireless Sensor Network and Security Analysis”,
World Journal of Science and Technology 2011, 1(12): 46-49, ISSN: 2231 –
2587.
[13] Sadaqat Ur Rehman, Muhammad Bilal, Basharat Ahmad, Khawaja Muhammad
Yahya, Anees Ullah, Obaid Ur Rehman, “Comparison Based Analysis of
Different Cryptographic and Encryption Techniques Using Message
Authentication Code (MAC) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)”, IJCSI
International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 1, No 2, January
2012.

11. Appendix

Fig. 1 Sensor Device Components

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Fig. 2 Integration Strategies

Table 1: Key differences between traditional IP-based networks and wireless sensor networks

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